3369:. They offer an attempt by some feminists and lesbians to try to reconcile what they see as inherent conflicts with the stated goals of feminism. Many of these conflicts and ruptures are a result of issues arising from broader and nationally specifically cultural narratives around women. Some of them are created independently in response to these needs, while others draw inspiration from radical movements in other countries. This results in no single history of radical lesbianism, but of separate national struggles.
1258:
3451:, posits that "Lesbians are not women," as "what makes a woman is a specific social relation to a man, a relation that we have previously called servitude, a relation which implies personal and physical obligation as well as economic obligation, ... a relation which lesbians escape by refusing to become or to stay heterosexual". Wittig also believed that "lesbianism provides ...the only social form in which (lesbians) can live freely".
98:
3706:
3628:'s declaration that lesbians should not be involved in the feminist movement because they were a "lavender menace" on the movement's work. The group repurposed the phrase "lavender menace," painting it on t-shirts in preparation for a protest at the Second Congress to Unite Women in May 1970. There, they distributed "The Woman-Identified Woman," which remains a key early lesbian-feminist work.
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36:
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currents within feminism seek social change, there is a distinctive difference between the two. Radical movements such as radical lesbianism seek to dismantle the status quo whereas liberal movements seek to reform it. Additionally, radical movements align with liberation whereas liberal movements
3611:
that has to be "imposed, managed, organized, propagandized and maintained by force". Rich sees lesbian existence as an act of resistance to this institution, but also as an individual choice, whereas the principles of radical lesbianism see lesbianism as necessary, and consider its existence as
3410:
was proposed as an organization in June 1981. In a way similar to the
American and Canadian movements, these radical, French lesbians sought to carve out space for themselves within feminism and within politics as a whole. They focused on the representation of lesbians and excluded heterosexual
3596:
which must be overthrown." Turcotte notes that lesbian separatists "create a new category" (i.e., complete separation not only from men but also from heterosexual women)" and that the radical lesbian movement aims for the "destruction of the existing framework of heterosexuality as a political
3523:
was influential in the development of radical lesbianism, and the number of radical lesbian organizations in the U.S. grew from the 1960s through the early 1980s. Moreover, the creation of radical lesbianism was directly linked to other left-wing social movements such as the
3478:
During the 1980s and 1990s, life for lesbians in Latin
America was difficult because of lesbophobic repression across the region. Consequently, the communities in Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Argentina and Brazil began working more closely together on shared
3693:
Radical movements seek to challenge the status quo, producing material goods such as art, music, and other consumable goods — a consumerism that leads to tangible representations of identity. Lesbian activists also began cultivating their own material economy.
3332:
groups in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. A Canadian movement followed in the 1970s, which added momentum. As it continued to gain popularity, radical lesbianism spread throughout Canada, the United States, and France. The French-based movement,
3372:
Internationally, radical lesbians often took advantage of convergent international spaces to create their own events to increase the visibility of lesbianism. Examples of this include the 1994 lesbian march in New York on the 25th anniversary of
3385:
In Asia, radical lesbianism lagged a decade behind Europe, Latin
America and North America, with the movement not starting until the 1980s. It was in this period that activists starting forming their own groups and creating their own publications.
3652:
The end goal of many radical lesbian groups was to create a new lesbian culture outside of the confines of heterosexuality. One way of doing this was through the written word. The 1980s and 1990s saw the development of a number of
3470:
Latin
American radical lesbianism developed during the 1970s, and like other parts of the movement, resulted from specific national conditions. Radical lesbianism began to develop in Mexico in 1977, led by the group
1453:
3501:
were the predominant cities in which the
Canadian movement took place. Lesbian organizations in Canada focused on building up lesbian culture and making service available to the Canadian lesbian community. The
1365:
3475:(Oikabeth). Radical lesbianism arose in Chile in 1984 in response to national conditions resulting from the dictatorship. Costa Rica developed a radical lesbianism movement in 1986.
1448:
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4342:
In the spring of 1970, during the second
Congress to Unite Women, a group calling themselves the Radicalesbians submitted a position paper entitled 'The Woman-Identified Woman.'
1370:
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989:
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Radical lesbianism is separate from other feminist movements because it exists in opposition to the exclusion of lesbian women from mainstream feminism. For example,
4021:
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2636:
3349:, have also stemmed off of the larger radical lesbianism movement. In addition to being associated with social movements, radical lesbianism also offers its own
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959:
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3377:. Another example was at the 1995 Beijing hosted World women's Conference. A third example took place during the 1997 Amsterdam hosted Gay Games.
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was created in 1974 in
Frankfurt, Germany. ILIS (International Lesbian Information System) was created in Amsterdam, the Netherlands in 1977.
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Murray, Heather (2007). "Free for All
Lesbians: Lesbian Cultural Production and Consumption in the United States during the 1970s".
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3328:. It arose in part because mainstream feminism did not actively include or fight for lesbian rights. The movement was started by
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503:
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3588:, Quebec radical lesbian Louise Turcotte explains her views that "Radical lesbians have reached a basic consensus that views
3562:. Radical lesbianism specifically sought to challenge male domination and male-centered definitions of gender and sexuality.
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Poirot, Kristan (2009). "Domesticating the
Liberated Woman: Containment Rhetorics of Second Wave Radical/Lesbian Feminism".
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107:
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European radical lesbianism developed during the 1970s in response to specific situations in different
European countries.
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4189:
Kramarae & Spender. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues, Routledge, 2000,
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3164:
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2840:
2602:
2256:
2048:
1924:
1897:
1810:
1710:
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3506:, for example, established Amethyst, which provided services for lesbians who were struggling with addiction.
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3049:
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2700:
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1880:
909:
276:
49:
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Ross, Becki (Summer 1990). "The House That Jill Built: Lesbian Feminist Organizing in Toronto, 1976-1980".
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Following the 1970s Canadian movement, a radical lesbian movement in France began to take shape in 1981.
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Radical or "separatist" lesbianism and other similar movements represent a rupture with the broader
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4293:"The Woman-Identified Woman / Women's Liberation Movement Print Culture / Duke Digital Repository"
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4269:"Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women – NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project"
4206:
Rich, Adrienne. Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence, Signs 5, no.4, Summer 1980
4164:
3885:
3593:
3554:
3550:
3493:
After gaining momentum in the U.S., radical lesbianism made its way to Canada in the 1970s.
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2014:
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251:
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126:
89:
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1919:
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1200:
1019:
949:
608:
578:
568:
518:
468:
398:
351:
266:
221:
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131:
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3433:, and their philosophic inquiries began through a Paris-based group including Wittig and
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316:
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1968:
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869:
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438:
346:
336:
271:
206:
171:
3458:, editor Gabriele Griffin calls Wittig's writing "part of a larger debate about how
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1973:
1892:
1870:
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1519:
889:
819:
583:
246:
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181:
156:
97:
4292:
3674:. This was also a period of strength for French-language lesbian presses, such as
4118:
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1985:
1902:
1776:
1622:
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919:
849:
658:
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623:
533:
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17:
4316:
Davidson, Cathy; Wagner-Martin, Linda, eds. (2005). "Woman-Identified Woman".
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196:
191:
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35:
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movement that challenges the status quo of heterosexuality and mainstream
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3525:
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necessarily outside of the heterosexual political sphere of influence.
3498:
3321:
1958:
393:
383:
3494:
231:
3889:
3578:; however, there are some important differences. In her preface to
593:
3636:
A radical lesbian community in Toronto excluded those who were
3429:
were inspired by the words and writings of French philosopher
29:
4358:
Lesbian Studies in Francophone Institutions and Organizations
4319:
The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States
3411:
women, although they differentiated themselves from lesbian
27:
Radical lesbian movement in reaction to mainstream feminism
3607:, noting that Rich describes heterosexuality as a violent
3920:
The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France Since 1968
3948:] (in Spanish). Mexico: fem-e-libros. p. 30.
3473:
Mujeres guerreras que abren caminos y esparcen flores
3462:
and women's oppression within it might be resisted."
4035:"La Scission Du "Front des Lesbiennes Radicales"".
3604:Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence
4089:Feminism in France: From May '68 to Mitterrand
4109:
4107:
4105:
3298:
1218:
8:
4364:Henry L. Minton, Ed., Haworth Press, 1992,
4010:] (in Spanish). Mexico. pp. 32–33.
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4020:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3980:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3516:History of lesbianism in the United States
3305:
3291:
3118:
2490:
2420:
2185:African-American women's suffrage movement
1512:
1270:
1236:
1225:
1211:
960:Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians
690:
424:Connexxus Women's Center/Centro de Mujeres
76:
4352:
4350:
4150:
4148:
3663:Amazones D'Hier: Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui
990:Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui
4004:Breve reseña de ALGUNAS TEORÍAS LÉSBICAS
3964:Breve reseña de ALGUNAS TEORÍAS LÉSBICAS
3942:Breve reseña de Algunas teorĂas lĂ©sbicas
2130:Discrimination against transgender women
1162:Paris Lesbian and Feminist Film Festival
60:of all important aspects of the article.
3970:] (in Spanish). Mexico. p. 39.
3863:
3245:
3121:
2558:
1655:
1572:
1388:
1351:
1318:
1248:
808:
693:
619:Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic
88:
4070:, Monique Wittig, Beacon Press, 1992,
4013:
3973:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
4008:Brief review of some lesbian theories
3968:Brief review of some lesbian theories
3957:
3955:
3946:Brief review of Some lesbian theories
3597:regime". Turcotte goes on to discuss
7:
4447:Lesbian history in the United States
4328:10.1093/acref/9780195066081.001.0001
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3456:Who's Who in Lesbian and Gay Writing
3447:, titled after Simone de Beauvoir's
4384:Journal of the History of Sexuality
3922:, Stanford University Press, 2000,
3341:, organized in 1981 under the name
4251:Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide
4120:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
4067:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
3585:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
786:Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold
776:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
474:Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group
25:
796:Your Silence Will Not Protect You
404:Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance
4157:Women's Studies in Communication
3704:
3274:
2806:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2140:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1256:
1194:
434:Daughters of Bilitis (Australia)
96:
34:
4432:Feminism and sexual orientation
3504:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
1142:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
756:Zami: A New Spelling of My Name
504:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
48:may be too short to adequately
4169:10.1080/07491409.2009.10162391
4037:Nouvelles Questions FĂ©ministes
3682:, and lesbian bookstores like
3534:American civil rights movement
3426:Front des Lesbiennes Radicales
3408:Front des Lesbiennes Radicales
3357:functions in both capacities.
3343:Front des Lesbiennes Radicales
3335:Front des Lesbiennes Radicales
3238:Women's suffrage organizations
980:Onyx: Black Lesbian Newsletter
539:Sisters for Homophile Equality
464:June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives
444:First Black Lesbian Conference
409:Bi-National Lesbian Conference
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
4064:Turcotte, Louise. (foreword)
3660:in Quebec, Canada, including
3545:Radical and liberal movements
509:Lesbians Against Pit Closures
4123:. Beacon Press. p. 32.
3530:Vietnam-era Antiwar movement
3223:Suffragists and suffragettes
3153:American feminist literature
389:Amazon Bookstore Cooperative
4322:. Oxford University Press.
3776:Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon
3419:Influence of Monique Wittig
3396:International Lesbian Front
3345:. Other movements, such as
2463:Views on transgender topics
2453:Views on sexual orientation
1152:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
614:Lesbians in Francoist Spain
489:Lesbian Feminist Liberation
297:Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon
108:Women's liberation movement
4483:
3813:The Woman-Identified Woman
3513:
3437:who published the journal
1030:Journal of Lesbian Studies
970:Common Lives/Lesbian Lives
860:The Woman-Identified Woman
574:Compulsory heterosexuality
514:Lincoln Legion of Lesbians
499:Lesbian Movement (Denmark)
414:Chicago Lesbian Liberation
3254:Women's rights by country
2160:Female genital mutilation
1182:Women's Week Provincetown
524:Oregon Women's Land Trust
494:Lesbian Herstory Archives
419:Combahee River Collective
4297:Duke Digital Collections
4043:(2): 124–126. June 1981.
3574:are similar to those of
3259:Feminists by nationality
3233:Women's studies journals
3228:Women's rights activists
1946:Movements and ideologies
599:Gender-critical feminism
4362:Gay and Lesbian Studies
4245:Shumsky, Ellen (2009).
4002:Falquet, Jules (2004).
3962:Falquet, Jules (2004).
3940:Falquet, Jules (2004).
3445:One is not Born a Woman
3443:. Wittig's 1981 essay,
2647:International relations
1508:Intersectional variants
910:Lesbian Feminist Circle
454:Gay Women's Alternative
277:Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz
3624:formed in response to
3558:focus more heavily on
3173:Conservative feminisms
2428:Bicycling and feminism
2404:Women in the workforce
2372:Violence against women
2347:Sexual objectification
2307:Opposition to feminism
1564:Vegetarian ecofeminism
1080:Hannah Gadsby: Nanette
1000:Dykes to Watch Out For
4396:10.1353/sex.2007.0046
3609:political institution
3203:Feminist rhetoricians
3193:Feminist philosophers
2745:Revisionist mythology
2448:Views on prostitution
2433:Criticism of marriage
2123:Children's literature
449:The Furies Collective
342:Margaret Sloan-Hunter
4462:Political lesbianism
4273:www.nyclgbtsites.org
4216:Rapp, Linda (2004).
3726:Daughters of Bilitis
3672:L'Evidante Lesbienne
3521:Second-wave feminism
3454:In the encyclopedia
3440:Questions féministes
3183:Feminist art critics
3158:Feminist comic books
3115:Lists and categories
2794:By continent/country
2625:Pathways perspective
2508:Gender mainstreaming
2443:Views on pornography
2352:Substantive equality
2332:Reproductive justice
2282:Matriarchal religion
2135:Diversity (politics)
2071:Political lesbianism
1381:Other women's rights
1132:Lesbian pulp fiction
634:Political lesbianism
429:Daughters of Bilitis
4091:, Routledge, 1986,
3841:Separatist feminism
3658:lesbian periodicals
3640:, or identified as
3601:'s landmark essay,
3281:Feminism portal
3188:Feminist economists
3178:Ecofeminist authors
2983:Trinidad and Tobago
2923:Republic of Ireland
2615:Composition studies
2382:Women's empowerment
2337:Sex workers' rights
2262:Feminist capitalism
2242:Internalized sexism
2175:Feminism in culture
1283:History of feminism
1201:Feminism portal
900:Dykes & Gorgons
644:Separatist feminism
589:Feminist separatism
479:Lesbian Art Project
3918:Martel, Frederic.
3799:Lesbian Connection
3648:Creating a culture
3576:lesbian separatism
3572:radical lesbianism
3570:The principles of
3566:Lesbian separatism
3435:Simone de Beauvoir
3367:feminist movements
3318:Radical lesbianism
2593:Literary criticism
2458:Views on sexuality
2145:Effects on society
2113:Complementarianism
2088:Women's liberation
1843:Religious variants
1817:trans-exclusionary
1535:Radical lesbianism
1127:Lesbian literature
930:Lesbian Connection
639:Radical lesbianism
529:Salsa Soul Sisters
312:Ruth Mountaingrove
147:Evelyn Torton Beck
4457:LGBTQ terminology
4356:Gammon, Carolyn.
4130:978-0-8070-7917-1
3680:Oblique Editrices
3632:Internal problems
3353:, similar to how
3315:
3314:
3266:
3265:
2785:
2784:
2775:womanist theology
2718:Political ecology
2549:Écriture féminine
2476:
2475:
2367:Triple oppression
2357:Toxic masculinity
2342:Sexual harassment
2202:Feminist stripper
2180:Feminist movement
1736:
1735:
1667:Africana womanism
1498:
1497:
1235:
1234:
1167:Peg's Place (bar)
1147:Motherpeace Tarot
1100:Actions and ideas
1091:
1090:
604:Lesbian bed death
202:Stormé DeLarverie
152:Miriam Ben-Shalom
137:Ti-Grace Atkinson
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
4474:
4467:Radical feminism
4437:Lesbian feminism
4416:
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4344:
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4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4247:"Radicalesbians"
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4218:"Radicalesbians"
4213:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4111:
4100:
4087:Duchen, Claire.
4085:
4079:
4062:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4011:
3999:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3971:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3937:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3877:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3594:political regime
3460:heteropatriarchy
3330:lesbian feminist
3307:
3300:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3218:Feminist parties
3213:Muslim feminists
3208:Jewish feminists
3119:
3100:History of women
2723:Political theory
2491:
2421:
2394:
2387:Women-only space
2272:Likeability trap
2237:Invisible labour
2155:Female education
1964:Anti-pornography
1819:
1818:
1814:
1530:Lesbian of color
1513:
1390:Women's suffrage
1366:Muslim countries
1361:Women's suffrage
1278:Feminist history
1271:
1260:
1237:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1172:Some Prefer Cake
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
955:
945:
935:
925:
915:
905:
895:
885:
875:
865:
855:
845:
835:
825:
801:
791:
781:
771:
761:
751:
746:The Wanderground
741:
731:
721:
716:Le Corps Lesbien
711:
691:
669:Womyn-born womyn
629:Lipstick lesbian
484:Lesbian Avengers
362:Bonnie Zimmerman
307:Bonnie J. Morris
252:Donna Gottschalk
227:Lillian Faderman
127:Paula Gunn Allen
100:
90:Lesbian feminism
77:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
18:Radical lesbians
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4442:Lesbian history
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4355:
4348:
4338:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4277:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4131:
4115:Wittig, Monique
4113:
4112:
4103:
4086:
4082:
4063:
4048:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3972:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3917:
3913:
3890:10.2307/1395402
3882:Feminist Review
3879:
3878:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3831:Lesbian erasure
3822:
3794:
3752:
3743:Radical Faeries
3722:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3650:
3634:
3618:
3590:heterosexuality
3568:
3547:
3542:
3518:
3512:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3468:
3421:
3404:
3392:
3383:
3363:
3311:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3169:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3015:Northern Cyprus
2795:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2603:Science fiction
2554:
2533:Women's studies
2498:Feminist method
2488:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2392:
2302:Oedipus complex
2292:Men in feminism
2257:Language reform
2232:Ideal womanhood
2212:Gender equality
2207:Formal equality
2170:Feminationalism
2108:Cognitive labor
2102:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2049:Post-structural
1948:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1816:
1813:Gender-critical
1812:
1811:
1762:Femonationalism
1746:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1711:Native American
1651:
1606:Critical theory
1568:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1449:Second Republic
1377:
1347:
1314:
1288:Women's history
1268:
1231:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
950:Sinister Wisdom
943:
933:
923:
913:
903:
893:
883:
873:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
804:
799:
789:
779:
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
706:Les Guérillères
688:
680:
679:
678:
609:Lesbian erasure
579:Corrective rape
569:Butch and femme
558:
550:
549:
548:
519:Mujeres Creando
469:Lavender Menace
399:Artemis Singers
378:
368:
367:
366:
352:Cris Williamson
267:Sheila Jeffreys
222:Elana Dykewomon
167:Charlotte Bunch
132:Dorothy Allison
121:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4480:
4478:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4390:(2): 251–275.
4374:
4346:
4336:
4308:
4284:
4260:
4237:
4208:
4199:
4182:
4163:(3): 263–292.
4144:
4129:
4101:
4080:
4046:
4027:
3987:
3951:
3932:
3911:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Lesbian utopia
3833:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3781:Martha Shelley
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Michèle Causse
3758:
3756:Rita Mae Brown
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3738:Olivia Records
3735:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3699:
3696:
3649:
3646:
3633:
3630:
3622:Radicalesbians
3617:
3614:
3580:Monique Wittig
3567:
3564:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3511:
3508:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3467:
3464:
3431:Monique Wittig
3420:
3417:
3403:
3400:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3362:
3359:
3347:Radicalesbians
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Feminist poets
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3165:Feminist songs
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:by nationality
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3090:United Kingdom
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Existentialism
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:Justice ethics
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2652:Constructivism
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:Areas of study
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Gender studies
2500:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2468:SCUM Manifesto
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:Women's rights
2396:
2393:Women's health
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Male privilege
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2246:International
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2083:Technofeminism
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:Other variants
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1471:Cayman Islands
1466:United Kingdom
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Olivia Records
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1074:(2007–present)
1066:
1064:(2002–present)
1056:
1054:(2000–present)
1046:
1036:
1034:(1997–present)
1026:
1024:(1994–present)
1016:
1010:Hothead Paisan
1006:
996:
994:(1982–present)
986:
976:
966:
956:
954:(1976–present)
946:
936:
934:(1974–present)
926:
916:
906:
896:
886:
880:Lavender Woman
876:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
813:
812:
806:
805:
803:
802:
792:
782:
772:
762:
752:
742:
732:
726:Lesbian Nation
722:
712:
701:
698:
697:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
671:
666:
664:U-Haul lesbian
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Gouines rouges
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
379:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
359:
357:Monique Wittig
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
332:Janice Raymond
329:
327:Julia Penelope
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
302:CherrĂe Moraga
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
257:Sarah Hoagland
254:
249:
244:
242:Michiyo Fukaya
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Andrea Dworkin
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
187:Jeanne CĂłrdova
184:
179:
177:Michelle Cliff
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
142:Alison Bechdel
139:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
102:
101:
93:
92:
86:
85:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4370:1-56023-021-5
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4337:9780195066081
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4309:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4195:0-415-92089-2
4192:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:0-7102-0455-8
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4076:0-8070-7917-0
4073:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3928:0-8047-3274-4
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:(35): 75–91.
3883:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Get the L Out
3824:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:Ellen Shumsky
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:Organizations
3719:
3713:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:L'Essentielle
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3626:Betty Friedan
3623:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3599:Adrienne Rich
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3510:United States
3509:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3488:
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347:Barbara Smith
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337:Adrienne Rich
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172:Cheryl Clarke
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4318:
4311:
4300:. Retrieved
4296:
4287:
4276:. Retrieved
4272:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4225:GLBTQArchive
4224:
4211:
4202:
4185:
4160:
4156:
4119:
4088:
4083:
4065:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4007:
4003:
3967:
3963:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3919:
3914:
3881:
3851:LGBT history
3846:Womyn's land
3806:Lesbian Tide
3804:
3797:
3792:Publications
3771:Barbara Love
3712:LGBTQ portal
3692:
3687:
3679:
3676:Editions nbj
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3651:
3635:
3619:
3602:
3583:
3571:
3569:
3549:Though both
3548:
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3477:
3469:
3455:
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3444:
3438:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3405:
3393:
3384:
3371:
3364:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3317:
3316:
3045:Saudi Arabia
2841:South Africa
2684:Epistemology
2659:Legal theory
2578:Architecture
2568:Anthropology
2547:
2513:Gynocentrism
2377:War on women
2312:Pro-feminism
2267:Gender-blind
2217:Gender quota
2190:Art movement
1959:Anti-fascist
1893:Dianic Wicca
1772:Postfeminism
1647:Xenofeminism
1630:Postcolonial
1547:Sex-positive
1534:
1137:Maud's (bar)
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1040:Jane's World
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
948:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
890:Lesbian Tide
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
820:Die Freundin
818:
809:
794:
784:
774:
764:
754:
744:
734:
724:
714:
704:
694:
674:Womyn's land
638:
317:Jean O'Leary
247:Carolyn Gage
237:Marilyn Frye
182:Kate Clinton
157:Julie Bindel
63:
47:
45:lead section
3655:Francophone
3642:trans women
3449:observation
3050:South Korea
3030:Philippines
3010:New Zealand
3005:Netherlands
2728:Pornography
2706:Metaphysics
2620:Criminology
2598:Film theory
2573:Archaeology
2252:Women's Day
2044:Libertarian
1986:Ecofeminism
1903:Ecofeminist
1784:Reactionary
1777:Neofeminism
1718:Multiracial
1623:Ecofeminist
1618:Materialist
1461:Switzerland
1441:New Zealand
1117:Lesbian bar
1044:(1998–2018)
1014:(1991–1998)
1004:(1983–2008)
984:(1982–1984)
974:(1980–1996)
964:(1977–1983)
944:(1976–1990)
924:(1974–1984)
920:WomanSpirit
914:(1973–1986)
904:(1973–1976)
894:(1971–1980)
884:(1971–1976)
874:(1970–2008)
854:(1963-1972)
850:Arena Three
844:(1956–1972)
834:(1947–1948)
824:(1924–1933)
659:Stone femme
654:Stone butch
624:Lesbophobia
534:Sister Spit
292:Audre Lorde
282:Joan Larkin
212:Alix Dobkin
162:Ivy Bottini
4452:Lesbianism
4426:Categories
4302:2024-03-09
4278:2024-03-09
3858:References
3732:The Furies
3532:, and the
3514:See also:
3413:separatism
3246:Categories
3148:Literature
2858:Bangladesh
2733:Psychology
2679:Empiricism
2674:Aesthetics
2669:Philosophy
2543:Patriarchy
2528:Matriarchy
2248:Girl's Day
2222:Girl power
2195:In hip hop
2118:Literature
2076:Separatist
2054:Postmodern
2020:Difference
1954:Analytical
1898:Reclaiming
1706:Indigenous
1611:Standpoint
1540:Separatist
1392:by country
1112:Dyke march
1107:Cineffable
1070:Velvetpark
1060:AfterEllen
940:Conditions
840:The Ladder
830:Vice Versa
649:Soft butch
557:Key issues
322:Pat Parker
287:Anna Livia
66:April 2019
4177:144728212
4139:748998545
4016:cite book
3976:cite book
3766:Karla Jay
3375:Stonewall
3136:Feminists
2948:Argentina
2908:Indonesia
2898:Hong Kong
2853:Australia
2760:Sociology
2642:Geography
2632:Economics
2523:Male gaze
2518:Kyriarchy
1979:Networked
1861:Christian
1596:Jineology
1584:Anarchist
1574:Socialist
1454:Francoist
1406:Australia
1352:Timelines
544:Van Dykes
262:Karla Jay
197:Max Dashu
192:Mary Daly
50:summarize
4404:19244670
4230:March 9,
4117:(1992).
4078:, p ix-x
3906:60772339
3698:See also
3684:Montreal
3638:bisexual
3616:Feminism
3560:equality
3540:Ideology
3526:New Left
3355:feminism
3351:ideology
3326:feminism
3131:Articles
3070:Thailand
3025:Pakistan
2995:Malaysia
2978:Paraguay
2968:Honduras
2816:Ethiopia
2770:Theology
2755:Sexology
2750:Sex wars
2664:Pedagogy
2417:Outlooks
2297:Misogyny
2165:Femicide
2150:Equality
2101:Concepts
2066:Cultural
2025:Equality
2006:Stiletto
2001:Lipstick
1925:Orthodox
1888:Neopagan
1876:Womanist
1856:Buddhist
1804:Embedded
1799:Imperial
1794:Carceral
1767:Maternal
1728:Womanism
1416:Colombia
1303:Canadian
1293:American
1250:Feminism
1242:a series
1240:Part of
82:a series
80:Part of
4412:9416941
3898:1395402
3820:General
3555:liberal
3551:radical
3499:Toronto
3361:History
3322:lesbian
3085:Ukraine
3080:Vietnam
2990:Lebanon
2888:Germany
2878:Finland
2873:Denmark
2848:Albania
2836:Senegal
2831:Nigeria
2738:Therapy
2711:science
2610:Biology
2061:Radical
2015:Liberal
1991:Eugenic
1915:Islamic
1851:Atheist
1699:Lesbian
1694:Chicana
1687:Ratchet
1682:Lesbian
1677:Hip hop
1601:Marxist
1525:Lesbian
1401:Austria
1298:British
1267:History
394:Anjaree
384:AMASONG
4410:
4402:
4372:, p155
4368:
4334:
4197:, p785
4193:
4175:
4137:
4127:
4095:
4074:
3930:, p119
3926:
3904:
3896:
3750:People
3745:(1979)
3734:(1971)
3728:(1955)
3670:, and
3668:Treize
3528:, the
3495:Quebec
3489:Canada
3479:goals.
3402:France
3390:Europe
3075:Turkey
3065:Taiwan
3055:Sweden
3040:Russia
3035:Poland
3020:Norway
2973:Mexico
2953:Brazil
2928:Israel
2893:Greece
2883:France
2863:Canada
2801:Africa
2689:Ethics
2486:Theory
2327:Racism
2030:Social
1920:Jewish
1866:Mormon
1824:Victim
1757:Equity
1723:Romani
1635:Global
1488:states
1445:Spain
1431:Kuwait
1411:Canada
1343:Fourth
1333:Second
1308:German
1084:(2017)
864:(1970)
800:(2017)
790:(1993)
780:(1992)
770:(1991)
760:(1982)
750:(1979)
740:(1976)
730:(1973)
720:(1973)
710:(1969)
376:Groups
232:Ferron
119:People
4408:S2CID
4360:, in
4221:(PDF)
4173:S2CID
4099:, p24
4006:[
3966:[
3944:[
3894:JSTOR
3592:as a
3337:, or
3320:is a
3122:Lists
3060:Syria
3000:Nepal
2963:Haiti
2958:Chile
2938:Japan
2933:Italy
2903:India
2868:China
2821:Ghana
2811:Egypt
2287:Media
2035:Labor
1910:Hindu
1881:Asian
1829:White
1789:State
1672:Black
1589:Queer
1476:Wales
1426:Japan
1421:India
1338:Third
1328:First
1319:Waves
1050:Curve
810:Other
736:Lover
695:Books
687:Media
594:Femme
564:Butch
4400:PMID
4366:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4257:(4).
4232:2024
4191:ISBN
4135:OCLC
4125:ISBN
4093:ISBN
4072:ISBN
4022:link
3982:link
3924:ISBN
3902:OCLC
3678:and
3553:and
3497:and
3423:The
3381:Asia
2918:Iraq
2913:Iran
2826:Mali
2637:FDPA
2250:and
1932:Sikh
1020:Diva
584:Dyke
4392:doi
4324:doi
4165:doi
3886:doi
3686:'s
3582:'s
3415:.
3339:FLR
2583:Art
1974:HCI
1871:New
1815:or
1520:Fat
4428::
4406:.
4398:.
4388:16
4386:.
4349:^
4340:.
4330:.
4295:.
4271:.
4255:16
4253:.
4249:.
4223:.
4171:.
4161:32
4159:.
4147:^
4133:.
4104:^
4049:^
4039:.
4018:}}
4014:{{
3990:^
3978:}}
3974:{{
3954:^
3900:.
3892:.
3866:^
3690:.
3666:,
3644:.
3536:.
1371:US
1244:on
84:on
4414:.
4394::
4326::
4305:.
4281:.
4234:.
4179:.
4167::
4141:.
4041:1
4024:)
3984:)
3908:.
3888::
3815:"
3811:"
3306:e
3299:t
3292:v
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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