579:
90:
of voter scrutiny against these candidates varied by partisanship, political ideology, religion, and voters' relationships with LGBT people, or lack thereof. The study attributed these biases most significantly to the worry of their "electability," along with outright prejudice and the worry that the candidates were too liberal. Regarding the impacts of these candidates, LGBTQ+ representation in political office has been found to correlate strongly with the proposal and passage of pro-LGBTQ and equal rights legislation. It has also been found to positively influence societal perceptions of the LGBTQ+ community and their equal rights at large.
210:
517:
801:
294:
LGBTQ+. There are 13 openly-LGBTQ+ members of the United States
Congress compared to 10 in 2019. There are 228 openly-LGBTQ+ state legislators, an increase of 55% since 2019, and 721 local LGBTQ+ officials, an increase of 83% since 2019. There are three governors, 59 mayors, and 137 officials at the judicial level who are openly-LGBTQ+. Of the 1,175 openly LGBTQ+ elected officials, 887 (75%) are Democrats, 34 are Republicans (3%), 28 are independent (2%), and 58 are from another party (5%).
698:
decrease in gay male candidacy and a 19% decrease in lesbian candidacy from 2019. Forty-five percent of the 41 bisexual and 23.1% of the 13 pansexual candidates were elected. Additionally, transgender women had the highest win rate of any other gender identity, with 63.2% of the 21 transgender women candidates elected. More nonbinary and queer people ran for office than ever before, with 27.8% of 19 nonbinary candidates and 34.6% of 59 queer candidates winning their elections.
404:
570:
transgender state representatives, and after the election, there were nine. Among transgender, nonbinary, and gender-nonconforming state candidates, eight were elected. Moreover, Delaware and
Tennessee elected their first LGBTQ+ state senators: State Senators Sarah McBride and Marie Pinkney in Delaware, and State Representative Eric Morrison in Delaware; and State Representatives Torrey Harris and Eddie Mannis in Tennessee.
361:
them, while conservatives significantly penalized them by 16 to 18 percentage points. Democrats penalized transgender candidates by six percentage points, while
Republicans penalized them by 19 percentage points. Voters with LGBT friends and family penalized transgender candidates by five percentage points. Religious voters penalize transgender candidates by the highest margin (18 percentage points).
694:
elects. Of the 430 candidates, 37% were people of color, a five percent increase from 2019. This proportion represented the most racially diverse LGBTQ+ candidate pool in United States history and a significantly higher percentage of candidates of color than the general election pool. The LGBTQ+ candidates of color in this election had a 37% success rate.
365:
electability, accounting for 52% and 57% of the voters' justifications for gay and transgender candidates respectively. Outright prejudice was responsible for 32% of the effects of voter bias, while perceptions of gay and transgender candidates as more liberal accounted for 9% of the concerns about gay candidates, and 6% for transgender candidates.
566:
largest portion of the candidate pool with 391 candidates and a 41.5% success rate. Lesbian candidates had the highest success rate, with 172 candidates and 55.2% elects. One-third of the 72 bisexual candidates, 35% of the 17 pansexual candidates, 40% of the 55 queer candidates, and none of the two asexual candidates won.
538:(D) became the "highest-ranking LGBTQ+ mayor" in United States history, as she was elected the mayor of Chicago with 73% of the vote, and was one of the two overall top-ranking mayoral elects (of 12) in the election. Her election made Chicago the largest city to ever elect an openly gay mayor and a Black female mayor.
773:
Gay men represented the largest portion of the candidacy, representing 55% of the candidate pool, paralleling trends from other elections. Queer-identifying candidates grew from 4.3% of the candidacy in 2018 and 6.8% of the candidacy in 2020, to 11.2% of candidates in 2022. Additionally, 18.2% of the
378:
The term "rainbow wave" was coined in the 2018 midterms, as a result of the unprecedented number of candidates and elects. During this cycle, there were over 600 openly LGBTQ+ candidates running for office, 432 on the ballot, and 244 winners. Twenty-two openly LGBTQ+ candidates ran for party seats in
569:
More LGBTQ+ candidates won seats in
Congress than any other year, with nine LGBTQ+ congressional elects, including all of the seven incumbents up for election. After the election, the 117th Congress had nine openly LGBTQ+ House representatives and two senators. Moreover, before 2020, there were four
494:
data from
November 6, 2019, found that of these 382 candidates, 40% were from states that ranked at low or negative equality levels, of which 35.5% won. About 83% of the LGBTQ+ candidates were Democrats with a 40.3% success rate, while 2.4% were Republican with a 33.3% success rate. The Victory Fund
390:
Of the 432 LGBTQ+ candidates on the ballot, 10 of 28 federal candidates were elected, and 26 of the 34 judicial candidates were elected. In the state legislature, 110 of 197 LGBTQ+ candidates were elected, while statewide, six of 11 were elected. On the local level, 80 of 142 candidates were elected
89:
There is little research on voter attitudes towards and the impacts of LGBTQ+ candidates. One study found that voters significantly penalize lesbian, gay, and transgender candidates, with transgender candidates facing a significantly higher penalty than their lesbian and gay counterparts. The level
921:
The study found that the election of LGBT legislators also prompts backlash; as the number of LGBT legislators increased, there was also an increase in anti-LGBT legislation introduced and passed. However, the study analyzed the positive and negative impacts of this representation and found that an
769:
candidates ran for office, representing 13.9% of the overall candidate pool, a 6% increase from 2020 and a 4.8% increase from 2018. The number of nonbinary candidates more than tripled since 2020 with 54 nonbinary candidates in the 2022 election, in contrast to 17 in 2020 and four in 2018. Eighteen
689:
represented an 18.5% increase in candidacy from 2019 and more LGBTQ+ candidates won than any other odd-numbered election in United States history. Moreover, it brought the total number of LGBTQ+ elected officials from 995 to 1038, marking the first time this number exceeded 1000 LGBTQ+ individuals.
337:
investigated voter attitudes towards a candidate based on their sexual orientation and gender identity in advanced democracies. They found that the United States had the greatest voter penalties towards LGBT candidates of the three countries investigated (U.S., UK, and New
Zealand). The researchers
297:
The composition of LGBTQ+ elected officials is also increasingly more diverse. Racially, the number of LGBTQ+ politicians of color has increased from 22% of all LGBTQ+ elected officials in 2019 to 32% in 2023, including a 186% increase in Black/African-American/Afro-Caribbean and a 116% increase in
293:
There are currently more openly-LGBTQ+ elected officials in local, state, and national legislatures than ever before. As of April 2, 2023, there are 1,175 openly-LGBTQ+ elected officials in the United States, an increase from 698 five years ago. Of all elected officials nationwide, 0.23% are openly
757:
Congress now has the most lesbian, gay, and bisexual members in United States history. Prior to the 2022 midterms, there were nine House representatives and two senators, and after, there were 11 House representatives and two senators. Of the 11 House representatives, seven are incumbents and four
353:
Political ideology represents a stronger indicator of voter attitudes, as progressives did not penalize gay or lesbian candidates at all, while conservatives strongly penalized them by 17.2 percentage points. Moreover, people with LGBT family members or friends did not penalize gay candidates, and
265:
became the first openly-LGBTQ+ Member of the U.S. Congress when he came out while in office in 1983. After coming out, he was reelected in 1984. Since these and other LGBTQ+ individuals became the frontrunners of LGBTQ+ representation in politics, hundreds of openly LGBTQ+ individuals have run and
697:
Of all of the sexual orientations, gay male candidates represented the highest number of candidates, with 192 candidates winning at a rate of 49.4%. Lesbian candidates had the highest success rate of any other sexual orientation, as 60% of the 60 candidates were elected. However, there was a 7.3%
565:
The 2020 LGBTQ+ candidate pool had 35.7% people of color, 37.1% of which won their seats. There were six transgender men, 38 transgender women, four gender nonconforming, and 13 genderqueer/nonbinary candidates. Nearly 37% of the transgender candidates were elected. Gay candidates represented the
507:
candidates won. Thirty-eight percent (78) of the 205 gay candidates, 44.6% (33) of the 73 lesbian candidates, 41.7% (10) of the 24 bisexual candidates, and 40% (10) of the 25 queer candidates, were elected. Among other progressions in LGBTQ+ representation in 2019, the number of lesbian mayors in
360:
Transgender candidates were more strongly penalized across all of the voter subgroups. The differences between the subgroups were less distinct for transgender candidates. Progressives and LGBT voters represent the only groups who did not penalize transgender candidates and even sometimes favored
917:
A 2007 study by Donald Haider-Markel similarly examined the effect of LGBT elected officials on pro and anti-LGBT legislation in the United States between 1992 and 2002. At the time of the study, 68 LGBT politicians had been elected to U.S. public office since 1974. It found that as there was an
902:
investigated the effect of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender elected officials on equal rights legislation regarding sexual orientation across 96 countries, not including the United States. Of the 96 countries, 27 had elected LGBT members of parliament. Overall, the study found that even a
753:
The 2022 midterm elections became the biggest rainbow wave in United States history with an unprecedented 1,065 overall candidates, a 5.9% increase from the 2020 elections. Out of these candidates, 714 secured a spot on the ballot and 436 won, representing a 61% success rate. For the first time,
394:
Prior to the 2018 election, there were seven openly LGBTQ+ congresspeople (six House representatives and one senator), which increased to 10 after the election (eight House representatives and two senators). Additionally, in 2018, there were 119 openly LGBTQ+ state legislators, increasing to 148
761:
The 2022 midterms represented the most diverse LGBTQ+ candidate pool of any election, with 38.2% candidates of color, a 7.3% increase from the 2020 election and a 9.5% increase from the 2018 midterms. For the first time, more Black LGBTQ+ candidates than Latinx LGBTQ+ candidates ran for office.
693:
Of the 430 openly LGBTQ+ candidates, there were three federal candidates and zero elects, three statewide candidates and zero elects, 20 state legislative candidates and six elects, seven judicial candidates and five elects, 41 mayoral candidates and 16 elects, and 356 local candidates and 157
561:
report, of the 782 candidates on the ballot, there were 63 federal candidates and nine elects, 10 statewide candidates and zero elects, 327 state legislative candidates and 139 elects, 37 judicial candidates and 21 elects, 20 mayoral candidates and five elects, and 325 local candidates and 160
349:
The study found that there is a wide variation in attitudes towards LGBT candidates based on different voter demographics. Partisanship was a clear indicator, as the penalty for gay candidates between
Republican and Democratic voters differed by 8.4 percentage points. Republicans significantly
553:
In the 2020 midterm election, 1,006 openly LGBTQ+ candidates ran for political office and 782 were on the general election ballot, of which 334 won. This represented a 42.7% success rate. The election also showed a 41% increase in LGBTQ+ candidates from 2018. The 2020 midterms had more LGBTQ+
395:
after the election. Pre-election, seven states had never elected an LGBTQ+ candidate to their state legislatures, which decreased to four, as
Indiana and Nebraska each elected their first LGBTQ+ state legislative member. Additionally, four LGBTQ+ candidates ran for governor, two of which won.
364:
The study also looked at the reasons for these voter biases. They explained that the primary biases were explained by outright prejudice, electability, and perceptions of the candidates as liberal. The most prominent explanation for bias against gay and transgender candidates was the worry of
345:
Overall, gay and lesbian candidates face a 6.7 percentage point penalty compared to their heterosexual counterparts while transgender candidates face an 11 percentage point penalty. The study also found that LGBTQ+ candidates of ethnic minorities face no further penalty, other than Black gay
906:
The study posited that this positive correlation between LGBT legislators and positive LGBT rights legislation is a result of the legislators changing the attitudes of their fellow (non-LGBT) politicians and the attitudes of the electorate. LGBT legislators form alliances with heterosexual
65:, and the first anti-homosexual measure appeared on the ballot in Colorado. During the 1970s through to the 2010s, LGBTQ+ political considerations and advances shifted and expanded. In the late 1990s through the 2000s, there was a focus on gay marriage. The 2015 Supreme Court case
925:
A 1996 study by
Kenneth Wald, James Button, and Barbara Rienzo found that the presence of openly gay candidates for public office in U.S. cities and counties increased the likelihood that the locality adopted and maintained a local gay rights and anti-discrimination ordinance.
498:
The 2019 LGBTQ+ candidate pool represented 29.1% people of color, of which 34.2% won. Transgender women had the highest win rate, as 56.3% (nine) of the 16 transgender female candidates won. None of the three transgender male candidates won their races, while one of the three
346:
candidates who face an additional 3.6 percentage point penalty for their sexual orientation. Additionally, voters favor candidates with more political experience, which the researchers say disadvantages LGBTQ+ candidates because they are less likely to have this experience.
914:. Societies that are already more open-minded towards LGBT people are more likely to have LGBT legislators. When LGBT legislators are elected, they positively influence societal beliefs about LGBT people, which in turn further increases their representation in office.
185:
and discrimination (in employment, housing, and other sectors) became the focus of both the religious right and pro-LGBTQ+ movement. As of 2023, Republicans are proposing and supporting hundreds of pieces of anti-LGBTQ+ legislation across the country. According to the
53:
represented the biggest rainbow wave in U.S. history, as 1,065 LGBTQ+ candidates ran for office and 436 were elected. The 2022 U.S. elections were also the first time that LGBTQ+ candidates appeared on the ballot across all 50 states and the
District of Columbia.
130:
In the 1980s and 1990s, the anti-LGBTQ+ movement intensified, most prominently through proposed amendments that would repeal and ban the anti-discrimination ordinances protecting lesbian, gay and bisexual people. Ultimately, however, the 1996 Supreme Court case
907:
colleagues, where they educate their political counterparts and help them set positive LGBT policy agendas. The public representation of LGBT individuals in elected office also positively influences overall societal views on LGBT people and on equal rights.
812:(R) was elected as House representative of New York's 3rd congressional district, becoming the first openly gay Republican congressperson. His election was also the first general election in which two major party nominees were LGBTQ+ and opposed one another.
632:(D) was originally elected to the New Hampshire State House of Representatives District Hillsborough 39 in 2018 and came out as gender nonconforming during their term. They were reelected in 2020, becoming the first gender-nonconforming state legislator.
119:'s Human Rights Ordinance. In the following 30 years, there were many similar anti-gay initiatives promoted by the religious right. At the same time, there were nearly 150 state and local initiatives and referenda for gay civil rights.
2392:
4358:
206:, and Marist Poll showed increasing support for these anti-LGBTQ+ laws. For example, since 2021, there has been a 15% increase (from 28% to 43% of Americans) in support of laws banning gender-affirming medical care for minors.
1740:
1416:
2677:
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small increase in the number of openly LGBT elected politicians is strongly linked to an increase in positive gay rights legislation. It found that even one LGBT elected official positively influences gay rights laws.
2099:
4208:
1285:
578:
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1101:
642:(D) became the first Black and Latinx LGBTQ+ congressperson and one of two of the first Black LGBTQ+ congresspeople when he was elected as the House representative of New York's 15th Congressional District.
4149:
122:
Overall, LGBTQ+ political advances spanned and shifted focus from the 1970s through the 2010s. In the 1970s, LGBTQ+ political considerations focused on adding sexual orientation as a protected category to
1856:
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622:(D) became the first non-binary lawmaker in the United States and the first practicing Muslim in the Oklahoma legislature, as they were elected as the Oklahoma House representative for District 88.
4049:
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2423:
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Magni, Gabriele; Reynolds, Andrew (October 2021). "Voter Preferences and the Political Underrepresentation of Minority Groups: Lesbian, Gay, and Transgender Candidates in Advanced Democracies".
2229:
Magni, Gabriele; Reynolds, Andrew (October 2021). "Voter Preferences and the Political Underrepresentation of Minority Groups: Lesbian, Gay, and Transgender Candidates in Advanced Democracies".
1543:
Magni, Gabriele; Reynolds, Andrew (October 2021). "Voter Preferences and the Political Underrepresentation of Minority Groups: Lesbian, Gay, and Transgender Candidates in Advanced Democracies".
870:, elected to represent Alaska's 20th state House District, became the first LGBTQ+ state legislators in Alaska. Previous to the election, Alaska was one of four states with no LGBTQ+ lawmakers.
3559:
3404:
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612:(D) was elected as the Kansas House representative for District 86, becoming the first transgender state lawmaker of color in U.S. history and Kansas' first transgender statewide official.
261:
became one of the first openly LGBTQ+ elected politicians in the United States and the first LGBTQ+ politician in California when he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.
4350:
4269:
3138:
2584:
2555:
1166:
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796:(D), previously the United States' first lesbian speaker of a state House, was elected as Oregon's governor, becoming one of two of the first lesbian governors in United States history.
1972:
999:
425:(D), formerly a five-term democratic representative from Colorado, became the first openly gay man to become governor in the United States when he was elected the governor of Colorado.
2525:
828:(D) was elected as representative of the 22nd District of the New Hampshire State House, becoming the first openly transgender man elected to a state legislature in the United States.
2491:
2362:
592:(D) was elected as a Delaware state senator, becoming the first openly transgender state senator in United States history and the United States' highest-ranking transgender official.
3278:
3068:
886:(D) was elected to the House of Representatives to represent Vermont's first congressional district, becoming the state's first openly gay and first woman to be elected to Congress.
142:
4559:
Wald, Kenneth D.; Button, James W; Rienzo, Barbara A. (November 1996). "The Politics of Gay Rights in American Communities: Explaining Antidiscrimination Ordinances and Policies".
4329:
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969:
127:. These measures faced backlash initiatives and referenda from the religious right. The 1970s also centered on protecting gay teachers in schools with varying levels of success.
2969:
4179:
1792:
1375:
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Nonreligious voters did not penalize gay candidates, but religious ones (those who regularly attended religious services) significantly penalized them by 12 percentage points.
3242:
3177:
672:(D), the United States' first openly gay major presidential candidate, won Iowa's presidential primary election, becoming the first openly gay person to win a state primary.
156:. During this time, bans on same-sex marriage spread throughout the United States. The year 2012 marked a shift in these anti-gay marriage attitudes, when the first states (
3954:
2707:
3034:
2928:
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2614:
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433:(D) was elected Democratic representative of Kansas' third congressional district, becoming Congress' first lesbian Native American and first Native American woman member.
2091:
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837:
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2737:
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2767:
4238:
3308:
2824:
1093:
4141:
4119:
3465:
1848:
1487:
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increase in LGBT elected legislators, there was also an increase in pro-LGBT bills and significant anti-discrimination policies that were introduced and passed.
602:(D) was elected to the Georgia State Senate, becoming the state's first LGBTQ+ senator and one of three of the United States' LGBTQ+ Black female state senators.
4419:
1037:
4081:
3345:
1317:
652:(D) became one of two of the first Black LGBTQ+ congresspeople when he was elected to the House of Representatives for New York's 17th Congressional District.
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
2451:
840:) was elected as Minnesota state House representative of their 66A congressional district, becoming the first transgender legislator of the Minnesota House.
4605:
3922:
3730:
1226:
3693:
3097:
1188:
724:(Nonpartisan) was elected as a representative for District 2 of the San Antonio City Council, becoming the first Black gay man elected to office in Texas.
2137:
379:
Congress, representing an increase of 340% since 2010. Close to 195 candidates ran for state legislatures across 43 states. Moreover, a record number of
4041:
1247:
2415:
417:(D) was elected as a senator for Arizona, becoming the first openly bisexual person to be a United States senator and the first female Arizona senator.
269:
Transgender representation has moved more slowly. Since at least the 1990s, transgender candidates have run for office, but often not openly. In 2012,
3551:
1914:
57:
Lesbian and gay issues have been specially considered in United States elections since 1974, when the first two openly gay politicians were elected,
4600:
3655:
3588:
788:(D), former Massachusetts' attorney general, was elected as the state's governor, becoming one of two of the United States' first lesbian governors.
1817:"1974: Kathy Kozachenko became the first openly gay or lesbian candidate to run successfully for political office in the United States, winning..."
1340:"1974: Kathy Kozachenko became the first openly gay or lesbian candidate to run successfully for political office in the United States, winning..."
441:(D) was elected as House representative for New Hampshire's first congressional district, becoming the state's first openly gay member of Congress.
4615:
182:
165:
76:
3396:
820:(D) became the first Black LGBTQ+ person elected to statewide office in the United States when he was elected as the Connecticut state Treasurer.
4261:
3130:
2576:
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2002:
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530:(D), elected in 2017 as the first openly transgender official in statewide office, was reelected as House delegate for Virginia's 13th District.
4291:
3819:
3202:
2789:
2639:
274:
72:
3427:
2994:
718:(R) was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly, which previously had no LGBTQ+ legislators, as the first Republican LGBTQ+ state lawmaker.
544:(D) was elected to the Akron, Ohio Board of Education, becoming one of the first gay, Black, and Muslim people in United States public office.
1964:
1734:
1410:
991:
899:
334:
2517:
2480:
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710:(D) was elected to the Allegheny County Magisterial District Court in Pennsylvania, becoming the first nonbinary judicial elected official.
3270:
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878:(D) became the first LGBTQ+ congressperson from Illinois when he was elected to the House of Representatives for District 17 of Illinois.
449:(D), elected as House representative of Minnesota's second congressional district, became the state's first openly LGBTQ+ congressperson.
46:
had the largest number of LGBTQ+ candidates in any U.S. off-year election; there were 430 LGBTQ+ candidates, of which 184 were elected.
4321:
961:
681:
In the 2021 rainbow wave, 430 openly LGBTQ+ candidates ran for public office of which 237 made the ballot and 184 won. According to the
2896:
2332:
1724:
1400:
770:
of the 37 transgender candidates won, making a 49% success rate, and 13 of the 24 nonbinary candidates won, making a 54% success rate.
3855:
2953:
1885:
1465:
848:(D) became the first transgender state legislator in Montana when she was elected to the Montana House's 100th congressional district.
437:
231:
4171:
1784:
1367:
856:(D) became the first nonbinary state legislator in Montana when they were elected to the Montana House's 95th congressional district.
3231:
3166:
209:
111:
politicians, the first anti-homosexual measure was put on a ballot. The measure was passed in Colorado through referendum, removing
42:, over 1,000 LGBTQ+ people ran for office and 734 LGBTQ+ candidates secured a spot on the ballot. Of these candidates, 334 won. The
481:(D), New York's first openly gay congressperson, was reelected as House representative for the state's 18th congressional district.
3943:
2699:
2040:
3023:
2917:
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endorsed 178 candidates of which 117 won: five in state legislatures, nine mayors, 102 local officials, and one judicial elect.
3884:
860:
1943:
744:(Nonpartisan) became the first transgender elected official in Ohio when he was elected to the Gahanna Jefferson School Board.
242:
City Council in 1974, becoming the first openly gay and lesbian politician in the United States. Shortly after, also in 1974,
4351:"Jennie Armstrong and Andrew Gray Shatter Lavender Ceilings; First LGBTQ People Ever Elected to the Alaska State Legislature"
457:(D) was elected to Pennsylvania's statehouse, becoming the first openly gay person of color to hold such a seat in the state.
247:
187:
4380:
4017:
3764:
2193:
2092:"In historic year for trans candidates, Sarah McBride poised to become the nation's first openly transgender state senator"
2069:
2729:
992:"About this Collection | LGBTQ+ Politics and Political Candidates Web Archive | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
407:
Governor Jared Polis' official portrait from when he was a House representative for Colorado's 2nd congressional district.
161:
2759:
4230:
3300:
686:
104:
50:
43:
39:
35:
28:
190:, there are over 450 anti-LGBTQ+ bills in the United States for the 2023 legislative session, targeting issues such as
4103:
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282:
191:
4411:
3374:
1021:
3617:
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874:
157:
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1071:
516:
935:
728:
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1823:
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of over 1,800 Americans to measure their attitudes toward candidate characteristics in a hypothetical election.
4610:
3677:
866:
598:
2121:
38:, 382 openly LGBTQ+ candidates ran for public office and 200 made it on the ballot, of which 170 won. In the
508:
major cities doubled, as three were elected (in Chicago, Illinois; Tampa, Florida; and Madison, Wisconsin).
138:
124:
1677:"The Politics of Gay Rights in American Communities: Explaining Antidiscrimination Ordinances and Policies"
895:
There is little modern and well-developed research on the legislative impacts of LGBTQ+ elected officials.
662:(D) was elected mayor of San Diego, California, becoming their first LGBTQ+ mayor and first mayor of color.
4201:"Erick Russell Shatters Lavender Ceiling; First Black LGBTQ Person Ever Elected Statewide in U.S. History"
1906:
800:
86:
As of 2023, there are 1,175 openly-LGBTQ+ elected officials in the United States, more than ever before.
27:
candidates running for political office in the United States that year. The rainbow wave began during the
3639:
3580:
2169:
500:
270:
738:
elected to represent District 35, became the first two Black LGBTQ+ women on the New York City council.
273:
became the first openly transgender lawmaker elected in the United States when she was elected to the
2825:"144 Out LGBTQ Candidates Won Elected Office So Far in 2019; Most Ever in Odd-Numbered Election Year"
2730:"Oregon's Democratic Gov. Kate Brown wins re-election against GOP challenger Knute Buehler: NBC News"
1994:
1094:"144 Out LGBTQ Candidates Won Elected Office So Far in 2019; Most Ever in Odd-Numbered Election Year"
490:
In 2019, of 382 openly LGBTQ+ candidates, 200 candidates were on the ballot and 170 won their races.
477:
230:
became the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States when he ran for the
170:
67:
4076:
1312:
384:
298:
Latinx/Hispanic LGBTQ+ politicians since 2019. LGBTQ+ female elected officials saw a 60% increase,
239:
4172:"A gay Republican who said Trump was 'at his full awesomeness' on January 6 is headed to Congress"
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682:
558:
491:
175:
112:
4511:"Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation"
1638:"Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation"
75:. Starting from the mid-2010s and continuing through the present day, there has been a focus on
465:(D), who became the first openly bisexual governor in 2015, was reelected as Oregon's governor.
246:
became the first openly gay person elected to a state legislature, when she was elected to the
4111:
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1406:
1029:
504:
380:
339:
299:
153:
116:
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4522:
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4042:"436 LGBTQ Candidates Won in the 2022 General Election, 100 More than in 2020; 60% Win Rate"
3098:"334 Out LGBTQ Candidates Won Elected Office So Far in 2020; Most Ever in Any Election Year"
2888:
2324:
2290:
2238:
1688:
1649:
1602:
1552:
1248:"436 LGBTQ Candidates Won in the 2022 General Election, 100 More than in 2020; 60% Win Rate"
1189:"334 Out LGBTQ Candidates Won Elected Office So Far in 2020; Most Ever in Any Election Year"
453:
403:
281:
ultimately became the first openly-transgender state legislator when she was elected to the
251:
235:
58:
3847:
2700:"Malcolm Kenyatta Becomes First Openly Gay Person of Color to Join Pennsylvania Statehouse"
1877:
1849:"Majority of Americans reject anti-trans bills, but support for this restriction is rising"
1488:"Majority of Americans reject anti-trans bills, but support for this restriction is rising"
1457:
3458:"A Muslim millennial was elected the country's first out nonbinary lawmaker — in Oklahoma"
1767:
1443:
608:
195:
149:
754:
there were LGBTQ+ candidates on the ballot in every state and the District of Columbia.
168:) legalized same-sex marriage through popular vote. In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court Case
473:(D), the first openly LGBTQ+ senator, was reelected as a senator representing Wisconsin.
911:
824:
734:
668:
648:
638:
534:
429:
413:
227:
133:
31:
when over 400 LGBTQ+ candidates ran for office and a record-breaking 244 were elected.
4450:"Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective"
4142:"Democrat Tina Kotek wins Oregon governor's race, beating Republican Christine Drazan"
2024:
1591:"Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective"
4594:
4481:
4104:"Maura Healey is first woman and first out gay person elected Massachusetts governor"
2310:
2258:
1622:
1572:
816:
808:
618:
588:
469:
3876:
3787:"'Rainbow wave': A record number of LGBTQ candidates are running for office in 2021"
2995:"Rainbow Wave 2.0: Nearly 100 LGBTQ candidates claim victory in Tuesday's elections"
330:
There has been little formal research on voter attitudes towards LGBTQ+ candidates.
2670:"Midterm results 2018: How Trump's 2016 election set the stage for the female wave"
1935:
882:
844:
784:
714:
628:
262:
243:
214:
148:
In the late 1990s through the 2000s, pro-LGBTQ and anti-LGBTQ movements focused on
62:
387:, the first transgender person to become a majority party's nominee for governor.
4009:
3756:
2760:"Tammy Baldwin reelected to US Senate: a progressive champion wins in Wisconsin"
2416:"Vermont Democrat Christine Hallquist Is First Transgender Nominee For Governor"
2061:
832:
658:
526:
445:
421:
303:
278:
258:
80:
4231:"James Roesener is the first out trans man elected to a U.S. state legislature"
3552:"'A win for all of us': Over 220 LGBTQ candidates celebrate election victories"
2607:"Democrat Sharice Davids just beat Rep. Kevin Yoder in a key Kansas House race"
4465:
1606:
792:
461:
108:
4526:
4322:"First openly trans and non-binary candidates elected to Montana Legislature"
4115:
3918:
3689:
3651:
3341:
2965:
2302:
2250:
2133:
2036:
1653:
1564:
1033:
690:
Overall, the LGBTQ+ candidates in the 2021 elections had a 46% success rate.
137:
ruled these amendments unconstitutional on the grounds of not satisfying the
922:
increase in LGBT legislators had a net positive impact on LGBT legislation.
852:
766:
319:
307:
23:" was a phrase coined in 2018 to describe the unparalleled number of openly
2452:"118th Congress breaks record for lesbian, gay and bisexual representation"
2122:"Danica Roem Wins Virginia Race, Breaking a Barrier for Transgender People"
3366:
554:
candidates and LGBTQ+ elects than any other United States election prior.
520:
Mayor of Chicago Lori Lightfoot (center) in the 2019 Chicago Pride Parade.
3609:
1278:"Lesbians score big political gains in midterm elections' 'rainbow wave'"
315:
174:
effectively legalized marriage equality nationwide on the grounds of the
16:
Rise in number of American LGBTQ+ candidates for office beginning in 2018
4534:
4473:
3820:"After election, more than 1,000 LGBTQ officials will serve in the U.S."
3487:
2385:"In 2018, transgender women are running for governor, Congress and more"
1661:
1614:
4580:
4510:
4449:
4381:"Democrat Eric Sorensen's win keeps Illinois House seat with Democrats"
4262:"Leigh Finke to become first transgender legislator in Minnesota House"
3516:
3397:"Trans And Nonbinary Candidates Set Record Wins In Red And Blue States"
2577:"Colorado voters elect Jared Polis, nation's first openly gay governor"
1700:
1675:
Wald, Kenneth D.; Button, James W; Rienzo, Barbara A. (November 1996).
1637:
1590:
1063:
3978:
3907:"N.Y. City Council Sees Historic Changes, and Republicans Gain Ground"
2548:"Kyrsten Sinema makes history as first bisexual member of U.S. Senate"
2355:"The Rainbow Wave Could Cover Red States Like Alaska, Kansas, Indiana"
1965:"Meet the lesbian who made political history years before Harvey Milk"
1022:"In 'Rainbow Wave,' L.G.B.T. Candidates Are Elected in Record Numbers"
4292:"1st trans Montana legislator celebrates win with heartwarming story"
3131:"Record number of LGBTQ candidates won in November, new data reveals"
1816:
1726:
Elections and the Role of LGBT Issues in the United States and Abroad
1402:
Elections and the Role of LGBT Issues in the United States and Abroad
1339:
1159:"Record number of LGBTQ candidates won in November, new data reveals"
103:
Lesbian and gay issues were first given special consideration in the
4572:
4072:"A 'rainbow wave' of candidates made history. What's next for them?"
3428:"Stephanie Byers Wins to Become Kansas's 1st Trans Elected Official"
1692:
1308:"A 'rainbow wave' of candidates made history. What's next for them?"
910:
The study explained the election of LGBT members of parliament as a
4412:"Vermont ends streak as the last state to send a woman to Congress"
3203:"Transgender representation to nearly double in state legislatures"
2294:
2242:
1556:
3301:"The number of trans state lawmakers nearly doubled Tuesday night"
1676:
962:"'Rainbow Wave': How Did The Record Class Of LGBTQ Nominees Fare?"
864:(D), elected to represent Alaska's 16th state House District, and
799:
577:
402:
354:
LGBT voters favor gay candidates by nine or 10 percentage points.
311:
2188:
2186:
24:
1907:"Home of the Marist Poll | Polls, Analysis, Learning, and More"
3581:"New York House election results 2020: Live results and polls"
2518:"Over 150 LGBTQ candidates claim victory in midterm elections"
2161:
1516:
178:
and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
107:. During this cycle, alongside the election of the first two
1878:"Mapping Attacks on LGBTQ Rights in U.S. State Legislatures"
1458:"Mapping Attacks on LGBTQ Rights in U.S. State Legislatures"
326:
Voter attitudes and electoral barriers for LGBTQ+ candidates
4036:
4034:
3271:"2020 election brought notable firsts for LGBTQ candidates"
3061:"Chicago just elected a black, openly LGBTQ woman as mayor"
2194:"Leading Out Loud: Growing LGBTQ+ Political Representation"
289:
Current representation of LGBTQ+ people in political office
3678:"Pete Buttigieg Drops Out of Democratic Presidential Race"
3640:"A Conversation With Todd Gloria, San Diego's Mayor-Elect"
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3751:
3749:
3747:
333:
A 2021 study by political scientists Gabriele Magni and
2025:"Gerry Studds Dies at 69; First Openly Gay Congressman"
732:(D), elected to represent New York's 9th District, and
94:
History of LGBTQ+ politics and representation in office
4504:
4502:
1995:"A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States"
804:
Office portrait of House Representative George Santos.
2313:– via The University of Chicago Press Journals.
2261:– via The University of Chicago Press Journals.
1785:"#Pride50: America's first out lawmaker Elaine Noble"
1575:– via The University of Chicago Press Journals.
1368:"#Pride50: America's first out lawmaker Elaine Noble"
1058:
1056:
1054:
391:
and 10 of 16 LGBTQ+ mayoral candidates were elected.
2790:"Meet the LGBTQ candidates who made history in 2018"
2640:"Meet the LGBTQ candidates who made history in 2018"
350:
penalized gay candidates by 14.8 percentage points.
266:
been elected to public office in the United States.
217:, Massachusetts House representative for District 6.
3395:McDaniel, Piper; Garcia, David (November 9, 2020).
1811:
1809:
2988:
2986:
2156:
2154:
1936:"Jose Sarria | Biography & Facts | Britannica"
1584:
1582:
302:and gender non-confirming people a 300% increase,
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
3723:"184 LGBTQ Candidates Won Elected Office in 2021"
1842:
1840:
1219:"184 LGBTQ Candidates Won Elected Office in 2021"
774:candidates were lesbian and 11.2% were bisexual.
3545:
3543:
3541:
3264:
3262:
3813:
3811:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1394:
1392:
996:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
115:as a protected category from discrimination in
3676:Epstein, Reid J.; Gabriel, Trip (2020-03-01).
3124:
3122:
2818:
2816:
2814:
1538:
1536:
8:
2445:
2443:
2441:
955:
953:
951:
198:and sexuality in public school education. A
3905:Gold, Michael; Zraick, Karen (2021-11-04).
3232:"2020 Annual Report: An Unprecedented Year"
3167:"2020 Annual Report: An Unprecedented Year"
2633:
2631:
1779:
1777:
99:Overview of LGBTQ+ politics (1970s–present)
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
891:Impacts of LGBTQ+ political representation
2090:Rodriguez, Barbara (September 25, 2020).
222:First openly LGBTQ+ candidates and elects
4521:(1): 107, 109, 118, 119, 120, 122, 126.
3426:Gilchrist, Tracy E. (November 4, 2020).
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
2954:"2019 Virginia General Election Results"
2450:Schaeffer, Katherine (11 January 2023).
1648:(1): 107, 109, 118, 119, 120, 122, 126.
515:
322:candidates have also increased by 200%.
310:an 80% increase since 2019. Since 2019,
257:In 1977, pioneering gay rights activist
208:
947:
71:solidified the constitutional right to
4422:from the original on November 10, 2022
4379:Bustillo, Ximena (November 10, 2022).
4290:Alfonseca, Kiara (November 23, 2022).
4084:from the original on November 19, 2022
2698:Chinchilla, Rudy (November 11, 2018).
2395:from the original on February 18, 2022
1763:
1753:
1439:
1429:
1320:from the original on November 19, 2022
275:New Hampshire House of Representatives
4561:American Journal of Political Science
4454:The American Political Science Review
4229:Treisman, Rachel (November 9, 2022).
3468:from the original on January 18, 2023
2668:Gaudiano, Nicole (November 7, 2018).
2546:Fitzsimons, Tim (November 13, 2018).
2426:from the original on January 21, 2022
1681:American Journal of Political Science
1595:The American Political Science Review
574:Notable 2020 LGBTQ+ elected officials
512:Notable 2019 LGBTQ+ elected officials
399:Notable 2018 LGBTQ+ elected officials
277:, but resigned before taking office.
7:
4410:Shivaram, Deepa (November 8, 2022).
4110:. The Associated Press. 2022-11-08.
4070:Branigin, Anne (November 11, 2022).
3269:McCarthy, Kelly (November 4, 2020).
2993:Fitzsimons, Tim (November 6, 2019).
2481:"2018 Annual Report: A Rainbow Wave"
1306:Branigin, Anne (November 11, 2022).
582:Sarah McBride from an event in 2018.
4641:2022 elections in the United States
4636:2021 elections in the United States
4631:2020 elections in the United States
4626:2019 elections in the United States
4621:2018 elections in the United States
4567:(4): 1152, 1163, 1165, 1167, 1168.
4241:from the original on April 13, 2023
4170:Metzger, Bryan (November 9, 2022).
3550:Moreau, Julie (November 12, 2020).
3407:from the original on April 14, 2023
3129:Moreau, Julie (December 10, 2020).
3040:from the original on March 27, 2023
2934:from the original on March 27, 2023
2414:Taylor, Jessica (August 14, 2018).
2353:Parker, Annise (November 5, 2018).
1687:(4): 1152, 1163, 1165, 1167, 1168.
1157:Moreau, Julie (December 10, 2020).
383:ran for office, including Democrat
4606:LGBT politics in the United States
4391:from the original on April 9, 2023
4140:Edelman, Adam (11 November 2022).
3201:Bauer, Sydney (November 6, 2020).
2788:Hofacker, Cat (November 8, 2018).
2728:Daniels, Jeff (November 6, 2018).
2516:Moreau, Julie (November 7, 2018).
2497:from the original on March 8, 2022
2210:from the original on April 4, 2023
972:from the original on March 8, 2023
232:San Francisco Board of Supervisors
14:
4260:Duxter, Adam (November 9, 2022).
2823:Keith, Jarod (November 6, 2019).
2383:Epstein, Kayla (August 9, 2018).
1092:Keith, Jarod (November 6, 2019).
960:Dwyer, Colin (November 7, 2018).
685:'s November 16, 2021 report, the
250:as a representative for Boston's
3818:Yurcaba, Jo (November 3, 2021).
2758:Yglesias, Matthew (2018-11-06).
778:Notable LGBTQ+ elected officials
4601:American political catchphrases
4541:from the original on 2023-03-07
4488:from the original on 2022-01-13
4361:from the original on 2023-03-27
4332:from the original on 2023-03-27
4302:from the original on 2023-03-27
4272:from the original on 2023-03-08
4211:from the original on 2023-03-27
4182:from the original on 2023-01-05
4152:from the original on 2023-03-27
4122:from the original on 2023-04-01
4052:from the original on 2023-03-15
4020:from the original on 2023-03-27
3960:from the original on 2023-03-27
3925:from the original on 2023-03-27
3887:from the original on 2023-03-27
3858:from the original on 2023-03-27
3829:from the original on 2023-03-27
3797:from the original on 2023-03-27
3767:from the original on 2023-03-27
3733:from the original on 2023-03-27
3696:from the original on 2020-06-05
3658:from the original on 2023-03-27
3620:from the original on 2023-03-27
3591:from the original on 2023-03-27
3562:from the original on 2022-10-13
3527:from the original on 2023-03-27
3498:from the original on 2023-03-27
3456:Armus, Teo (November 5, 2020).
3438:from the original on 2020-11-10
3377:from the original on 2023-03-27
3348:from the original on 2020-11-16
3311:from the original on 2023-03-27
3281:from the original on 2023-03-27
3248:from the original on 2023-04-02
3213:from the original on 2023-03-10
3183:from the original on 2023-04-02
3141:from the original on 2023-03-27
3108:from the original on 2023-03-27
3071:from the original on 2023-03-27
3005:from the original on 2023-03-27
2972:from the original on 2023-03-27
2899:from the original on 2023-03-27
2870:from the original on 2023-04-02
2835:from the original on 2023-03-27
2800:from the original on 2023-03-27
2770:from the original on 2023-03-27
2740:from the original on 2023-03-27
2710:from the original on 2023-03-27
2680:from the original on 2023-03-27
2650:from the original on 2023-03-27
2617:from the original on 2023-03-27
2587:from the original on 2023-03-27
2558:from the original on 2022-01-31
2528:from the original on 2023-03-27
2462:from the original on 2023-03-17
2365:from the original on 2023-03-27
2335:from the original on 2023-04-02
2172:from the original on 2023-04-06
2140:from the original on 2019-11-06
2102:from the original on 2023-04-07
2072:from the original on 2023-03-27
2043:from the original on 2012-05-25
2005:from the original on 2023-03-23
1975:from the original on 2021-02-28
1946:from the original on 2022-11-07
1917:from the original on 2023-04-05
1888:from the original on 2023-04-05
1859:from the original on 2023-04-06
1847:Santhanam, Laura (2023-03-29).
1826:from the original on 2023-03-27
1795:from the original on 2023-03-27
1743:from the original on 2023-05-03
1498:from the original on 2023-04-06
1486:Santhanam, Laura (2023-03-29).
1468:from the original on 2023-04-05
1419:from the original on 2023-05-03
1378:from the original on 2023-03-27
1349:from the original on 2023-03-27
1288:from the original on 2023-03-27
1258:from the original on 2023-03-15
1229:from the original on 2023-03-27
1199:from the original on 2023-03-27
1169:from the original on 2023-03-27
1139:from the original on 2023-04-02
1104:from the original on 2023-03-27
1074:from the original on 2023-03-27
1040:from the original on 2023-03-08
1020:Caron, Christina (2018-11-07).
1002:from the original on 2023-03-08
765:An unprecedented number of non-
4616:Elections in the United States
4509:Haider-Markel, Donald (2007).
4010:"Out on the Trail 2022 Report"
1882:American Civil Liberties Union
1636:Haider-Markel, Donald (2007).
1462:American Civil Liberties Union
702:Notable 2021 elected officials
248:Massachusetts General Assembly
125:anti-discrimination ordinances
1:
4515:Legislative Studies Quarterly
3059:Stewart, Emily (2019-04-02).
1750:– via Oxford Reference.
1642:Legislative Studies Quarterly
1426:– via Oxford Reference.
1276:Lavietes, Matt (2022-11-14).
2203:. April 4, 2023. p. 4.
2120:Astor, Maggie (2017-11-08).
687:2021 United States elections
338:conducted surveys through a
213:Portrait and description of
105:1974 United States elections
3877:"Kristin Richardson Jordan"
2605:Nilsen, Ella (2018-11-06).
2023:Cave, Damien (2006-10-15).
1729:. Oxford University Press.
1405:. Oxford University Press.
283:Virginia House of Delegates
192:gender-affirming healthcare
34:The following year, in the
29:2018 U.S. midterm elections
4657:
4320:Riley, John (2022-11-10).
3638:Cowan, Jill (2020-11-12).
3330:"Georgia Election Results"
3299:North, Anna (2020-11-04).
749:2022 election rainbow wave
677:2021 election rainbow wave
549:2020 election rainbow wave
486:2019 election rainbow wave
374:2018 election rainbow wave
4466:10.1017/S0003055413000051
4460:(2): 259, 265, 269, 271.
4448:Reynolds, Andrew (2013).
2490:. April 2019. p. 5.
1607:10.1017/S0003055413000051
1601:(2): 259, 265, 269, 271.
1589:Reynolds, Andrew (2013).
936:List of political slogans
729:Kristin Richardson Jordan
369:Rainbow waves (2018–2023)
4527:10.3162/036298007X202001
2201:LGBTQ+ Victory Institute
1723:Magni, Gabriele (2021).
1654:10.3162/036298007X202001
1399:Magni, Gabriele (2021).
226:Drag queen and activist
3848:"Jalen McKee-Rodriguez"
3757:"Out on the Trail 2021"
2289:(4): 1205, 1207, 1210.
2237:(4): 1205, 1207, 1210.
1551:(4): 1205, 1207, 1210.
139:Equal Protection Clause
1999:library.law.howard.edu
805:
583:
521:
503:, and two of the five
408:
218:
4048:. November 10, 2022.
4014:Out on the Trail 2022
1911:maristpoll.marist.edu
1254:. November 10, 2022.
803:
722:Jalen McKee-Rodriguez
581:
519:
501:gender non-conforming
406:
306:a 173% increase, and
271:Stacie-Marie Laughton
212:
4357:. November 9, 2022.
4207:. November 9, 2022.
3944:"2021 Annual Report"
3024:"2019 Annual Report"
2918:"2019 Annual Report"
2854:"2019 Annual Report"
2583:. November 6, 2018.
1123:"2019 Annual Report"
478:Sean Patrick Maloney
171:Obergefell v. Hodges
143:Fourteenth Amendment
68:Obergefell v. Hodges
4355:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
4205:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
4077:The Washington Post
4046:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
3852:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
3761:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
3727:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
3462:The Washington Post
3102:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
2893:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
2829:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
2456:Pew Research Center
2389:The Washington Post
2329:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
2283:Journal of Politics
2231:Journal of Politics
2066:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
1545:Journal of Politics
1313:The Washington Post
1252:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
1223:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
1193:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
1098:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
1068:LGBTQ+ Victory Fund
1064:"Rainbow Wave 2018"
385:Christine Hallquist
340:conjoint experiment
240:Ann Arbor, Michigan
238:was elected to the
4548:– via JSTOR.
4495:– via JSTOR.
3911:The New York Times
3682:The New York Times
3644:The New York Times
3334:The New York Times
2958:The New York Times
2704:NBC10 Philadelphia
2126:The New York Times
2029:The New York Times
1940:www.britannica.com
1703:– via JSTOR.
1664:– via JSTOR.
1625:– via JSTOR.
1026:The New York Times
806:
584:
522:
492:LGBTQ Victory Fund
409:
219:
183:transgender rights
181:In the mid-2010s,
176:Due Process Clause
113:sexual orientation
77:transgender rights
3367:"Stephanie Byers"
1736:978-0-19-067792-3
1412:978-0-19-067792-3
381:transgender women
73:same-sex marriage
4648:
4585:
4584:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4494:
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4407:
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4187:
4176:Business Insider
4167:
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4094:
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3834:
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3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3785:Jackson, David.
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3753:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3610:"Mondaire Jones"
3606:
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3443:
3432:www.advocate.com
3423:
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2359:www.advocate.com
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2087:
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2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1971:. 2 April 2020.
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1932:
1926:
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1820:cawp.rutgers.edu
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1343:cawp.rutgers.edu
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1007:
988:
982:
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979:
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957:
898:A 2013 study by
861:Jennie Armstrong
758:are new elects.
708:Xander Orenstein
454:Malcolm Kenyatta
236:Kathy Kozachenko
59:Kathy Kozachenko
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4611:2018 neologisms
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4573:10.2307/2111746
4558:
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4266:www.cbsnews.com
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3585:www.nbcnews.com
3579:
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3488:"Mauree Turner"
3486:
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2667:
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2653:
2651:
2638:Hofacker, Cat.
2637:
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2604:
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2599:
2590:
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2575:
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2318:
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2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2166:Out for America
2160:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1993:Henry, Carmel.
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1791:. 3 June 2019.
1783:
1782:
1775:
1762:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1693:10.2307/2111746
1674:
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1669:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1521:Out for America
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1374:. 3 June 2019.
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
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1338:
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1019:
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1005:
1003:
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
959:
958:
949:
944:
932:
900:Andrew Reynolds
893:
780:
751:
704:
679:
609:Stephanie Byers
576:
557:According to a
551:
514:
488:
401:
376:
371:
335:Andrew Reynolds
328:
291:
224:
196:gender identity
150:same-sex unions
101:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4654:
4652:
4644:
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4638:
4633:
4628:
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4095:
4062:
4030:
3994:
3970:
3935:
3897:
3868:
3839:
3807:
3777:
3743:
3721:Keith, Jarod.
3706:
3668:
3630:
3601:
3572:
3537:
3517:"Joshua Query"
3508:
3479:
3448:
3418:
3387:
3358:
3336:. 2020-11-03.
3321:
3291:
3258:
3223:
3193:
3151:
3118:
3096:Keith, Jarod.
3081:
3051:
3015:
2982:
2960:. 2019-11-05.
2945:
2909:
2889:"Results 2019"
2880:
2845:
2810:
2780:
2750:
2720:
2690:
2660:
2627:
2597:
2568:
2538:
2508:
2472:
2437:
2406:
2375:
2345:
2325:"Results 2018"
2316:
2295:10.1086/712142
2264:
2243:10.1086/712142
2221:
2182:
2162:"National Map"
2150:
2112:
2082:
2062:"Past Results"
2053:
2015:
1985:
1956:
1927:
1898:
1869:
1836:
1805:
1773:
1764:|journal=
1735:
1706:
1667:
1628:
1578:
1557:10.1086/712142
1532:
1517:"National Map"
1508:
1478:
1449:
1440:|journal=
1411:
1388:
1359:
1331:
1298:
1268:
1239:
1217:Keith, Jarod.
1209:
1187:Keith, Jarod.
1179:
1149:
1114:
1084:
1050:
1012:
983:
946:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
928:
912:virtuous cycle
892:
889:
888:
887:
879:
871:
857:
849:
841:
829:
825:James Roesener
821:
813:
797:
789:
779:
776:
750:
747:
746:
745:
739:
735:Crystal Hudson
725:
719:
711:
703:
700:
678:
675:
674:
673:
669:Pete Buttigieg
664:
663:
654:
653:
649:Mondaire Jones
644:
643:
639:Ritchie Torres
634:
633:
624:
623:
614:
613:
604:
603:
594:
593:
575:
572:
550:
547:
546:
545:
539:
535:Lori Lightfoot
531:
513:
510:
487:
484:
483:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
442:
434:
430:Sharice Davids
426:
418:
414:Kyrsten Sinema
400:
397:
375:
372:
370:
367:
327:
324:
290:
287:
254:neighborhood.
223:
220:
134:Romer v. Evans
100:
97:
95:
92:
81:discrimination
51:2022 elections
44:2021 elections
40:2020 elections
36:2019 elections
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4653:
4642:
4639:
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4031:
4019:
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4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3984:
3980:
3979:"Dion Manley"
3974:
3971:
3956:
3953:. p. 6.
3952:
3945:
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3310:
3306:
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3295:
3292:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3244:
3241:. p. 5.
3240:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3179:
3176:. p. 4.
3175:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3158:
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3140:
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3132:
3125:
3123:
3119:
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3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3036:
3033:. p. 4.
3032:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2930:
2927:. p. 3.
2926:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2866:
2863:. p. 6.
2862:
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21:rainbow wave
20:
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3983:Ballotpedia
3881:Ballotpedia
3614:Ballotpedia
3521:Ballotpedia
3492:Ballotpedia
3371:Ballotpedia
867:Andrew Gray
833:Leigh Finke
742:Dion Manley
659:Todd Gloria
599:Kim Jackson
527:Danica Roem
446:Angie Craig
422:Jared Polis
304:trans women
279:Danica Roem
259:Harvey Milk
228:José Sarria
4595:Categories
4545:2023-05-02
4492:2023-05-02
4365:2023-03-27
4336:2023-03-27
4306:2023-03-27
4276:2023-03-27
4215:2023-03-26
4186:2023-03-27
4156:2023-03-27
4126:2023-03-27
4056:2023-03-27
4024:2023-03-27
3988:2023-05-03
3964:2023-04-23
3929:2023-03-27
3891:2023-03-27
3862:2023-03-27
3833:2023-03-26
3801:2023-03-27
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3595:2023-03-27
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3531:2023-03-27
3502:2023-03-27
3442:2023-03-26
3381:2023-03-27
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3285:2023-03-27
3252:2023-04-23
3217:2023-03-26
3187:2023-04-23
3145:2023-03-27
3112:2023-03-27
3075:2023-03-27
3009:2023-03-26
2976:2023-03-27
2903:2023-03-27
2874:2023-04-23
2839:2023-03-27
2804:2023-03-27
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2684:2023-03-27
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2176:2023-04-06
2144:2023-04-07
2106:2023-04-07
2076:2023-03-27
2047:2023-04-06
2009:2023-03-27
1979:2023-03-27
1950:2023-03-27
1921:2023-04-06
1892:2023-04-06
1863:2023-04-06
1830:2023-03-27
1799:2023-03-27
1747:2023-04-23
1526:2023-04-06
1502:2023-04-06
1472:2023-04-06
1423:2023-04-23
1382:2023-03-27
1353:2023-03-27
1292:2023-03-27
1262:2023-03-27
1233:2023-03-27
1203:2023-03-27
1173:2023-03-27
1143:2023-04-23
1108:2023-03-27
1078:2023-03-27
1044:2023-03-08
1006:2023-03-08
942:References
793:Tina Kotek
542:N.J. Akbar
505:non-binary
462:Kate Brown
300:non-binary
166:Washington
109:openly gay
4482:146562051
4426:March 26,
4395:April 23,
4245:April 23,
4116:0261-3077
4088:March 26,
3919:0362-4331
3791:USA TODAY
3690:0362-4331
3652:0362-4331
3472:April 23,
3411:April 23,
3342:0362-4331
3044:March 26,
2966:0362-4331
2938:March 26,
2794:USA TODAY
2674:USA Today
2644:USA TODAY
2501:March 26,
2430:March 26,
2399:March 26,
2311:225106727
2303:0022-3816
2259:225106727
2251:0022-3816
2134:0362-4331
2096:USA Today
2037:0362-4331
1766:ignored (
1756:cite book
1623:146562051
1573:225106727
1565:0022-3816
1442:ignored (
1432:cite book
1324:March 26,
1034:0362-4331
853:SJ Howell
767:cisgender
320:pansexual
308:trans men
285:in 2017.
234:in 1961.
154:marriages
4539:Archived
4535:40263412
4486:Archived
4474:43654014
4420:Archived
4389:Archived
4359:Archived
4330:Archived
4300:Archived
4296:ABC News
4270:Archived
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4180:Archived
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3827:Archived
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2999:NBC News
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2585:Archived
2581:CBS News
2556:Archived
2552:NBC News
2526:Archived
2522:NBC News
2492:Archived
2460:Archived
2424:Archived
2393:Archived
2363:Archived
2333:Archived
2214:April 6,
2205:Archived
2170:Archived
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2100:Archived
2070:Archived
2041:Archived
2003:Archived
1973:Archived
1969:NBC News
1944:Archived
1915:Archived
1886:Archived
1857:Archived
1824:Archived
1793:Archived
1789:NBC News
1741:Archived
1662:40263412
1615:43654014
1496:Archived
1466:Archived
1417:Archived
1376:Archived
1372:NBC News
1347:Archived
1318:Archived
1286:Archived
1282:NBC News
1256:Archived
1227:Archived
1197:Archived
1167:Archived
1163:NBC News
1134:Archived
1102:Archived
1072:Archived
1038:Archived
1000:Archived
976:March 7,
970:Archived
930:See also
562:elects.
316:bisexual
252:Back Bay
162:Maryland
4581:2111746
1701:2111746
141:of the
117:Boulder
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318:, and
164:, and
25:LGBTQ+
4577:JSTOR
4531:JSTOR
4478:S2CID
4470:JSTOR
3958:(PDF)
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3246:(PDF)
3235:(PDF)
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3170:(PDF)
3038:(PDF)
3027:(PDF)
2932:(PDF)
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2307:S2CID
2255:S2CID
2208:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
1697:JSTOR
1658:JSTOR
1619:S2CID
1611:JSTOR
1569:S2CID
1137:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
312:queer
158:Maine
19:The "
4428:2023
4397:2023
4326:KTVH
4247:2023
4112:ISSN
4090:2023
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3474:2023
3413:2023
3338:ISSN
3046:2023
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2940:2023
2734:CNBC
2503:2022
2432:2022
2401:2023
2299:ISSN
2247:ISSN
2216:2023
2130:ISSN
2033:ISSN
1768:help
1731:ISBN
1561:ISSN
1444:help
1407:ISBN
1326:2023
1030:ISSN
978:2023
188:ACLU
152:and
79:and
61:and
49:The
4569:doi
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4235:NPR
3401:NPR
3305:Vox
3065:Vox
2764:Vox
2611:Vox
2420:NPR
2291:doi
2239:doi
1689:doi
1650:doi
1603:doi
1599:107
1553:doi
966:NPR
838:DFL
204:NPR
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