1150:
regiment, in order that he might harangue them. The chronicles that recount these events record that Maroto entered
Estella in the company only of his escort, but with other forces following him at a distance. The streets were empty and Francisco García waited in his home, devising extralegal contingencies from the orders he previously received. At 8 o'clock in the evening Maroto received the news that García had been preparing to flee disguised as a priest when he was arrested by Maroto's men. The Estella army supported its general, and did not accept orders other than his, which gave Maroto great comfort. After the arrest Carmona and the followers of Francisco García were imprisoned. Their military sedition was publicly proven.
2018:«Un día corrió el rumor de que Maroto se acercaba al pueblo con sus tropas ... Estos rumores eran ciertos. Maroto estaba ya a las puertas de la ciudad. A media tarde empezaron a entrar en Estella los soldados del generalísimo. El general García hizo la baladronada de asomarse al balcón de su casa y no le saludó ni se presentó a él. Decían que los batallones navarros estaban tomando posiciones ... para oponerse al avance de Maroto, pero no era verdad. De madrugada pasaron por las armas a los generales navarros Guergué, García, Sanz y Carmona. Los fusilaron en una era detrás de la Casa del prior, de espaldas y arrodillados, como a los traidores.»
1058:
armaments and uniforms that were totally impossible to fulfill, Maroto abandoned
Catalonia 5 October on the pretext of going to see Don Carlos to notify him of the true situation of the war in that territory, thereby fulfilling "my intent of resigning the command of the Catalan forces… it not being my character to carry on a disastrous life with no higher dignity than that of a captain of brigands". It should come as no surprise that the Catalans despised the man who had abandoned them, and that the court of Don Carlos did not look favorably on a man who appeared not to have exerted all possible force to achieve his assigned task.
618:
promoted after the latest victories sent by Osorio to viceroy
Abascal included Maroto's name, the messenger who delivered the list nonetheless had confidential instructions to let Abascal know that Osorio believed that Maroto should not be promoted. When Maroto received word several months later that the list that had been sent to Madrid did not include his name, he lodged the appropriate complaint with Abascal, who had not liked the confusing way of proceeding and ended up finding in Maroto's favor on May 10, 1815, granting him the grade of brigadier, backdated to 8 November 1814.
1214:, Silvestre, Izarbe and Count Negri met with Don Carlos, making him see that Maroto's conduct as a soldier had been correct, after which the prince signed a new decree in which he retracted the earlier decree, ordering the gathering and burning of the pages of the published manifesto, and returned military honors to Maroto. Twenty-five individuals implicated in the attacks on Maroto were exiled: soldiers, clergy and civilians. They were taken to France by General Urbiztondo, Colonel Leandro Eguía, and Lieutenant-Colonel Rafael Erausquin, guarded by a company of Alavesan soldiers.
859:
government found out about the conspiracy and many of those involved were jailed. Maroto not only survived these first persecutions, but also was named second in command of the Basque
Provinces, a command that he resigned immediately. This action was not well received by the government, which found out about the general's new ideas thanks to the investigations carried out after the rebellion of Colonel Campos y España, and brought about his arrest on that very spot, in the ministry where he had just presented his resignation, in person and with great formality.
971:
death of
Zumalacárregui (25 June 1835) to the command of the Army of the North, a command that had been promised to Maroto (who before the start of the war was the only field marshal, and Moreno a lieutenant general). General Moreno was not a good strategist and soon showed his antagonism against Maroto, which led to a series of actions that were quite unfortunate from a military point of view. This general's orders in the confrontation with Espartero resulted in the supremacy of the Isabeline forces who entered the plaza of Bilbao with only token opposition.
996:, cut communications and obstructed all the exits, all without using artillery, which he lacked completely. He gained considerable advantage in skirmishes against the British forces who had disembarked to support the cause of Queen Isabella. General Maroto continued defending his encampment around Bilbao as well as he could while pleading for artillery and reinforcements that never arrived. In the event, his forces were diminished rather than reinforced: two battalions were separated from his command and sent to the lines at
119:
843:
calm and certainty, to join it. He was asked if, given his position and standing at the head of a garrison, he could carry out a military coup, which would have given great support to the cause. Rafael Maroto was a proper and loyal man, and this proposal did not seem ethical to him. He did not want his enlistment in the
Carlist ranks to start with a betrayal of the flag to which he had sworn allegiance, or with a flight. He decided to follow a legal path, and started by resigning his command and position within the
1050:, which he was forced to abandon owing to the defeat of the forces that tried to prevent the arrival of a column of assistance. He did not allow himself to be discouraged by this and dedicated the following days to instructing the battalions under his orders, "and established in them such rigorous discipline in eight days… that one would not have seen better in the vanguard division formed later by the Count of Spain'". However, on October 4 his second in command, the Baron of Ortafá was defeated and he died in
66:
681:: "Maroto overheard this conversation from a nearby chamber and either couldn't or refused to hear me because of his pride and self-importance, called on an attendant with his notorious hoarse voice and proclaimed a general decree on pain of death, to whoever suggested a retreat." Although Maroto and his troops fought with valor, the battle turned into a complete defeat. Maroto, who succeeded in escaping thanks to the speed of his horse, was slightly injured during the retreat.
1327:
1130:
914:
battles (where, aimless and doubtful, they wasted crucial moments) and organizing the constant escapes necessitated by how badly they were carrying out his military plans. After the
Carlist military failures in Portugal, and helped by the British commissioner Colonel Wylde, who had been sent by the English Crown as an observer and witness, the Pretender, his retinue and some soldiers—among them Maroto—embarked from the port of
701:, and once having received appropriate stipulation, Maroto proclaimed the Constitution in Charcas October 23, 1820. Four of his children were born and baptized in Charcas: Manuel María Rafael, María del Carmen Agustina, Margarita Antonia, and Justa María Mercedes Rufina. Rafael Abdón Ignacio, Víctor, Cándida, and Faustino were born later, the last the child of a maidservant with whom he had a relationship during his stay in
289:
688:, from where they sailed to Peru. Pezuela, now the new viceroy, who still didn't much care for Maroto, considered nonetheless that "if perhaps he was not so skillful a commander in the unfortunate battle of Chacabuco, at the very least he performed with the valour and serenity expected of a Spaniard and an honourable officer," for which he received due consideration. Maroto was then sent to
552:
724:, stating, among other things, that "ever since this man set foot in America, he has done nothing but foment insubordination and express ill against the authorities." The viceroy, who did not have excessive confidence in Olañeta, opted to promote both to the rank of field marshal, despite the fact that Olañeta had played only a limited role in the campaign, and Maroto none at all.
25:
2059:«Voluntarios y pueblos vascongados, nadie más entusiasta que yo para sostener los derechos al trono de las Españas a favor del señor don Carlos María Isidro de Borbón cuando me pronuncié, pero ninguno más convencido por la experiencia de multitud de acontecimientos, de que jamás podría este príncipe hacer la felicidad de mi patria, único estímulo de mi corazón. »
963:, until, for reasons of health, the latter retired from the Army of the North. He was told to remain patient and in the meantime to obverse the actions of said general, which could be suspicious. Maroto's serious, authentically soldierly character won him at this time the friendship and confidence of the members of the forces, especially the common soldiers.
903:. Finally, he arrived in Gibraltar, and from there managed in a few days to head for Portugal where he met Don Carlos, who was accompanied by a small and varied entourage. With the Infante were other generals, soldiers of other ranks, clergy and various other people. One of the individuals that had the most influence in Don Carlos's decisions was the
613:. Maroto, manifesting a disdain for his opponents typical of officials recently arrived in the Americas, ordered his troops to attack the enemy fortifications without bothering to send in either scouts or guerrillas. The result was that Maroto's Talaveras, bombarded by the volley of shots, were forced to retreat with heavy losses. On the next day,
229:
2078:"Odiaba cordialmente a Maroto, no por mal militar, que no lo era, ni por desafecto a su causa, sino porque en cierta ocasión de apuro, atravesando la frontera de Portugal, había soltado D. Rafael en los regios oídos la interjección más común en bocas españolas, desacato que el meticuloso Rey no perdonó nunca."
992:, marquis of Valdespina and Zabala. Once at the head of his army, he considered the best way to effect good military organization and discipline. He obtained great help from the delegation of the Lordship and from the men of the battalions. With the army on point, he marched over the plaza of Bilbao, took the
813:("Reasoned manifesto of the causes of the Convention of Vergara") how and why he joined the Carlist cause. Since his social and professional position—as well as his future prospects—were of great fortune, he insists that he did not join to get rich or to prosper. He asserts that he decided to follow the
1653:
In 'Vergara': "He cordially detested Maroto, neither for being a bad officer, which he never was, nor because he opposed his cause. The cause was that in one occasion when Maroto was himself in a tight spot, while crossing the border into
Portugal, Don Rafael has let out a certain word near the royal
1173:
All of these events were compiled and recorded by a soldier of the time, Manuel
Lassala y Soleras, in a book which carried the lengthy title of: "History of the Carlist party, of its divisions, of its government, of its ideas, and of the Convention of Vergara: with biographical notes that explain who
1169:
Following these events, Maroto wrote Don Carlos a detailed letter with information about the conspiracies and disagreements in the very heart of the northern
Carlists, as well as a report of the current condition of the imprisoned military leaders. At the same time this letter reached its addressee,
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Castle, and Murviedro. On October 25, 1812, he defended the lines of Grao, Monte Olivet, Cuarte, the line of Valencia, and the square of the city. When this plaza was captured, he was made a prisoner, along with his regiment, and once again, he seized the opportunity to escape. After these events, he
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in 1809. He gained control of Pilar, the batteries of San José, Puerta Quemada and Tenerías. He made forays from these batteries, often receiving gunfire. When the city of Zaragoza was captured, Maroto was made a prisoner of war by the French, but managed to escape. For his heroic acts in Zaragoza he
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on June 28, 1808. Maroto defended the city with the batteries that he had at his position, in Santa Catalina and Torres de Cuarte (this was the name that was given to it at the time). Forced to surrender to the enemy after a heroic defense, he was recognized with distinction to the mother country and
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In Portugal, Maroto demonstrated to Don Carlos his skills as an expert soldier and as a loyal man without courtly ambitions. There, Maroto was involved in the first military encounters with the royal troops devoted to the Isabeline cause, saving Don Carlos and his followers from ambushes and useless
1310:
Volunteers and Basque countrymen, no one was more devoted than I to restoring the right to the Spanish throne to Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, but none is more convinced by the experience of a multitude of events, that never could this prince bring my country happiness, which is the sole motive of
1302:
In Vergara, General Espartero and his constitutional troops were waiting. When the Castilian battalions and squadrons arrived, as well as the Biscayans and Guipuzcoans, Espartero gave a speech in which he gave them the option of continuing in the Queen's service or returning to their homes. History
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As a result of these events, Teixeiro drew up a decree, which Don Carlos signed. In the document, Don Carlos declined all responsibility for what had occurred, accused Maroto of crimes and arbitrary acts, and menaced all who would support him: "…Separated now from the command of the army, I declare
1149:
during the reign of Ferdinand VII and now belonged to Teijeiro's group, enemies of general Maroto, ready to inspire the troops in Estella to insubordination and to disobey their general's orders. He accused them of sedition. Maroto's orders were that they wait in a determined place, with the entire
1270:
As negotiations took place, both armies were positioned and prepared, although they did not battle. Espartero soon insisted on the negotiations proceeding. The leaders present at the reading of the manifesto decided to name a commission in order to negotiate with him. La Torre and Urbiztondo went
1085:
He planned the defence of Estella and its surrounding area, ordering the evacuation of villages on the path which Maroto believed Espartero's army would follow, as it was public knowledge that the latter had decided to besiege the town. Maroto managed to achieve the general's retreat, subsequently
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regime in Peru, as it had now been established in Spain, marched with his troops against him, obligating them to abandon their positions. Despite the viceroy's intentions in favor of dialogue, the matter degenerated into a civil war that weakened the royalist troops and permitted the loss of Peru.
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for the first time in the Siege of Bilbao; the citizens of Bilbao had decided to surrender to the Carlists if Espartero's troops weren't able to offer aid. Both armies besieged the city for several days. It was then that Carlist general Vicente González Moreno arrived, who had been named upon the
842:
Maroto was in Toledo as commanding general of that province when he was visited by Ignacio de Negri y Mendizábal, Count of Negri, one of the principal Carlist conspirators of 1833. After their conversation, Maroto spent some time considering the revolutionary cause and finally decided, with great
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to Pamplona (in total, more than 7,000 men). Surrounded by a respectful silence he ordered that the accusatory decree be read in a loud voice. At its conclusion, he asked those whose consciences so dictated to comply. But he was acclaimed and cheered with a great cry by the soldiers and officers
1188:
troops began to enter Estella. General García went on the balcony of his house, and they did not salute or present arms to him. They said that the battalions from Navarre were taking positions… to oppose Matoro's advance, but it was not true. In the early morning, the Navarrese generals Guergué,
617:
managed to make his way past the royal troops and retreat to the capital, where his opponents entered without resistance a few days later. Whether due to a belief that Maroto had conducted himself clumsily in battle or due to other, unknown reasons, although the list of officials who ought to be
833:
would bring forward an unclear regency. Maroto at the time had more faith in Don Carlos, in whom he saw qualities of religious principles, an orderly and economic system at his own home, and an observance of the law. He also confesses that by following an exiled prince, he was almost certain of
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to put an end to Spanish dominion in Chile. In the face of the disintegration of the royalist forces, Maroto proposed abandoning the capital and retreating southward, where they could hold out and obtain resources for a new campaign. The military conference called by Marcó on February 8 adopted
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during his brother's illness, but the Infante opposed the idea, "and those who suggested it were not considered loyal servants, because they did not wear habits or cassocks, because they claimed that in earthly matters it was necessary to do something in order that heaven would give help". The
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But the reason for Maroto's leaving Catalonia was not the opposition of the leading Catalans, but his belief that he had been betrayed in not having received the resources he had counted on when he left Navarre. So, after submitting to the Intendant Díaz de Labandero a series of petitions for
1010:
Control of Bilbao was very important, but the lack of united action by the Carlist forces made it impossible to take the town by conventional military means. The internecine rivalries and the lack of military sense among most of the commanding officers made it infeasible to carry out Maroto's
934:
and from there was brought to Paris, where he was imprisoned in contradiction of all human rights; the arrest was not justified by any crime or lack of documentation. When he was freed a short time later he asked for a passport so he could leave for Italy, although he stopped for some time in
716:, who as deputy of the viceroy exercised his authority throughout Upper Peru, he was ordered to return to Charcas. After a heated argument, Maroto complied with the orders he'd received. The disagreements between the two were further amplified when, during the brief invasion of Upper Peru by
1391:
Rafael Maroto is a controversial figure. Some historians labelled him a traitor to the Carlist cause because his intervention in the Convention of Vergara, while others believe it was an intelligent and reasonable action, considering the hopeless state of the almost defeated Carlist army.
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proposed strategy. A few days later, he was ordered to transfer control to Brigadier Sarasa and to await orders for a new destination. The war continued, and the Carlists could not carry out a successful campaign due to the schemes and disagreements of their own leaders and generals.
1077:
Don Carlos called him again to organize the troops of the army and Maroto consented. He put the battalions in order, expanding their ranks with dispersed soldiers. He reestablished discipline and ordered them to construct trenches and works of fortification that covered the city of
987:
After some months of military inaction, in which it was necessary to follow the entourage of Don Carlos in the manner of a courtier, Maroto was named commanding general of the forces of the Lordship of Biscay; the position had been vacated because of the imprisonment of
959:, Maroto received a direct order from Don Carlos to replace him and took command of his army. However, the written order, manipulated, was confusing and almost contradictory: Don Carlos ordered that Maroto remain in the army, but under the orders of field marshal
796:
to support an insurrection by his troops, and he felt that before acting against the government he ought to break all ties with it. For this same reason he refused the charge, conferred upon him on 5 January 1833, of second-in-command and general commander of the
1244:
After the failure of the Royal Expedition, General Espartero received an official letter signed by Queen Isabella II's Secretary of War, in which he was given responsibility for the termination of the war along with 25 million reales for the proceedings. General
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had been arrested by this time, along with the quartermaster general Úriz. They were imprisoned in the castle of Puig together with other rebels, and on February 18, 1839, all four were executed, as were the officials Sanz e Ibáñez and the brigadier Carmona.
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him a traitor, likewise anyone who after this declaration, which I wist to be given the greatest publicity, assists or obeys him." Nonetheless, the commanders of Estella's battalions presented their respect and loyalty to Maroto, and disobeyed the decree.
950:
Upon arriving in Carlist-controlled territory, Maroto was well received by the Pretender, who seated him on numerous occasions at his table and tried to give him a responsible command, which he was unable to accomplish because of the opposition of General
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at the head of two companies from Talavera which had remained in Peru, with instructions to organize a new battalion. Unhappy with everything and everybody, on February 22, 1818 he was appointed President and Head of Government of the City and Province of
1101:
to establish a line of operations through Alto Aragón. Maroto formed five battalions, increased the cavalry by contracting with foreign horsemen and for some time led skirmishes, defenses and attacks against the royalist troops for the Navarrese lands.
649:. The trial was interrupted through the mediation of Abascal, who convinced Pezuela that it wasn't worth the trouble to continue. After spending some time in Lima, Maroto returned to Chile, whose command had fallen back into the hands of Field Marshal
1657:
In 'De Oñate a La Granja': "Another of those who abandoned the royal dwelling at late afternoon was Don Rafael Maroto, a figure of certain importance in the Carlism, an ideology that he embraced with fervour from the very beginning of the monarchist
2068:«El general don Rafael Maroto y las divisiones Vizcaína, Guipuzcoana y Castellana, que sólo han recibido desaires y tristes desengaños del pretendido rey han escuchado ya la voz de paz y se han unido al ejército de mi mando para terminar la guerra.»
1257:. The English colonel Wylde attended the Abadiano conference as an observer, because of Britain's recent role as mediator; also present was brigadier Francisco Linage, secretary to Espartero. But the negotiations were stymied by the matter of
1334:
General Rafael Maroto and the Biscayan, Guipuzcoan and Castilian divisions, who had received only slights and sad deceptions from the royal pretender have now heard the voice of peace and have united with the force of my command to end the
1249:, in the name of Espartero, communicated this letter to Maroto. Maroto insisted that he would do what was best for the good of Spain. The result was a meeting between the two opposing generals that took place in the hermitage of
1293:
Despite the treaty having been signed by these high-ranking officers, the Navarrese battalions, above all, felt a certain repugnance, distrust and discontent, to the point that some officials still intended military revolt.
1322:
of Vergara, on 1 September 1839, Espartero addressed the Basque and Navarrese people for the last time, notifying them of the peace that had been reached in Vergara and of the incorporation of the armies under his command:
910:, named Minister of War, advisor, and court favorite. Historians affirm that the bishop had neither military knowledge nor ability and that he was nothing more than a capable courtier with the talent of pleasing a prince.
1994:
Historia del partido carlista, de sus divisiones, de su gobierno, de sus ideas, y del convenio de Vergara: con noticias biográficas que dan a conocer cuales han sido don Carlos, sus generales, sus favoritos y principales
834:
failure and that the few victories they might achieve would be bleak, inch by inch, without large, spectacular advances, and that in addition they would not be treated as authentic soldiers but as bandits and traitors.
2167:
1097:, as they were known in that era) as a base of support and the residence of the future court of Don Carlos until the gates of Madrid were opened. In order to do this, he tried to put himself in contact with General
466:
and the campaigns ran from August 25 to August 26, 1800. For the merit he demonstrated in these operations, Maroto was awarded a Shield of Honor. He continued on, adding two years in the Navy of the Department of
602:, the nucleus of royalist activity, August 13. Osorio succeeded in organizing, along with local elements, a mobile army of some five thousand men, of whom Maroto's troops were practically the only Spaniards.
867:
He was taken to prison, where he remained for eight months, throughout which he was gravely ill; he lost nearly all of his eyesight and his hair fell out. After this first imprisonment, Maroto was exiled to
1739:
RESUMEN histórico de la campaña sostenida en el territorio Vasco Navarro a nombre de Don Carlos de Borbón de 1833 a 1839, e Impugnación del libro que sale a la luz con el título de "Vindicación del General
2050:«El capitán general don Baldomero Espartero recomendará con interés al gobierno el cumplimiento de su oferta de comprometerse formalmente a proponer a las cortes la concesión o modificación de los fueros.»
744:, Maroto maintained strong disagreements with Canterac and ended up resigning, since he considered that the withdrawal of the Royalist forces was being carried out in an inadequate way. Named governor of
1046:
Upon arriving in the principality, Maroto took charge of an army of less than 11,000 men, whose instruction, if one may call it that, left much to be desired. On September 7, Maroto began the siege of
347:
Maroto was baptized in the San Cristóbal parish church, where his baptismal certificate was preserved and later helped biographers clarify details of his family. During his childhood, he lived on the
629:; they married at the end of March 1815, just before he left Santiago, a place which he apparently did not find particularly to his taste. Immediately after, leading two companies, Maroto headed to
1928:
The clashes in Spain occasioned by changes in political direction from moment to moment during the reign of Fernando VII divided the military as well as the general population into "royalists" (
1275:, whose first written version still lacked Maroto's signature, although everything that it expounded was in his name. Later, Espartero sent a copy to Maroto with a request to sign it formally.
1950:"y los que la propusieron no fueron creídos leales servidores, porque no vestían hábitos o sotana, porque decían que en las cosas de la tierra era menester hacer algo para que el cielo ayudase"
2162:
2089:"Otro de los que abandonaron a media tarde la regia morada fue D. Rafael Maroto, figura de primera magnitud en el carlismo, que abrazó con ardor desde los primeros días del cisma dinástico."
776:, site of the general headquarters. On 1 September of that year, the field marshal placed him in command of reestablishing order with force of arms, and among the royal volunteers of the
677:, confided with another official regarding the ill-chosen strategy and that, given the position of the insurgents, the royalist forces ought to retreat a few leagues towards the hills of
1674:
Memoria militar y política sobre la guerra de Navarra, los fusilamientos de Estella, y los principales acontecimientos que determinaron el fin de la causa de D. Carlos Isidro de Borbón
876:, where he reunited with his family and decided to rededicate his life to their care. After a time, he was secretly informed that he would be newly imprisoned and moved to a cell in
2157:
1366:
He died in Valparaíso, on 25 August 1853, after moving there to receive better medical care for his illness. On his gravestone is mentioned that he was a Lieutenant Colonel of the
2147:
1661:
In 'Un faccioso más y algunos frailes menos': "Some of us had in mind the project of ordaining and establishing a Constitution for Peru, but that traitor named Maroto opposed."
1370:
and his nobiliary titles of "Viscount of Elgueta" and "Count of Casa Maroto". Later on his remains were moved to an Army Memorial mausoleum in the anniversary of the Battle of
850:
He went to Madrid, where Negri gave him instructions, and where the Carlist party was formally organizing. The first meetings of the revolutionary committees took place there.
1105:
New conspiracies, denunciations and disagreements accumulated into a conspiracy to assassinate Maroto, but without success. His greatest enemy in this period was the Carlist
582:, who had been working arduously to maintain his viceroyalty and the bordering territories under Spanish control. Maroto and his troops, placed under the orders of Brigadier
2152:
2029:"…Separado ya del mando del ejército lo declaro traidor, como a cualquiera que después de esta declaración, a que quiero se dé la mayor publicidad, le auxilie u obedezca."
1184:
One day a rumor began that Maroto was approaching the town with his troops… Those rumors were true. Maroto was already at the gates of the city. In mid-afternoon the
1207:
alike. Maroto closed his address by saying "I have triumphed over the arbitrariness, injustice and blindness of a prince, and history will judge me in due course."
1967:, p. 101: «y estableció en ellos tan rigurosa disciplina en ocho días... que no se vio mejor en la División de vanguardia, formada después por el conde de España».
538:
In 1811 he was assigned to the Infantry Regiment of the line in Valencia. On October 24 and 25, he occupied the defense of the attacks against Puzol, Heights of
1614:
1977:«…mi propósito de dejar el mando de las fuerzas catalanas… no siendo de mi carácter llevar una vida desastrosa y digna sólo de un capitán de bandoleros»
904:
1877:"si no dirigió con acierto la desgraciada batalla de Chacabuco, al menos se portó con el valor y serenidad propios de un español y pundonoroso oficial"
1825:
1189:
García, Sanz, and Carmona were shot. They were executed in a threshing floor behind the prior's house, shot in the back while kneeling, like traitors.
939:
to regain his health and to plan a way to enter Spain instead of going to Italy. He was able effortlessly to go through southern France and arrive at
2100:"Un faccioso más y algunos frailes menos": Algunos tuvimos el proyecto de proclamar la Constitución en el Perú; pero el traidor de Maroto se opuso."
1098:
1282:, and declared that "Captain General Don Baldomero Espartero will press the government to fulfil its offer to undertake formally to propose to the
1761:
Documentation on Rafael Maroto's military file provided by General Militar Archive of Segovia on request of Ms Lourdes Cardenal. (February 2006)
880:. Maroto rapidly prepared his escape, disguised, helped physically and economically by friends and accompanied and guided on the voyage by some
967:
712:
rebelled January 1, 1821 and Maroto marched against them, defeating the insurgents and taking the city. Nonetheless, on the arrival of General
1355:, whose brother had been a Carlist officer in Spain, barred him from entering the country. He then headed for Chile, where he still owned an
1090:
829:
because he thought it was the best for Spain, thinking that the possible rule of Don Carlos was better than that of a 3-year-old girl, whose
798:
305:
1833:
140:
1339:
With the conflict at an end, he resumed the rank of lieutenant general and was named Minister of the Supreme Tribunal of War and Marine.
2137:
1918:"desde que este señor puso los pies en América, no ha hecho más que fomentar la insubordinación y expresarse mal contra las autoridades"
980:
579:
1109:, named by the Pretender as undersecretary of justice. He signed many death sentences against the principal generals, accusing them of
645:. On July 15 he joined his troops, but he did not remain with them long because, for unknown reasons, Pezuela sued him and sent him to
830:
705:, and whom he did not initially acknowledge, but to whom he had to grant a pension following the accusation formulated by his mother.
340:. His father was a military captain who held several important positions in civilian life, such as acting as an administrator for the
2127:
1719:
180:
162:
100:
52:
85:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
930:
Maroto left England a few days after Don Carlos's retinue had done the same, but to his surprise he was detained and arrested in
752:, in which Puno was included. Accompanied by La Serna and others officials, Maroto and his family embarked on the French frigate
458:, where he took part in Godoy's campaigns against the Portuguese as the latter maintained their support for the English against
1841:
1007:, which the Carlist army domininated, forcing Espartero's forces to retreat to Bilbao in a precipitous and disorderly fashion.
818:
38:
1787:
1141:
Maroto sent Carmona (who had also conspired against him) to Estella as an emissary to communicate his orders to the soldier
1802:
952:
79:
1897:
1054:
in an action whose result was attributed by the Catalans to his not having been assisted in a timely manner by Maroto.
665:
Maroto's strategy, but the following morning the captain changed his mind and ordered Maroto to prepare for battle in
484:
379:
1347:
On 11 September 1846, he left for the Americas again with his daughter Margarita. He first attempted to disembark in
1246:
133:
127:
74:
1211:
1180:, in his work "Aviraneta, or the life of a conspirator", gave the following narration of what happened in Estella:
1027:, who had replaced González Moreno at the head of the Army of the North. The voyage to Catalonia was arduous. From
727:
The disagreements between Maroto and Olañeta culminated in 1824, when Olañeta, who had proposed to reestablish the
650:
564:
439:
1222:
In spite of the foregoing, intrigues and hostilities continued between the enemies and the followers of Maroto. A
2142:
694:
519:
1782:
1646:
1158:
1142:
144:
2040:"He triunfado de la arbitrariedad, injusticia y obcecación de un príncipe, y la historia me juzgará en su día."
989:
892:
702:
488:
1808:
1315:
The words of Maroto and Espartero are preserved in the minutes of the meeting, and have been duly preserved.
737:
713:
697:, in Upper Peru, a village far removed from war, where he performed a notable administrative labor. After the
657:
634:
391:
1250:
1226:("Marotist") party grew, entirely loyal to the Carlist cause but opposed to how the war was being conducted.
531:, roughly "Distinction of the Fatherland, in Heroic and Distinguished Degree". On March 9 he was promoted to
1792:
1047:
960:
717:
1594:, obtained in 1834 after joining the army of Don Carlos in Portugal, was accepted as valid and reaffirmed.
732:
Maroto was next named by La Serna as chief of one of the three divisions that, under the orders of General
1484:
1154:
851:
822:
670:
65:
1106:
1082:, giving strict orders to collect all types of foodstuffs. Thus began a campaign to boost public morale.
363:, in 1816, and had seven children with her. Antonia and two of his daughters died in a shipwreck in 1830
1901:
1700:
1272:
1237:
407:
1061:
In his return trip he found himself entangled in new adventures in France where he was incarcerated in
674:
621:
During his stay in Santiago, Maroto entered into a relationship with Antonia Cortés, who belonged to a
614:
390:
and later fought in the war against the pro-independence Chileans. However, he was defeated by General
1162:
793:
2122:
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1797:
826:
595:
471:, and later he returned to the Asturias Regiment. On October 15, 1806 he was promoted to the rank of
419:
274:
1024:
768:
After his return from America on 1 July 1825, Maroto was entrusted with the command of the army of
733:
721:
468:
395:
1654:
ears, the most common of the Spanish expletives, disrespect for which the King never forgave him."
1326:
854:
was already gravely ill and near death. Maroto then proposed to Don Carlos that they proclaim him
720:, Maroto refused to comply with the orders of Olañeta, who protested hotly against him to viceroy
1860:
1772:
1591:
1564:
1498:
1051:
684:
After another military conference in Santiago, Maroto, his wife, and most of the troops left for
556:
532:
375:
44:
1777:
1069:, until he could escape with the help of his field assistant José Burdeos and some legitimists.
741:
1933:
1715:
1568:
1455:
1352:
1079:
993:
907:
789:
769:
728:
443:
399:
313:
234:
2132:
1254:
1003:
At this point, Espartero arrived with a large army. The confrontation was on the heights of
997:
847:. Once he had broken this link, nothing was in the way of his going over to the other side.
431:
329:
1363:
on 22 December and took over the aforementioned property, located near the town of Concón.
1133:
Artistic recreation of the executions of Estella. Published for the first time in the work
1905:
1712:
Vindicación del general Maroto y manifiesto razonado de las causas del Convenio de Vergara
1425:
1129:
792:. He renounced that post on 31 October, as the story goes, because he was forced by Count
698:
610:
591:
496:
371:
784:. On 21 June 1829, the king granted him quarters in the Army of New Castile stationed in
288:
1512:
1203:
583:
515:
2111:
1552:
1440:
1377:
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1177:
1043:(strong storms from the southeast), accompanied by two men who served him as guides.
685:
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At age 18, he was sent to the defense of the Department of Ferrol in the province of
337:
1856:
1381:
1367:
1004:
325:
255:
194:
1629:
Three shields of distinction for the campaigns in the War of Spanish Independence.
1145:, ringleader of the conspiracy against Maroto in that city. This soldier had been
1118:
888:
551:
1826:"Así lo hicimos". Cómo se hizo el documental sobre los Fusilamientos de Estella
1023:, which was probably a consequence of his maneuvers against Lieutenant General
955:, who always had a negative view of Maroto. When Zumalacárregui was injured in
1470:
979:
773:
638:
599:
472:
463:
1747:
Chacabuco y Vergara. Sino y camino del teniente general Rafael Maroto Yserns
1539:
1384:
1371:
1062:
1032:
1020:
900:
896:
881:
814:
780:. Later, on 11 July 1828, he was employed by royal order in the barracks at
666:
626:
418:: "embrace of Vergara"), which ended the civil war between Carlists and the
403:
333:
709:
455:
1374:, on 2 June 1918, to be buried in wall tomb number 77 with a new epitaph:
1904:
and during his reign it was in effect only during the three years of the
1623:
1356:
1110:
1036:
940:
781:
777:
749:
622:
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504:
459:
383:
673:, who would later distinguish himself extraordinarily in the defense of
1526:
1271:
before the commission without Maroto and formalized with Espartero the
1174:
were Don Carlos, his generals, his favorites and principal ministers."
1028:
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was assigned control of the General Depot of troops destined overseas.
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Estado Mayor General del Ejército Español. Sección tenientes generales
956:
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370:
At the age of 18, Maroto took part in the conflicts and campaigns of
1202:
Maroto commanded the battalions to assemble on the Camino Real from
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Historia de la guerra civil y de los partidos liberal y carlista
1348:
936:
745:
646:
568:
387:
112:
59:
18:
2168:
Spanish military personnel of the Chilean War of Independence
598:. They embarked July 19, 1814, arriving at the naval base of
1113:. It was said pejoratively of these generals that they were
571:
on December 25, 1813. On April 24, 1814 they disembarked at
563:
On November 16, 1813, he was named colonel in charge of the
304:, known both for his involvement on the Spanish side in the
233:
Rafael Maroto with his niece Margarita Borgoño, painting by
1359:
that he had inherited from his deceased wife. He landed in
1303:
recounts that all of them decided to adhere to the treaty.
811:"Manifiesto razonado de las causas del convenio de Vergara"
503:. On December 24, Monte Torrero and Casa Blanca—suburbs of
788:. On 15 March 1832 he was named commanding general of the
487:
against Napoleon's army. The French attacked the plaza of
748:, he was there taken by surprise by the capitulation of
609:
in an attempt to prevent the expeditionaries from taking
300:(October 15, 1783 – August 25, 1853) was a Spanish
1940:) loyal to the liberals and to the Constitution of 1812.
1742:, Madrid, Imp. de José C. de la Peña, 1846–1847, 2 vols.
1580:
Commanding General of the forces of Lordship of Vizcaya
1086:
improving the mood and hopes of his people as a result.
559:
in which Maroto participated in the taking of the plaza.
518:(promoted September 8), Maroto participated also in the
1420:
Joined the Regiment of Infantry "Asturias" as enlisted
527:("Reward for Valor and Patriotism"). He was declared a
402:
and was one of the signers, along with liberal general
1728:. Enciclopedia Moderna del Señor Mellado. Madrid 1852.
895:, where he chartered a boat that was to bring him to
529:"benemérito de la patria en grado heroico y eminente"
523:
received a Shield of Distinction that held the motto
1863:, which was accessed in the version of 31 July 2006.
1267:
and Espartero held that they were unconstitutional.
511:
in order to dislodge the enemy that had taken them.
438:
where he joined as a minor subordinate cadet in the
1686:Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso: "Don Carlos y Maroto",
1590:As a result of the Vergara Convention, his rank of
1306:Alterwards, Rafael Maroto gave a stirring speech:
281:
263:
241:
214:
1749:, Santiago de Chile, Editorial Andrés Bello, 1981.
1608:Real Militar Orden Americana de Isabel la Católica
983:Women fleeing in Guetaria from the Siege of Bilbao
605:On October 1, the insurgents started to battle in
2163:Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
1676:, Madrid, Imprenta de D. Vicente de Lalama, 1840.
1610:, awarded February 6, 1827 by King Ferdinand VII.
382:, in which he was wounded and made a prisoner in
872:and from there was able to obtain a transfer to
656:At the beginning of February 1817 the troops of
462:. The English had disembarked to the Heights of
1622:Cross and distinction award for the defense of
1332:
1308:
1278:The first article of the accord was related to
1182:
398:(1817). In Spain, he also participated in the
205: and the second or maternal family name is
507:—were attacked, and shortly after Maroto used
2158:Royalists in the Hispanic American Revolution
1170:it was published and released to the public.
495:On November 23 he took part in the Battle of
8:
567:. At the head of this unit, he set sail for
2148:Military personnel of the First Carlist War
887:From Granada he headed for Madrid, then to
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1230:Preliminaries to the Convention of Vergara
1019:Maroto's new destiny was in the forces of
947:, aided and protected by French Carlists.
227:
211:
2153:People of the Chilean War of Independence
1089:Maroto's idea was to maintain the entire
332:, Spain, to Margarita Isern, a native of
181:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
101:Learn how and when to remove this message
1735:. Madrid. Mellado. 1858-56. Cinco tomos.
1616:Real y Militar Orden de San Hermenegildo
1399:
1117:("of the square and compass"), that is,
126:This article includes a list of general
1869:
483:Maroto also fought as a soldier in the
374:, which were collectively known as the
1788:Constitutional Congress of Peru (1822)
1286:the concession or modification of the
653:, with whom he soon fell in disfavor.
359:. He married Antonia Cortés García, a
2007:Aviraneta o la vida de un conspirador
1803:Landing of José de San Martín in Peru
1649:, Maroto is mentioned several times:
1263:: Maroto had promised to defend the
306:wars of independence in South America
7:
1705:Historia del Tradicionalismo Español
1015:Maroto heads the forces of Catalonia
966:He confronted the Isabeline general
525:"Recompensa del valor y patriotismo"
1714:. Urgoiti editores, Pamplona 2005.
1039:on foot, surviving wind, rain, and
1855:This article draws heavily on the
922:, which brought them to England.
430:At the age of 11, Maroto left for
132:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
825:'s and uncle to the future queen
386:. He then received a position in
336:, and Rafael Maroto, a native of
34:This article has multiple issues.
1887:Correspondencia de Rafael Maroto
1861:Spanish-language Knowledge (XXG)
1842:Biography of Rafael Maroto Ibern
1834:Biography of Rafael Maroto Ibern
1726:Historia del Convenio de Vergara
625:and wealthy family of the local
580:José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
422:with the victory of the latter.
287:
117:
64:
23:
819:Infante Carlos, Count of Molina
669:. The night before the combat,
492:was awarded a Shield of Honor.
324:Maroto was born in the city of
42:or discuss these issues on the
1936:and the "constitutionalists" (
1645:series of historical books by
809:Maroto himself relates in the
1:
1693:Chamorro y Baquerizo, Pedro:
1135:Galería Militar Contemporánea
975:General of the Army of Biscay
442:in 1794. He was promoted to
1961:News from the Last Civil War
1898:Spanish Constitution of 1812
1690:, 29 (1995), pp. 79–94.
1679:Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso:
1035:; from there he crossed the
926:Arrival in the Carlist ranks
736:had to face the invasion by
197:, the first or paternal
485:Spanish War of Independence
479:Spanish War of Independence
380:Spanish War of Independence
2184:
2138:Murcian military personnel
1992:Manuel Lassala y Soleras,
1783:Conferencias de Miraflores
1731:Pirala y Criado, Antonio:
1724:Pirala y Criado, Antonio:
1710:PIRALA y CRIADO, Antonio.
1681:La Primera Guerra Carlista
1626:and then its second siege.
633:to aid in the campaign of
440:Asturias Infantry Regiment
192:
990:José María de Orbe y Elío
863:Imprisonments and escapes
565:Queen's Talavera Regiment
286:
226:
2128:People from Lorca, Spain
1247:Isidro de Alaix Fábregas
943:. From there he went to
778:Principality of Asturias
699:1820 Revolution in Spain
378:. He also fought in the
320:Childhood and early life
1251:San Antolín de Abadiano
953:Tomás de Zumalacárregui
760:in the middle of 1825.
651:Casimiro Marcó del Pont
450:The Portuguese Campaign
353:Barrio de San Cristóbal
147:more precise citations.
73:Some of this article's
1900:had been abolished by
1793:Expedición Libertadora
1745:Torres Marín, Manuel:
1337:
1330:
1313:
1191:
1138:
1095:Provincias Vascongadas
1073:The defense of Estella
984:
961:Francisco Benito Eraso
671:Antonio de Quintanilla
560:
1938:"constitucionalistas"
1857:corresponding article
1809:Muñagorriren bertsoak
1683:, Madrid, Actas, 1992
1329:
1273:Convention of Vergara
1238:Convention of Vergara
1132:
1125:Executions of Estella
982:
738:Antonio José de Sucre
714:Pedro Antonio Olañeta
635:Joaquín de la Pezuela
554:
408:Convention of Vergara
351:(Main street) of the
1798:Independence of Peru
1643:Episodios Nacionales
1636:Episodios Nacionales
1424:before reaching his
1218:The "Marotist" party
1155:Juan Antonio Guergué
918:on board the vessel
718:Andrés de Santa Cruz
590:, which, during the
357:Plaza de la Estrella
298:Rafael Maroto Yserns
220:Count of Casa Maroto
1697:, pp. 41 y ss.
1647:Benito Pérez Galdós
1606:Great Cross of the
1147:Comisario de Guerra
1115:"de carta y compás"
1107:José Arias Teijeiro
968:Baldomero Espartero
845:comandancia general
756:, which arrived in
434:in the province of
412:Convenio de Vergara
396:Battle of Chacabuco
342:Visitador de Rentas
1773:Battle of Ayacucho
1672:Arizaga, J.M. de:
1592:lieutenant general
1569:Province of Toledo
1565:Commanding General
1499:Lieutenant Colonel
1387:Don Rafael Maroto"
1331:
1139:
985:
852:King Ferdinand VII
821:, brother of king
817:to the crown, the
790:province of Toledo
675:Chiloé Archipelago
658:José de San Martín
615:Bernardo O'Higgins
596:risen in rebellion
561:
557:Battle of Rancagua
533:lieutenant colonel
514:With the grade of
446:on June 15, 1798.
414:, also called the
392:José de San Martín
376:War of the Oranges
1979:- Pirala Criado:
1598:
1597:
1456:second lieutenant
1236:Related article:
1048:Prats de Lluçanès
994:Estuary of Bilbao
891:, then headed to
805:The Carlist cause
770:Castilla la Vieja
520:Siege of Zaragoza
444:second lieutenant
416:Abrazo de Vergara
400:First Carlist War
314:First Carlist War
295:
294:
275:Valparaíso, Chile
235:Raymond Monvoisin
191:
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1983:, op. cit. p. 92
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1458:(first ensign).
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1396:Personnel record
1351:, but President
1163:Pablo Sanz Baeza
1159:Francisco García
1143:Francisco García
1091:Basque Provinces
899:but ended up in
799:Basque Provinces
794:Ignacio de Negri
734:José de Canterac
722:José de la Serna
708:The garrison of
330:Region of Murcia
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2101:
2096:
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2079:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
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1890:
1884:
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1843:
1837:
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1821:
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1815:
1811:
1810:
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1801:
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1779:
1776:
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1771:
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1760:
1759:
1755:Other sources
1754:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:84-933398-8-1
1717:
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1593:
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1579:
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1573:
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1557:
1554:
1553:Field Marshal
1551:
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1528:
1524:
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1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:Army of Chile
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
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1240:
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1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1210:The Carlists
1208:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:The generals
1151:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1099:Ramón Cabrera
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
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1053:
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1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Nazario Eguía
1022:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:San Sebastián
995:
991:
981:
974:
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969:
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879:
875:
871:
862:
860:
857:
853:
848:
846:
837:
835:
832:
828:
824:
823:Ferdinand VII
820:
816:
812:
804:
802:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
763:
761:
759:
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401:
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389:
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368:
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362:
358:
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327:
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317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
285:
280:
276:
266:
262:
257:
244:
240:
236:
230:
225:
221:
216:Rafael Maroto
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
185:
182:
167:
164:
156:
146:
142:
136:
135:
129:
124:
115:
114:
105:
102:
94:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2005:Pío Baroja,
2001:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1902:Fernando VII
1892:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1854:
1839:(in Spanish)
1831:(in Spanish)
1823:(in Spanish)
1807:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1704:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1615:
1607:
1525:Promoted to
1522:November 16
1511:Promoted to
1497:Promoted to
1483:Promoted to
1480:September 8
1469:Promoted to
1454:Promoted to
1439:Promoted to
1390:
1382:Spanish Army
1375:
1368:Spanish Army
1365:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1243:
1235:
1223:
1221:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1185:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1040:
1018:
1009:
1005:Arrigorriaga
1002:
986:
965:
949:
929:
919:
912:
886:
866:
849:
844:
841:
810:
808:
767:
753:
740:. After the
726:
707:
683:
660:crossed the
655:
620:
604:
562:
537:
528:
524:
513:
494:
482:
453:
429:
415:
411:
369:
364:
356:
352:
348:
346:
341:
323:
312:side in the
297:
296:
269:(1853-08-25)
219:
206:
202:
195:Spanish name
177:
159:
150:
131:
97:
88:
77:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2123:1853 deaths
2118:1783 births
1981:Vindicación
1930:"realistas"
1601:Decorations
1536:November 8
1508:December 6
1466:October 15
1451:October 23
1409:Employment
1052:San Quirico
889:Extremadura
827:Isabella II
575:to aid the
349:Calle Mayor
308:and on the
145:introducing
78:may not be
2112:Categories
1995:ministros.
1934:absolutism
1549:October 5
1471:Lieutenant
1361:Valparaíso
1343:Last years
1212:Urbiztondo
1178:Pío Baroja
1119:Freemasons
1041:vendavales
774:Valladolid
754:Hernestine
729:absolutist
686:Valparaíso
639:Upper Peru
600:Talcahuano
473:lieutenant
420:Isabelinos
367:to Chile.
344:in Lorca.
248:1783-10-15
128:references
39:improve it
1540:Brigadier
1385:Brigadier
1372:Chacabuco
1311:my heart.
1224:marotista
1194:Reactions
1063:Perpignan
1033:Marseille
1021:Catalonia
901:Algeciras
897:Gibraltar
882:smugglers
815:pretender
667:Chacabuco
627:oligarchy
432:Cartagena
406:, of the
404:Espartero
334:Barcelona
282:Signature
45:talk page
1965:op. cit.
1767:See also
1658:schism."
1624:Zaragoza
1494:March 9
1436:June 15
1417:April 1
1357:hacienda
1111:sedition
1037:Pyrenees
941:Bordeaux
893:Valencia
831:minority
782:Pamplona
750:Ayacucho
703:Asturias
611:Santiago
607:Rancagua
509:bayonets
505:Zaragoza
489:Valencia
460:Napoleon
384:Zaragoza
365:en route
193:In this
153:May 2023
91:May 2023
80:reliable
2133:Carlism
1859:in the
1740:Maroto"
1688:Aportes
1666:Sources
1641:In the
1567:of the
1527:Colonel
1485:Captain
1380:to the
1318:In the
1255:Durango
1204:Vitoria
1080:Estella
1029:Bayonne
945:Navarre
920:Donegal
874:Granada
870:Seville
758:Burdeos
695:Charcas
643:Bolivia
577:Viceroy
540:Sagunto
516:captain
501:Navarre
464:A Graña
394:in the
361:Chilean
328:in the
310:Carlist
302:general
258:, Spain
199:surname
141:improve
1718:
1441:ensign
1288:fueros
1284:Cortes
1280:fueros
1265:fueros
1260:fueros
1137:(1846)
957:Bilbao
932:Calais
916:Lisbon
856:regent
786:Madrid
710:Potosí
679:Colina
641:, now
594:, had
573:Callao
497:Tudela
469:Ferrol
456:Coruña
436:Murcia
338:Zamora
207:Yserns
203:Maroto
130:, but
1849:Notes
1585:1839
1575:1836
1559:1832
1546:1823
1533:1814
1519:1813
1505:1811
1491:1809
1477:1808
1463:1806
1448:1801
1433:1798
1422:cadet
1414:1794
1403:Year
1376:"The
1253:near
1067:Tours
878:Ceuta
690:Cuzco
662:Andes
631:Arica
623:noble
588:Chile
326:Lorca
256:Lorca
1896:The
1716:ISBN
1349:Peru
1335:war.
1161:and
1065:and
937:Nice
746:Puno
647:Lima
637:in
569:Peru
555:The
388:Peru
264:Died
242:Born
1290:."
499:in
201:is
2114::
1963:,
1703::
1443:.
1428:.
1157:,
1121:.
1000:.
884:.
801:.
535:.
475:.
316:.
48:.
1908:.
1619:.
1093:(
410:(
250:)
246:(
209:.
184:)
178:(
166:)
160:(
155:)
151:(
137:.
104:)
98:(
93:)
89:(
83:.
55:)
51:(
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