266:
588:-stream signal to the receiving device, instead of the earlier PWM encoding type. However, even with this coding, loss of transmission during flight has become more common, in part because of the ever more wireless society. Some more modern FM-signal receivers that still use "PWM" encoding instead can, thanks to the use of more advanced computer chips in them, be made to lock onto and use the individual signal characteristics of a particular PWM-type RC transmitter's emissions alone,
31:
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180:, a dirigible of his own design, without risking human lives. Unlike the previous mechanisms, which carried out actions of the 'on/off' type, Torres established a system for controlling any mechanical or electrical device with different states of operation. This method required a transmitter capable of sending a family of different
43:
709:
Industrial remote controls work differently from most consumer products. When the receiver receives the radio signal which the transmitter sent, it checks it so that it is the correct frequency and that any security codes match. Once the verification is complete, the receiver sends an instruction to
612:
that do not stay on one set frequency any longer while in use, the older "exclusive use" provisions at model flying sites needed for VHF-band RC control systems' frequency control, for VHF-band RC systems that only used one set frequency unless serviced to change it, are not as mandatory as before.
112:
The idea of controlling unmanned vehicles (for the most part in an attempt to improve the accuracy of torpedoes for military purposes) predates the invention of radio. The latter half of the 1800s saw development of many such devices, connected to an operator by wires, including the first practical
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with better selectivity and stability made control equipment more capable and at lower cost. Multi-channel developments were of particular use to aircraft, which really needed a minimum of three control dimensions (yaw, pitch and motor speed), as opposed to boats, which required only two or one.
281:
developed many techniques used in subsequent radio control including developing remote controlled torpedoes, ships, anti-jamming systems and even a system allowing his remote-controlled ship targeting an enemy ship's searchlights. In 1922 he installed radio control gear on the obsolete US Navy
483:
acting on the control surfaces of the missile. The controller's radio transmitter would transmit the different frequencies in response to the movements of a control stick; these were typically on/off signals. The radio gear used to control the rudder function on the
American-developed
706:(M2M) mode. For example, an automated warehouse may use a radio-controlled crane that is operated by a computer to retrieve a particular item. Industrial radio controls for some applications, such as lifting machinery, are required to be of a fail-safe design in many jurisdictions.
1063:"The Dawn of the Drone" Steve Mills 2019 Casemate Publishers. Page 189 "In order further to safeguard against outside interference I may have a number of inertia wheels of variable speed, only one being correctly adjusted to pick up the timed signals and actuate the mechanism."
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greatly reduced the battery requirements, since the current requirements at low voltage were greatly reduced and the high voltage battery was eliminated. In both tube and early transistor sets the model's control surfaces were usually operated by an electromagnetic
204:, for raising or dropping it, at the same time, and so up to 19 different actions. In 1904, Torres chose to carry out the first test on a three-wheeled land vehicle with a range of 20 to 30 meters. In 1906, in the presence of an audience which included King
604:, all the way down to under US$ 30 for some. Some manufacturers even offer conversion kits for older digital 72 MHz or 35 MHz receivers and radios. As the emerging multitude of 2.4 GHz band spread spectrum RC systems usually use a
718:. In a receiver there are usually several relays, and in something as complex as an overhead crane, perhaps up to twelve or more relays are required to control all directions. In a receiver which opens a gate, two relays are often sufficient.
721:
Industrial remote controls are getting more and higher safety requirements. For example: a remote control may not lose the safety functionality in case of malfunction. This can be avoided by using redundant relays with forced contacts.
128:
Getting rid of the wires via using a new wireless technology, radio, appeared in the late 1890s. In 1897 British engineer Ernest Wilson and C. J. Evans patented a radio-controlled torpedo or demonstrated radio-controlled boats on the
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RC control systems have become increasingly utilized in control of model vehicles and aircraft. Now, these 2.4 GHz systems are being made by most radio manufacturers. These radio systems range in price from a couple thousand
651:
Remote control military applications are typically not radio control in the direct sense, directly operating flight control surfaces and propulsion power settings, but instead take the form of instructions sent to a completely
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Both the
British and US also developed radio control systems for similar tasks, to avoid the huge anti-aircraft batteries set up around German targets. However, no system proved usable in practice, and the one major US effort,
323:
The United
Kingdom's World War One development of their radio-controlled 1917 'Aerial Target' (AT) and 1918 'Distant Control Boat' (DCB) using Low's control systems led eventually to their 1930s fleet of
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145:-based radio control. With an eye towards selling the idea to the US government as a torpedo, Tesla's 1898 patent included a clockwork frequency changer so an enemy could not take control of the device.
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signal, and a receiver, which was able to set up a different state of operation in the device being used, depending on the code word. It was able to select different positions for the
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guided ordnance, however, was a fully proportional control, with the "ailerons", solely under the control of an on-board gyroscope, serving merely to keep the ordnance from rolling.
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raids to collect the missile radio sets. Jammers were then installed on
British ships, and the weapons basically "stopped working". The German development teams then turned to
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guided bomb, was greatly reduced by
British efforts to jam their radio signals, eventually with American assistance. After initial successes, the British launched a number of
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which is activated. The relay activates a function in the application corresponding to the transmitters button. This could be to engage an electrical directional motor in an
537:
The first general use of radio control systems in models started in the early 1950s with single-channel self-built equipment; commercial equipment came later. The advent of
660:. Instead of a "turn left" signal that is applied until the aircraft is flying in the right direction, the system sends a single instruction that says "fly to this point".
546:' controlling the stored energy in a rubber-band loop, allowing simple on/off rudder control (right, left, and neutral) and sometimes other functions such as motor speed.
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As the electronics revolution took off, single-signal channel circuit design became redundant, and instead radios provided proportionally coded signal streams which a
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used a variant of the Aerial Target’s radio control system to control from ‘mother’ aircraft different types of naval vessels including a submarine.
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104:(UAVs or drones) for both civilian and military uses, although these have more sophisticated control systems than traditional applications.
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steam launch, was controlled using experimental radio control by its inventor, . In 1909 French inventor demonstrated what he called his "
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were replaced by similar electronic ones, and the continued miniaturization of electronics allowed more signals, referred to as
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once they realized what was going on, but the systems were not ready for deployment until the war had already moved to France.
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for vehicles, in which a small handheld radio transmitter unlocks or opens doors. Radio control is also used for control of
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UK National
Archives ADM 1/8539/253 Capabilities of distantly controlled boats. Reports of trials at Dover 28 - 31 May 1918
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for use against shipping, a target otherwise both difficult and dangerous to attack. However, by the end of the war, the
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254:. Low's systems encoded the command transmissions as a countermeasure to prevent enemy intervention. By 1918 the secret
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twin-axis, single joystick-equipped transmitters mounted in the deploying aircraft, and
Telefunken's companion FuG 230
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Electrical
Engineering Hall of Fame. Early Developments of Wireless Remote Control: The Telekino of Torres-Quevedo
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Radio control systems of this era were generally electromechanical in nature, using small metal "fingers" or "
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needing a special "code" transmitted along with the control information as PCM encoding has always required.
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Radio control was further developed during World War II, primarily by the
Germans who used it in a number of
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An industrial radio remote control can either be operated by a person, or by a computer control system in a
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316:. A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500–1500 m, the two constituting a
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101:
89:
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320:. There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army.
176:. In the same year, he applied for several patents in other countries. It was intended as a way of testing
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organizations make use of radio-controlled vehicles as well. A rapidly growing application is control of
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GB190327073 (A) ― Means or Method for
Directing Mechanical Movements at or from a Distance.
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when a particular frequency was received. The relays would in turn then activate various
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receiver placed in the ordnance to be controlled during deployment and used by both the
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Radio control gear invented by John Hays Hammond, Jr. installed in the battleship USS
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1112:"Coast Battleship No. 4 (ex-USS Iowa, Battleship # 4) -- As a Target Ship, 1921–1923"
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H. R. Everett, Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II, MIT Press - 2015, pages 91-95
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H. R. Everett, Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II, MIT Press - 2015, pages 79-80
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Some of the most outstanding examples of remote radio control of a vehicle are the
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from the shore with people on board, which was controlled at a distance over 2 km.
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H. R. Everett, Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II, MIT Press - 2015, page 87
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are used for such purposes as inspections, and special vehicles for disarming of
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FR327218A Système dit telekine pour commander à distance un mouvement mécanique.
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452:, proved to be far more dangerous to its users than to the target. The American
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gunnery firing practice. The "Queen Bee" was superseded by the similarly named
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systems greatly simplified radio control. The electromechanical systems using
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250:. It was "piloted" from the ground by future world aerial speed record holder
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These systems were widely used until the 1960s, when the increasing use of
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http://www.rcmodelswiz.co.uk/users-basic-guide-to-radio-control-systems
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Today radio control is used in industry for such devices as overhead
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frequencies each of which would operate one of a number of different
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and fielded at least two teletank battalions at the beginning of the
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Use of radio signals to remotely control a device, vehicle or drone
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971:"1902 – Telekine (Telekino) – Leonardo Torres Quevedo (Spanish)"
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Unmanned aviation: a brief history of unmanned aerial vehicles
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guided free-fall ordnance, however, proved useful in both the
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D.C.B. Section of the Royal Navy's Signals School, Portsmouth
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independently, and also to act over other mechanisms such an
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960:(pdf) vol. 96, No. 1, January 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.
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that executed commands transmitted by electromagnetic waves.
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filled with explosives to attack enemy shipping from 1944.
133:(accounts of what they did vary). At an 1898 exhibition at
124:
In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled scale boat.
1254:
Attack of the drones: a history of unmanned aerial combat
346:, a purpose-built target aircraft of higher performance.
328:. This was a remotely controlled unmanned version of the
1451:
The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla
72:
a device. Examples of simple radio control systems are
695:. Some remotely controlled devices are loosely called
578:(PCM) features have come on the market that provide a
1118:. Naval History and Heritage Command. 13 April 2003.
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RC Models Wiz: Basic Guide to Radio Control Systems.
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introduced a radio based control system called the "
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358:projects. Their main effort was the development of
208:of Spain, Torres demonstrated the invention in the
1351:Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor
409:unpowered, armored anti-ship bomb and the powered
1221:"Redundant circuits | Industrial remote controls"
1116:Online Library of Selected Images:U.S. NAVY SHIPS
1472:My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
390:'s systems, primarily comprising the series of
1083:"John Hays Hammond, Jr - Lemelson-MIT Program"
507:, modern systems include twenty or more using
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372:was having similar problems attacking Allied
38:drone flown remotely by a pilot on the ground
8:
1641:The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century
1634:Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla
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617:Modern military and aerospace applications
293:(sunk in gunnery exercise in March 1923).
212:, guiding the electrically powered launch
595:In the early 21st century, 2.4 gigahertz
938:Nov. 7, 1905: Remote Control Wows Public
630:
529:A boy runs his radio controlled boat in
113:application invented by German engineer
996:Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II
812:Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II
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1423:Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing
141:demonstrated a small boat that used a
381:surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles
277:During World War I American inventor
7:
1530:Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
1195:"What is industrial remote control"
993:Everett, H. R. (6 November 2015).
809:Everett, H. R. (6 November 2015).
25:
1458:Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900
192:and different velocities for the
1022:"Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles"
376:and developed a number of radio
49:, a popular radio-controlled toy
1231:from the original on 2017-12-27
1201:from the original on 2014-10-22
1174:from the original on 2015-03-10
1122:from the original on 2010-02-09
1093:from the original on 2017-08-24
1032:from the original on 2006-12-08
675:Industrial radio remote control
231:", a radio-controlled torpedo.
1612:Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror
438:) which were radio controlled
164:In 1903, the Spanish engineer
1:
1564:Tesla – Lightning in His Hand
1545:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport
1162:"Radio Remote Control Safety"
885:, John Wiley and Sons, 2006,
842:, John Wiley and Sons, 2006,
639:is carrying a scale model of
383:, none of which saw service.
1525:Nikola Tesla Memorial Center
1465:Fragments of Olympian Gossip
242:(RFC) experimental works at
1386:Resonant inductive coupling
1051:"A Brief History of Drones"
752:Radio-controlled helicopter
1699:
1556:The Secret of Nikola Tesla
1413:Three-phase electric power
1356:Tesla Experimental Station
1225:Industrial remote controls
620:
518:
229:Torpille Radio-Automatique
200:, for switching it, and a
1429:
737:Radio-controlled airplane
732:Precision-guided munition
608:mode of operations, like
553:superheterodyne receivers
386:The effectiveness of the
360:radio-controlled missiles
300:used remotely controlled
289:so it could be used as a
174:Paris Academy of Sciences
1256:, Zenith Imprint, 2004,
570:More recently, high-end
436:ferngelenkte Sprengboote
304:during the 1930s in the
238:, as head of the secret
102:unmanned aerial vehicles
1535:IEEE Nikola Tesla Award
665:Mars Exploration Rovers
563:could interpret, using
515:Radio-controlled models
166:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
1627:Tesla: Man Out of Time
1436:
1026:www.ctie.monash.edu.au
762:Remote control vehicle
648:
643:and is taking part in
635:This radio-controlled
565:pulse-width modulation
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521:Radio-controlled model
279:John Hays Hammond, Jr.
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56:(often abbreviated to
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1596:The Tesla World Light
1540:Tesla Satellite Award
1499:World Wireless System
1494:Westinghouse Electric
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742:Radio-controlled boat
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576:pulse-code modulation
528:
268:
258:under the command of
184:by means of a binary
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135:Madison Square Garden
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78:keyless entry systems
45:
33:
1266:Laurence R. Newcome
778:Notes and references
747:Radio-controlled car
641:Lockheed Martin X-33
509:frequency modulation
505:amplitude modulation
419:wire-guided missiles
318:telemechanical group
178:Astra-Torres airship
1614:" (2020 TV episode)
1580:Tower to the People
1520:Nikola Tesla Museum
1489:War of the currents
1020:Naughton, Russell.
927:, 10 December 1903.
919:Torres, Leonardo, "
910:, 10 December 1902.
902:Torres, Leonardo, "
883:History of wireless
840:History of wireless
687:. Radio-controlled
449:Operation Aphrodite
343:Airspeed Queen Wasp
314:Great Patriotic War
98:scientific research
74:garage door openers
1583:(2015 documentary)
1504:In popular culture
1437:
1418:Wardenclyffe Tower
1403:Tesla's oscillator
1146:2015-04-03 at the
944:, 7 November 2011.
704:machine to machine
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550:Crystal-controlled
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260:Eric Robinson V.C.
248:1917 Aerial Target
240:Royal Flying Corps
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115:Werner von Siemens
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606:"frequency-agile"
471:" with different
464:of World War II.
194:propelling engine
86:radio transmitter
84:from a hand-held
16:(Redirected from
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597:spread spectrum
533:'s marina 2019.
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411:Henschel Hs 293
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973:. 2010-12-17.
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953:A. P. Yuste.
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849:
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822:9780262029223
818:
815:. MIT Press.
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54:Radio control
48:
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37:
36:MQ-1 Predator
34:US Air Force
32:
19:
1657:Lunar crater
1639:
1632:
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1594:
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1578:
1572:The Prestige
1570:
1567:(2003 opera)
1562:
1554:
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1449:
1392:
1339:plasma globe
1313:Nikola Tesla
1267:
1253:
1252:Bill Yenne,
1233:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1155:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1115:
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1086:
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1059:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1025:
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583:digital data
580:computerized
569:
558:
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500:
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466:
462:CBI Theaters
447:
444:
435:
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427:Kriegsmarine
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353:
341:
330:de Havilland
322:
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206:Alfonso XIII
169:
163:
153:
139:Nikola Tesla
131:Thames river
127:
111:
57:
53:
52:
1622:(2020 film)
1607:(2019 film)
1599:(2017 film)
1591:(2016 film)
1575:(2006 film)
1559:(1980 film)
1408:Tesla valve
1334:Plasma lamp
1205:14 November
1178:18 November
1160:Autec srl.
767:Telecommand
685:locomotives
539:transistors
497:reed relays
493:solid state
440:motor boats
424:The German
364:glide bombs
326:"Queen Bee"
296:The Soviet
291:target ship
282:battleship
1371:Tesla coil
1322:inventions
1320:Career and
1235:2017-06-12
1097:2017-12-13
1036:2006-12-30
654:autonomous
544:escapement
395:Funk-Gerät
392:Telefunken
338:Navy fleet
334:Tiger Moth
306:Winter War
225:Windermere
182:code words
90:Industrial
47:Quadcopter
1361:Teleforce
925:Espacenet
908:Espacenet
861:US 613809
669:Sojourner
647:research.
481:actuators
430:operated
403:Straßburg
388:Luftwaffe
369:Luftwaffe
302:teletanks
234:In 1917,
219:In 1904,
172:" at the
117:in 1870.
1677:Category
1662:Asteroid
1443:Writings
1229:Archived
1199:Archived
1169:Archived
1144:Archived
1120:Archived
1091:Archived
1030:Archived
893:, p. 97.
772:Teletank
726:See also
667:such as
637:airplane
473:resonant
458:European
432:FL-Boote
415:commando
308:against
298:Red Army
170:Telekino
154:Telekino
94:military
1513:Related
1376:history
1329:Patents
602:dollars
590:without
567:(PWM).
407:Fritz X
374:bombers
356:missile
310:Finland
244:Feltham
214:Vizcaya
143:coherer
108:History
1274:
1260:
1126:21 May
1003:
889:
867:
846:
819:
697:robots
681:cranes
477:relays
273:(1922)
96:, and
1619:Tesla
1588:Tesla
1482:Other
1172:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
942:Wired
712:relay
693:bombs
572:hobby
531:Ystad
469:reeds
158:robot
66:radio
1647:Boat
1272:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1207:2014
1180:2013
1128:2012
1001:ISBN
887:ISBN
844:ISBN
817:ISBN
645:NASA
625:and
610:FHSS
486:Azon
460:and
454:Azon
399:Kehl
362:and
286:Iowa
284:USS
271:Iowa
223:, a
202:flag
152:The
76:and
940:",
923:",
906:",
627:UAV
586:bit
221:Bat
68:to
1679::
1223:.
1197:.
1167:.
1114:.
1089:.
1085:.
1028:.
1024:.
881:,
838:,
710:a
671:.
511:.
137:,
92:,
88:.
58:RC
1610:"
1467:"
1463:"
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
1278:,
1238:.
1209:.
1182:.
1130:.
1100:.
1053:.
1039:.
1009:.
958:,
825:.
542:'
434:(
332:"
20:)
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