670:, who was away on the Hajj pilgrimage, to succeed, while the former favored Umar. In al-Waqidi's accounts, which are ultimately traced back to Raja's own account of the events, Raja persuaded Sulayman to bypass his own sons and brothers in favor of Umar. Raja was chosen to execute Sulayman's will. He secured the decision by securing oaths of allegiance from the Umayyad family to Sulayman's willed successor whose name was kept secret in a sealed letter. Once he gained their oaths, Umar was revealed as the next caliph and Yazid II as the next in line. He threatened the use of force against Sulayman's brothers following their protestations at being bypassed. Raja's role in the affair is considered to be a likely exaggeration by the modern historian Reinhard Eisener because of the personal account of Raja was the original authority for the early Muslim sources.
434:
302:
677:. Although Raja may have functioned as a secretary of Sulayman and Umar, there is no evidence that he was ever a copyist, adhering to a specific set of stylizations of the sort visible at the Dome of the Rock, or that a group of such copyists flourished in Palestine in the time of Abd al-Malik. There is a lack of precise information about contributions of Raja, if any, to the well-documented administrative reforms of Umar.
711:(at the time a theological school of Islam that asserted humans possessed free will) scholars Ghaylan al-Dimashqi and Salih Qubba, Raja wrote back supporting Hisham's decision; the executed scholars had been known political dissidents during the reign of Raja's patron, Umar. According to the medieval historian
658:
in 717, Sulayman's succession became a pressing issue. Abd al-Malik had formally designated al-Walid and
Sulayman as his successors, but did not specify anyone beyond them; nonetheless, his intention that the office of the caliphate remain in the hands of his direct descendants was common knowledge
281:
and his secretary or chief scribe during his caliphate. Raja played an influential role in securing the succession of Umar over
Sulayman's brothers or sons and continued as a secretary to the new caliph. He spent the last decade of his life in retirement, though he maintained contact with Caliph
386:
status as a reasonable possibility, but also holds there is good evidence that Raja was of actual
Kindite descent, due to the existence of his full genealogy, which places him as a great-grandson of the Kindite tribesman Imru al-Qays ibn Abis, a contemporary of the first caliph
479:
written by the
Jerusalemite preacher Ahmad al-Wasiti before 1019. Raja and Yazid were instructed by the caliph to spend generously on the building's construction and ornamentation. In an account recorded by the 15th-century Palestine-based historian
492:
The historian Nasser Rabbat speculates Raja played a greater role in the founding of the Dome of the Rock, beyond fiscally managing its construction. He proposes that Raja advised Abd al-Malik to choose the site of the Dome of the Rock on the
568:
in 710. By the time
Sulayman acceded to the caliphate in 715, Raja had gained a reputation as the ascetic of the Umayyads and the "outstanding man of religion of his age for Syria", according to Bosworth. He related
488:
in the construction budget. The caliph offered them the sum as an additional reward for their efforts, but both men refused; as a result, Abd al-Malik ordered that the coins be melted to gild the building's dome.
409:("the Jordanian"). The family likely hailed from or settled in an area inhabited by their Kindite tribal kin or patrons, whose prominence in Syria had grown under Mu'awiya and further still under Caliph
662:
The two
Umayyad factions present at Dabiq were an anonymous group of Sulayman's inner circle represented by Raja and the family of Abd al-Malik, apparently represented by the caliph's brother
1426:
1421:
497:
and formulated the Qur'anic inscriptions which decorate the structure's interior and exterior. He bases this theory on Raja's senior position in the
Umayyad court, knowledge of the
391:. Moreover, Imru al-Qays and Raja both lived in Baysan, the former in his later life and Raja in his youth. Because of his family's residence in the Palestine or Jordan district of
475:(leader of the people of Palestine). Raja's role in its construction is described in the earliest known Muslim literary work specifically dedicated to the merits of Jerusalem, the
673:
Raja first met Umar during the Hajj pilgrimage of 710, when Umar served as governor of Medina for al-Walid. During Umar's caliphate (717–720), Raja was one of the caliph's three
501:, social connection to Palestine, expertise about the holy sites of Jerusalem, and his important role in developing the early Muslim tradition about Jerusalem's sanctity.
715:(d. 1233), Raja died in Qussin, a place in Kufa's environs. Bosworth surmises that Raja ended up there possibly as part of the entourage of the Umayyad governor of Iraq,
1451:
638:(Lod). According to the traditional Muslim historians, Raja played an influential role in securing the succession of Sulayman's paternal cousin, the son of
269:). He was a staunch defender of the religious conduct of the caliphs against their pious detractors. He played an important role in the construction of the
659:
in the ruling family. Sulayman's chosen successor, his eldest son Ayyub, had predeceased him and the ill caliph debated potential replacements with Raja.
646:, to the caliphate over expectations in the Umayyad ruling family that one of Sulayman's brothers or sons would accede. In the account of the historian
509:
Toward the end of the Dome of the Rock's completion in 691/92, Raja was assigned by Abd al-Malik to a joint embassy with the up-and-coming commander
1471:
1441:
471:'s construction in Jerusalem. It is possible this was the reason for Raja's relocation to Palestine from the Jordan district and his new title
1461:
655:
1342:
1245:
1199:
433:
1446:
1210:
1334:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIV: The Empire in Transition: The Caliphates of Sulaymān, ʿUmar, and Yazīd, A.D. 715–724/A.H. 96–105
1392:
1266:
1149:
590:
1160:
525:, Raja later interceded with Abd al-Malik to pardon the rebels who had participated in the mass anti-Umayyad, Iraqi rebellion of
617:
in Syria, but if you provoke him, you will find him Syrian in his views quoting Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan saying such-and-such."
1466:
518:
514:
605:
front, "through Raja and his likes, we are rendered victorious". In a testament to Raja's loyalty to the
Umayyad caliphs
484:, Raja and Yazid informed Abd al-Malik that after the Dome of the Rock's completion there remained a surplus of 100,000
448:
It was likely through the patronage of the
Kindites in the caliphs' courts in Syria that Raja gained favor with the
1231:
1185:
521:. Raja displayed his moderate disposition by praying alongside Zufar when al-Hajjaj refused to do so. According to
630:
historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari for advising Sulayman, while he was governor of Palestine, to select the site of
1218:
1176:
542:
248:
152:
1431:
627:
598:
697:
663:
453:
283:
226:
114:
1276:
Elad, Amikam (2008). "Abd al-Malik and the Dome of the Rock: A further Examination of the Muslim Sources".
639:
481:
215:
685:
Following the death of Umar, Raja likely entered retirement. According to the medieval Persian historian
545:
governor of Palestine, he assigned Raja as his mentor. Raja accompanied Abd al-Malik's son and successor
1456:
643:
586:
259:
171:
1416:
1411:
606:
582:
510:
365:
1369:
1319:
1222:
1180:
397:
1352:
Rabbat, Nasser (1993). "The Dome of the Rock Revisited: Some Remarks on al-Wasiti's Accounts".
301:
1388:
1338:
1262:
1241:
1226:
1195:
1145:
526:
347:
1337:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1361:
1311:
1168:
602:
468:
438:
270:
78:
1164:
716:
449:
206:
1436:
1214:
1172:
1135:
626:(secretary or scribe) and head of the administration of justice. He is credited by the
594:
379:
324:
315:
277:
under Abd al-Malik. He became a mentor of Sulayman during the latter's governorship of
53:
1405:
392:
375:
351:
328:
278:
712:
651:
522:
494:
225:) was a prominent Muslim theological and political adviser of the Umayyad caliphs
1382:
1332:
1256:
1139:
686:
319:"Abū al-Miqdām" or "Abū Naṣr", was the son of Haywa ibn Khanzal. He was born in
1315:
546:
485:
237:
133:
708:
647:
609:(d. 714) stated, Raja "used to be regarded as the most knowledgeable jurist
442:
336:
332:
274:
82:
1258:
Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage
498:
667:
578:
410:
388:
1323:
1373:
1299:
574:
689:(d. 1038), he refused to accompany Umar's successor, Caliph Yazid II (
570:
565:
331:. According to a report traced to Raja and recorded by the historian
320:
306:
49:
1384:
Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation
1365:
631:
622:
612:
561:
432:
370:
300:
650:(d. 823), while Sulayman was on his deathbed at his army camp in
557:
530:
66:
707:) wrote to Raja expressing regret about his executions of the
635:
666:. The latter faction favored another of Sulayman's brothers,
1072:
1070:
810:
808:
1115:
1113:
1100:
1098:
1092:, Islamic Quarterly 16 1972: 43 and n. 5, the sources vary
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
634:
as the new capital of Islamic Palestine, replacing nearby
1036:
1034:
1032:
1007:
1005:
992:
990:
988:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
906:
904:
467:, Yazid ibn Sallam, with overseeing the financing of the
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
735:
733:
731:
463:). The latter entrusted Raja and his own Jerusalemite
220:
77:
Played an important role in the construction of the
696:) on the latter's visit to Jerusalem. After Caliph
169:
150:
131:
112:
96:
88:
73:
60:
37:
23:
1300:"Kinda on the Eve of Islam and during the "Ridda""
437:Raja played a key role in the construction of the
593:, which were, in turn, related by numerous later
1090:Raja' ibn Haywa al-Kindi and the Umayyad Caliphs
18:Muslim theological and Umayyad political adviser
1291:Jews and Arabs in Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia
597:. In a quote attributed to Sulayman's brother
1427:8th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate
1422:7th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate
374:(non-Arab, Muslim client or freedman) of the
8:
452:, particularly Marwan's son and successor,
1232:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1186:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1141:Medieval Arabic Culture and Administration
20:
1387:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1240:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821–822.
1194:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 682–683.
1119:
1104:
1061:
1040:
996:
979:
955:
943:
922:
910:
883:
835:
814:
739:
1011:
727:
1076:
1023:
970:, in the biography of Sa`id ibn Jubayr
895:
871:
859:
799:
787:
775:
751:
656:major offensive against the Byzantines
517:, the leader of a tribal rebellion in
346:, during the early reign of the first
1278:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
429:Association with the Dome of the Rock
335:(d. 1505), Raja considered himself a
7:
1304:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
847:
763:
601:, the head Umayyad commander on the
541:When Abd al-Malik appointed his son
339:. His approximate year of birth was
1452:Scholars from the Umayyad Caliphate
513:to negotiate a reconciliation with
210:
14:
1298:Lecker, Michael (November 1994).
395:, Raja is occasionally given the
92:Umayyad caliphs political adviser
620:Raja served as Sulayman's chief
424:Career under the Umayyad caliphs
1261:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill.
702:
691:
551:
458:
415:
356:
288:
264:
253:
242:
231:
1331:Powers, David S., ed. (1989).
537:Secretary of Sulayman and Umar
211:رَجَاء بْنِ حَيْوَة الكِنْدِيّ
1:
1472:Palestinian scholars of Islam
1442:Medieval history of Palestine
515:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
340:
327:, before moving south to the
41:
533:-based Kindite, in 700–701.
378:tribe. The modern historian
1211:"Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik"
778:, pp. 70, 74, note 27.
477:Faḍāʿil al-Bayt al-Muqaddas
221:
1488:
364:The 9th-century historian
1316:10.1017/S1356186300005964
368:mentions that Raja was a
196:
192:
188:
177:
158:
139:
120:
108:
104:
30:
1462:Tabi‘un hadith narrators
1289:Lecker, Michael (1998).
1159:Bosworth, C. E. (2004).
850:, p. 194, note 139.
313:Raja, known also by his
222:Rajaʾ ibn Ḥaywa al-Kindī
31:
1447:People from Beit She'an
802:, p. 340, note 19.
577:of the Islamic prophet
505:Adviser of Abd al-Malik
405:("the Palestinian") or
203:Raja ibn Haywa al-Kindi
1381:Shaban, M. A. (1971).
790:, p. 75, note 29.
754:, p. 20, note 19.
687:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
640:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
581:, including Mu'awiya,
482:Mujir ad-Din al-Ulaymi
445:
323:(Beit She'an), in the
310:
170:Political adviser for
151:Political adviser for
132:Political adviser for
113:Political adviser for
1255:Elad, Amikam (1999).
1144:. Variorum Reprints.
436:
329:district of Palestine
305:The ancient ruins of
304:
1467:Palestinian scholars
1209:Eisener, R. (1997).
681:Retirement and death
595:Muslim traditionists
1079:, pp. 130–131.
587:Abu Umama al-Bahili
583:Jabir ibn Abd Allah
511:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
473:sayyid ahl Filaṣtin
366:Khalifa ibn Khayyat
32:رَجَاء بْنِ حَيْوَة
862:, pp. 66, 68.
591:Abd Allah ibn Umar
446:
311:
1344:978-0-7914-0072-2
1247:978-90-04-10422-8
1201:978-90-04-13974-9
1161:"Radjaʾ b. Ḥaywa"
968:Tabaqat al-Fuqaha
898:, pp. 70–71.
886:, pp. 83–84.
817:, pp. 82–83.
519:Upper Mesopotamia
309:, Raja's hometown
219:
200:
199:
100:Haywa ibn Khanzal
1479:
1398:
1377:
1360:. Brill: 66–75.
1348:
1327:
1294:
1285:
1272:
1251:
1223:Heinrichs, W. P.
1205:
1181:Heinrichs, W. P.
1155:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1088:C. E. Bosworth,
1086:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1044:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
926:
920:
914:
908:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
818:
812:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
706:
704:
695:
693:
607:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
555:
553:
469:Dome of the Rock
462:
460:
439:Dome of the Rock
419:
417:
360:
358:
345:
342:
292:
290:
271:Dome of the Rock
268:
266:
257:
255:
246:
244:
235:
233:
224:
214:
212:
182:
163:
144:
125:
79:Dome of the Rock
46:
43:
21:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1432:Hadith scholars
1402:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1366:10.2307/1523173
1351:
1345:
1330:
1297:
1288:
1275:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1215:Bosworth, C. E.
1208:
1202:
1173:Bosworth, C. E.
1158:
1152:
1136:Bosworth, C. E.
1134:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1068:
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1047:
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1003:
995:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
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942:
929:
921:
917:
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894:
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878:
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858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
821:
813:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
729:
725:
717:Khalid al-Qasri
701:
690:
683:
550:
539:
507:
457:
431:
426:
414:
355:
343:
325:Jordan district
299:
287:
263:
252:
241:
230:
183:
178:
164:
159:
145:
140:
126:
121:
69:
56:
54:Jordan district
52:(Beit She'an),
47:
44:
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1485:
1483:
1475:
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1424:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1378:
1349:
1343:
1328:
1310:(3): 333–356.
1295:
1286:
1273:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1219:van Donzel, E.
1206:
1200:
1177:van Donzel, E.
1165:Bearman, P. J.
1156:
1150:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1122:, p. 122.
1109:
1107:, p. 121.
1094:
1081:
1066:
1064:, p. 683.
1045:
1028:
1016:
1014:, p. 822.
1001:
984:
972:
960:
948:
927:
915:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
819:
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
744:
726:
724:
721:
705: 724–743
694: 720–724
682:
679:
560:pilgrimage to
554: 705–715
538:
535:
529:, a prominent
527:Ibn al-Ash'ath
506:
503:
461: 685–705
430:
427:
425:
422:
418: 684–685
382:considers his
380:Michael Lecker
359: 661–680
298:
295:
291: 724–743
267: 717–720
256: 715–717
245: 705–715
234: 685–705
198:
197:
194:
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189:
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185:
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117:
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98:
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75:
74:Known for
71:
70:
64:
62:
58:
57:
48:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
25:Raja ibn Haywa
24:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1484:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
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1413:
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1407:
1396:
1394:0-521-08137-8
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1359:
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1279:
1274:
1270:
1268:90-04-10010-5
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1239:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
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1212:
1207:
1203:
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1193:
1189:
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1174:
1170:
1169:Bianquis, Th.
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1151:0-86078-113-5
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1120:Bosworth 1982
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Bosworth 1982
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Bosworth 2004
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:, p. 95.
1042:
1041:Bosworth 1982
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:, p. 70.
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:, p. 94.
998:
997:Bosworth 1982
993:
991:
989:
985:
982:, p. 91.
981:
980:Bosworth 1982
976:
973:
969:
964:
961:
958:, p. 88.
957:
956:Bosworth 1982
952:
949:
946:, p. 87.
945:
944:Bosworth 1982
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
928:
925:, p. 85.
924:
923:Bosworth 1982
919:
916:
913:, p. 84.
912:
911:Bosworth 1982
907:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
884:Bosworth 1982
880:
877:
874:, p. 68.
873:
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
849:
844:
841:
838:, p. 83.
837:
836:Bosworth 1982
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:Bosworth 1982
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
793:
789:
784:
781:
777:
772:
769:
766:, p. 19.
765:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
742:, p. 81.
741:
740:Bosworth 1982
736:
734:
732:
728:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
699:
688:
680:
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1140:
1129:Bibliography
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1084:
1019:
1012:Eisener 1997
975:
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963:
951:
918:
891:
879:
867:
855:
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783:
771:
759:
747:
713:Ibn al-Athir
684:
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661:
621:
619:
610:
540:
523:al-Baladhuri
508:
495:Temple Mount
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454:Abd al-Malik
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406:
403:al-Filasṭīnī
402:
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383:
369:
363:
337:Jerusalemite
314:
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227:Abd al-Malik
202:
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179:
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141:
122:
115:Abd al-Malik
15:
1227:Lecomte, G.
1190:Volume XII:
1077:Shaban 1971
1024:Powers 1989
896:Rabbat 1993
872:Rabbat 1993
860:Rabbat 1993
800:Lecker 1994
788:Rabbat 1993
776:Rabbat 1993
752:Lecker 1998
654:during the
486:gold dinars
1417:730 deaths
1412:660 births
1406:Categories
1293:. Ashgate.
1236:Volume IX:
1192:Supplement
723:References
575:companions
571:traditions
547:al-Walid I
407:al-Urdunnī
352:Mu'awiya I
344: 660
297:Early life
238:al-Walid I
134:al-Walid I
45: 660
848:Elad 2008
764:Elad 1999
648:al-Waqidi
603:Byzantine
556:) on the
443:Jerusalem
333:al-Suyuti
279:Palestine
275:Jerusalem
216:romanized
180:In office
161:In office
142:In office
123:In office
83:Jerusalem
1354:Muqarnas
1324:25182938
1229:(eds.).
1183:(eds.).
1138:(1982).
668:Yazid II
579:Muhammad
543:Sulayman
450:Umayyads
411:Marwan I
389:Abu Bakr
350:caliph,
249:Sulayman
153:Sulayman
65:Qussin,
1457:Tabi‘un
1374:1523173
1238:San–Sze
599:Maslama
348:Umayyad
218::
184:717–720
165:715–717
146:705–715
127:685–705
1391:
1372:
1341:
1322:
1265:
1244:
1225:&
1198:
1179:&
1148:
709:Qadari
698:Hisham
675:kātibs
664:Hisham
628:Mamluk
566:Medina
499:Qur'an
321:Beisan
307:Beisan
284:Hisham
258:) and
207:Arabic
97:Father
50:Beisan
1437:Kinda
1370:JSTOR
1320:JSTOR
1213:. In
1163:. In
652:Dabiq
636:Lydda
632:Ramla
623:kātib
613:faqih
562:Mecca
465:mawlā
398:nisba
393:Syria
384:mawla
376:Kinda
371:mawlā
316:kunya
89:Title
1389:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1146:ISBN
644:Umar
589:and
564:and
558:Hajj
531:Kufa
361:).
260:Umar
172:Umar
67:Kufa
61:Died
38:Born
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