124:
116:
31:
205:. His father was Moshe Solomon Kamhi (1842–1891). At the end of 19th century around 4,000 Jews lived in Bitola. Kamhi was educated at the Jewish Gymnasium and was multilingual: while he spoke Ladino, Turkish, Greek, French and Bulgarian. When he was 23 Kamhi decided to build for himself additional floor on his father's house. Later he hired there Fidan Gruev from
250:." After the decision to rise the Ilinden Uprising in 1903, Kamhi became responsible on the relations between the authorities in Bulgaria and the revolutionary organization. As a merchant he traveled often, and that made him convenient for that purpose. By these special trips he met with a number of Bulgarian politicians, including
362:, where he remained until 1949, when he moved to Israel. After the war, at the request of the Macedonian Scientific Institute and the Jewish Institute in Sofia, he began working on his memoirs, still in Bulgaria. From Tel Aviv he continued his correspondence with both Institutes in Sofia. He died in ripe old age in 1970 in
350:
were shipped to the Nazi extermination camps. The Jewish communities of
Bulgarian-controlled Yugoslavia and Greece territories, numbering 12,000 were also almost completely wiped out. Kamhi's brother, who lived in Bitola, together with his relatives there, and all his relatives in Thessaloniki, were
389:
addressed participants of the
Central Commemorative gathering in remembrance of the Holocaust of the Macedonian Jews and emphasized that Kamhi "was one of the promoters of the idea of a free and independent Macedonia". The Jewish Community in the Republic of Macedonia and Holocaust Memorial Fund of
318:
was located. He had to stand there with aim to present the interests of
Bulgaria in Macedonia to the victors in the war. With the permission of the French General Charpy, he settled and stayed to live in the city. It is said he continued to work unofficially for Bulgarian interests in the period
598:
The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous
Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so
269:
in Debar while his brother, Menteš Kamhi (1877—1943), supplied rebels with weapons and other materials. Later the brothers organized a campaign to raise funds to the victims of the uprising in the Jewish community in
Macedonia. In 1905 Kamhi participated in the Rila Congress of IMRO.
374:
All the memories of Rafael Kamhi are now kept in the
Bulgarian State Archive in the so-called Jewish collection of books and documents. The archives that he left contain documents in Bulgarian and Ladino. The collected memories of Rafael Kamhi were published under the title "I, the
355:. Nevertheless, 48,000 Bulgarian Jews native to the old borders of Bulgaria, were saved. Two of the few survivors were his niece Rosa and nephew Joseph Kamhi, the children of his brother. Rosa after the war married the Yugoslav General Beno Ruso and Joseph moved to Israel.
618:
Statement of the
Provisional Representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization to the members of the Bulgarian Government, "Macedonia: documents and materials," Liubomir Panaĭotov, Voin Bozhinov, Bŭlgarska akademiia na naukite, 1978, str.
301:
offered at the end of the First World War in late 1918 the idea of a united autonomous
Macedonian state under the jurisdiction of the Great Powers, but it was refused. Due to the threat of a second national disaster for Bulgaria, before the signing of the
628:
Gerginov, Kr., Bilyarski, Ts. Unpublished documents for Todor
Alexandrov's activities 1910–1919, magazine VIS, book 2, 1987, p.214 – Гергинов, Кр. Билярски, Ц. Непубликувани документи за дейността на Тодор Александров 1910–1919, сп. ВИС, кн. 2 от 1987, с.
567:...the Jewish communities of Macedonia supported Macedonian liberation movements within the limits of their possibilities and notion. In 1903 they gave active support to the »Ilinden« uprising. Rafael Kamhi participated directly in the uprising...
500:, p. 78"This is one of the main reasons why Rafael Kamhi himself felt more like a Macedonian than a Jew. Like his fellow Macedonian Jews he loved Macedonia as his native land, the Macedonians as his brothers, and freedom as the primary aim of ..."
290:
654:, p. 256: "Првиот податок во македонската историографија за Рафаел Камхи ќе го регистрира историчарот Тодбр Симовски во својата научна студија "За учеството на малцинствата во Илинденското востание", објавена во Зборникот на ИНИ... во 1953"
237:
and others also were hidden there. Later the shelter was discovered by the
Ottoman authorities and Kamhi was arrested, but he was released after paying a bribe. In 1896, he was made de jure member and elected as Bitola-delegat on the
882:
690:
330:. In 1943, Rafael Kamhi was arrested by the German occupying forces in the city and had to be sent to a concentration camp in Central Europe. With the support of Bulgarian organizations and institutions as the
281:. He did not hide his dislike of the centralist's wing activists. The left-wing faction, opposed Bulgarian nationalism, but the centralist's faction drifted more and more towards it. After the
258:. Along with these frequent visits to Bulgaria, some of which involved his brother, they both were suspected and arrested by the Ottoman authorities. Subsequently, the brothers were interned in
586:
Rafael Kamhi participated directly in the uprising and was in permanent contact with the leadership of the movement. Mentes (Mentesh) Kamhi took weapons and other materials to the rebels.
297:. It threatened the autonomous Macedonia as a supranational state populated by different people as Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs, Turks, Vlahs, Jews etc. The Bulgarian government of
390:
the Jews from Macedonia organized the event "Tribute to commander Rafael Kamhi and Heroes of Ilinden" during the national festival "10 days of the Krusevo Republic" in 2012. A
666:"Address by the President of the Republic of Macedonia Dr. Gjorge Ivanov at the Central Commemorative gathering in remembrance of the Holocaust of the Macedonian Jews"
246:, which determined its members can be only Bulgarians. In this way the IMRO was open to all inhabitants of European Turkey. In 1901–1902 he participated in the "
171:
395:
379:
Skender Bey" in 2000 in Sofia. In 2013, his memoirs were republished under the title "Rafael Kamhi: recollections of a Macedonian Jew revolutionary".
902:
217:
member of the IMRO in 1894 and in his house was made a shelter, where the archive and the case of the organization were kept. In the coming years
887:
273:
After the subsequent split of the Organization, Kamhi maintained close links with left-wing activists of the Macedonian liberation movement as
693:. Memorial Centre of the Holocaust of the Jews from Macedonia – Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. 2012
848:
767:
521:
479:
347:
179:
897:
823:
809:
788:
740:
678:
Therefore, we must never forget that, as Raphael Kamhi was one of the promoters of the idea of a free and independent Macedonia,....
119:
Official notice of Kamhi issued by the Bulgarian authorities, used to help him to obtain Bulgarian citizenship during World War II.
331:
601:
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,
606:
123:
394:
of Rafael Moshe Kamhi is among 109 wax figures of notable Macedonian revolutionaries and intellectuals exhibited at the
201:
Rafael Moshe Kamhi was born on 15 December 1870 in Bitola, Ottoman Empire (modern-day North Macedonia) in the family of
877:
166:. Besides being Jewish, Kamhi felt also strong attachment to Macedonia as his native homeland. Kamhi was elected as
547:
According to the 1890 census taken in the vilayets of Salonika, Monastir and Kosovo, 4,000 Jews lived in Bitola...
242:
Congress of the organization. In Thessaloniki was taken a decision of changing the nationalistic character of the
243:
892:
163:
818:Рафаел Камхи: Спомени на един евреин македонски революционер, съставител: Цочо Билярски, издателство: Синева,
382:
The first work of Macedonian historiography about Kamhi was written by Todor Simoski and published in 1953.
386:
335:
251:
736:
872:
867:
193:
after being saved by Bulgarian authorities, while 90% of the Jewish population there was murdered.
143:
226:
132:
665:
127:
Official document issued by the Bulgarian authorities to Kamhi, which served as a guarantee to
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805:
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763:
712:
602:
517:
511:
475:
469:
303:
298:
294:
247:
175:
449:
278:
266:
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During World War II, after the occupation of Greece, Kamhi participated in the creation of
725:Рафаел Камхи – восочна фигура во Музејот на македонската борба за државност и самостојност
307:
167:
67:
343:
315:
274:
222:
115:
59:
861:
234:
218:
202:
155:
339:
311:
291:
Provisional representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization
239:
190:
128:
293:. The Temporary representation advocated for autonomy of Macedonia as a part of a
838:
799:
778:
757:
579:
560:
540:
310:, who struggled to keep order in the defeated country. He was offered to move to
410:
282:
230:
30:
691:""Tribute to Commander Rafael Kamhi and Heroes of Ilinden" ("Jewish evening")"
639:
414:
391:
210:
352:
255:
186:
289:, then part of Bulgaria. At the end of World War I he joined the so-called
363:
89:
486:
One of them, the best known of all, was Raphael Moshe Kamhi (1870-1970)
376:
206:
399:
327:
320:
286:
159:
63:
456:
Rafael Moshe Kamhi, known by his military pseudonym of Skender Beg.
359:
259:
122:
114:
528:
Raphael Kamhi was unanimously elected liaison officer of the VMRO
306:, Kamhi conducted in 1919 a meeting with the then Prime Minister
883:
Members of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
432:
430:
346:
himself, he was released. Meanwhile, nearly all 54,000
209:, an IMRO-activist who introduced him with his brother,
668:. Website of the president of the Republic of Macedonia
562:
Poslovice, izreke i priče sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije
513:
Tide and wreck: history of the Jews of Vardar Macedonia
471:
Tide and wreck: history of the Jews of Vardar Macedonia
837:Камхи, Рафаел; Билярски, Цочо; Бурилкова, Ива (2000).
780:
Rafael Moše Kamhi: ilindenski deec od evrejsko poteklo
801:Македонија под турската власт: статии и други прилози
565:. Savez Jevrejskih Ops̆tina Jugoslavije. p. 57.
338:, the Union of Macedonian brotherhoods, the premier
150:, 1870–1970), also known by the military pseudonym
105:
97:
75:
40:
21:
172:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
254:and the Crown Prince, later Bulgarian Tsar -
8:
510:Lebel, Jennie; Lebl, Ženi (30 April 2008).
468:Lebel, Jennie; Lebl, Ženi (30 April 2008).
436:
319:between the two World wars, when living in
285:Bitola remained in Serbia and he moved to
29:
18:
651:
640:Спасеният евреин Рафаел Камхи изобличава
185:Kamhi is among the few survivors of the
174:(VMRO). He directly participated in the
426:
131:, that prevented him being sent to an
584:. Kulturen Zhivot. 1981. p. 51.
545:. Kulturen Zhivot. 1981. p. 51.
454:. Kulturen Zhivot. 1989. p. 11.
7:
715:. Web site Then-day Kruševo Republic
497:
265:Kamhi directly participated in the
358:After his rescuing Kamhi moved to
101:Ottoman, Greek, Bulgarian, Israeli
14:
741:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
638:Вестник Сега, 22 Август 2000 г.:
396:Museum of the Macedonian Struggle
798:Stojanovski, Aleksandar (2006).
314:, where the headquarters of the
804:. Ин-т за национална историја.
759:Macedonia and the Jewish people
332:Macedonian Scientific Institute
903:People from the Ottoman Empire
328:Bulgarian Club in Thessaloniki
180:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1:
888:Bulgarian emigrants to Israel
417:is named after Rafael Kamhi.
713:"ХЕРОИТЕ НА ИЛИНДЕН - ЕВРЕИ"
919:
826:, второ издание, 2013 год.
559:Kolonomos, Žamila (1978).
777:Karajanov, Petar (2003).
516:. Avotaynu. p. 151.
474:. Avotaynu. p. 150.
147:
35:Rafael Moshe Kamhi (1963)
28:
898:Bulgarian Jews in Israel
843:(in Bulgarian). Синева.
840:Аз войводата Скендер Бей
213:. Afterwards he became
387:President of Macedonia
336:Ilinden (Organization)
136:
120:
762:. Macedonian Review.
756:Assa, Aaron (1994) .
126:
118:
158:from Monastir (now
878:People from Bitola
385:In March 2011 the
140:Rafael Moshe Kamhi
137:
133:extermination camp
121:
23:Rafael Moshe Kamhi
16:IMRO revolutionary
850:978-954-9983-03-6
769:978-9989-645-02-0
581:Macedonian Review
542:Macedonian Review
523:978-1-886223-37-0
481:978-1-886223-37-0
451:Macedonian Review
304:Treaty of Neuilly
299:Alexander Malinov
295:Balkan Federation
248:Miss Stone Affair
176:Miss Stone Affair
164:Ottoman Macedonia
148:Рафаел Моше Камхи
113:
112:
55:December 15, 1870
45:Рафаел Моше Камхи
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664:Ivanov, Gjorge.
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437:Stojanovski 2006
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279:Dimo Hadzhidimov
267:Ilinden uprising
182:of August 1903.
149:
106:Other names
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83:
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52:
33:
19:
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911:
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893:Macedonian Jews
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831:Further reading
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348:Salonica's Jews
308:Teodor Teodorov
199:
168:liaison officer
142:(Bulgarian and
93:
87:
81:
79:
71:
68:North Macedonia
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
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11:
5:
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652:Karajanov 2003
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344:Tsar Boris III
316:Triple Entente
275:Gyorche Petrov
223:Gyorche Petrov
198:
195:
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103:
102:
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95:
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77:
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60:Ottoman Empire
57:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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824:9786197086010
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811:9789989159053
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790:9789989639074
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241:
236:
235:Boris Sarafov
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Gotse Delchev
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Sephardi Jews
196:
194:
192:
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183:
181:
177:
173:
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156:Sephardic Jew
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74:
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43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
839:
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737:Kamhi Point.
732:
724:
717:. Retrieved
707:
695:. Retrieved
685:
677:
670:. Retrieved
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384:
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351:deported in
340:Bogdan Filov
325:
312:Thessaloniki
272:
264:
244:IMRO statute
240:Thessaloniki
214:
200:
191:Thessaloniki
184:
151:
139:
138:
129:Nazi Germany
86:July 8, 1970
873:1970 deaths
868:1870 births
719:18 February
697:14 February
672:18 February
411:Kamhi Point
283:Balkan wars
252:Ferdinand I
231:Pere Toshev
227:Milan Matov
178:and in the
109:Skander Beg
98:Nationality
862:Categories
607:0810862956
421:References
415:Antarctica
392:wax figure
211:Dame Gruev
152:Skanderbeg
144:Macedonian
82:1970-07-08
58:Monastir,
51:1870-12-15
498:Assa 1994
353:Treblinka
256:Boris III
197:Biography
187:Holocaust
783:. Veda.
364:Tel Aviv
215:de facto
154:, was a
92:, Israel
90:Tel Aviv
750:Sources
406:Honours
377:voyvoda
207:Smilevo
170:of the
847:
822:
808:
787:
766:
605:
520:
478:
400:Skopje
370:Legacy
342:, and
334:, the
321:Greece
287:Xanthi
160:Bitola
64:Bitola
739:SCAR
360:Sofia
260:Debar
189:from
162:) in
62:(now
845:ISBN
820:ISBN
806:ISBN
785:ISBN
764:ISBN
721:2014
699:2014
674:2014
629:214.
619:706.
603:ISBN
518:ISBN
476:ISBN
277:and
76:Died
41:Born
599:on.
413:in
398:in
864::
723:.
676:.
526:.
484:.
429:^
402:.
366:.
323:.
262:.
233:,
229:,
225:,
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66:,
853:.
814:.
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642:.
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80:(
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49:(
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