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313:
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suddenly off the line of a curve. Also, increasing the weight borne by the front wheel of the vehicle, either by increasing the mass of the vehicle, rider and cargo or by changing the weight ratio to shift the center of mass forward, will increase the severity of the wheel flop effect. Increasing the rotational inertia of the front wheel by increasing the speed of the vehicle and the rotational speed of the wheel will tend to counter the wheel flop effect.
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305:
115:
33:
1046:
to apply torque to the handlebars to bring them back to the straight ahead position and bring the front end of the bicycle or motorcycle back up to the original height. The rotational inertia of the front wheel will lessen the severity of the wheel flop effect because it results in opposing torque being required to initiate or accelerate changing the direction of the front wheel.
1140:
103:
1049:
According to the equation listed above, increasing the trail and/or decreasing the head angle will increase the wheel flop factor on a bicycle or motorcycle, which will increase the torque required to bring the handlebars back to the straight ahead position and increase the vehicle's tendency to veer
1045:
Because wheel flop involves the lowering of the front end of a bicycle or motorcycle, the force due to gravity will tend to cause handlebar rotation to continue with increasing rotational velocity and without additional rider input on the handlebars. Once the handlebars are turned, the rider needs
919:
Wheel flop refers to steering behavior in which a bicycle or motorcycle tends to turn more than expected due to the front wheel "flopping" over when the handlebars are rotated. Wheel flop is caused by the lowering of the front end of a bicycle or motorcycle as the handlebars are rotated away from
705:
Trail can vary as the bike leans or steers. In the case of traditional geometry, trail decreases (and wheelbase increases if measuring distance between ground contact points and not hubs) as the bike leans and steers in the direction of the lean. Trail can also vary as the suspension activates, in
256:
The offset may be implemented by curving the forks, adding a perpendicular tab at their lower ends, offsetting the fork blade sockets of the fork crown ahead of the steerer, or by mounting the forks into the crown at an angle to the steer tube. The development of forks with curves is attributed to
899:
Although the scientific understanding of bicycle steering remains incomplete, we do have a good overall understanding of the interdependent dynamic complexities. Mechanical trail is certainly one of the most important variables in determining the handling characteristics of a bicycle. A trail of
1073:
Increasing the length of the fork, for example by switching from rigid to suspension, raises the front of a bicycle and thus decreases its head angle. Lengthening the fork would have the opposite effect on the rake of a motorcycle, since rake is measured in the opposite direction.
578:
471:
894:
1111:
Manufacturer's specifications must include the specific rake and trail for each motorcycle or class of motorcycles and the terms "rake" and "trail" must be defined by the director by rules adopted pursuant to chapter 28–32."
815:
993:= "wheel flop factor," the distance that the center of the front wheel axle is lowered when the handlebars are rotated from the straight ahead position to a position 90 degrees away from straight ahead
71:
distance between the centers (or the ground contact points) of the front and rear wheels. Wheelbase is a function of rear frame length, steering axis angle, and fork offset. It is similar to the term
1057:
magazine states, "A bike with too little wheel flop will be sluggish in its reactions to handlebar inputs. A bike with too much wheel flop will tend to veer off its line at low and moderate speeds."
911:
Skilled and alert riders may have more path control if the mechanical trail is lower while a higher trail is known to make a bicycle easier to ride "no hands" and thus more subjectively stable.
356:
Trail is often cited as an important determinant of bicycle handling characteristics, and is sometimes listed in bicycle manufacturers' geometry data. Wilson and
Papodopoulos argue that
349:
if the front wheel ground contact point is behind (towards the rear of the bike) the steering axis intersection with the ground. Most bikes have positive trail, though a few, such as the
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Increasing the offset of a fork reduces the trail, and if performed on an existing fork by bending without lengthening the blades, shortens the fork.
743:
1752:
the distance between the ground contact patch and the steering axis as measured at right angles to that axis. The SAE refer to as 'Mechanical Trail'
1456:
1097:(USA) has minimum and maximum requirements on rake and trail for "manufacture, sale, and safe operation of a motorcycle upon public highways."
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1650:
284:(usually measured in degrees from 0) to the fork tubes as they mount into the triple tree, or a combination of the two. Other, less-common
2013:
1843:
144:
about which the steering mechanism (fork, handlebars, front wheel, etc.) pivots. The steering axis angle usually matches the angle of the
1942:
183:—tend to have slacker head tube angles, generally around 70°, although they can be as low as 62° (depending on frame geometry setting).
258:
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1100:"4. All motorcycles, except three-wheel motorcycles, must meet the following specifications in relationship to front wheel geometry:
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is the fork offset. Trail can be increased by increasing the wheel size, decreasing or slackening the head angle, or decreasing the
320:
312:
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47:
is the collection of key measurements (lengths and angles) that define a particular bike configuration. Primary among these are
1167:
79:
52:
363:
Trail is a function of steering axis angle, fork offset, and wheel size. Their relationship can be described by this formula:
1406:
702:. The larger the rake angle, the larger the trail. Note that, on a bicycle, as rake angle increases, head angle decreases.
308:
A diagram showing the effect of decreasing the head tube angle, the fork offset, or the wheel size (diameter) on the trail.
171:
a 2006 Tete de Course, designed for road racing, with a head angle that varies from 71.25° to 74°, depending on frame size.
1701:
2032:
1543:
1207:
695:. Trail decreases as head angle increases (becomes steeper), as fork offset increases, or as wheel diameter decreases.
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296:
The length of a fork is measured parallel to the steer tube from the lower fork crown bearing to the axle center.
926:
360:
may be a more important and informative variable, although both expressions describe very nearly the same thing.
168:
a 2007 Filmore, designed for the track, with a head angle that varies from 72.5° to 74° depending on frame size
1077:
A rule of thumb is a 10 mm change in fork length gives a half-degree change in the steering axis angle.
1259:
1357:
350:
187:
904:
the influence of the position of the center of pressure of wind forces coming from the side is eliminated
316:
Animation showing how fork offset must change with changes in steering axis angle to keep trail constant.
1728:
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1814:
1789:
normal trail is the perpendicular distance between the front contact point and the steering head axis
1383:
1325:
Rake is the angle, in degrees, that the steering head of the frame...is tilted back from the vertical
1232:
920:
the "straight ahead" position. This lowering phenomenon occurs according to the following equation:
119:
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1460:
324:
Animation showing how fork offset must change as trail changes to keep steering axis angle constant.
1182:
1128:
the other main geometric parameters are seat height and relative foot peg and handlebar placement.
1935:
573:{\displaystyle {\text{Trail}}_{\text{motorcycle}}={\frac {R_{w}\sin(A_{r})-O_{f}}{\cos(A_{r})}}}
288:, such as trailing link or leading link forks, can implement offset by the length of link arms.
51:, steering axis angle, fork offset, and trail. These parameters have a major influence on how a
2010:
1850:
733:
and the point of contact between the front wheel and the ground. It may also be referred to as
1913:
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1734:
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1331:
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1024:
466:{\displaystyle {\text{Trail}}_{\text{bicycle}}={\frac {R_{w}\cos(A_{h})-O_{f}}{\sin(A_{h})}}}
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2017:
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during braking, the trail and the wheelbase both decrease. At least one motorcycle, the
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1421:
The curved front forks of a bicycle are a George Singer patent, and still in use today.
1000:
976:
114:
83:
2006:
Illustration of a dimension that is sometimes referred to as caster angle on bicycles.
304:
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1177:
1121:
707:
176:
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889:{\displaystyle {\text{MechanicalTrail}}_{\text{motorcycle}}=R_{w}\sin(A_{r})-O_{f}}
699:
692:
329:
250:
128:
86:
of the combined bike and rider. Short bikes are much more suitable for performing
2005:
1600:
737:. In each case, its value is equal to the numerator in the expression for trail.
1433:
810:{\displaystyle {\text{MechanicalTrail}}_{\text{bicycle}}=R_{w}\cos(A_{h})-O_{f}}
277:
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1135:
1125:
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Forks may be modified or replaced, thereby altering the geometry of the bike.
107:
32:
17:
1967:
1628:
1539:
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GeoMetron
Details: 62–63.5° head angle, dependent upon shock and fork length.
1844:"The Dynamic Stability of a Fully Faired Single Track Human Powered Vehicle"
711:
269:
180:
145:
72:
64:
48:
37:
1995:
1408:
The Singer Story: The Cars, Commercial
Vehicles, Bicycles & Motorcycles
1120:
For other aspects of geometry, such as ergonomics or intended use, see the
1909:
1565:
27:
Collection of key measurements that define a particular bike configuration
1053:
A certain amount of wheel flop is generally considered to be desirable.
160:, the steering axis angle is measured from the horizontal and called the
141:
202:, the steering axis angle is measured from the vertical and called the
91:
87:
1827:
1802:
102:
706:
response to braking for example. As telescopic forks compress due to
341:
distance from where the front wheel touches the ground to where the
214:; a 0° rake is therefore vertical. For example, Moto Guzzi offers:
319:
311:
303:
238:
distance from the steering axis to the center of the front wheel.
164:; a 90° head angle would be vertical. For example, Lemond offers:
113:
101:
1876:
1361:
1236:
186:
At least one manufacturer, Cane Creek, offers an after-market
714:, has a fork with adjustable trail, from 89 to 101 mm .
664:
is the motorcycle rake angle measured from the vertical, and
1730:
Motorcycle
Handling and Chassis Design: The Art and Science
110:
reveal the steering axis angle, also called the rake angle
1606:(Third ed.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1309:"Suspension and Understanding Motorcycle Rake and Trail"
637:
is the bicycle head angle measured from the horizontal,
218:
a 2007 Breva V 1100 with a rake of 25°30′ (25.5 degrees)
1598:
1104:
MAXIMUM: Rake: 45 degrees; Trail: 14 inches positive
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intersects the ground. The measurement is considered
1107:
MINIMUM: Rake: 20 degrees; Trail: 2 inches positive
698:
Motorcyclists tend to speak of trail in relation to
253:have an offset of 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in).
1599:
1566:"An Introduction to Bicycle Geometry and Handling"
1208:"The ultimate guide to bike geometry and handling"
1033:
1009:
985:
959:
888:
809:
683:
656:
629:
602:
572:
465:
1803:"From the archives: The stability of the bicycle"
907:the wheel flop effect (see below) is eliminated
353:and the Python Lowracer, have negative trail.
272:, fork offset can be implemented by either an
221:a 2007 Nevada Classic 750 with a rake of 27.5°
40:, steering axis angle, fork offset, and trail
8:
2011:Motorcycle rake, trail and offset explained
960:{\displaystyle f=b\sin \theta \cos \theta }
1680:(Second ed.). Lulu.com. p. 234.
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136:when measured from horizontal axis. The
82:of a bike, along with the height of the
31:
1801:Jones, David E. H. (1 September 2006).
1199:
78:Wheelbase has a major influence on the
1936:"Fork Re-Raking and Head Angle Change"
1878:Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design
1339:
1329:
190:that enables changing the head angle.
1881:. Tony Foale Designs. pp. 3–11.
357:
330:Caster angle § Trail or trailing
175:Due to front fork suspension, modern
7:
1968:"CHAPTER 39-27 MOTORCYCLE EQUIPMENT"
1493:from the original on 26 October 2007
1260:"First Ride: Nicolai Mojo GeoMetron"
132:when measured from vertical axis or
1629:"Steering Geometry: What is Trail?"
1540:"Steering Geometry: What is Trail?"
1576:from the original on 30 April 2011
1546:from the original on 30 April 2011
1519:from the original on 20 April 2011
1307:Rider Contributor (30 June 2009).
126:The steering axis angle is called
122:with an unusually large rake angle
25:
1284:Matt Pacocha (23 December 2011).
75:used for automobiles and trains.
1948:from the original on 17 May 2008
1311:. Rider Magazine. Archived from
1258:Paul Aston (28 September 2015).
1152:
1138:
1910:"Bicycle Quarterly -- Glossary"
1168:Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
900:zero may give some advantages:
45:Bicycle and motorcycle geometry
870:
857:
791:
778:
564:
551:
527:
514:
457:
444:
420:
407:
1:
1434:"Rake & Trail Calculator"
245:, fork offset is also called
1996:Motorcycle Steering Geometry
1286:"Cane Creek AngleSet review"
1733:. Tony Foale. p. 3-1.
1676:Cossalter, Vittore (2006).
1649:Cossalter, Vittore (2006).
1384:"Geometry of Bike Handling"
2049:
1764:Vittore Cossalter (2006).
327:
36:Bike geometry parameters:
1770:. Lulu.com. p. 32.
1914:Bicycle Quarterly Press
1411:. Veloce Publishing Ltd
1405:Kevin Atkinson (2013).
1034:{\displaystyle \theta }
1704:. 2006. Archived from
1485:Rinard, Damon (1996).
1455:Hornsby, Andy (2006).
1360:. 2006. Archived from
1235:. 2006. Archived from
1233:"Lemond Racing Cycles"
1035:
1011:
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351:two-mass-skate bicycle
325:
317:
309:
123:
111:
106:Telescopic forks on a
80:longitudinal stability
41:
2016:19 March 2011 at the
1934:Matchak, Tom (2006).
1627:Putnam, Josh (2006).
1036:
1012:
988:
962:
891:
812:
729:distance between the
686:
684:{\displaystyle O_{f}}
659:
657:{\displaystyle A_{r}}
632:
630:{\displaystyle A_{h}}
605:
603:{\displaystyle R_{w}}
575:
468:
323:
315:
307:
194:Motorcycle rake angle
117:
105:
35:
2001:Bicycle Fork Lengths
1875:Foale, Tony (2002).
1842:Watkins, Gregory K.
1081:Changing fork offset
1069:Changing fork length
1025:
1001:
977:
927:
823:
744:
668:
641:
614:
587:
477:
370:
2033:Motorcycle dynamics
1819:2006PhT....59i..51J
1767:Motorcycle Dynamics
1727:Tony Foale (2006).
1678:Motorcycle Dynamics
1364:on 12 December 2006
1315:on 14 December 2013
1183:Hub-center steering
98:Steering axis angle
1708:on 1 December 2006
1342:has generic name (
1089:Legal requirements
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188:threadless headset
152:Bicycle head angle
124:
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42:
1828:10.1063/1.2364246
1687:978-1-4303-0861-4
1602:Bicycling Science
1055:Bicycle Quarterly
1010:{\displaystyle b}
986:{\displaystyle f}
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610:is wheel radius,
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16:(Redirected from
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1513:"Frame Geometry"
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1457:"Back to School"
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1160:Transport portal
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286:motorcycle forks
282:triple tree rake
268:with telescopic
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1570:C.h.u.n.k. 666
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1487:"Fork Lengths"
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108:BMW motorcycle
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1116:Other aspects
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1975:. Retrieved
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1877:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1837:
1813:(9): 51–56.
1810:
1806:
1796:
1788:
1781:. Retrieved
1766:
1759:
1751:
1744:. Retrieved
1729:
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1706:the original
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1677:
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1655:the original
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1632:. Retrieved
1622:
1601:
1578:. Retrieved
1560:
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1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
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1461:the original
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1428:
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1413:. Retrieved
1407:
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1388:. Retrieved
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:the original
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1324:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1279:
1271:
1264:. Retrieved
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1173:Bicycle fork
1119:
1110:
1099:
1095:North Dakota
1092:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:= head angle
969:
918:
910:
898:
735:normal trail
734:
726:
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721:
712:MotoCzysz C1
704:
697:
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204:caster angle
203:
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157:
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137:
133:
129:caster angle
127:
125:
77:
68:
62:
53:bike handles
44:
43:
29:
1977:14 December
1712:14 December
1702:"MotoCzysz"
1661:14 December
1651:"THE TRAIL"
1467:12 December
1440:14 December
1436:. RB Racing
1415:14 December
1368:11 December
1319:14 December
1288:. BikeRadar
1266:26 February
1126:motorcycles
693:fork offset
292:Fork length
280:, adding a
278:triple tree
266:motorcycles
232:fork offset
226:Fork offset
200:motorcycles
1783:18 October
1746:18 October
1497:18 October
1262:. PinkBike
1217:7 February
1194:References
915:Wheel flop
834:motorcycle
700:rake angle
488:motorcycle
339:horizontal
328:See also:
270:fork tubes
210:, or just
208:rake angle
181:road bikes
162:head angle
134:head angle
69:horizontal
1919:29 August
1860:23 August
1212:BikeRadar
1029:θ
955:θ
952:
946:θ
943:
874:−
855:
795:−
776:
549:
531:−
512:
442:
424:−
405:
247:fork rake
146:head tube
73:wheelbase
65:wheelbase
59:Wheelbase
49:wheelbase
38:wheelbase
2027:Category
2014:Archived
1943:Archived
1634:8 August
1574:Archived
1544:Archived
1517:Archived
1491:Archived
1332:cite web
1292:14 April
1243:8 August
1132:See also
347:positive
243:bicycles
158:bicycles
92:stoppies
88:wheelies
1815:Bibcode
1580:7 April
1550:7 April
1523:7 April
1390:6 April
1017:= trail
970:where:
755:bicycle
725:is the
381:bicycle
337:is the
276:in the
234:is the
140:is the
120:chopper
67:is the
1973:. 2006
1952:30 May
1894:3 June
1885:
1774:
1737:
1684:
1610:
583:where
274:offset
1971:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1854:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
817:, and
483:Trail
376:Trail
335:Trail
300:Trail
1979:2006
1954:2008
1921:2021
1896:2010
1883:ISBN
1862:2006
1785:2013
1772:ISBN
1748:2013
1735:ISBN
1714:2006
1682:ISBN
1663:2006
1636:2006
1608:ISBN
1582:2011
1552:2011
1525:2011
1499:2007
1469:2006
1442:2013
1417:2013
1392:2011
1370:2006
1344:help
1321:2013
1294:2013
1268:2017
1245:2006
1219:2023
473:and
230:The
212:rake
142:axis
90:and
63:The
1823:doi
949:cos
940:sin
852:sin
773:cos
546:cos
509:sin
439:sin
402:cos
264:In
241:In
198:In
156:In
2029::
1941:.
1912:.
1821:.
1811:59
1809:.
1805:.
1787:.
1750:.
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416:h
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