1676:
33:
3523:
3273:
1686:
1659:
4152:
4162:
3369:
is achieved by transmitting radio signals on the same frequency as the intended target. The government of the People's
Republic of China disrupts shortwave radio communications through this method, typically by broadcasting music, drumming, or other noise. On shortwave, the jamming sound is usually
3491:
In 2011, some international radio broadcasters, including both the BBC and VOA, announced plans to scale down or close their
Mandarin shortwave services for China due to spending cuts and frustrations caused by jamming efforts. The BBC and VOA instead chose to invest more heavily in
212:
3062:
1637:
2054:
1085:
1753:
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2070:
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954:
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391:
1604:
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971:
185:
950:
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4435:
1647:
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1565:
4389:
167:
2969:
469:
3401:
was accused of aiding
Chinese censorship efforts by selling shortwave broadcasting equipment to Chinese authorities in 2008. The firm denied this, saying that the sale of equipment was for civil purposes.
1627:
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1007:
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726:
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1170:
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71:
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628:
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3183:
1935:
1930:
1923:
598:
53:
1898:
1892:
32:
4127:
1658:
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2436:
2264:
2181:
1986:
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4041:
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3303:
3087:
2472:
1812:
3425:
reported that "virtually all of VOA's and RFA's shortwave radio transmissions directed to China are jammed," including their
4086:
2739:
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1952:
1584:
1523:
1121:
1103:
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3926:
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3421:
Since broadcasting began in 1996, Chinese authorities have consistently jammed Radio Free Asia broadcasts. In 2002, the
3283:
3173:
3010:
2844:
2734:
2713:
2578:
2565:
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2008:
1979:
1942:
496:
342:
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58:
4122:
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3165:
2825:
2296:
1947:
1552:
486:
464:
3221:
3191:
1662:
4091:
3678:
Statement of the
Broadcasting Board of Governors Before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China "Open Forum"
3338:
organs to interfere with radio broadcasts. In most instances, radio jamming targets foreign broadcasters, including
4036:
4001:
3956:
3472:
3296:
3259:
2923:
2820:
2309:
2289:
2257:
1908:
1885:
580:
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65:
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2201:
1679:
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3911:
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1996:
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3991:
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2722:
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2013:
1216:
1069:
513:
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2018:
4370:
4320:
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3254:
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1957:
1918:
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911:
249:
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2893:
2729:
1264:
332:
322:
234:
229:
3648:
3459:, as authorities increased the number of disrupted signals it employed to block outside transmissions.
565:
4507:
4245:
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3136:
3128:
3047:
3000:
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1991:
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906:
575:
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3196:
2996:
2899:
2864:
2773:
2708:
2536:
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1828:
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1244:
623:
454:
101:
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3015:
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2001:
1969:
1186:
1054:
990:
964:
635:
613:
605:
414:
244:
3511:
Broadcasters have also sought to educate their audiences on the use of anti-jamming technology.
3455:-based Voice of Tibet reported that jamming of its radio communications intensified during the
3468:
3347:
3160:
2810:
2780:
2573:
2511:
2462:
2186:
1689:
23:
3434:
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3100:
2717:
1718:
1310:
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592:
407:
136:
4341:
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3343:
3155:
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83:
3710:
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4306:
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2619:
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977:
481:
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618:
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352:
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1194:
856:
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772:
758:
742:
689:
207:
171:
162:
140:
96:
87:
3598:
3698:'Another foreign radio station falls victim to "Great Wall of the airwaves"'
3505:
3430:
3386:
on the same frequencies used by target stations. High quality recordings of
3378:, running one hour in duration. The one hour audio clip is sourced from the
2815:
2640:
2418:
2403:
2376:
1902:
1285:
1220:
1079:
931:
872:
785:
560:
189:
3737:
U.S. State
Department to Pay for BBC's Anti-Jamming Campaign in China, Iran
3501:
3500:
to fund and research
Internet censorship-circumvention software, such as
2942:
1740:
1722:
1545:
1489:
1258:
864:
821:
781:
180:
105:
3771:
1754:
3750:“Why has the State Department run into a firewall on Internet freedom?”
2303:
972:
Commission for
Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
4176:
3599:"Firedrake - The source of China's Radio Jammer found on Chinasat 6B"
3355:
2604:
2395:
2368:
1206:
899:
886:
833:
796:
789:
570:
3508:, to enable their Chinese audience to access their programs online.
4390:
Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the
Chinese Internet Industry
3042:
2645:
3452:
4180:
3775:
3724:'Critics Attack VOA Decision to Cut Radio Broadcasts to China'
2389:
Central
Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1399:
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
16:
Form of censorship conducted by the People's Republic of China
2362:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
3711:
BBC Chinese Service makes final broadcast in Mandarin
1844:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
2656:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
213:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
4456:
4406:
4282:
4255:
4221:
4214:
4105:
4065:
3807:
2907:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
1152:Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
3649:Thales denies selling radio jamming kit to China
3394:broadcasts are also used to jam target signals.
3382:satellite (launched in 2007) and transmitted by
3624:CNR1 Chinese National Radio Jammer on shortwave
3390:also exist on the internet. On some occasions,
3083:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
3662:"China Bars 3 Journalists From Clinton's Trip"
2310:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
317:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
4192:
3787:
3304:
2427:National Press and Publication Administration
1137:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
8:
3551:Censorship in the People's Republic of China
3328:censorship in the People's Republic of China
3006:International Development Cooperation Agency
2458:National Radio and Television Administration
1633:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1363:National Development & Reform Commission
941:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
805:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
3496:; both received financial support from the
1240:State Council (Central People's Government)
850:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
4523:Silenced: China's Great Wall of Censorship
4218:
4199:
4185:
4177:
3794:
3780:
3772:
3580:
3578:
3311:
3297:
328:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
18:
3586:'Tibet exile radio says China jamming it'
3063:International Military Cooperation Office
2331:Office for Safeguarding National Security
985:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
343:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
4232:Burning of books and burying of scholars
2875:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2855:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1712:National Defense Mobilization Commission
919:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
4539:Party media takes the party's last name
3574:
3397:The French defense electronics company
3151:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2229:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1909:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
1865:
1808:
1421:
1235:
1181:
653:
544:
333:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
21:
3467:Other targets for jamming include the
3374:, specifically a composition known as
3179:China and the World Trade Organization
3115:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2258:Public Security Organs People's Police
555:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4567:Censorship of broadcasting by country
3330:that involves deliberate attempts by
2598:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2547:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2290:State Security Organs People's Police
1852:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1785:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1618:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
7:
3038:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2860:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
3143:National Immigration Administration
2197:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1834:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1592:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
393:General Principles of the Civil Law
2931:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2613:Cyberspace Administration of China
629:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
14:
3588:, Associated Press, 2 April 2008.
3184:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2050:Political Consultative Conference
1638:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1623:Science and Technology Commission
1579:Training and Administration Dept.
1426:Central Military Commission (CMC)
599:Scientific Outlook on Development
323:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
4160:
4151:
4150:
3752:, Washington Post, 4 April 2011.
3726:, Voice of America, 25 May 2011.
3535:
3521:
3271:
2437:State Council Information Office
2265:State Immigration Administration
1684:
1674:
1657:
1605:Discipline Inspection Commission
1127:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
338:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
31:
4436:Television programme censorship
4397:Restrictions on geographic data
3631:from the original on 2021-12-12
3423:Broadcasting Board of Governors
3088:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2473:China Global Television Network
2453:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2317:Bureau of Prison Administration
1886:People's Courts Judicial Police
1813:National Supervisory Commission
894:Office of the General Secretary
4266:Censorship of displaying blood
4118:British Indian Ocean Territory
3739:, Fast Company, 21 March 2011.
3207:China–European Union relations
2699:Special administrative regions
1893:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1132:Financial and Economic Affairs
1:
4293:Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh
3227:China–United States relations
3212:China–Latin America relations
3073:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2669:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2412:Central Propaganda Department
2270:Local public security bureaus
1648:Offices Administration Agency
1157:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
3354:(SOH) and stations based in
3174:China and the United Nations
3078:CCP International Department
3058:Ministry of National Defense
2985:Diplomatic missions of China
2845:Taiwan independence movement
2566:Publishing industry in China
2108:United Front Work Department
1953:Regular Disciplined Services
1943:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1749:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1731:Ministry of National Defense
766:National Security Commission
606:Harmonious Socialist Society
497:Death sentence with reprieve
471:Administrative Procedure Law
3763:'Help:Anti-Jamming Antenna'
3696:Reporters Without Borders,
3166:Community of Common Destiny
2956:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2826:Republic of China on Taiwan
2245:Ministry of Public Security
1566:Equipment Development Dept.
733:Central Military Commission
4598:
4562:Electronic countermeasures
3473:Radio Taiwan International
2821:Political status of Taiwan
2277:Ministry of State Security
1980:Public Prosecutions Office
1780:Military reform since 2015
1392:Deputy Secretaries-General
1162:Social Development Affairs
1043:National People's Congress
581:Primary stage of socialism
549:Admission Oath (Article 6)
116:Current provincial leaders
4335:Internet real-name system
4146:
3651:, Reuters, 31 March 2008.
3202:China–Caribbean relations
2786:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2485:China Radio International
2432:China Film Administration
1628:Strategic Planning Office
1358:Cabinet-level departments
450:Intellectual property law
4349:List of blocked websites
3867:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3498:U.S. Department of State
3245:Administrative divisions
3026:Belt and Road Initiative
2723:Hong Kong SAR Government
2694:One country, two systems
2682:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2468:China Central Television
1987:Secretariat for Security
1663:People's Liberation Army
1404:most Central Enterprises
1147:Overseas Chinese Affairs
586:Four Cardinal Principles
4572:Communications in China
4485:Censorship in Hong Kong
4128:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3217:China–Pacific relations
3096:Chinese nationality law
1997:Unitary Police Services
1654:National armed forces:
1070:Council of Chairpersons
926:Organization Department
658:National Party Congress
363:Socialist law tradition
240:Organization Department
4371:Illegal flower tribute
4321:Green Dam Youth Escort
4239:List of censored books
3561:Radio jamming in Korea
3324:Radio jamming in China
3222:China–Russia relations
3192:China–Africa relations
3021:China Development Bank
2997:Foreign aid from China
2838:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2806:Cross-Strait relations
2799:Cross-Strait relations
2752:Mainland & HK CEPA
2202:People's organizations
2009:Public Security Police
1958:Hong Kong Police Force
1919:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1870:Supreme People's Court
1775:Military modernization
1553:Logistic Support Dept.
286:Previous constitutions
159:Communist Party leader
54:Leadership generations
4328:Golden Shield Project
3802:Radio jamming in Asia
3666:The Los Angeles Times
2894:Taiwan Affairs Office
2745:Independence movement
2730:Politics of Hong Kong
1975:Court of Final Appeal
1936:Prosecutions Division
1931:Department of Justice
1924:Court of Final Appeal
1680:People's Armed Police
1373:National Audit Office
1004:Provincial committee
235:Collective leadership
230:Democratic centralism
111:Current state leaders
66:Hu–Wen Administration
4508:Document Number Nine
4273:List of banned films
4246:Literary inquisition
4042:United Arab Emirates
3713:, BBC, 28 March 2011
3392:China National Radio
3197:China–Arab relations
3129:Visa policy of China
3048:New Development Bank
3011:Ministry of Commerce
2774:Macau SAR Government
2687:Macau Liaison Office
2480:China National Radio
2172:Historical parties:
1992:Macau Security Force
1540:Political Work Dept.
1178:State representative
1122:Constitution and Law
907:Central Guard Bureau
576:Deng Xiaoping Theory
353:Chinese legal system
168:State representative
130:Orders of precedence
93:20th Party Politburo
72:Xi–Li Administration
4582:Censorship in China
4577:Mass media in China
4284:Internet censorship
4208:Censorship in China
4069:limited recognition
3722:Jerome Socolovsky,
3457:2008 Tibetan unrest
3441:language services.
2975:Diplomatic missions
2947:Secretary-General:
2865:Chinese unification
2709:Hong Kong Basic Law
2579:Internet censorship
2537:Censorship in China
2297:Ministry of Justice
1829:Corruption in China
1201:Presidential Office
840:Secretary-General:
723:Central Secretariat
624:Four Comprehensives
428:Labour Contract Law
358:Civil law tradition
195:Conference Chairman
84:4th Leadership Core
59:Succession of power
4381:Wikimedia projects
3765:, Radio Free Asia.
3735:NEAL UNGERLEIDER,
3687:, 2 December 2002.
3683:2011-11-17 at the
3372:Chinese folk music
3016:Exim Bank of China
2850:Anti-Secession Law
2740:Pro-democracy camp
2506:China News Service
2492:Xinhua News Agency
2055:National Committee
1970:Judiciary of Macau
1899:Prosecutor General
1112:Special Committees
1060:Standing Committee
1018:Deputy secretaries
1008:Standing committee
951:Standing Committee
912:Central Guard Unit
710:Standing Committee
614:Xi Jinping Thought
571:Mao Zedong Thought
487:Capital punishment
465:Administrative law
204:Commander-in-chief
177:Head of government
102:14th State Council
4549:
4548:
4452:
4451:
4415:Censorship abroad
4174:
4173:
4111:other territories
3700:, 17 August 2005.
3469:BBC World Service
3348:BBC World Service
3321:
3320:
3260:Ethnic minorities
3161:Beijing Consensus
3101:Chinese passports
2941:Deputy Director:
2924:Foreign relations
2811:Chinese Civil War
2781:Politics of Macau
2574:Internet in China
2463:China Media Group
2402:Deputy Director:
2339:Urban Management
2097:Political parties
2084:Secretary-General
2071:Vice-Chairpersons
1805:Supervisory organ
1690:China Coast Guard
1524:Joint Staff Dept.
1435:supreme commander
1387:Secretary-General
1346:Secretary-General
1100:Secretary-General
1086:Vice-Chairpersons
863:Deputy Director:
818:Deputy Directors:
699:Central Politburo
679:General Secretary
668:Central Committee
528:Principal leaders
186:Congress Chairman
78:Xi Administration
74:(2012–2017)
68:(2002–2012)
24:Politics of China
4589:
4542:
4533:
4526:
4517:
4510:
4501:
4499:Press Censorship
4494:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4422:Music censorship
4417:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4275:
4268:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4219:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4178:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4123:Christmas Island
3809:Sovereign states
3796:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3748:Anne Applebaum,
3746:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3675:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3412:Voice of America
3340:Voice of America
3313:
3306:
3299:
3278:China portal
3276:
3275:
3274:
2735:Pro-Beijing camp
2718:John Lee Ka-chiu
2375:Deputy Leaders:
2325:
2022:
2014:Judiciary Police
2005:
1763:Military history
1688:
1678:
1668:Theater commands
1661:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1460:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1311:State Councilors
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1245:Li Qiang Cabinet
1106:
836:
830:
824:
686:
593:Three Represents
566:Marxism–Leninism
492:Capital offences
382:List of statutes
137:Paramount leader
125:National leaders
35:
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4257:Film censorship
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4223:Book censorship
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3685:Wayback Machine
3676:
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3668:, June 23, 1998
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3344:Radio Free Asia
3336:Communist Party
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3284:Other countries
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3255:Family planning
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3156:Panda diplomacy
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3384:relay stations
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2559:Internal media
2554:Media of China
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1611:Zhang Shengmin
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1497:Zhang Shengmin
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1117:Ethnic Affairs
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4477:Band in China
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4429:Radio jamming
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3556:Radio jamming
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2252:Wang Xiaohong
2248:
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2088:Wang Dongfeng
2085:
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1507:Departments:
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1320:Wang Xiaohong
1317:
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1309:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:Zhang Guoqing
1290:
1287:
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1279:Ding Xuexiang
1276:
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1266:
1265:Vice-Premiers
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750:Vice Chairmen
747:
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619:Chinese Dream
617:
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278:
272:
269:
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259:
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251:
250:Civil service
248:
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228:
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225:Unified power
223:
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117:
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107:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:(since 2017)
79:
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73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
48:
43:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
25:
20:
4531:The Three Ts
4521:
4515:Naming taboo
4466:
4428:
4314:Great Cannon
4107:Dependencies
4037:Turkmenistan
4002:Saudi Arabia
3856:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3718:
3705:
3692:
3673:
3665:
3656:
3643:
3633:, retrieved
3623:
3617:
3606:. Retrieved
3603:Satdirectory
3602:
3593:
3543:Radio portal
3529:China portal
3510:
3490:
3479:-affiliated
3466:
3450:
3420:
3399:Thales Group
3396:
3387:
3375:
3370:composed of
3365:
3323:
3322:
3250:Hukou system
2589:Great Cannon
2541:
2526:
2519:Global Times
2517:
2510:
2496:
2441:
2340:
2237:Chen Wenqing
2103:CCP (ruling)
2075:Top-ranked:
2043:United front
1643:Audit Office
1458:Zhang Youxia
1368:Central bank
1350:Wu Zhenglong
1327:Wu Zhenglong
1300:Liu Guozhong
1092:Li Hongzhong
1090:Top-ranked:
755:Zhang Youxia
649:Organization
536:Constitution
482:Criminal law
470:
442:Property Law
441:
436:Property law
427:
420:
409:Marriage Law
408:
400:
392:
375:
281:Constitution
266:Constitution
4215:By industry
4166:Asia portal
4067:States with
3987:Philippines
3927:South Korea
3922:North Korea
3817:Afghanistan
3647:Amy Kraft,
3380:ChinaSat 6B
2887:Wang Huning
2831:Taiwan Area
2769:Ho Iat-seng
2675:Xia Baolong
2528:China Today
2443:China Daily
2341:(chengguan)
2320: [
2235:Secretary:
2114:Shi Taifeng
2077:Shi Taifeng
2065:Wang Huning
2017: [
2000: [
1609:Secretary:
1572:Xu Xueqiang
1027:Party group
976:Secretary:
842:Wang Huning
828:Wang Huning
404:(From 2021)
199:Wang Huning
151:Peng Liyuan
4556:Categories
4300:Euphemisms
4047:Uzbekistan
4022:Tajikistan
3937:Kyrgyzstan
3917:Kazakhstan
3837:Bangladesh
3827:Azerbaijan
3660:Jim Mann,
3635:2021-10-11
3608:2021-10-11
3569:References
3477:Falun Gong
3475:, and the
2937:Xi Jinping
2935:Director:
2898:Director:
2881:Xi Jinping
2673:Director:
2618:Director:
2603:Director:
2394:Director:
2381:Shen Yiqin
2355:Propaganda
2302:Minister:
2284:Chen Yixin
2282:Minister:
2250:Minister:
1819:Liu Jinguo
1817:Director:
1791:Xi Jinping
1598:Liu Faqing
1596:Director:
1583:Director:
1570:Director:
1557:Director:
1544:Director:
1533:Liu Zhenli
1515:Director:
1483:Liu Zhenli
1465:He Weidong
1441:Xi Jinping
1334:Shen Yiqin
1195:Xi Jinping
885:Director:
857:Xi Jinping
855:Director:
812:Xi Jinping
810:Director:
773:Xi Jinping
771:Chairman:
759:He Weidong
743:Xi Jinping
690:Xi Jinping
455:Patent law
421:Labour Law
415:Labour law
401:Civil Code
208:Xi Jinping
172:Xi Jinping
163:Xi Jinping
147:First lady
141:Xi Jinping
97:Xi Jinping
88:Xi Jinping
47:Leadership
4363:Dragonfly
4133:Hong Kong
4087:Palestine
4012:Sri Lanka
4007:Singapore
3887:Indonesia
3506:Ultrasurf
3431:Cantonese
3133:Hong Kong
3119:Hong Kong
3105:Hong Kong
2816:One China
2641:Hong Kong
2419:Li Shulei
2404:Li Shulei
2377:Li Shulei
1903:Ying Yong
1880:Zhang Jun
1876:President
1585:Wang Peng
1559:Zhang Lin
1475:Members:
1286:He Lifeng
1221:Han Zheng
1187:President
1171:Presidium
1080:Zhao Leji
1055:Elections
1013:Secretary
961:Secretary
932:Li Ganjie
873:He Lifeng
786:Zhao Leji
636:Democracy
561:Communism
396:(to 2020)
245:Elections
190:Zhao Leji
4492:Internet
4469:incident
4156:Category
4077:Abkhazia
4027:Thailand
3982:Pakistan
3962:Mongolia
3957:Maldives
3952:Malaysia
3852:Cambodia
3681:Archived
3629:archived
3515:See also
3502:Freegate
3487:Response
3427:Mandarin
3001:to China
2989:in China
2961:Minister
2943:Li Qiang
2900:Song Tao
2879:Leader:
2660:Leader:
2367:Leader:
2061:Chairman
1789:Leader:
1741:Dong Jun
1737:Minister
1723:Li Qiang
1719:Chairman
1546:Miao Hua
1490:Miao Hua
1431:Chairman
1259:Li Qiang
1076:Chairman
989:Leader:
865:Li Qiang
822:Li Qiang
782:Li Qiang
739:Chairman
540:ideology
181:Li Qiang
106:Li Qiang
4457:Related
4052:Vietnam
3967:Myanmar
3947:Lebanon
3877:Georgia
3832:Bahrain
3822:Armenia
3435:Tibetan
3406:Targets
3362:Methods
3342:(VOA),
2965:Wang Yi
2949:Wang Yi
2304:He Rong
1697:Militia
1253: (
1251:Premier
1205:Chief:
898:Chief:
521:History
4407:Others
4356:Google
4097:Taiwan
4032:Turkey
3997:Russia
3932:Kuwait
3912:Jordan
3902:Israel
3862:Cyprus
3847:Brunei
3842:Bhutan
3463:Others
3439:Uyghur
3437:, and
3356:Taiwan
3346:, the
2605:Cai Qi
2417:Head:
2396:Cai Qi
2369:Cai Qi
2112:Head:
1207:Cai Qi
1104:Liu Qi
930:Head:
900:Cai Qi
887:Cai Qi
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