20:
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253:, as this was not a foreseen complication in the original waste management orders of operations. It is difficult to diverge from these procedures once a reactor has already been put to use, since any change either risks releasing even more radioactive material or jeopardizes the safety of the individuals working on the disposal. Protection of human well-being has been, and remains to this day, paramount in the aims of radioecological research and risk assessment.
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highest measurable concentrations of radionuclides, making them ideal bioindicators for sampling radioactivity in ecosystems. In the absence of sufficient data, radioecologists must often rely on analogs of a radionuclide to attempt to evaluate or hypothesize about certain ecotoxicological or metabolic effects of rarer radionuclides.
174:) and macroscopic (population) levels. Degrees of these effects are dependent on external factors, especially in the case of humans. Radioecology encompasses all radiological interactions affecting biological and geological material as well as those between different phases of matter, as each is capable of carrying radionuclides.
162:
on the environment itself as well as dosimetrically on the human body. Radionuclides transfer between all of Earth’s various biomes, so radioecological studies are organized within three major subdivisions of the biosphere: land environments, oceanic aquatic environments, and non-oceanic aquatic environments.
153:. European scientists from various countries had been pushing for joint efforts to combat radioactivity in the environment for three decades, but governments were hesitant to attempt this feat because of the secrecy involved in nuclear research, as technological and military developments remained competitive.
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Basic herbaceous or bivalve species such as mosses, lichens, clams, and mussels are often the first organisms affected by fallout in an ecosystem, as they are in closest proximity to the abiotic sources of radionuclides (atmospheric, geological, or aquatic transfer). These organisms often possess the
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The aims of radioecology are to determine the concentrations of radionuclides in the environment, to understand their methods of introduction, and to outline their mechanisms of transfer within and between ecosystems. Radioecologists evaluate the effects of both natural and artificial radioactivity
113:
Collection of radioecological data from the
Chernobyl disaster was performed on a private basis. Independent researchers collected data regarding the various dosage levels and geographical differences among the afflicted areas, allowing them to draw conclusions about the nature and intensity of the
248:
Some aging nuclear facilities were not originally intended to operate as long as they have, and the consequences of their waste procedures were not well understood when they were built. One example of this is how the radionuclide tritium is sometimes released into the surrounding environment as a
177:
Occasionally, the origin of radionuclides in the environment is actually nature itself, as some geological sites are rich in radioactive uranium or produce radon emissions. The largest source, however, is artificial pollution via nuclear meltdowns or expulsion of radioactive waste from industrial
232:
is observable dating back to the mid-20th century. Some highly toxic radionuclides have particularly long radioactive half-lives (up to as many as millions of years in some cases), meaning they will virtually never disappear on their own. The impact of these radionuclides on biological material
109:
increased, it became necessary for humankind to understand how radioactive material interacts with various ecosystems in order to prevent or minimize potential damage. The aftermath of
Chernobyl was the first major employment of radioecological techniques to combat radioactive pollution from a
38:
in Earth’s ecosystems. Investigations in radioecology include field sampling, experimental field and laboratory procedures, and the development of environmentally predictive simulation models in an attempt to understand the migration methods of radioactive material throughout the environment.
133:
These local studies were the best available resources in containing the effects of
Chernobyl, yet the researchers themselves recommended a more cohesive effort between the neighboring countries to better anticipate and control future radioecological issues, especially considering the ongoing
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Commission of the european communities international symposium on radioecology applied to the protection of man and his environment : Rome, 7–10 September 1971 Conference Hall of FAO, Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla Water Research, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 1971, pp.
62:, coupled with applications in radiation protection. Radioecological studies provide the necessary data for dose estimation and risk assessment regarding radioactive pollution and its effects on human and environmental health.
256:
Radioecology often calls into question the ethics of protecting human health versus the preservation of the environment in the interest of fighting extinction of other species, but public opinion on this matter is shifting.
77:. Radioecology arose in line with increasing nuclear activities, particularly following the Second World War in response to nuclear atomic weapons testing and the use of nuclear reactors to produce electricity.
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Nuclear radiation is harmful to the environment over immediate (seconds or fractions thereof) as well as long-term (years or centuries) timescales, and it affects the environment on both microscopic (
73:
on ecosystems, and then assess their risks and dangers. Interest and studies in the area of radioecology significantly increased in order to ascertain and manage the risks involved as a result of the
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Bennett, A. Bouville, Radiation doses in countries of the northern hemisphere from the chernobyl nuclear reactor accident ; Environment
International, Volume 14, Issue 2, 1988, pp. 75–82 B.G.
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R.J. Pentreath, Radioecology, radiobiology, and radiological protection: frameworks and fractures ; Journal of
Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 100, Issue 12, December 2009, pp. 1019–1026
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233:(correlated with their radioactivity and toxicity) is similar to that of other environmental toxins, making them difficult to trace within plants and animals.
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Radioecology: To understand the evolution of radioactivity in the environment, IRSN Corporate
Publications: IRSN's thematic booklets, 2001, p. 2
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The quantification of dietary intake, digestion and metabolism in farm livestock and its relevance to the study of radionuclide uptake
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439: ; Revue : Trends in ecology & evolution, vol. 21, n°4, pp. 200–207 ; 8 pp et 70 ref. ; ISSN 0169-5347 ()
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105:(JER) was the first collection of literature on the subject, and its inception was not until 1984. As demand for construction of
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plants. The ecosystems at risk may also be fully or partially natural. An example of a fully natural ecosystem might be a
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Uptake and retention of strontium, iodine and caesium in lowland pasture following continuous or short-term deposition
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affected by fallout from a nuclear accident such as
Chernobyl or Fukushima, while a semi-natural ecosystem might be a
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Continuous radioactivity monitoring systems. From the pre-history of radioprotection to the future of radioecology
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1st
International Conference on Radioecology and Environmental Radioactivity 15–20 June 2008, Bergen, Norway
487:(Oxford, 5–8 September 1988) ; Science of the Total Environment ; Vol 85, September 1989 ; (
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Earth in the 21st century is at risk of the accumulation of nuclear waste as well as the potentiality of
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occurred, as its government also experienced difficulty organizing collective research efforts.
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De Molen (windmill) and the nuclear power plant cooling tower in Doel, Belgium (DSCF3859)
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Radioecology After
Chernobyl: Biogeochemical Pathways of Artificial Radionuclides
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Aquatic radioecology post Chernobyl—a review of the past and a look to the future
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An international radioecology conference was held for the first time in 2007 in
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The practice consists of techniques from the general sciences of
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terrorism threats of the time and the potential use of a "
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Sir Frederick Warner (Editor), Roy M. Harrison (Editor),
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An index of radioecology, what has been important ?
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Biological consequences of Chernobyl : 20 years on
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3.1.5. Deposition of radionuclides on soil surfaces
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