860:. The two phenomena may be told apart by their difference in colour profile: supernumerary bands consist of subdued pastel hues (mainly pink, purple and green), while the twinned rainbow shows the same spectrum as a regular rainbow. The cause of a twinned rainbow is believed to be the combination of different sizes of water drops falling from the sky. Due to air resistance, raindrops flatten as they fall, and flattening is more prominent in larger water drops. When two rain showers with different-sized raindrops combine, they each produce slightly different rainbows which may combine and form a twinned rainbow. A numerical ray tracing study showed that a twinned rainbow on a photo could be explained by a mixture of 0.40 and 0.45 mm droplets. That small difference in droplet size resulted in a small difference in flattening of the droplet shape, and a large difference in flattening of the rainbow top.
1307:
1667:. A flask experiment known as Florence's rainbow is still often used today as an imposing and intuitively accessible demonstration experiment of the rainbow phenomenon. It consists in illuminating (with parallel white light) a water-filled spherical flask through a hole in a screen. A rainbow will then appear thrown back / projected on the screen, provided the screen is large enough. Due to the finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial raindrop, several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural phenomenon, including slightly changed rainbow angles and a splitting of the rainbow orders.
1476:), al-Haytham "explained the formation of rainbow as an image, which forms at a concave mirror. If the rays of light coming from a farther light source reflect to any point on axis of the concave mirror, they form concentric circles in that point. When it is supposed that the sun as a farther light source, the eye of viewer as a point on the axis of mirror and a cloud as a reflecting surface, then it can be observed the concentric circles are forming on the axis." He was not able to verify this because his theory that "light from the sun is reflected by a cloud before reaching the eye" did not allow for a possible
462:. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. Due to this angle, blue is seen on the inside of the arc of the primary rainbow, and red on the outside. The result of this is not only to give different colours to different parts of the rainbow, but also to diminish the brightness. (A "rainbow" formed by droplets of a liquid with no dispersion would be white, but brighter than a normal rainbow.)
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the bow obtained from a point source, because the disk diameter of the sun (0.533°) cannot be neglected compared to the width of a rainbow (2.36°). Further red of the first supplementary rainbow overlaps the violet of the primary rainbow, so rather than the final colour being a variant of spectral violet, it is actually a purple. The number of colour bands of a rainbow may therefore be different from the number of bands in a spectrum, especially if the droplets are particularly large or small. Therefore, the number of colours of a rainbow is variable. If, however, the word
944:. The supernumerary bows are slightly detached from the main bow, become successively fainter along with their distance from it, and have pastel colours (consisting mainly of pink, purple and green hues) rather than the usual spectrum pattern. The effect becomes apparent when water droplets are involved that have a diameter of about 1 mm or less; the smaller the droplets are, the broader the supernumerary bands become, and the less saturated their colours. Due to their origin in small droplets, supernumerary bands tend to be particularly prominent in
1256:, but in different positions in the sky: The circumzenithal arc is notably curved and located high above the Sun (or Moon) with its convex side pointing downwards (creating the impression of an "upside down rainbow"); the circumhorizontal arc runs much closer to the horizon, is more straight and located at a significant distance below the Sun (or Moon). Both arcs have their red side pointing towards the Sun and their violet part away from it, meaning the circumzenithal arc is red on the bottom, while the circumhorizontal arc is red on top.
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1101:) rainbow were published. The quinary rainbow lies partially in the gap between the primary and secondary rainbows and is far fainter than even the secondary. In a laboratory setting, it is possible to create bows of much higher orders. Felix Billet (1808–1882) depicted angular positions up to the 19th-order rainbow, a pattern he called a "rose of rainbows". In the laboratory, it is possible to observe higher-order rainbows by using extremely bright and well
402:
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1416:(384–322 BC) was first to devote serious attention to the rainbow. According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, "Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to his work, although not all of this was uncritical."
971:, and creating a gap. Given the different angles of refraction for rays of different colours, the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of different colours, so each bright band is differentiated in colour, creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumerary rainbows are clearest when raindrops are small and of uniform size. The very existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first indication of the
42:
1532:(1267–1319), who gave a more mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. He "proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions." An experiment with a water-filled glass sphere was conducted and al-Farisi showed the additional refractions due to the glass could be ignored in his model. As he noted in his
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1148:. They are much dimmer and rarer than solar rainbows, requiring the Moon to be near-full in order for them to be seen. For the same reason, moonbows are often perceived as white and may be thought of as monochrome. The full spectrum is present, however, but the human eye is not normally sensitive enough to see the colours. Long exposure photographs will sometimes show the colour in this type of rainbow.
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higher in the sky, with its centre as high above the horizon as the normal rainbow's centre is below it. Reflection bows are usually brightest when the sun is low because at that time its light is most strongly reflected from water surfaces. As the sun gets lower the normal and reflection bows are drawn closer together. Due to the combination of requirements, a reflection rainbow is rarely visible.
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exits from the back, or continues to bounce around inside the drop after the second encounter with the surface, is not relevant to the formation of the primary rainbow.) The overall effect is that part of the incoming light is reflected back over the range of 0° to 42°, with the most intense light at 42°. This angle is independent of the size of the drop, but does depend on its
1210:(ice pellets) instead of liquid water. As light passes through the sleet, the light is refracted causing the rare phenomena. These have been documented across United States with the earliest publicly documented and photographed sleetbow being seen in Richmond, Virginia on 21 December 2012. Just like regular rainbows, these can also come in various forms, with a
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469:, and most of the light emerges from the back. However, light coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between the observer and the Sun because spectra emitted from the back of the raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible rainbows do, and thus the colours blend together rather than forming a rainbow.
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1956:"Newton named seven colors in the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. More commonly today we only speak of six major divisions, leaving out indigo. A careful reading of Newton’s work indicates that the color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue is then what we would name blue-green or cyan."
388:. Suggestions have been made that there is universality in the way that a rainbow is perceived. However, more recent research suggests that the number of distinct colours observed and what these are called depend on the language that one uses, with people whose language has fewer colour words seeing fewer discrete colour bands.
220:). The initialism is sometimes referred to in reverse order, as VIBGYOR. More modernly, the rainbow is often divided into red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and violet. The apparent discreteness of main colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice.
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is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that "when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions (upon ingress and egress) and one reflection (at the back
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pointing at the sun with the observer at the tip. The base of the cone forms a circle at an angle of 40–42° to the line between the observer's head and their shadow but 50% or more of the circle is below the horizon, unless the observer is sufficiently far above the earth's surface to see it all, for
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at the surface of the raindrop. When this light hits the back of the raindrop, some of it is reflected off the back. When the internally reflected light reaches the surface again, once more some is internally reflected and some is refracted as it exits the drop. (The light that reflects off the drop,
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Light rays enter a raindrop from one direction (typically a straight line from the Sun), reflect off the back of the raindrop, and fan out as they leave the raindrop. The light leaving the rainbow is spread over a wide angle, with a maximum intensity at the angles 40.89–42°. (Note: Between 2 and 100%
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Unlike a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs, the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that split from a single base. The colours in the second bow, rather than reversing as in a secondary rainbow, appear in the same order as the primary rainbow.
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A rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops
353:
The colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum, and the colours are less saturated. There is spectral smearing in a rainbow since, for any particular wavelength, there is a distribution of exit angles, rather than a single unvarying angle. In addition, a rainbow is a blurred version of
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further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused
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on clothes stretched on pegs or by water sprayed through a small hole in a burst pipe. He even speaks of rainbows produced by small rods (virgulae) of glass, anticipating Newton's experiences with prisms. He takes into account two theories: one, that the rainbow is produced by the Sun reflecting in
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Droplets (or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow does not perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot. Tiny plastic or
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may be produced where sunlight reflects off a body of water before reaching the raindrops, if the water body is large, quiet over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain. The reflection rainbow appears above the horizon. It intersects the normal rainbow at the horizon, and its arc reaches
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The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater area of the sky. Each rainbow reflects white light inside its coloured bands, but that is "down" for the primary and "up" for the
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Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the water droplets. Technically the secondary bow is centred on the sun itself, but since its angular size is more than 90° (about 127° for violet to 130° for red), it is seen on the same side of the sky as the primary rainbow,
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is sometimes referred to by the misnomer "fire rainbow". In order to view it, the Sun or Moon must be at least 58° above the horizon, making it a rare occurrence at higher latitudes. The circumzenithal arc, visible only at a solar or lunar elevation of less than 32°, is much more common, but often
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can be discerned inside the inner edge. The colours are dim because the bow in each colour is very broad and the colours overlap. Fogbows are commonly seen over water when air in contact with the cooler water is chilled, but they can be found anywhere if the fog is thin enough for the sun to shine
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rainbow. More internal reflections cause bows of higher orders—theoretically unto infinity. As more and more light is lost with each internal reflection, however, each subsequent bow becomes progressively dimmer and therefore increasingly difficult to spot. An additional challenge in observing the
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The sky inside a primary rainbow is brighter than the sky outside of the bow. This is because each raindrop is a sphere and it scatters light over an entire circular disc in the sky. The radius of the disc depends on the wavelength of light, with red light being scattered over a larger angle than
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The reason the returning light is most intense at about 42° is that this is a turning point – light hitting the outermost ring of the drop gets returned at less than 42°, as does the light hitting the drop nearer to its centre. There is a circular band of light that all gets returned right around
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For these reasons, naturally occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the naked eye. Nevertheless, sightings of the third-order bow in nature have been reported, and in 2011 it was photographed definitively for the first time. Shortly after, the fourth-order rainbow was
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Up to eight separate bows may be distinguished if the reflected and reflection rainbows happen to occur simultaneously: the normal (non-reflection) primary and secondary bows above the horizon (1, 2) with their reflected counterparts below it (3, 4), and the reflection primary and secondary bows
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A very similar experiment consists in using a cylindrical glass vessel filled with water or a solid transparent cylinder and illuminated either parallel to the circular base (i.e. light rays remaining at a fixed height while they transit the cylinder) or under an angle to the base. Under these
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the observer's horizon, as well as sunlight that is able to reach them. These requirements are not usually met when the viewer is at ground level, either because droplets are absent in the required position, or because the sunlight is obstructed by the landscape behind the observer. From a high
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In theory, every rainbow is a circle, but from the ground, usually only its upper half can be seen. Since the rainbow's centre is diametrically opposed to the Sun's position in the sky, more of the circle comes into view as the sun approaches the horizon, meaning that the largest section of the
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and the observer is at a spot with clear sky in the direction of the Sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that contrasts with the darkened background. During such good visibility conditions, the larger but fainter secondary rainbow is often visible. It appears about 10° outside of the primary
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could separate into the full spectrum of colours, rejecting the theory that the colours were produced by a modification of white light. He also showed that red light is refracted less than blue light, which led to the first scientific explanation of the major features of the rainbow. Newton's
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to enhance its visibility by drivers at night. Due to a much higher refractive index, rainbows observed on such marbles have a noticeably smaller radius. One can easily reproduce such phenomena by sprinkling liquids of different refractive indices in the air, as illustrated in the photo.
1965:"Ex quo clarissime apparet, lumina variorum colorum varia esset refrangibilitate : idque eo ordine, ut color ruber omnium minime refrangibilis sit, reliqui autem colores, aureus, flavus, viridis, cæruleus, indicus, violaceus, gradatim & ex ordine magis magisque refrangibiles."
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of 1268 about experiments with light shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colours of the rainbow. In addition, Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42° above the horizon.
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The displacement of the rainbow due to different refractive indices can be pushed to a peculiar limit. For a material with a refractive index larger than 2, there is no angle fulfilling the requirements for the first order rainbow. For example, the index of refraction of
740:
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In Saudi Arabia and other similar-minded countries, authorities seize children's clothing (including hats, hair clips, pencil cases, etc.) and toys if they are rainbow-coloured, claiming that such can encourage homosexuality, and selling such items is illegal.
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In addition to the common primary and secondary rainbows, it is also possible for rainbows of higher orders to form. The order of a rainbow is determined by the number of light reflections inside the water droplets that create it: One reflection results in the
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may appear in the water surface below the horizon. The sunlight is first deflected by the raindrops, and then reflected off the body of water, before reaching the observer. The reflected rainbow is frequently visible, at least partially, even in small puddles.
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Occasionally a shower may happen at sunrise or sunset, where the shorter wavelengths like blue and green have been scattered and essentially removed from the spectrum. Further scattering may occur due to the rain, and the result can be the rare and dramatic
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for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deduced through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colours of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light.
1513:(1031–1095) hypothesised—as a certain Sun Sikong (1015–1076) did before him—that rainbows were formed by a phenomenon of sunlight encountering droplets of rain in the air. Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of
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In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed, with red on the inner side of the arc. This is caused by the light being reflected twice on the inside of the droplet before leaving it.
1540:), al-Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled
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Fogbows form in the same way as rainbows, but they are formed by much smaller cloud and fog droplets that diffract light extensively. They are almost white with faint reds on the outside and blues inside; often one or more broad
1440:
discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows extensively, including those of
Aristotle. He notices that rainbows appear always opposite to the Sun, that they appear in water sprayed by a rower, in the water spat by a
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In certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. These extra bands are called
454:. But since the Sun's luminance is finite and its rays are not all parallel (it covers about half a degree of the sky) the luminance does not go to infinity. Furthermore, the amount by which light is refracted depends upon its
1286:, as it has a wet surface and humid clouds. The radius of a Titan rainbow would be about 49° instead of 42°, because the fluid in that cold environment is methane instead of water. Although visible rainbows may be rare due to
126:. Because of this, rainbows are usually seen in the western sky during the morning and in the eastern sky during the early evening. The most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half the sky is still dark with raining
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blue light. Over most of the disc, scattered light at all wavelengths overlaps, resulting in white light which brightens the sky. At the edge, the wavelength dependence of the scattering gives rise to the rainbow.
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1608:) and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. His explanation of the colours, however, was based on a mechanical version of the traditional theory that colours were produced by a modification of white light.
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is used when both the primary and secondary rainbows are visible. In theory, all rainbows are double rainbows, but since the secondary bow is always fainter than the primary, it may be too weak to spot in practice.
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around the axis through the observer's head and parallel to the Sun's rays. The rainbow is curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle between the observer, the drop, and the Sun, lie on a
1785:'s secret hiding place for his pot of gold is usually said to be at the end of the rainbow. This place is appropriately impossible to reach, because the rainbow is an optical effect which cannot be approached. In
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81:. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the Sun. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne
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Tertiary and quaternary rainbows should not be confused with "triple" and "quadruple" rainbows—terms sometimes erroneously used to refer to the (much more common) supernumerary bows and reflection rainbows.
438:. Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a "rainbow" in sea spray is smaller than that of a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows.
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about 10° outside it at an apparent angle of 50–53°. As a result of the "inside" of the secondary bow being "up" to the observer, the colours appear reversed compared to those of the primary bow.
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reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The whole system composed by the Sun's rays, the observer's head, and the (spherical) water drops has an
134:
The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a
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Nader El-Bizri 'Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur', Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S. 7 (2009), pp. 201–226.
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latter conditions the rainbow angles change relative to the natural phenomenon since the effective index of refraction of water changes (Bravais' index of refraction for inclined rays applies).
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When a rainbow appears above a body of water, two complementary mirror bows may be seen below and above the horizon, originating from different light paths. Their names are slightly different.
251:, giving seven main colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale. Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a belief derived from the beliefs of the
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Double rainbow and supernumerary rainbows on the inside of the primary arc. The shadow of the photographer's head at the bottom of the photograph marks the centre of the rainbow circle (the
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regions, however, these bands are not visible to humans. Only near frequencies of these regions to the visible spectrum are included in rainbows, since water and air become increasingly
88:
Rainbows can be full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground, and centered on a line from the Sun to the observer's eye.
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viewpoint such as a high building or an aircraft, however, the requirements can be met and the full-circle rainbow can be seen. Like a partial rainbow, the circular rainbow can have a
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by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of
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of the drop) before transmission into the eye of the observer." He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections.
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1631:, who explained the dependence of the strength of the colours of the rainbow on the size of the water droplets. Modern physical descriptions of the rainbow are based on
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as well. It is possible to produce the full circle when standing on the ground, for example by spraying a water mist from a garden hose while facing away from the sun.
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is about 2.4, so diamond spheres would produce rainbows starting from the second order, omitting the first order. In general, as the refractive index exceeds a number
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Like most atmospheric optical phenomena, rainbows can be caused by light from the Sun, but also from the Moon. In case of the latter, the rainbow is referred to as a
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of the light is reflected at each of the three surfaces encountered, depending on the angle of incidence. This diagram only shows the paths relevant to the rainbow.)
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example in an aeroplane (see below). Alternatively, an observer with the right vantage point may see the full circle in a fountain or waterfall spray.
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1089:) rainbows is their location in the direction of the sun (about 40° and 45° from the sun, respectively), causing them to become drowned in its glare.
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are two related optical phenomena similar in appearance to a rainbow, but unlike the latter, their origin lies in light refraction through hexagonal
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900:, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular) rainbow or
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White light separates into different colours on entering the raindrop due to dispersion, causing red light to be refracted less than blue light.
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Newton, who admitted his eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours, originally (1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours:
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is the personification of the rainbow, a messenger goddess who, like the rainbow, connects the mortal world with the gods through messages.
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4954:– Description of multiple types of bows, including: "bows that cross, red bows, twinned bows, coloured fringes, dark bands, spokes", etc.
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circle normally seen is about 50% during sunset or sunrise. Viewing the rainbow's lower half requires the presence of water droplets
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through and the sun is fairly bright. They are very large—almost as big as a rainbow and much broader. They sometimes appear with a
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in 1908. Advances in computational methods and optical theory continue to lead to a fuller understanding of rainbows. For example,
1190:, which are very common around the world and visible much more often than rainbows (of any order), yet are unrelated to rainbows.
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is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames.
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Sadeghi, Iman; Munoz, Adolfo; Laven, Philip; Jarosz, Wojciech; Seron, Francisco; Gutierrez, Diego; Jensen, Henrik Wann (2012).
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Großmann, Michael; Schmidt, Elmar; Haußmann, Alexander (1 October 2011). "Photographic evidence for the third-order rainbow".
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between rays of light following slightly different paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops. Some rays are in
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In a primary rainbow, the arc shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side. This rainbow is caused by light being
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corpuscular theory of light was unable to explain supernumerary rainbows, and a satisfactory explanation was not found until
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A sleetbow forms in the same way as a typical rainbow, with the exception that it occurs when light passes through falling
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A "normal" secondary rainbow may be present as well. Twinned rainbows can look similar to, but should not be confused with
262:, and the days of the week. Scholars have noted that what Newton regarded at the time as "blue" would today be regarded as
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Experiments on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops, i.e. water-filled spherical flasks, go back at least to
1450:; he favours the latter. He also discusses other phenomena related to rainbows: the mysterious "virgae" (rods), halos and
735:{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{max}}=\arccos \left({\frac {2{\sqrt {-1+n^{2}}}}{{\sqrt {3}}n}}\right)\approx 40.2^{\circ }.}
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when entering a droplet of water, then reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it.
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Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of the light of all the colours of the rainbow, which a glass
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1109:. Up to the 200th-order rainbow was reported by Ng et al. in 1998 using a similar method but an argon ion laser beam.
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but also at other museums. The book is divided into seven sections, each coloured a different colour of the rainbow.)
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to these frequencies, scattering the light. The UV band is sometimes visible to cameras using black and white film.
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1528:(1236–1311), gave a fairly accurate explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. This was elaborated on by his student,
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When sunlight encounters a raindrop, part of the light is reflected and the rest enters the raindrop. The light is
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1974:"approximation obtained by his model was good enough to allow him to ignore the effects of the glass container."
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Meanwhile, the even rarer case of a rainbow split into three branches was observed and photographed in nature.
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J.D. Walker, "Mysteries of rainbows, notably their rare supernumerary arcs," Sci. Am. 242(6), 174–184 (1980).
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rather than liquid water droplets. This means that they are not rainbows, but members of the large family of
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It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an
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Ng, P. H.; Tse, M. Y.; Lee, W. K. (1998). "Observation of high-order rainbows formed by a pendant drop".
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4406:“Rainbow: Refraction of white light by a liquid sphere.”, U.C. Berkeley Physics Lecture Demonstrations,
1851:
1725:, where it is a sign of God's covenant to never destroy all life on Earth with a global flood again. In
1714:
1687:
1660:
1574:
1489:
1421:
904:
can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon that may be mistaken for a "circular rainbow" is the
385:
1287:
3981:
1816:) with the ends resting on clouds. Generalised examples in coat of arms include those of the towns of
1162:
258:, who thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes, the known objects in the
5745:
4362:
4292:
4213:
3631:
3572:
3429:
3340:
2864:
1912:
1295:
1260:
446:(brightness) of the bow would tend toward infinity at this angle if interference effects are ignored
3560:
2937:
1468:(965–1039 AD) attempted to provide a scientific explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. In his
5875:
5460:
5392:
5281:
5083:
3959:
1855:
1833:
1683:
1628:
1594:
847:
832:
807:
459:
70:
66:
4981:– video explanation of basics, shown artificial rainbow at night, second rainbow and circular one.
4929:
4325:
3420:
Theusner, Michael (1 October 2011). "Photographic observation of a natural fourth-order rainbow".
2092:
1127:
5289:
5241:
5189:
5174:
5169:
5147:
5076:
4886:
4654:
4182:
4134:
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1907:
1902:
1557:
1506:
1437:
1234:
1227:
1211:
1026:
58:
4749:
4061:
3909:
1202:
Monochrome sleetbow captured during the early morning on 7 January 2016 in
Valparaiso, Indiana.
5985:
5938:
5666:
5535:
5433:
5350:
5311:
5228:
5184:
4909:
4890:
4865:
4842:
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4727:
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4231:
4114:
4094:
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3364:
3356:
2880:
2811:
2539:
2482:
2474:
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2254:
2198:
2172:
Optice: Sive de
Reflexionibus, Refractionibus, Inflexionibus & Coloribus Lucis Libri Tres,
2002:
1996:
1754:
1703:
1589:
1446:
each water drop, the other, that it is produced by the Sun reflected in a cloud shaped like a
1238:
831:
secondary. The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and secondary bows is called
139:
4489:
G. Casini and A. Covello, “The ”rainbow” in the drop,” Am. J. Phys. 80(11), 1027–1034 (2012).
3744:
2516:
2034:
1882:
logo. Many political alliances spanning multiple political parties have called themselves a "
1484:, and, though incorrect, provided the groundwork for the correct explanations later given by
912:
rather than liquid water droplets, and is located around the Sun (or Moon), not opposite it.
818:
A secondary rainbow, at a greater angle than the primary rainbow, is often visible. The term
516:, then the angle of incidence of the Sun's rays with respect to the drop's surface normal is
6044:
5933:
5928:
5908:
5903:
5488:
5261:
5256:
5236:
5194:
5152:
5130:
5054:
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4370:
4221:
4174:
4126:
3835:
3639:
3580:
3536:
3437:
3348:
3159:
2942:
2872:
2531:
2517:"Color categories are not universal: Replications and new evidence from a stone-age culture"
2466:
1790:
1770:
449:
435:
112:
74:
4938:
2366:
920:
401:
5963:
5953:
5948:
5913:
5815:
5651:
5598:
5515:
5510:
5421:
5316:
4861:
4778:
4771:. Berkeley, California: Shambhala Publications and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.
4562:
4506:
4478:
4456:
4433:
4414:
4395:
4332:
4037:
China's Major
Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic
3731:
3696:
2902:
2656:
2221:
1813:
1786:
1726:
1718:
1707:
1401:
1167:
244:
162:
154:
46:
4448:“Revisiting the round bottom flask rainbow experiment.”, M. Selmke and S. Selmke, arXiv,
4498:“Primary and Secondary Bow of a Rainbow”, U.C. Berkeley Physics Lecture Demonstrations,
4366:
4335:(Contributions to the optics of turbid media, especially of colloidal metal solutions),
4305:"Supplement to a paper, "On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic," "
4296:
4217:
3635:
3576:
3433:
3344:
2868:
1717:, and have been used in the arts. The first literary occurrence of a rainbow is in the
6013:
5958:
5943:
5923:
5918:
5701:
5483:
5369:
5338:
5294:
5251:
5123:
5088:
5061:
4786:
4374:
3584:
1875:
1867:
1664:
1632:
1612:
1605:
1494:
1465:
1447:
1342:
1316:
1132:
534:
499:
It is possible to determine the perceived angle which the rainbow subtends as follows.
474:
252:
240:
200:
138:, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As human
78:
41:
4684:
1698:
1358:
205:
For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence is
77:
of light appearing in the sky. The rainbow takes the form of a multicoloured circular
6038:
5898:
5696:
5478:
5470:
5403:
5271:
5211:
5135:
5118:
5024:
4658:
4471:
4470:
Pictures and
Raytracings under "Alexander's dark band (or bright band?)", M. Selmke,
4186:
4138:
2852:
2454:
1825:
1809:
960:
146:
3465:
209:'s sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, remembered by the
5870:
5733:
5689:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5411:
5364:
5333:
5266:
5110:
4880:
4630:
4518:
2954:
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2140:
1863:
1839:
1778:
1693:
1502:
1433:
1283:
1242:
909:
259:
206:
158:
4959:
4022:
Science in
Ancient China: Researches and Reflections Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM
3376:
3239:
3138:
2771:
2739:
2312:
1842:
have been used for centuries. It was a symbol of the
Cooperative movement in the
1031:
927:
photograph of a rainbow with additional supernumerary bands inside the primary bow
4650:
4522:
3884:
3665:
3120:
2397:
5728:
5551:
5455:
5299:
5204:
5162:
5157:
5100:
5066:
4967:
4426:
3858:
3689:
3295:
3186:
3171:
3102:
2599:
2535:
2289:
1922:
1581:
1561:
1207:
989:
905:
370:
3964:. Vol. Book I (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 27 ed.). Delphi Classics.
3313:
2826:
871:
502:
Given a spherical raindrop, and defining the perceived angle of the rainbow as
5880:
5723:
5560:
5443:
5383:
5199:
5140:
4978:
4819:
4741:
3160:"Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics,"
2625:
2118:
1879:
1847:
1782:
1730:
1636:
1601:
1567:
1477:
1102:
491:
455:
430:
384:
of whether everyone sees seven colours in a rainbow is related to the idea of
62:
4235:
4202:"Did Kepler's Supplement to Witelo Inspire Descartes' Theory of the Rainbow?"
3449:
3360:
2810:(University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001),
2478:
442:
42°. If the Sun were a laser emitting parallel, monochromatic rays, then the
5740:
5713:
5708:
5217:
4575:
4499:
4117:(Summer 1966). "Roger Bacon's Theory of the Rainbow: Progress or Regress?".
3643:
2946:
1878:. The rainbow has also been used in technology product logos, including the
1871:
1742:
1413:
1017:
above the horizon (5, 6) with their reflected counterparts below it (7, 8).
443:
92:
4407:
3457:
3368:
3208:
2884:
2543:
365:
Moreover, rainbows have bands beyond red and violet in the respective near
142:
for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white.
3805:
3062:
2486:
1663:
in the 14th century. Later, also
Descartes studied the phenomenon using a
172:
From above the Earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to
5995:
5718:
5326:
3774:
3441:
3352:
2876:
2222:"Understand the science of appearance of different colors of the rainbow"
1797:
1774:
1750:
1541:
1510:
1481:
1462:
1291:
810:
visible between the primary and secondary bows. Also note the pronounced
615:
366:
210:
166:
150:
119:
3501:
1998:
The
Rainbow Sky: An Exploration of Colors in the Solar System and Beyond
1620:
realised that light behaves as a wave under certain conditions, and can
1585:
René Descartes's sketch of how primary and secondary rainbows are formed
17:
5767:
4387:“Florence's Rainbow”, Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations,
2350:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1821:
1766:
1734:
1451:
1442:
1325:
1157:
1144:
1122:
901:
255:
217:
135:
118:
Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and
4326:"Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen"
3561:"How to create and observe a dozen rainbows in a single drop of water"
3541:
3524:
3084:
3036:
2984:"Triple-split rainbow observed and photographed in Japan, August 2012"
1198:
180:
phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5–20°.
5990:
5593:
5583:
4948:
2470:
1801:
1746:
1738:
1310:
A first order rainbow from water (left) and a sugar solution (right).
1279:
1253:
952:
951:
Supernumerary rainbows cannot be explained using classical geometric
940:; together with the rainbow itself the phenomenon is also known as a
374:
248:
228:
191:
tangential to the arc. The light of the second arc is 90% polarised.
4879:
Minnaert, Marcel G.J.; Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (1973).
4856:
Minnaert, Marcel G.J.; Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (1993).
3724:
1214:
sleetbow being documented on 7 January 2016 in
Valparaiso, Indiana.
416:
4944:
Rainbow seen through infrared filter and through ultraviolet filter
4449:
4178:
4130:
3265:
1889:
Pointing at rainbows has been considered a taboo in many cultures.
5618:
5613:
5603:
5573:
5044:
5015:
4939:
Interactive simulation of light refraction in a drop (java applet)
4685:"Saudi authorities seize rainbow toys for promoting homosexuality"
4165:
Boyer, Carl B. (1952). "Descartes and the Radius of the Rainbow".
1817:
1805:
1762:
1697:
1655:
Round bottom flask rainbow demonstration experiment - Johnson 1882
1650:
1580:
1305:
1221:
1197:
1161:
1126:
1106:
1030:
988:
919:
870:
846:
801:
490:
232:
127:
106:
40:
2089:"Lunar Rainbows – When to View and How to Photograph a "Moonbow""
1294:
rainbows may be more common, but an observer would need infrared
1093:
photographed as well, and in 2014 the first ever pictures of the
5608:
5588:
5568:
5438:
5355:
4984:
3218:
3063:"APOD: 2014 September 30 – A Full Circle Rainbow over Australia"
2853:"Observation, analysis, and reconstruction of a twinned rainbow"
1758:
1722:
972:
775:), the radius angle is 42.5°; for blue light (wavelength 350nm,
479:
267:
263:
236:
4988:
4039:. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. p. 72.
3480:"Short Sharp Science: First ever image of fourth-order rainbow"
2572:
2515:
Roberson, Debi; Davies, Ian; Davidoff, Jules (September 2000).
2115:"Why is the inside of a rainbow brighter than the outside sky?"
161:
of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for
5684:
5578:
5343:
3010:"Can you ever see the whole circle of a rainbow? | Earth"
2190:
Introduction to Light: The Physics of Light, Vision, and Color
993:
Reflection rainbow (top) and normal rainbow (bottom) at sunset
224:
82:
4281:"On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic"
1492:(c. 1250–c. 1311)—both having studied al-Haytham's
1252:
Both arcs are brightly coloured ring segments centred on the
4353:
Nussenzveig, H. Moyses (1977). "The Theory of the Rainbow".
2892:"Researchers unlock secret of the rare 'twinned rainbow,' "
1517:"is basically in accord with modern scientific principles."
266:, and what Newton called "indigo" would today be considered
4904:
Naylor, John; Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (2002).
4227:
10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<0750:DKSTWI>2.0.CO;2
1674:
Other experiments use small liquid drops (see text above).
975:
nature of light, and the first explanation was provided by
4606:"How Did the Rainbow Flag Become a Symbol of LGBTQ Pride?"
4444:
4442:
3910:"The Internet Classics Archive – Meteorology by Aristotle"
2502:
The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution
3961:
Delphi Complete Works of Seneca the Younger (Illustrated)
3525:"Mémoire sur les Dix-neuf premiers arcs-en-ciel de l'eau"
3163:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2313:"Music For Measure: On the 300th Anniversary of Newton's
4524:
Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet
2663:. The Board of Trustees at the University of Illinois.
465:
The light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo
4773:(Large format handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition
4090:
The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science
3934:
The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science
2808:
The Rainbow Bridge: Rainbows in Art, Myth, and Science
2001:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200.
4812:
The Rainbow Bridge: Rainbows in Art, Myth and Science
4466:
4464:
3207:
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (12 September 2007).
1361:
795:"Double rainbow" redirects here. For other uses, see
644:
73:
of light in water droplets resulting in a continuous
3725:
Observing Halos – Getting Started Atmospheric Optics
1800:, the rainbow proper consists of 4 bands of colour (
362:, it is the number of main colours in the spectrum.
5976:
5889:
5814:
5807:
5758:
5677:
5627:
5559:
5550:
5469:
5402:
5391:
5280:
5227:
5109:
5032:
5023:
4308:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
4285:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
3529:
Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure
3240:"Atmospheric Optics: Reflection rainbows formation"
1355:times internally reflected rays escapes the domain
1278:It has been suggested that rainbows might exist on
896:A circular rainbow should not be confused with the
5637:Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate
2687:"How to see a whole circle rainbow – EarthSky.org"
1858:and the June pride month since it was designed by
1386:
734:
4810:Lee, Raymond L. & Alastair B. Fraser (2001).
4635:"Pointing, Rainbows, and the Archaeology of Mind"
4155:(On the rainbow and the impressions of radiance).
3980:O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (November 1999).
3527:[Memoir on the first nineteen rainbows].
2457:(1972). "Universals in color naming and memory".
1264:missed since it occurs almost directly overhead.
4249:O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (January 2000).
745:Substituting back into the earlier equation for
4206:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2259:. University of California Press. p. 140.
1846:in the 16th century, of peace in Italy, and of
1480:verification. This explanation was repeated by
1315:glass marbles may be used in road marking as a
1035:Unenhanced photo of a red (monochrome) rainbow
570:is the refractive index of water. Solving for
509:, and the angle of the internal reflection as
458:, and hence its colour. This effect is called
5000:
4906:Out of the Blue: A 24-Hour Skywatcher's Guide
4882:The Nature of Light and Color in the Open Air
4837:Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (2001).
3982:"Kamal al-Din Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Al-Farisi"
3608:
3606:
3554:
3552:
2216:
2214:
2182:
2180:
2174:Propositio II, Experimentum VII, edition 1740
8:
4841:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2745:. Harvard University Department of Physics.
2193:(2002 revised ed.). Mineola, New York:
2166:
2164:
2162:
955:. The alternating faint bands are caused by
195:Number of colours in a spectrum or a rainbow
4087:Raymond L. Lee; Alistair B. Fraser (2001).
3975:
3973:
3971:
3931:Raymond L. Lee; Alistair B. Fraser (2001).
3624:Journal of the Optical Society of America B
3393:Triple Rainbows Exist, Photo Evidence Shows
3172:Atmospheric Optics: Supernumerary Rainbows
2524:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
1757:were over the people thanked him, offering
1565:
1175:
890:
857:
811:
176:. This phenomenon can be confused with the
6019:
5811:
5556:
5399:
5029:
5007:
4993:
4985:
761:≈ 42° as the radius angle of the rainbow.
187:The light of a primary rainbow arc is 96%
122:shining from behind the observer at a low
4225:
3540:
2936:
2918:"Physically-based simulation of rainbows"
2709:"USATODAY.com – Look down on the rainbow"
2657:"Why are rainbows curved as semicircles?"
2091:. The Ansel Adams Gallery. Archived from
1721:chapter 9, as part of the flood story of
1627:Young's work was refined in the 1820s by
1371:
1360:
1226:A circumhorizontal arc (bottom), below a
723:
699:
689:
674:
668:
649:
643:
5788:International Commission on Illumination
1604:(subsequently to, but independently of,
1457:According to Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, the
1218:Circumhorizontal and circumzenithal arcs
272:
173:
131:rainbow, with inverse order of colours.
3986:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
2806:Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser,
1987:
1949:
602:The rainbow will occur where the angle
5778:Color Association of the United States
4979:Creating Circular and Double Rainbows!
4060:Davidson, Michael W. (1 August 2003).
4024:. III: Ashgate Publishing. p. 24.
3958:Seneca, Lucius Anneus (1 April 2014).
3920:from the original on 18 February 2014.
3246:from the original on 23 September 2015
3121:"Supernumerary Rainbows and drop size"
2827:"Atmospheric Optics: Twinned rainbows"
1856:rainbow flag as a symbol of LGBT pride
216:or as the name of a fictional person (
4720:The Rainbow, From Myth to Mathematics
4695:from the original on 7 September 2022
4665:from the original on 18 November 2021
4153:De iride et radialibus impressionibus
4151:Theodoric of Freiberg (c. 1304–1310)
3502:"Observations of the quinary rainbow"
3073:from the original on 25 January 2015.
2851:Haußmann, Alexander (February 2015).
2147:from the original on 9 September 2013
2072:. The Weather Company. Archived from
1560:. His work on light was continued by
1186:Fog bows should not be confused with
983:Reflected rainbow, reflection rainbow
608:is maximum with respect to the angle
7:
4586:from the original on 21 October 2019
3785:from the original on 26 January 2021
3755:from the original on 28 October 2021
3512:from the original on 3 January 2015.
3397:. Sciencedaily.com. 6 October 2011.
3276:from the original on 4 February 2015
2797:Commentary on Book IV of Aristotle's
2793:Commentary on Book IV of Aristotle's
2719:from the original on 12 October 2013
2697:from the original on 4 October 2013.
2636:from the original on 13 January 2013
2327:from the original on 18 January 2017
1064:rainbow; two reflections create the
886:
214:Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain,
4816:Pennsylvania State University Press
4068:from the original on 30 August 2006
3591:from the original on 14 August 2011
3401:from the original on 4 October 2013
3043:from the original on 5 October 2013
3016:from the original on 4 October 2013
2986:. blog.meteoros.de. 12 March 2015.
2752:from the original on 8 October 2016
2667:from the original on 2 October 2015
2579:from the original on 18 August 2013
2234:from the original on 10 August 2020
1745:was the god of the rainbow for the
1394:. This results in a rainbow of the
527:. Since the angle of refraction is
5642:Blue–green distinction in language
4777:which took place primarily at the
4375:10.1038/scientificamerican0477-116
3992:from the original on 25 March 2007
3585:10.1038/scientificamerican0777-138
3490:from the original on 11 July 2017.
3266:"Dawn Red Rainbows Arizona – OPOD"
2964:from the original on 12 March 2020
2459:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1923:Iridescent colours in soap bubbles
1753:and when the regular rains on the
25:
4257:from the original on 10 June 2007
4200:Gedzelman, Stanley David (1989).
4093:. Penn State Press. p. 156.
3937:. Penn State Press. p. 109.
3395:, ScienceDaily.com, Oct. 5, 2011"
3185:Les Cowley (Atmospheric Optics).
2990:from the original on 2 April 2015
2377:from the original on 10 June 2021
2117:. WeatherQuesting. Archived from
2015:from the original on 22 June 2023
1830:69th Infantry Regiment (New York)
1520:According to Nader El-Bizri, the
1302:Rainbows with different materials
963:, reinforcing each other through
851:The primary rainbow is "twinned."
764:For red light (wavelength 750nm,
6018:
6009:
6008:
5799:International Colour Association
5382:
3168:: 1–16; see especially pp. 8–11.
2435:from the original on 1 June 2023
2045:from the original on 20 May 2023
1870:described newly democratic post-
773:the dispersion relation of water
415:
400:
5794:International Colour Consortium
4858:Light and Color in the Outdoors
4767:Graham, Lanier F., ed. (1976).
2553:from the original on 9 May 2020
2064:Masters, Jeff (14 April 2005).
1824:, both in Bavaria, Germany; of
1488:in 1309 and, independently, by
1470:Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah
1166:Fogbow and glory, as well as a
5859:List of Crayola crayon colours
5783:International Colour Authority
4908:. Cambridge University Press.
3314:"3rd & 4th order rainbows"
3035:Philip Laven (4 August 2012).
3012:. EarthSky. 15 December 2012.
2803:Meteorology 4), commentary 41.
2367:"WATCH: This Is Not a Rainbow"
1381:
1362:
782:), the radius angle is 40.6°.
174:see a rainbow as a full circle
1:
6050:Atmospheric optical phenomena
4934:American mathematical society
4253:. University of St. Andrews.
2829:. Atoptics.co.uk. 3 June 2002
2795:Meteorology (also known as:
2740:"Solution, Week 81, Rainbows"
2141:"Rainbow – A polarized arch?"
1862:in 1978. In 1994, Archbishop
1737:) and the realm of the gods (
1426:
358:is used inaccurately to mean
5662:Traditional colours of Japan
5439:Achromatic colours (Neutral)
5322:Multi-primary colour display
4788:Rainbows, Halos, and Glories
4651:10.5771/0257-9774-2021-1-145
4425:“The Rainbow,”J.B. Calvert,
4064:. Florida State University.
3988:, University of St Andrews.
3214:Astronomy Picture of the Day
3209:"Six Rainbows Across Norway"
3139:"Fogbow droplet size effect"
2925:ACM Transactions on Graphics
1643:provides a modern overview.
1548:In Europe, Ibn al-Haytham's
1412:The classical Greek scholar
5096:Spectral power distribution
4930:The Mathematics of Rainbows
4436:, Retrieved 10 January 2016
3734:, accessed 3 December 2013.
2536:10.1037/0096-3445.129.3.369
1733:connects the world of men (
1400:-th order shrinking to the
1131:Spray moonbow at the Lower
945:
447:
6086:
5522:Colour realism (art style)
5180:Evolution of colour vision
4793:Cambridge University Press
4724:Princeton University Press
3690:Atmospheric Optics: Fogbow
2791:Alexander of Aphrodisias,
2087:Walklet, Keith S. (2006).
1918:Glory (optical phenomenon)
1713:Rainbows occur frequently
1691:
1681:
1538:The Revision of the Optics
1271:
1155:
1120:
1024:
839:, who first described it.
794:
198:
26:
6004:
5839:List of colours (compact)
5657:Colour in Chinese culture
5380:
4839:Color and Light in Nature
4785:Greenler, Robert (1980).
4062:"Roger Bacon (1214–1294)"
3745:"Friday Night – Sleetbow"
3703:"The theory of fog-bows,"
3701:James C. McConnel (1890)
3658:"Moonbow – Lunar Rainbow"
2500:Dawkins, Richard (2005).
2398:"Primary rainbow colours"
2311:Hutchison, Niels (2004).
1268:Extraterrestrial rainbows
965:constructive interference
467:total internal reflection
36:Meteorological phenomenon
5844:List of colours by shade
5307:Digital image processing
5040:Electromagnetic spectrum
4972:University of Nottingham
4561:14 February 2023 at the
3103:"Supernumerary Rainbows"
2655:Anon (7 November 2014).
2066:"The 360-degree Rainbow"
1117:Rainbows under moonlight
969:destructive interference
837:Alexander of Aphrodisias
326:Modern reinterpretation
29:Rainbow (disambiguation)
5849:List of colour palettes
4718:Boyer, Carl B. (1987).
4610:Encyclopedia Britannica
3644:10.1364/JOSAB.15.002782
3571:(July): 138–144 + 154.
2947:10.1145/2077341.2077344
2713:usatoday30.usatoday.com
2227:Encyclopædia Britannica
1534:Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir
1505:(960–1279), a polymath
1474:On the Rainbow and Halo
916:Supernumerary rainbows
814:inside the primary bow.
495:Mathematical derivation
487:Mathematical derivation
300:Newton's later colours
276:Newton's first colours
111:A colorful rainbow and
5072:Structural colouration
4529:Shambhala Publications
4505:8 January 2017 at the
4477:8 January 2017 at the
4455:8 January 2017 at the
4413:8 January 2017 at the
4394:8 January 2017 at the
4020:Sivin, Nathan (1995).
3806:"Circumhorizontal arc"
3706:Philosophical Magazine
3559:Walker, Jearl (1977).
3523:Billet, Felix (1868).
2738:Anon (29 March 2004).
2187:Waldman, Gary (1983).
1710:
1706:of the rainbow in the
1656:
1586:
1566:
1530:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
1526:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1515:atmospheric refraction
1486:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
1388:
1311:
1274:Extraterrestrial skies
1230:
1203:
1170:
1135:
1036:
994:
934:supernumerary rainbows
928:
876:
852:
815:
736:
496:
165:several images into a
115:
50:
5854:List of colour spaces
5773:Color Marketing Group
5528:On Vision and Colours
5461:Tinctures in heraldry
5444:Polychromatic colours
5429:Complementary colours
5417:Monochromatic colours
4958:Merrifield, Michael.
4952:website by Les Cowley
3506:www.weatherscapes.com
3085:"OPOD – 360° Rainbow"
2901:9 August 2012 at the
2455:Rosch Heider, Eleanor
2286:SHiPS Resource Center
1852:LGBT social movements
1832:of the United States
1828:, France; and of the
1729:, the rainbow bridge
1701:
1688:Rainbows in mythology
1678:Culture and mythology
1661:Theodoric of Freiberg
1654:
1584:
1575:Theodoric of Freiberg
1554:translated into Latin
1490:Theodoric of Freiberg
1422:Naturales Quaestiones
1389:
1309:
1239:circumhorizontal arcs
1225:
1201:
1183:at the bow's centre.
1165:
1130:
1051:Higher-order rainbows
1034:
992:
923:
908:, which is caused by
874:
850:
805:
737:
494:
386:linguistic relativity
110:
44:
6070:Atmospheric sciences
5834:List of colours: N–Z
5829:List of colours: G–M
5824:List of colours: A–F
5746:Tint, shade and tone
5629:Cultural differences
4775:The Rainbow Art Show
4331:2 March 2012 at the
4279:Airy, G. B. (1838).
3838:on 21 September 2008
3775:"Circumzenithal Arc"
3751:. 22 December 2012.
3695:15 June 2022 at the
3484:www.newscientist.com
3442:10.1364/AO.50.00F129
3353:10.1364/AO.50.00F134
3320:. 16 September 2023.
3302:. 16 September 2023.
3158:Thomas Young (1804)
3145:. 16 September 2023.
3127:. 16 September 2023.
3109:. 16 September 2023.
3091:. 16 September 2023.
2877:10.1364/AO.54.00B117
2799:De Meteorologica or
2778:. 16 September 2023.
2429:scienceline.ucsb.edu
2292:on 29 September 2014
2143:. Polarization.com.
1913:Circumhorizontal arc
1874:South Africa as the
1844:German Peasants' War
1635:, work published by
1359:
1296:night vision goggles
1261:circumhorizontal arc
806:Double rainbow with
642:
243:. Later he included
27:For other uses, see
5881:List of web colours
5876:List of RAL colours
5282:Colour reproduction
5247:Lüscher colour test
5084:Colour of chemicals
4932:, article from the
4750:Thames & Hudson
4746:The Rainbow Goblins
4432:24 May 2016 at the
4367:1977SciAm.236d.116N
4355:Scientific American
4297:1838TCaPS...6..379A
4218:1989BAMS...70..750G
4035:Dong, Paul (2000).
3859:"Sea Water Rainbow"
3832:"Rainbows on Titan"
3730:3 June 2012 at the
3636:1998JOSAB..15.2782N
3577:1977SciAm.237a.138W
3565:Scientific American
3434:2011ApOpt..50F.129T
3345:2011ApOpt..50F.134G
3296:"Untitled Document"
3039:. Philiplaven.com.
3037:"Circular rainbows"
2869:2015ApOpt..54B.117H
2772:"Secondary rainbow"
2600:"Sea Water Rainbow"
2425:"UCSB Science Line"
2373:. 29 October 2014.
2253:Gage, John (1994).
2076:on 29 January 2015.
2070:Weather Underground
2039:National Geographic
1995:Tony Buick (2010).
1834:Army National Guard
1684:Rainbows in culture
1629:George Biddell Airy
1595:Discourse on Method
1564:, who wrote in his
1176:supernumerary bands
938:supernumerary bands
867:Full-circle rainbow
858:supernumerary bands
67:internal reflection
5290:Colour photography
5242:Colour preferences
5185:Impossible colours
5175:Colour vision test
5170:Colour temperature
5148:Colour calibration
5077:Animal colouration
4950:Atmospheric Optics
4887:Dover Publications
4337:Annalen der Physik
4303:G. B. Airy (1849)
4251:"Sir Isaac Newton"
3889:Atmospheric Optics
3863:Atmospheric Optics
3810:Atmospheric Optics
3779:www.atoptics.co.uk
3662:www.atoptics.co.uk
3318:www.atoptics.co.uk
3300:www.atoptics.co.uk
3242:. Atoptics.co.uk.
3187:"Bows everywhere!"
3143:www.atoptics.co.uk
3125:www.atoptics.co.uk
3107:www.atoptics.co.uk
3089:www.atoptics.co.uk
2776:www.atoptics.co.uk
2630:Atmospheric Optics
2604:Atmospheric Optics
2403:Atmospheric Optics
2280:Allchin, Douglas.
2195:Dover Publications
1908:Circumzenithal arc
1903:Atmospheric optics
1711:
1702:1803 depiction by
1657:
1587:
1558:Robert Grosseteste
1522:Persian astronomer
1503:Song dynasty China
1438:Seneca the Younger
1408:Scientific history
1384:
1312:
1288:Titan's hazy skies
1231:
1228:circumscribed halo
1204:
1171:
1136:
1105:light produced by
1037:
1027:Monochrome rainbow
1021:Monochrome rainbow
1010:reflection rainbow
995:
929:
925:High dynamic range
891:supernumerary bows
877:
853:
816:
812:supernumerary bows
732:
614:. Therefore, from
497:
116:
59:optical phenomenon
51:
6032:
6031:
5972:
5971:
5754:
5753:
5678:Colour dimensions
5667:Human skin colour
5546:
5545:
5536:Theory of Colours
5434:Analogous colours
5378:
5377:
5312:Colour management
5229:Colour psychology
5111:Colour perception
4915:978-0-521-80925-2
4896:978-0-486-20196-2
4871:978-0-387-97935-9
4848:978-0-521-77504-5
4829:978-0-271-01977-2
4802:978-0-19-521833-6
4759:978-0-500-27759-1
4733:978-0-691-08457-2
4115:Lindberg, David C
4100:978-0-271-01977-2
4046:978-0-8351-2676-2
3944:978-0-271-01977-2
3885:"Glass Bead Bows"
3542:10.24033/asens.43
3428:(28): F129–F133.
3339:(28): F134–F141.
2894:ScienceDaily.com,
2626:"Zero order glow"
2282:"Newton's Colors"
2266:978-0-520-22611-1
2256:Color and Meaning
1884:Rainbow Coalition
1704:Joseph Anton Koch
1592:' 1637 treatise,
1430: 65 AD
1379:
1002:reflected rainbow
710:
704:
695:
652:
351:
350:
140:visual perception
16:(Redirected from
6077:
6060:Heraldic charges
6022:
6021:
6012:
6011:
5812:
5557:
5489:Secondary colour
5400:
5386:
5262:National colours
5257:Political colour
5237:Colour symbolism
5195:Opponent process
5153:Colour constancy
5131:Colour blindness
5062:Spectral colours
5030:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4975:
4919:
4900:
4875:
4852:
4833:
4806:
4772:
4769:The Rainbow Book
4763:
4737:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4691:. 15 June 2022.
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4604:Gonzalez, Nora.
4601:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4572:
4566:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4515:
4509:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4468:
4459:
4446:
4437:
4423:
4417:
4404:
4398:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4350:
4344:
4322:
4316:
4300:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4162:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3977:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3914:classics.mit.edu
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3834:. Archived from
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3741:
3735:
3721:
3715:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3668:on 21 April 2008
3664:. Archived from
3654:
3648:
3647:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3182:
3176:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2940:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2888:
2863:(4): B117–B127.
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2573:"About Rainbows"
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2471:10.1037/h0032606
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2288:. Archived from
2277:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2184:
2175:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1992:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1771:Tibetan Buddhism
1769:. Some forms of
1571:
1507:scholar-official
1431:
1428:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1387:{\displaystyle }
1385:
1380:
1372:
1354:
1340:
1334:
875:Circular rainbow
833:Alexander's band
808:Alexander's band
781:
770:
760:
750:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
715:
711:
709:
705:
700:
697:
696:
694:
693:
675:
669:
654:
653:
650:
634:
629:, and solve for
628:
613:
607:
597:
575:
569:
558:
532:
526:
515:
508:
453:
450:Caustic (optics)
436:refractive index
419:
404:
273:
113:ring-billed gull
21:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6000:
5968:
5885:
5803:
5760:
5750:
5673:
5652:Blue in culture
5648:Colour history
5623:
5542:
5516:Colour analysis
5511:Colour triangle
5465:
5422:black-and-white
5394:
5387:
5374:
5317:Colour printing
5276:
5223:
5105:
5019:
5013:
4957:
4926:
4916:
4903:
4897:
4878:
4872:
4862:Springer-Verlag
4855:
4849:
4836:
4830:
4809:
4803:
4784:
4779:De Young Museum
4766:
4760:
4740:
4734:
4717:
4714:
4712:Further reading
4709:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4563:Wayback Machine
4550:
4546:
4539:
4531:. p. 323.
4517:
4516:
4512:
4507:Wayback Machine
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4479:Wayback Machine
4469:
4462:
4457:Wayback Machine
4447:
4440:
4434:Wayback Machine
4424:
4420:
4415:Wayback Machine
4405:
4401:
4396:Wayback Machine
4386:
4382:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4333:Wayback Machine
4323:
4319:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4150:
4146:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3732:Wayback Machine
3722:
3718:
3712:(181): 453–461.
3697:Wayback Machine
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3154:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2938:10.1.1.296.3051
2920:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2903:Wayback Machine
2896:August 6, 2012.
2850:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2787:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2575:. Eo.ucar.edu.
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:. p. 193.
2186:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2009:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1899:
1787:Greek mythology
1749:in present-day
1727:Norse mythology
1719:Book of Genesis
1708:Book of Genesis
1696:
1690:
1682:Main articles:
1680:
1649:
1556:and studied by
1429:
1410:
1404:and vanishing.
1402:antisolar point
1395:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1347:incidence angle
1345:, the critical
1336:
1329:
1304:
1276:
1270:
1220:
1196:
1168:Brocken spectre
1160:
1154:
1125:
1119:
1053:
1029:
1023:
985:
942:stacker rainbow
918:
869:
845:
843:Twinned rainbow
800:
793:
791:Double rainbows
788:
776:
765:
759:
752:
746:
719:
698:
685:
670:
664:
645:
640:
639:
635:, which yields
630:
619:
609:
603:
580:
571:
564:
541:
528:
517:
510:
503:
489:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
420:
411:
410:
409:
405:
394:
203:
197:
155:wide-angle lens
105:
47:antisolar point
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6083:
6081:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6016:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5702:Pastel colours
5694:
5693:
5692:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5532:
5531:(Schopenhauer)
5524:
5519:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5484:Primary colour
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5408:
5406:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5370:Colour mapping
5367:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5295:Colour balance
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5252:Kruithof curve
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5124:Sonochromatism
5115:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5033:Colour physics
5027:
5025:Colour science
5021:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4955:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4925:
4924:External links
4922:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4901:
4895:
4876:
4870:
4853:
4847:
4834:
4828:
4807:
4801:
4782:
4764:
4758:
4738:
4732:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4676:
4622:
4596:
4567:
4544:
4537:
4510:
4491:
4482:
4460:
4438:
4418:
4399:
4380:
4345:
4339:, 4th series,
4324:G. Mie (1908)
4317:
4315:
4314:
4301:
4291:(3): 379–403.
4268:
4241:
4212:(7): 750–751.
4192:
4179:10.1086/349399
4157:
4144:
4131:10.1086/350116
4106:
4099:
4079:
4052:
4045:
4027:
4012:
4003:
3967:
3950:
3943:
3923:
3901:
3875:
3849:
3830:Science@NASA.
3822:
3796:
3766:
3736:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3699:
3679:
3649:
3614:
3602:
3548:
3515:
3493:
3471:
3422:Applied Optics
3412:
3382:
3333:Applied Optics
3323:
3305:
3287:
3270:atoptics.co.uk
3257:
3231:
3199:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3148:
3130:
3112:
3094:
3076:
3054:
3027:
3001:
2975:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2889:
2857:Applied Optics
2840:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2801:On Aristotle's
2781:
2763:
2730:
2700:
2678:
2647:
2616:
2590:
2564:
2530:(3): 369–398.
2507:
2492:
2446:
2416:
2388:
2358:
2338:
2303:
2272:
2265:
2245:
2210:
2204:978-0486421186
2203:
2176:
2170:Isaac Newton,
2158:
2132:
2121:on 28 May 2013
2106:
2095:on 25 May 2007
2079:
2056:
2026:
2007:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1880:Apple computer
1876:rainbow nation
1868:Nelson Mandela
1866:and President
1789:, the goddess
1755:Bogotá savanna
1679:
1676:
1665:Florence flask
1648:
1645:
1633:Mie scattering
1550:Book of Optics
1495:Book of Optics
1466:Ibn al-Haytham
1459:Arab physicist
1448:concave mirror
1409:
1406:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1343:natural number
1333: + 1
1303:
1300:
1272:Main article:
1269:
1266:
1235:circumzenithal
1219:
1216:
1195:
1192:
1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1121:Main article:
1118:
1115:
1052:
1049:
1025:Main article:
1022:
1019:
984:
981:
917:
914:
868:
865:
844:
841:
820:double rainbow
797:Double Rainbow
792:
789:
787:
784:
757:
743:
742:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
708:
703:
692:
688:
684:
681:
678:
673:
667:
663:
660:
657:
648:
600:
599:
561:
560:
488:
485:
475:axial symmetry
421:
414:
413:
412:
406:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
393:
390:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
291:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
201:Spectral color
196:
193:
149:of 84°. For a
124:altitude angle
104:
101:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6082:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:LGBTQ symbols
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:Lucky symbols
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6025:
6017:
6015:
6007:
6006:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:organisations
5757:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5697:Colourfulness
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5479:Colour mixing
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5471:Colour theory
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5451:Light-on-dark
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5404:Colour scheme
5401:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5385:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5272:Chromotherapy
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5212:Tetrachromacy
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:Achromatopsia
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5119:Chromesthesia
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:Sixty Symbols
4961:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4633:(June 2021).
4632:
4631:Blust, Robert
4626:
4623:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4585:
4581:
4580:mistholme.com
4577:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4538:9781570627729
4534:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4519:Ray, Reginald
4514:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4343:(3): 377–445.
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4080:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3890:
3886:
3883:Cowley, Les.
3879:
3876:
3864:
3860:
3857:Cowley, Les.
3853:
3850:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3811:
3807:
3804:Cowley, Les.
3800:
3797:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3535:(5): 67–109.
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3067:apod.nasa.gov
3064:
3058:
3055:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2960:
2956:
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2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2886:
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2878:
2874:
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2849:
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2844:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2809:
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2773:
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2764:
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2741:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:Cowley, Les.
2620:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2598:Cowley, Les.
2594:
2591:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2511:
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2476:
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2468:
2464:
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2456:
2450:
2447:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2396:Cowley, Les.
2392:
2389:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2347:Newton, Isaac
2342:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2008:9781441910530
2004:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:Gilbert Baker
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:Rainbow flags
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
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1740:
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1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1700:
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1689:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:with itself.
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
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1559:
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1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
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1499:
1497:
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1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1419:In Book I of
1417:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1298:to see them.
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:lunar rainbow
1134:
1133:Yosemite Fall
1129:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1003:
998:
991:
987:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
926:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
887:secondary bow
883:
873:
866:
864:
861:
859:
849:
842:
840:
838:
834:
828:
824:
821:
813:
809:
804:
798:
790:
785:
783:
779:
774:
768:
762:
756:
749:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
701:
690:
686:
682:
679:
676:
671:
665:
661:
658:
655:
646:
638:
637:
636:
633:
626:
622:
618:, we can set
617:
612:
606:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
577:
574:
567:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
539:
538:
536:
531:
525:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
484:
481:
476:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
451:
445:
439:
437:
432:
418:
403:
391:
389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
253:ancient Greek
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
212:
208:
202:
194:
192:
190:
185:
181:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:angle of view
143:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
121:
114:
109:
102:
100:
96:
94:
89:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5871:Colour chart
5734:Fluorescence
5690:Dichromatism
5552:Colour terms
5534:
5526:
5506:Colour wheel
5501:Colour solid
5496:Chromaticity
5365:Colour space
5334:Colour model
5267:Chromophobia
5216:
5049:
4963:
4949:
4905:
4881:
4857:
4838:
4814:. New York:
4811:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4745:
4719:
4697:. Retrieved
4688:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4642:
4638:
4625:
4613:. Retrieved
4609:
4599:
4588:, retrieved
4579:
4570:
4547:
4523:
4513:
4494:
4485:
4421:
4402:
4383:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4320:
4310:
4307:
4288:
4284:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4244:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4173:(2): 95–98.
4170:
4166:
4160:
4152:
4147:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4089:
4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4055:
4036:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3960:
3953:
3933:
3926:
3913:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3888:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3749:johncohn.org
3748:
3739:
3723:Les Cowley.
3719:
3709:
3708:, series 5,
3705:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:the original
3661:
3652:
3630:(11): 2782.
3627:
3623:
3617:
3593:. Retrieved
3568:
3564:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3505:
3496:
3483:
3474:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3392:
3385:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3269:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3212:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3180:
3165:
3162:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3066:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2928:
2924:
2911:
2893:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2821:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2712:
2703:
2691:earthsky.org
2690:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2660:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2629:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2527:
2523:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2465:(1): 10–20.
2462:
2458:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2401:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2371:ScienceAlert
2370:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2321:Colour Music
2320:
2314:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2285:
2275:
2255:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2225:
2189:
2171:
2149:. Retrieved
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2082:
2074:the original
2069:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
1997:
1990:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1891:
1888:
1864:Desmond Tutu
1838:
1795:
1781:. The Irish
1779:rainbow body
1777:reference a
1715:in mythology
1712:
1694:Rainbow flag
1673:
1669:
1658:
1626:
1618:Thomas Young
1610:
1593:
1588:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1533:
1519:
1500:
1493:
1478:experimental
1473:
1469:
1456:
1436:philosopher
1420:
1418:
1411:
1396:
1351:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1313:
1277:
1258:
1251:
1243:ice crystals
1232:
1205:
1185:
1172:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1083:fourth-order
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:second-order
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1046:red rainbow.
1045:
1041:
1038:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
996:
986:
977:Thomas Young
957:interference
950:
941:
937:
933:
930:
910:ice crystals
895:
881:
878:
862:
854:
829:
825:
819:
817:
777:
766:
763:
754:
747:
744:
631:
624:
620:
610:
604:
601:
593:
589:
585:
581:
572:
565:
562:
555:
551:
547:
543:
529:
523:
519:
512:
505:
501:
498:
471:
464:
440:
428:
379:
364:
359:
355:
352:
260:Solar System
222:
213:
207:Isaac Newton
204:
186:
182:
171:
159:focal length
144:
133:
117:
97:
90:
87:
54:
52:
38:
33:
5729:Iridescence
5561:Basic terms
5456:Web colours
5412:Colour tool
5351:subtractive
5300:Colour cast
5205:Unique hues
5163:Colour code
5158:Colour task
5101:Colorimetry
5067:Chromophore
4968:Brady Haran
4742:De Rico, Ul
4699:7 September
4669:29 November
4645:: 145–161.
3894:10 November
3868:10 November
3842:25 November
3759:10 February
2812:pp. 110–111
2661:Ask the van
1647:Experiments
1641:Nussenzveig
1562:Roger Bacon
1095:fifth-order
1075:third-order
1058:first-order
535:Snell's law
392:Explanation
371:ultraviolet
6039:Categories
5891:Shades of:
5724:Brightness
5395:philosophy
5200:Afterimage
5190:Metamerism
5141:Dichromacy
4960:"Rainbows"
4820:SPIE Press
4590:21 October
4361:(4): 116.
4313:: 595–600.
4125:(2): 235.
3280:4 February
2723:30 October
2331:20 October
2296:16 October
1982:References
1848:LGBT pride
1826:Bouffémont
1783:leprechaun
1765:and small
1692:See also:
1637:Gustav Mie
1602:refraction
1568:Opus Majus
1317:reflectors
1212:monochrome
1103:collimated
1087:quaternary
1042:monochrome
786:Variations
460:dispersion
456:wavelength
218:Roy G. Biv
199:See also:
153:camera, a
151:35 mm
103:Visibility
71:dispersion
63:refraction
61:caused by
5741:Grayscale
5714:Lightness
5709:Luminance
5518:(fashion)
5218:The dress
4659:236605041
4639:Anthropos
4576:"Rainbow"
4556:s.v. Iris
4236:1520-0477
4187:145493641
4139:170749000
4072:10 August
3450:1559-128X
3405:19 August
3361:1559-128X
3250:19 August
3047:4 October
3020:4 October
2933:CiteSeerX
2833:19 August
2583:19 August
2479:0022-1015
2409:27 August
2381:16 August
2238:16 August
2151:19 August
2125:19 August
2035:"Rainbow"
1872:apartheid
1743:Cuchavira
1622:interfere
1590:Descartes
1414:Aristotle
1374:π
1188:ice halos
1070:secondary
979:in 1804.
771:based on
725:∘
717:≈
677:−
662:
647:β
588:− arcsin(
576:, we get
537:gives us
444:luminance
431:refracted
189:polarised
163:stitching
93:refracted
6014:Category
5996:Lighting
5719:Darkness
5539:(Goethe)
5339:additive
5327:Quattron
4970:for the
4744:(1978).
4693:Archived
4689:BBC News
4663:Archived
4584:archived
4559:Archived
4521:(2001).
4503:Archived
4475:Archived
4453:Archived
4430:Archived
4411:Archived
4392:Archived
4329:Archived
4255:Archived
4066:Archived
3990:Archived
3918:Archived
3815:22 April
3783:Archived
3753:Archived
3728:Archived
3693:Archived
3595:8 August
3589:Archived
3510:Archived
3488:Archived
3466:20238055
3458:22016236
3399:Archived
3369:22016237
3274:Archived
3244:Archived
3192:13 April
3071:Archived
3041:Archived
3014:Archived
2994:12 March
2988:Archived
2959:Archived
2931:: 1–12.
2899:Archived
2885:25967817
2747:Archived
2717:Archived
2695:Archived
2671:13 April
2665:Archived
2640:8 August
2634:Archived
2577:Archived
2548:Archived
2544:11006906
2433:Archived
2375:Archived
2349:(1704).
2325:Archived
2232:Archived
2230:. 2014.
2145:Archived
2043:Archived
2013:Archived
1897:See also
1798:heraldry
1775:Dzogchen
1767:emeralds
1751:Colombia
1542:aperture
1511:Shen Kuo
1482:Averroes
1463:polymath
1452:parhelia
1335:, where
1292:infrared
1282:'s moon
1194:Sleetbow
1079:tertiary
906:22° halo
835:, after
616:calculus
382:question
367:infrared
360:spectrum
256:sophists
211:mnemonic
167:panorama
120:sunlight
75:spectrum
18:Rainbows
6045:Rainbow
5978:Related
5939:Magenta
5864:history
5768:Pantone
5055:Visible
5050:Rainbow
4363:Bibcode
4293:Bibcode
4261:19 June
4214:Bibcode
3789:2 March
3672:28 June
3632:Bibcode
3573:Bibcode
3430:Bibcode
3341:Bibcode
2955:6774839
2865:Bibcode
2756:13 June
2557:11 July
2487:5013326
2352:Opticks
2315:Opticks
1938:Moonbow
1933:Fog bow
1928:Sun dog
1822:Pfreimd
1735:Midgard
1731:Bifröst
1432:), the
1326:diamond
1158:Fog bow
1145:moonbow
1123:Moonbow
1099:quinary
1062:primary
946:fogbows
902:fog bow
780:= 1.343
769:= 1.330
751:yields
568:= 1.333
356:rainbow
347:Violet
335:Yellow
332:Orange
321:Violet
318:Indigo
309:Yellow
306:Orange
295:Violet
284:Yellow
157:with a
136:moonbow
55:rainbow
5991:Qualia
5986:Vision
5934:Purple
5929:Violet
5909:Yellow
5904:Orange
5759:Colour
5599:Orange
5594:Purple
5584:Yellow
5393:Colour
5018:topics
5016:Colour
4912:
4893:
4868:
4845:
4826:
4799:
4756:
4730:
4657:
4615:20 May
4535:
4234:
4185:
4137:
4097:
4043:
3996:7 June
3941:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3377:796963
3375:
3367:
3359:
3224:7 June
2953:
2935:
2883:
2609:7 June
2542:
2485:
2477:
2439:1 June
2263:
2201:
2099:7 June
2049:20 May
2019:28 May
2005:
1854:; the
1812:, and
1802:argent
1763:snails
1747:Muisca
1739:Asgard
1509:named
1443:fuller
1280:Saturn
1254:zenith
1152:Fogbow
1107:lasers
1081:) and
953:optics
659:arccos
563:where
375:opaque
338:Green
312:Green
287:Green
249:indigo
245:orange
241:violet
229:yellow
128:clouds
57:is an
6024:Index
5964:Black
5954:White
5949:Brown
5914:Green
5816:Lists
5808:Names
5790:(CIE)
5619:Brown
5614:White
5604:Black
5574:Green
5089:Water
5045:Light
4655:S2CID
4552:Smith
4275:See:
4183:S2CID
4135:S2CID
3686:See:
3462:S2CID
3373:S2CID
3155:See:
2968:9 May
2962:(PDF)
2951:S2CID
2921:(PDF)
2847:See:
2788:See:
2750:(PDF)
2743:(PDF)
2551:(PDF)
2520:(PDF)
1944:Notes
1818:Regen
1806:gules
1613:prism
1606:Snell
1434:Roman
1341:is a
1284:Titan
1247:halos
1208:sleet
1181:glory
961:phase
898:glory
882:below
542:sin(2
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