199:
93:
120:. Iodine has a particular advantage as a contrast agent for radiography because its innermost electron ("k-shell") binding energy is 33.2 keV, similar to the average energy of x-rays used in diagnostic radiography. When the incident x-ray energy is closer to the k-edge of the atom it encounters, photoelectric absorption is more likely to occur. Its uses include:
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Carbon dioxide also has a role in angioplasty. It is low-risk as it is a natural product with no risk of allergic potential. However, it can be used only below the diaphragm as there is a risk of embolism in neurovascular procedures. It must be used carefully to avoid contamination with room air when
261:
Barium sulfate, an insoluble white powder, is typically used for enhancing contrast in the GI tract. Depending on how it is to be administered the compound is mixed with water, thickeners, de-clumping agents, and flavourings to make the contrast agent. As the barium sulfate doesn't dissolve, this
390:
Modern iodinated contrast agents – especially non-ionic compounds – are generally well tolerated. The adverse effects of radiocontrast can be subdivided into type A reactions (e.g. thyrotoxicosis), and type B reactions (hypersensitivity reactions: allergy and non-allergy reactions ).
364:. Due to it being oil-based, it was recommended that the physician remove it from the patient at the end of the procedure. This was a painful and difficult step and because complete removal could not always be achieved, iofendylate's persistence in the body might sometimes lead to
719:
McDonald, Robert; McDonald, Jennifer S.; Carter, Rickey E.; Hartman, Robert P.; Katzberg, Richard W.; Kallmes, David F.; Williamson, Eric E. (December 2014). "Intravenous
Contrast Material Exposure Is Not an Independent Risk Factor for Dialysis or Mortality".
435:(hypothyroidism) of the thyroid gland. The risk of either condition developing after a single examination is 2–3 times that of those who have not undergone a scan with iodinated contrast. Thyroid underactivity is mediated by two phenomena called the
344:. Given that the substance remained in the bodies of those to whom it was administered, it gave a continuous radiation exposure and was associated with a risk of cancers of the liver, bile ducts and bones, as well as higher rates of
301:. Sometimes called an "air study", this once common yet highly-unpleasant procedure was used to enhance the outline of structures in the brain, looking for shape distortions caused by the presence of lesions.
443:, where iodine suppresses the production of thyroid hormones; this is usually temporary but there is an association with longer-term thyroid underactivity. Some other people show the opposite effect, called
564:
397:
The documentation of adverse drug reactions to contrast media should be documented precisely so that the patient receives adequate prophylaxis if contrast medium is administered again.
451:) or previous iodine deficiency. Children exposed to iodinated contrast during pregnancy may develop hypothyroidism after birth and monitoring of the thyroid function is recommended.
209:
is mainly used in the imaging of the digestive system. The substance exists as a water-insoluble white powder that is made into a slurry with water and administered directly into the
278:
As in the picture on the right where both air and barium are used together (hence the term "double-contrast" barium enema) air can be used as a contrast material because it is
282:
radio-opaque than the tissues it is defining. In the picture it highlights the interior of the colon. An example of a technique using purely air for the contrast medium is an
631:
Boehm I, Morelli J, Nairz K, Silva
Hasembank Keller P, Heverhagen JT (2017). "Myths and misconceptions concerning contrast media induced anaphylaxis: a narrative review".
520:
Grosche, B.; Birschwilks, M.; Wesch, H.; Kaul, A.; van Kaick, G. (6 May 2016). "The German
Thorotrast Cohort Study: a review and how to get access to the data".
415:, especially when given via the arteries prior to studies such as catheter coronary angiography. Non-ionic contrast agents, which are almost exclusively used in
394:
Patients receiving contrast via IV typically experience a hot feeling around the throat, and this hot sensation gradually moves down to the pelvic area.
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340:. It was first introduced in 1929. While it provided good image enhancement, its use was abandoned in the late 1950s since it turned out to be
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examinations can be grouped in positive (iodinated agents, barium sulfate), and negative agents (air, carbon dioxide, methylcellulose).
447:, where the iodine induces overproduction of thyroid hormone; this may be the result of underlying thyroid disease (such as nodules or
368:, a potentially painful and debilitating lifelong disorder of the spine. Iofendylate's use ceased when water-soluble agents (such as
674:
Böhm IB, van der Molen AJ (2020). "Recommendations for
Standardized Documentation of Contrast Medium-Induced Hypersensitivity".
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type of contrast agent is an opaque white mixture. It is only used in the digestive tract; it is usually swallowed as a
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where the injection of air into a joint cavity allows the cartilage covering the ends of the bones to be visualized.
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have a different mode of action. These compounds work by altering the magnetic properties of nearby hydrogen nuclei.
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348:(leukemia and lymphoma). Thorotrast may have been administered to millions of patients prior to being disused.
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35:
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William P. Dillon; Christopher F. Dowd (2014). "Chapter 53 – Neurologic
Complications of Imaging Procedures".
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360:(trade names: Pantopaque, Myodil) which was an iodinated oil-based substance that was commonly used in
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injected. It is a negative contrast agent in that it displaces blood when injected intravascularly.
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studies, have not been shown to cause CIN when given intravenously at doses needed for CT studies.
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Dong, Yuxy C; Cormode, David P. (2021). "Chapter 17. Heavy
Elements for X-Ray Contrast".
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In the past, some non water-soluble contrast agents were used. One such substance was
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techniques, air or other gases were used as contrast agents employed to displace the
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Lee SY, Rhee CM, Leung AM, Braverman LE, Brent GA, Pearce EN (6 November 2014).
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or administered as an enema. After the examination, it leaves the body with the
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757:"A Review: Radiographic Iodinated Contrast Media-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction"
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610:(in German) (2009/2010 ed.). Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Apothekerverlag.
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are substances used to enhance the visibility of internal structures in
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372:) became available in the late 1970s. Also, with the advent of
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absorb external X-rays, resulting in decreased exposure on the
42:. Radiocontrast agents are typically iodine, or more rarely
16:
Substance which enhances visibility in X-ray-based imaging
68:(MRI) functions through different principles and thus
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376:, myelography became much less-commonly performed.
178:Organic iodine molecules used for contrast include
116:. It is the main type of radiocontrast used for
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593:Aminoff's Neurology and General Medicine
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522:Radiation and Environmental Biophysics
252:stomach and small bowel investigation
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491:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques
257:CT pneumocolon / virtual colonoscopy
96:Example of iodine based contrast in
595:(5th ed.). pp. 1089–1105.
427:Iodinated radiocontrast can induce
26:-based imaging techniques such as
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563:Dunlevy, Sue (10 December 2016).
247:) and double contrast barium meal
194:Barium sulfate (digestive system)
807:
461:
297:in the brain while performing a
493:. Springer. pp. 457–484.
332:was a contrast agent based on
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645:10.1080/00325481.2017.1282296
218:Upper gastrointestinal series
80:Radiocontrast agents used in
570:The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
407:Contrast-induced nephropathy
401:Contrast induced nephropathy
289:Before the advent of modern
231:double contrast barium enema
88:Iodine (circulatory system)
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688:10.1016/j.jacr.2020.02.007
606:Haberfeld, H, ed. (2009).
411:Iodinated contrast may be
404:
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311:Carbon-dioxide angiography
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152:voiding cystourethrography
118:intravenous administration
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66:Magnetic resonance imaging
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534:10.1007/s00411-016-0651-8
499:10.1515/9783110685701-023
264:barium sulfate suspension
238:oesophageal investigation
227:large bowel investigation
54:. This is different from
346:hematological malignancy
36:projectional radiography
1233:Ferric ammonium citrate
761:J Clin Endocrinol Metab
734:10.1148/radiol.14132418
250:Barium follow through (
134:arterial investigations
445:Jod-Basedow phenomenon
431:(hyperthyroidism) and
211:gastrointestinal tract
203:
100:
62:which emit radiation.
441:Wolff–Chaikoff effect
384:Further information:
352:Nonsoluble substances
299:pneumoencephalography
245:stomach investigation
201:
144:venous investigations
95:
1397:Radiocontrast agents
816:at Wikimedia Commons
814:Radiocontrast agents
773:10.1210/jc.2014-3292
413:toxic to the kidneys
98:cerebral angiography
56:radiopharmaceuticals
20:Radiocontrast agents
1337:Sulfur hexafluoride
423:Thyroid dysfunction
417:computed tomography
320:Discontinued agents
295:cerebrospinal fluid
161:hysterosalpingogram
70:MRI contrast agents
28:computed tomography
1372:Never to phase III
386:Iodinated contrast
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110:Iodinated contrast
105:Iodinated contrast
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1248:Superparamagnetic
1197:Gadopentetic acid
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812:Media related to
617:978-3-85200-196-8
202:Example of a DCBE
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912:Ioxitalamic acid
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1038:Ioglycamic acid
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1308:Microspheres
1238:Mangafodipir
1228:
1202:Gadopiclenol
1187:Gadofosveset
1165:
1158:Paramagnetic
1114:Propyliodone
1099:Ethyl esters
1021:Hepatotropic
884:high osmolar
864:X-ray and CT
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574:. Retrieved
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342:carcinogenic
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229:) and DCBE (
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223:Barium enema
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125:Contrast CTs
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1358:from market
1212:Gadoteridol
1182:Gadodiamide
1119:Iofendylate
1105:, lipiodol)
1103:fatty acids
1101:of iodised
957:Metrizamide
949:low osmolar
370:metrizamide
362:myelography
358:iofendylate
338:radioactive
336:, which is
130:Angiography
40:fluoroscopy
32:contrast CT
1391:Categories
1300:Ultrasound
1286:Perflubron
1266:Iron oxide
1261:Ferristene
1256:Ferumoxsil
1192:Gadolinium
1177:Gadobutrol
1086:Iodinated,
1043:Adipiodone
1007:Iobitridol
872:Iodinated,
576:27 October
476:References
330:Thorotrast
325:Thorotrast
140:Venography
1368:Phase III
1356:Withdrawn
1321:galactose
997:Iodixanol
977:Iopromide
972:Iopamidol
932:Methiodal
722:Radiology
661:205452727
507:233676619
184:iodixanol
171:urography
112:contains
1002:Iomeprol
992:Iopentol
987:Ioversol
982:Iotrolan
902:Iodamide
791:25375985
742:25203000
706:32142634
653:28085538
550:45053720
542:27154786
455:See also
188:ioversol
58:used in
1109:Iopydol
1012:Ioxilan
962:Iohexol
937:Diodone
782:4318903
437:Plummer
180:iohexol
1351:WHO-EM
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114:iodine
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1279:Other
1229:Other
657:S2CID
546:S2CID
503:S2CID
268:feces
167:IVU (
158:HSG (
82:X-ray
24:X-ray
787:PMID
738:PMID
702:PMID
649:PMID
612:ISBN
578:2017
538:PMID
439:and
280:less
186:and
1319:of
1310:of
1149:MRI
1097:(=
855:V08
777:PMC
769:doi
765:100
730:doi
726:273
692:hdl
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637:129
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374:MRI
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