388:
373:
341:
358:
560:
533:
420:
501:
548:
584:
405:
518:
452:
469:
435:
484:
22:
572:
286:, or even the entire crown if necessary. Any would-be predators that pass by after a worm has lost its crown will get the impression that the worm has died; this protects the animal from further attack. The crown typically reappears after about two weeks. When it does reappear, it is initially smaller in size, but it eventually grows back to its former size and color.
202:. At this point, the animal subjects the particles to an examination and selection process, whereby any particles determined to be unsuitable due to size or chemical composition are rejected by the animal and discarded back into the water column. Once the selection process is complete, the cilia transport the particles towards the mouth, from where they enter the
304:
structure located at the distal end of a long cartilaginous stalk. When threatened or disturbed, the animal withdraws rapidly into its protective calcareous tube and employs the operculum as a plug to occlude the entrance to the tube. The operculum, which is usually similar in color to the other
270:
by other animals or other types of trauma. Some species even appear to have the ability to control the loss of their tentacular crowns, in much the same manner as when a lizard loses its tail. In certain circumstances, sacrifice of the crown may permit escape or confer some other benefit to the
197:
The dorsal or upper side of each radiole has a ciliated longitudinal radiolar food groove running down its center, extending along its longitudinal axis from the tip to the center of the crown. Planktonic food particles are swept into these grooves, where they become trapped in a coating of
387:
263:. As a worm matures and grows in size, so does its crown. The larger crown allows the animal to feed on larger multicellular plankton. The preferred food size depends on the maximum size achieved by the adult worm.
372:
143:. Each of these bundles consists of a single row of radioles attached to a branchial stalk and curved into a semicircle. These two semicircles form the funnel-shaped branchial crown. The mouth is located at the
615:
340:
294:
In addition to having ordinary radioles, some
Canalipalpata possess one or more highly modified radioles located on the dorsal part of the head. This specialized structure is called an
214:
While they are primarily feeding structures, the radioles also serve as respiratory organs. Because of this role in gas exchange, the structures are commonly referred to as "gills".
323:
of
Canalipalpata tubeworms that are similar in nearly every respect, but they can be readily distinguished by the fact that while both have radioles, the sabellids (such as
974:
500:
583:
451:
559:
532:
419:
633:
1021:
357:
612:
434:
835:
Bill
Kennedy; Harald Kryvi (October 1980). "Autotomy in a polychaete: Abscission zone at the base of the tentacular crown of Sabella penicillus".
547:
483:
404:
649:
933:
703:
757:
468:
725:
1074:
945:
154:. This arrangement gives the crown the appearance of a small fan or feather duster (for which the animals are often referred to as
517:
251:
and other worms of small size have small crowns and radioles, so prefer to capture and eat very small particles, such as
755:
G. P. Wells (27 August 1952). "The
Respiratory Significance of the Crown in the Polychaete Worms Sabella and Myxicola".
871:
653:
1061:
Seashore animals of the
Southeast: a guide to common shallow-water invertebrates of the southeastern Atlantic Coast
571:
394:
1098:
590:
139:
The crown consists of two bundles (one right and one left) of featherlike tentacles known as branchiae, or
347:
279:
82:
150:
An adult worm typically has about 40 radioles in its crown, covered by tiny, hair-like branches called
1103:
766:
458:
236:
296:
248:
159:
110:
94:
50:
31:
490:
27:
955:
907:
891:
852:
798:
782:
178:
surface of each radiole is covered by cilia that rhythmically move in such a way as to create a
1070:
1066:
941:
899:
790:
634:"The status and ecology of reefs of Serpula vermicularis (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) in Scotland"
698:
266:
Canalipalpata worms often lose one or more radioles, or even the entire crown as a result of
1001:
883:
844:
774:
645:
313:
252:
191:
967:
729:
720:
707:
619:
320:
203:
179:
309:
properties. It is not unusual for the animal to have two crowns, and hence two opercula.
770:
136:
tube for feeding and gas exchange, and rapidly retract it when disturbed or threatened.
163:
53:
222:
The radioles of different species of
Canalipalpata vary widely in color. Those of the
1092:
1059:
1035:
674:
441:
256:
190:
particles from the underside of the crown upwards through the net of radioles to the
90:
46:
911:
856:
802:
226:
tubeworms are typically red, pink, or orange in color, with white transverse bands.
325:
183:
86:
72:
68:
21:
113:
end of the body. The head is formed by the fusion of a funnel-shaped, symmetrical
97:
organs. Because of their role in gas exchange, radioles are often referred to as "
260:
227:
114:
1036:"Observations on the Branchial Crown of the Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta)"
538:
306:
283:
272:
231:
223:
133:
118:
64:
60:
56:
816:
650:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-0755(199809/10)8:5<645::AID-AQC295>3.0.CO;2-G
317:
301:
267:
125:
1006:
989:
903:
794:
778:
932:
Pamela L. Beesley, Graham J. B. Ross, Christopher J. Glasby (eds) (2000).
144:
187:
128:
which is referred to as a branchial crown. The crown functions as both a
79:
42:
1065:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. p.
75:, a family of deep-sea worms associated with hydrothermal vents). These
1057:
Edward E. Ruppert; Richard S. Fox (1988). "Annelida: Segmented Worms".
895:
848:
507:
175:
155:
76:
786:
151:
887:
271:
animal. Separation of the crown occurs at a pre-established zone of
162:). When extended, these heavily ciliated radioles trap particles of
742:
938:
Polychaetes & allies: the southern synthesis, Volume 4, Part 1
199:
129:
122:
20:
940:. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing Australia. p. 187.
872:"Escape Hatches for the Clonal Offspring of Serpulid Polychaetes"
234:
pigment, is responsible for the bright red color of the crown of
98:
815:
Department of
Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland:
632:
Colin G. Moore; Graham R. Saunders; Dan B. Harries (1998).
89:. While their primary role is to function as an organ for
398:(St. Joseph's feather duster worm) with radioles extended
381:(magnificent feather duster worm) with radioles extended
1024:, Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed 3 May 2010.
622:, Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed 3 May 2010.
732:. Lander University, 4 July 2006. Accessed 3 May 2010.
710:. Lander University, 4 July 2006. Accessed 3 May 2010.
638:
132:
and a gill. The animal can extend the crown from its
45:
found in highly organized clusters on the crowns of
351:(Indian feather duster worm) with radioles extended
1058:
305:radioles, secretes a mucus which seems to possess
147:of the funnel, between the two branchial stalks.
25:Radioles extending from the branchial stalk of a
511:sp. (feather duster worm) with radioles extended
494:sp. (feather duster worm) with radioles extended
445:sp. (feather duster worm) with radioles extended
1020:Department of Biology, Walla Walla University:
611:Department of Biology, Walla Walla University:
59:worms consisting of 31 families (including the
16:Feather-like tentacle found on some polychaetes
934:"Gregory W. Rouse (2000). Family Serpulidae."
822:, Ocean Sciences Centre. Accessed 3 May 2010.
719:Richard S. Fox, Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine:
697:Richard S. Fox, Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine:
282:new radioles to replace those that have been
8:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
462:(feather duster worm) with radioles extended
1040:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
741:An Underwater Field Guide to Point Lobos:
675:Fan Worms & Feather Dusters (Annelids)
1005:
973:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
830:
828:
109:Canalipalpata have a head located at the
604:
336:
963:
953:
594:(Christmas tree worms from East Timor)
166:and transport them towards the mouth.
577:Sabellidae sp. with radioles extended
565:Sabellidae sp. with radioles extended
553:Sabellidae sp. with radioles extended
121:. The prostomium bears a specialized
7:
275:, located at the base of the crown.
990:"Regeneration in Sabellid Annelids"
41:is a heavily ciliated feather-like
758:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
278:These animals have the ability to
14:
300:. The operculum is a cone-shaped
582:
570:
558:
546:
531:
516:
499:
482:
467:
450:
433:
418:
403:
386:
371:
356:
339:
312:Serpulids and sabellids are two
49:. Canalipalpata is an order of
988:Timothy P. Fitzharris (1976).
210:Use of radioles in respiration
85:employ radioles primarily for
1:
870:Bruno Pernet (April 2001).
395:Sabellastarte sanctijosephi
1120:
541:sp. with radioles extended
526:sp. with radioles extended
93:, radioles also serve as
1081:melanostigma operculum.
591:Spirobranchus giganteus
244:Growth and regeneration
186:. This current carries
817:Eudistylia_vancouveri
779:10.1098/rspb.1952.0045
745:. Accessed 3 May 2010.
677:. Accessed 3 May 2010.
618:2 October 2011 at the
477:with radioles extended
428:with radioles extended
413:with radioles extended
366:with radioles extended
34:
1022:Eudistylia_vancouveri
819:Eudistylia vancouveri
706:1 August 2011 at the
700:Eudistylia vancouveri
329:) lack an operculum.
170:Use in filter feeding
24:
1034:Jean Hanson (1949).
1007:10.1093/icb/16.3.593
743:Invertebrates: Worms
728:19 July 2010 at the
722:Serpula vermicularis
613:Serpula vermicularis
459:Sabella spallanzanii
348:Sabellastarte indica
290:Specialized radioles
237:Serpula vermicularis
160:feather duster worms
876:Biological Bulletin
771:1952RSPSB.140...70W
182:in the surrounding
105:Anatomical location
32:feather duster worm
994:American Zoologist
966:has generic name (
849:10.1007/BF00310075
255:and single-celled
35:
656:on 5 January 2013
1111:
1084:
1083:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
985:
979:
978:
971:
965:
961:
959:
951:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
867:
861:
860:
832:
823:
813:
807:
806:
752:
746:
739:
733:
717:
711:
695:
678:
672:
666:
665:
663:
661:
652:. Archived from
629:
623:
609:
586:
574:
562:
550:
535:
520:
503:
486:
471:
454:
437:
426:S. sanctijosephi
422:
411:S. sanctijosephi
407:
390:
375:
360:
343:
326:Sabella pavonina
253:bacterioplankton
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1099:Annelid anatomy
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
987:
986:
982:
972:
962:
952:
948:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
888:10.2307/1543304
869:
868:
864:
834:
833:
826:
814:
810:
754:
753:
749:
740:
736:
730:Wayback Machine
718:
714:
708:Wayback Machine
696:
681:
673:
669:
659:
657:
631:
630:
626:
620:Wayback Machine
610:
606:
602:
595:
587:
578:
575:
566:
563:
554:
551:
542:
536:
527:
521:
512:
504:
495:
487:
478:
475:S. spallanzanii
472:
463:
455:
446:
438:
429:
423:
414:
408:
399:
391:
382:
376:
367:
361:
352:
344:
335:
292:
246:
220:
212:
204:digestive tract
172:
107:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1049:
1046:(s3): 221–233.
1026:
1013:
1000:(3): 593–616.
980:
946:
924:
882:(2): 107–117.
862:
843:(1–2): 33–43.
824:
808:
765:(898): 70–82.
747:
734:
712:
679:
667:
644:(5): 645–656.
624:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
588:
581:
579:
576:
569:
567:
564:
557:
555:
552:
545:
543:
537:
530:
528:
522:
515:
513:
505:
498:
496:
488:
481:
479:
473:
466:
464:
456:
449:
447:
439:
432:
430:
424:
417:
415:
409:
402:
400:
392:
385:
383:
377:
370:
368:
362:
355:
353:
345:
338:
334:
331:
291:
288:
245:
242:
219:
216:
211:
208:
171:
168:
164:organic matter
106:
103:
91:filter feeding
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1078:
1076:0-87249-535-3
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
969:
964:|author=
957:
949:
947:9780643065710
943:
939:
935:
928:
925:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:Zoomorphology
831:
829:
825:
821:
820:
812:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
751:
748:
744:
738:
735:
731:
727:
724:
723:
716:
713:
709:
705:
702:
701:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
668:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
625:
621:
617:
614:
608:
605:
599:
593:
592:
585:
580:
573:
568:
561:
556:
549:
544:
540:
534:
529:
525:
519:
514:
510:
509:
502:
497:
493:
492:
485:
480:
476:
470:
465:
461:
460:
453:
448:
444:
443:
442:Sabellastarte
436:
431:
427:
421:
416:
412:
406:
401:
397:
396:
389:
384:
380:
374:
369:
365:
359:
354:
350:
349:
342:
337:
332:
330:
328:
327:
322:
319:
315:
310:
308:
303:
302:cartilaginous
299:
298:
289:
287:
285:
281:
276:
274:
269:
264:
262:
258:
257:phytoplankton
254:
250:
243:
241:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
209:
207:
205:
201:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
47:Canalipalpata
44:
40:
33:
30:
29:
23:
19:
1080:
1060:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1016:
997:
993:
983:
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
879:
875:
865:
840:
836:
818:
811:
762:
756:
750:
737:
721:
715:
699:
670:
658:. Retrieved
654:the original
641:
637:
627:
607:
589:
523:
506:
491:Spirographis
489:
474:
457:
440:
425:
410:
393:
379:S. magnifica
378:
363:
346:
324:
311:
295:
293:
277:
265:
247:
235:
221:
218:Pigmentation
213:
196:
184:water column
173:
149:
140:
138:
108:
87:alimentation
73:Alvinellidae
69:Terebellidae
38:
36:
28:Spirographis
26:
18:
1104:Polychaetes
261:zooplankton
228:Astaxanthin
115:peristomium
95:respiratory
1093:Categories
600:References
539:Sabellidae
307:antibiotic
280:regenerate
273:abscission
232:carotenoid
188:planktonic
134:calcareous
119:prostomium
83:tube worms
65:Serpulidae
61:Sabellidae
57:polychaete
956:cite book
364:S. indica
318:Sabellida
297:operculum
284:amputated
268:predation
194:surface.
126:appendage
117:with the
912:24189960
904:11341572
857:24021108
803:36440648
795:13003913
726:Archived
704:Archived
616:Archived
321:suborder
314:families
249:Juvenile
224:serpulid
156:fanworms
141:radioles
111:anterior
43:tentacle
896:1543304
767:Bibcode
524:Bispira
508:Bispira
333:Gallery
316:of the
180:current
176:ventral
80:annelid
77:benthic
51:sessile
39:radiole
1073:
944:
910:
902:
894:
855:
801:
793:
785:
192:dorsal
71:, and
54:marine
917:3 May
908:S2CID
892:JSTOR
853:S2CID
799:S2CID
787:82713
783:JSTOR
660:3 May
200:mucus
158:, or
152:cilia
130:sieve
123:mouth
99:gills
1071:ISBN
975:link
968:help
942:ISBN
919:2010
900:PMID
791:PMID
662:2010
259:and
230:, a
174:The
145:apex
1067:219
1002:doi
884:doi
880:200
845:doi
775:doi
763:140
646:doi
101:".
1095::
1079:.
1069:.
1044:90
1042:.
1038:.
998:16
996:.
992:.
960::
958:}}
954:{{
936:.
906:.
898:.
890:.
878:.
874:.
851:.
841:96
839:.
827:^
797:.
789:.
781:.
773:.
761:.
682:^
640:.
636:.
240:.
206:.
67:,
63:,
37:A
1010:.
1004::
977:)
970:)
950:.
921:.
886::
859:.
847::
805:.
777::
769::
664:.
648::
642:8
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
