Rajendra I - Knowledge (XXG)

1492:, and Vangala Desam in modern-day Bangladesh, and reached the Ganges. The Chola Indian Mainland expedition ended in 1022, and details of the countries conquered by his forces in the expedition were included in his Meikeerthi's from 1023. With the return of Rajendra Chola's forces to the Chola capital in 1022, the Royal Guru of Rajendra, Isaana Pandithar, built Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer temple at Kulampandel, Tamil Nadu. With his return, Rajendra claimed a new title, "Gangaikondaan", and gave the title "Gangaikonda Cholan" (the Chola who captured Gangai) to his younger brother, who led the Gangetic expedition. Rajendra commenced the construction of a new city named "Gangaikonda Cholapuram", with a new Siva temple named "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem" and a large temple water tank called "Chola Gangam", where the holy water brought from the Ganges river was mixed. The Essalam Copper Plates of Rajendra state with the conquest of the Gangetic region, Rajendra constructed the new city of the Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the great Gangaikonda Choleswarer temple, and the sacred Cholagangam Tank at the Udaiyar Palaiyam region of Ariyalur district. In the temple " 3371: 3394: 1551: 3432: 2111:

intractable rebels whose allegiance, if any, was at best opportunistic, which proved a problem to both sides in the conflict, frustrating both the Sinhalese kings and the Cholas. Vijayabahu, from his base in Rohana, faced a similar difficulty; he had to contend with the hostility of local chiefs who regarded him as a more-significant threat than the Cholas to their independence. For that reason, the Cholas recruited nominal support from rebel chiefs in Rohana. Vijayabahu needed help consolidating a firm territorial base from which to launch a decisive campaign against the Cholas. On another front, the Cholas needed to eliminate similar opposition in the north. Gradually the wider conflict developed into a prolonged, back-and-forth struggle of raids and counter-raids; the forces of Vijayabahu advanced upon Polonnaruva, and then fell back to fortresses in Dakkhinadesa and Rohana to withstand retaliatory Chola attacks and sieges. Vijayabahu eventually defeated the Cholas and drove them out of the island restoring ancient Sri Lanka's sovereignty.

3418: 2100: 3198: 2510: 2071:, the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V – about 1017 to 1018. But the Cholas never consolidated their control over the south of the island, which lacked large, prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation. Under Rajendra, the Chola's predatory expansion in Sri Lanka approached a point of diminishing returns. According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra led a large army into Anuradhapura and captured Mahinda's crown, queen and daughter, a vast amount of wealth and the king himself, whom Rajendra took to India as a prisoner to India, where he died in exile in 1029. 2281: 1955: 2542: 2096:

across dhakkina principality. Prince Kassapa IV launched an unsuccessful raid into Pulattinagara but died because of a disease before he could consolidate his power to a second raid into Pulattinagara. A series of non-sinhalese ephemeral aspirants to the throne subsequently appeared and disappeared in Rohana without dislodging the Cholas from the north. Kassapa VI's mysterious death in 1040, however, brought an end to the war until the rise of Vijayabahu. His successor Mahalana-Kitti (1040–1042) tried to lead an revolt against the Cholas but failed.

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which he occupied) after having forcibly attacked Raṇaśura; Vangāḷa-deśā, where the rain water never stopped, (and from which) Gōvindacandra fled, having descended (from his) male elephant; elephants of rare strength, women and treasure, (which he seized) after having been pleased to put to flight in a hot battlefield the strong Mahipāla by the sound of a conch from the deep sea; Uttiralāḍam (on the shore of) the expansive ocean (producing) pearls; and the Gangā whose waters bearing flagrant flowers dashed against the bathing places (

1254: 2126: 2186:(He seized) Śakkarakkōţţam, whose warriors were brave; Madura-maṇḍalam destroyed in a trice, the prosperous city of Nāmaṇaik-kōṇam with its dense groves. Pañcap-paḷḷi whose warriors (bore) cruel bows, Māśunideśa with its green fields; a large heap of family-treasures with many (other) treasures (which he carried away), after having conquered Indraratha of the ancient race of the moon, together with (his) family, in a fight which took place at Ādinagar, (a city) whose fame knew no decline; Oḍḍa- 1535:, on the eastern Sumatran mainland, followed by Ilamuridesam in northern Sumatra. The forces next sailed to Malaysia and captured Vallaipandur in modern-day north-east Malaysia and Kadarem in north-west Malaysia. From here, Rajendra's forces sailed north and captured the adjacent settlement Ilankasokam in south-east Thailand, followed by Mathamalingam, eastern Thailand and Thalaitakkolam in south-west Thailand. From here, the fleet departed to India, 1449:. He also captured its capital city Mannaikadakkam or Maleked on behalf of his father, which met this reversal after its initial capture by Rajaraja Cholan in 1006. With the death of Rajaraja Cholan I in 1014 CE and the ascension of Rajendra to the Chola throne in the same year. After a lapse of two years, in 1016, Rajendra sent a naval force to Sri Lanka and brought the Anuradhapura Kingdom under his control. Following an expedition to eastern 1301: 3026: 3003: 2480:, which were based on agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Sri Deva was enthroned as the new king and trading activities resumed. Deva sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028. The invasion was not followed by direct Cholan occupation, and the region was unchanged geo-politically, trade had considerable consequences. Tamil traders encroached on the Srivijayan realm that was traditionally controlled by 403: 3210: 3043:. The name of the city Gangaikonda Cholapuram means "The City of the Conqueror of Ganga River" or "the town of the one who defeated the kings near the Ganga". The city has an artificial lake, which is filled with water from the Kollidam and Vellar rivers. The outer fortification in the city is wider than the inner one. The remains of the outer fortification consists of a mound encircling the palace. 3406: 2901: 1767: 1328: 2045:, which was renamed "Jananathamangalam", a title of Rajaraja. Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a Siva temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town Mahatittha – modern Mantota, Mannar – which was renamed Rajaraja-pura. Chola-occupied territories on the island were named Mummudicholamandalam after Mummudi Chola or Rajaraja I, Rajendra's father. 2018: 1562:

Cholapuram". Some villages in present-day Tamil Nadu still bear the names Kidarankondan in Thiruvaarur and Ariyalur regions (present Gedaramkondan in Ariyalur) and Kadaramkonda Cholapuram (present Narasingpuram). With Rajendra's victories over Kadaram, Malaysia, in 1023, he built a Siva temple in northern Tamil Nadu and named it Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem.

1496:" he built, the presiding deity of the Karuvarai (Sanctum Sanctorum) called the "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer" also known as "Peruvudaiyar" – the God Siva in the form of Lingam, the biggest Lingam among the Siva Temples in the world over, having a height of 13 feet (4.0 m) and a circumference of 20 ft (6.1 m). The 3065:

Rajendra states Dehejia must have involved the same artisans used by his father and transferred them from Thanjavur. Most or all of the Chola kings from Rajendra I had their coronations at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Archaeological excavations have revealed fort walls and palace remains a few kilometres

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With the growing presence of Tamil guilds in the region, relations between Srivijaya and the Cholas improved. Chola nobles were accepted in the Srivijaya court, and in 1067, a Chola prince named Divakara or Devakala was sent as a Srivijayan ambassador to the Imperial Court of China. The prince, who

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island west of Kerala. In 1019, Rajendra sent another expedition against the Irrataipaadi Elaraiillakam, northern Karnataka and southern Maharashtra. With its new capital at Kalyani in northernmost Karnataka, which the Cholas lost again but recaptured after a battle at Musangi in eastern Karnataka.

3062:, Vishnu and other temples. These temples were destroyed in the late 13th and 14th centuries, except the Brihadishvara temple. The other Chola landmarks are evidenced by soil-covered mounds and excavated, broken pillar stumps and brick walls found over several kilometres from the surviving temple. 1291:

Rajendra was declared heir apparent and formally associated with his father in the administration of the Chola Empire in the final years of his father's reign (1012–1014). In 1018, Rajendra appointed his son Rajadhiraja as heir apparent or co-regent to the Chola throne, which Rajadhiraja occupied

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Rajendra also built a royal palace of burnt brick. The ceilings were covered with small, flat tiles laid in several courses in a fine lime mortar. The pillars were probably made of polished wood and were supported on granite bases; a few pillar bases have survived. Iron nails and clamps have been

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Despite the devastation, the Srivijaya mandala survived because the Chola attack was short and only meant to plunder so the invasion failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya. This invasion severely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony, and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms like

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I (1055–1110) descended from or claimed to be descended from the Sinhalese royal house, the House of Lambakanna II. By the age of seventeen, he had defeated his most-potent rivals in Rohana and was anxious to take on the Cholas. The crisis in the country left a few scattered, turbulent chiefs and

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which was difficult of approach on account of its dense forest defence; the good Kōśalai-nāḍu where Brahmins assembled; Taṇḍabutti in whose gardens bees abounded, (land which he acquired) after having destroyed Dharmapāla (in) a hot battle; Takkaṇalāḍam, whose fame reached (all) directions, (and

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kingdoms,which seems to have no effect in this conflict, 2 Sinhala dandanayakas by the names of Budha and Kiththi massacred the Chola garrisons (on behalf of Kassapa IV) in a 6 month long battle at Palatupana in Rohana. Leftover soldiers of the 95,000-strong Chola army escaped to Pulatthinagara

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In the eighth year of the reign of Kopparakesarivanmar sri Rajendra Sola Deva, who, while the goddess of Fortune, having become constant, increased, and while the goddess of the great Earth, the goddess of victory in battle and the matchless goddess of Fame, having become his great queens,

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With his triumph over the Kadaram, Rajendra assumed the new title "Kadaremkondaan", and one of his grandsons who led the Kadaram expedition was given the title "Kadaremkonda Cholan" (the Chola who captured Kadarem). A region of the present-day Kudimallur, Tamil Nadu, was named "Kadarekonda

57: 3370: 2349:, and requested aid from Rajendra. After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra, Tambralinga requested aid from Srivijaya, which Sangrama granted. This led to the Chola invasion of the Srivijiya Empire. This belligerence were partly influenced by religion; the Chola and 1565:

Following Rajendra's victories in the wars on the Indian mainland and near-overseas, he built two "magnificent & gigantic temples completely out of Granite stone" as living monuments of his forces' great valour and superior status in this region, which are included in the

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After a two-year lapse, Rajendra, with his capture of many regions of the Indian mainland, became more ambitious in conquering the northern and north-western parts of India. He commenced his war expedition in this direction in 1021, capturing Sakkarakkoattam in the south of

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An inscription of Rajendra I was found at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 B.C. to C. 1200 A.D. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.

2087: – also known as Vikramabahu – and reigned in Rohana from 1029 to 1040 while attempting to organise a campaign of liberation and unification.He became the king of Rohana after the 11–12 years of Chola rule in Rohana. Taking advantage of uprisings in the 3431: 2149:. Rajendra accepted the help of the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, with whom Indraratha had a bitter enmity, and Rajendra took advantage of this situation. The combined armies defeated Indraprastha, who was probably killed. The Chola army eventually reached the 1920:

rejoiced-that in his extended lifetime, conquered with his great war-like army Idaiturai-nadu, Vanavasi shut in by a fence of continuous forests; Kollipakkai, whose walls were surrounded by sulli trees; Mannaikkadakkam whose fortification was unapproachable.

1543:, the southern Myanmar (Burma) seaport city Magpapaalam, and returned to Chola country. The Chola south-east Asian expedition ended in 1024, and details of the lands conquered by his forces in this expedition were included in his Meikeerthan early silver 2532:

upon her husband's death. Her remains were interred in the same tomb at Brahmadesam. It adds the queen's brother Madhuranthaka Parakesari Velan, who was a general in Rajendra's army, constructed a watershed at the same place in memory of his sister.

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and queen Vanathi, who is also called Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār. Rajendra had a younger brother named Araiyan Rajarajan, who became a commanding general of a Chola army, and at least three sisters; the younger sister was Kundavai (not to be confused with

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Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 B.C., according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie

1570:. The two granite temples were built to commemorate their triumphs far overseas and as monuments of the Chola's achievements in South-East Asia and the high status of the Medieval Chola Empire in the world history of that period (1025 CE). 2064:

into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura, including the south-eastern province Rohana, was incorporated into the Chola Empire. According to the Sinhalese chronicle

1976:, who fled his capital and was later restored to the throne by Raja Raja I as a tribute-paying subordinate. Initially, Jayasimha II was successful because Rajendra was busy with his campaigns in Sri Lanka. In 1021, after the demise of the 1523:. The Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem Siva temple in Kudimallur in Vellore district – present-day Bhimeswara temple near Kalavai – was built to commemorate Rajendra's victory over Kadarem and many regions of present-day Malaysia. 1550: 1100:

and his queen Vanavan Mahadevi and assumed royal power as co-regent with his father in 1012 until his father died in 1014, when Rajendra ascended to the Chola throne. During his reign, the Chola Empire reached its zenith in the

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Rajendra appointed his son Rajadhiraja as heir apparent to the Chola throne in 1018. Large military expeditions, like the Pandya and Chalukya wars, were carried out by Rajadhiraja. The prominent officials of the time were:

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in southern Sumatra, which was captured. After that, the fleet captured the adjacent settlement Malaiyur. From there, the fleet sailed to the nearby island Bangha and captured Mevilibangham. The fleet then sailed to

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The king Rajendra Chola, generous as Karpaga tree that gives whatever one wants, went with his army, conquered and ruled and protected the land, where Ganges flows and Kadaram. He belongs to the lineage of Vikrama

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into South-East Asia, and for the next century, Tamil trading companies from southern India dominated the region. Rajendra's expedition is mentioned in corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle

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On the third Regnal year of Rajendra Chola – the conqueror of the East country, Ganges and Kadaram; this stone inscription was made to record the tax exemption grant given by Rajendra, the one who surrendered to

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Rajendra I had many queens; Tribhuvana or Vanavan Mahadevi, Mukkokilan, Panchavan Mahadevi, Puteri Onangki and Viramahadevi, the last of whom committed sati upon Rajendra's death. He had seven sons; Rajarajan,

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lands increased the role of the temples and village assemblies. Committees like (tank committee) and totta-variam (garden committees) were active, and the temples had vast resources in land, men and money.

1195:, and one of the centres of trade and commerce in the empire for several centuries. The city was remarkable for its artificial lake, extensive fortifications, moats surrounding the imperial palace, and the 3709: 2079:

11–12 years after the Chola conquest of Rohana, Prince Kassapa, son of Mahinda, hid in Rohana, where Chola forces unsuccessfully searched for him. Soon after the death of Mahinda, Kassapa assumed the

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Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers

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interpreted Rajendra's campaign to "bring the waters of the Ganges into Chola territory" as a pilgrimage to the Ganges river. This theory has been refuted by later historians, the most notable being

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According to the Siddanta Saravali of Trilochana Sivacharya, Rajendra Chola I was a poet who composed hymns to praise the god Siva. A commentary on the same work says Rajendra brought several

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and several other coastal areas. Emporia refers to exporting goods according to their demand, arose, making trade within the Empire profitable and helped maintain the Chola military. The

1278:), the queen of Chalukya-Vimaladitya; and a daughter called Mahadevi. Other significant members of the royal household include queen mother Dantisakti Vitanki—alias Lokamahadevi. The 1136:. As Emperor, Rajendra completed the conquest of Anuradhapura and brought a large portion of Sri Lanka under imperial rule. Rajendra expanded Chola rule by defeating the kingdoms of 5152: 3940:"Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Cōlas. By Kenneth R. Hall. New Delhi: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications, 1980. Pp. viii, 238. Acknowledgements, Appendices, Bibliography, Index" 3417: 2501:

launched a naval raid to help Srivijaya reclaim Kedah. Virarajendra reinstated the Kedah king at the request of the Srivijayan Maharaja, and Kedah accepted Srivijayan sovereignty.

2419:. The Chola invasion was the end of Srivijaya. Srivijaya's maritime power declined under the Chola attack. Chola forces conquered large portions of Srivijaya, including its ports 1425:

On his father's behalf Rajaraja I, Rajendra I started his wars on the Indian mainland when he was a co-regent for his father in an expedition in 1012 with the capture of

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and foreign trade. Sometimes, Chola naval expeditions led to plunder and conquest as far as South-east Asia. While Srivijaya controlled two major naval choke points the

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district – the present-day Kadambavanesvara temple near Erumbur – was built to commemorate the victory of Rajendra's forces over Sri Vijaya and many regions of

1222:. This link allowed Rajendra to incorporate Chinese vessels into the Chola military. These networks also extended west; the Cholas engaged in the spice trade with 5179: 2209: 1177: 1547:

of 1025. With Rajendra's victory over Sri Vijaya(m) of Sumatra in 1023, he built a Siva Temple at Erumbur, Tamil Nadu, and named it Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem.

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in the north and the other in a north-westerly direction. At the same time, he stationed himself at Sakkarakkoattam until the two expeditions were complete.

1157: 3006: 1196: 2224:. The military nature of the campaign is suggested by the last line of the Thiruvalangadu plates, which state the king erected the Cholaganga tank as a 2099: 3197: 1992: 998: 42: 3987:

Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia p. 230

2573:(The Chola who took the Ganges river). After his successful South-East Asian campaign, he gained the title "Kadaram Kondan" (He who took Kedah). 1999:'s army in Vengi and routed the rulers in battle. Vengi was later the site of the coronation of Rajendra's nephew following his victories in the 3137:

Rajendra built a large tank named Cholagangam in his capital city Gangaikonda Cholapuram, and it was described as the liquid pillar of victory.

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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to .Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.170

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region countries towards the Ganges river in the north from Sakkarakkoattam; they captured the regions of Odda Vishayam and Thandabuththi in

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New forms of trade emerged during Rajendra's such as the commercial system called "emporia", this was after the Chola's had gained control of

5429: 5299: 5259: 5224: 5031: 5004: 4914: 4866: 4435: 3655: 3625: 3595: 3496: 3301: 3240: 2323:, Srivijaya had cordial relations with the Chola Empire during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I, leading to Mara Vijayatungavarman building the 1969:. From 992 CE to 1008 CE, during the reign of Rajaraja I, Rajendra raided and annexed several towns, such as Rattepadi, Banavasi and Toanur. 3232:. Donations were made to the temple to celebrate the king's birthday in Maargali. An inscription at Umamahesvara temple in Konerirajapuram, 3125:

Rajendra developed an efficient water management system from the village level upwards. The increase in royal patronage, and the number of

3085:, which is located further along the complex inland along Konesar Road, benefitted from Rajendra. The Kali temple is mentioned in the book 3050:, which became the capital for the next 250 years. Rajendra I built several temples using plans and infrastructure recommended in Tamil 2162: 5278: 3243:, built by his father and later developed by Rajendra, include inscriptions describing many donations to the temple made by Rajendra. 2890: 1156:("Twelve Thousand Islands and the Ocean Where Three Waters Meet"). These islands were later used as strategic naval bases. During his 5349: 5318: 4974: 4893: 4732: 4693: 4075: 3783: 2984: 1850: 1411: 3224:

Several inscriptions of Rajendra commemorating his reign and conquests have been found. An inscription at Adhipuriswara temple in

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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.305

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at Thanjavur. There has been general disagreement among historians on the nature of the expedition. Early scholars such as

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Rajendra I's overseas war expedition commenced in 1023; a large fleet of ships with Chola warriors was sent to Sri Vijaya,

3168: 3097:, describing the origins of the world, Lanka and Koneswaram based on puranic legends, is lost. The historical literature 2965: 1831: 1392: 2161:, Dharmapala of Dandabhukti. The Chola army went on to raid eastern Bengal – modern-day Bangladesh – defeated 4002:(1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers 2937: 1972:

In 1015, Jayasimha II became the king of Western Chalukyas. He tried to recover the losses suffered by his predecessor

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and invaded Srivijaya, attacking several places in modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia. The Cholas sacked the capital

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A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206, Volume 4, Part 1, A comprehensive history of India, K. K. Dasgupta

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district, refers to donations by Alvar Parantakan Kundavai-Pirattiyar during the third year of Rajendra's reign.

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Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11 centuries

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recovered from this palace site. A tunnel links the palace and the temple's inner first prakaara to the north.

3029: 1988:, the son of Vimaladitya and Chola princess Kundavai. Rajendra helped his nephew Rajaraja defeat Vijayaditya. 1949: 1670: 1595: 3115:

in its description of Koneswaram as one of the nine most-important and sacred sites in the world for Hindus.

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The exact birth date of Rajendra I is unknown; it is speculated he was born around 971 CE. He was the son of

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Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010, South India page 59

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Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History

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traders, and the Tamil guilds' influence increased on the Malay Peninsula and the north coast of Sumatra.

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Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I",

2376:, the Malacca Strait's north-west opening was controlled from Kedah on the Malay Peninsula side and from 5424: 3036: 2254:

from Bengal were taken to Chola country, where Rajendra granted them lands. They eventually settled in

2213: 2205: 1567: 852: 695: 3763: 2933: 2427:(now Singapore). The Chola invasion furthered the expansion of Tamil merchant associations such as the 2125: 1799: 1360: 1441:

and captured it in 1013. In 1014, Rajendra led a war against the Irratiapaadi ElaraIiakam in northern

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recorded this information in an inscription, which states Rajendra's queen Viramahadevi committed

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Kingdom in modern-day Malaysia and southern Thailand. Chola forces captured the last ruler of the

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Rajendra fought Jayasimha in the Battle of Maski. Rajendra led a 900,000-strong army and defeated

5153:"Rajendra Chola: Maharashtra to dedicate Tamil emperor Rajendra Chola's portrait to Mazgon Docks" 4752:. Published on behalf of the Place Names Society of India by Geetha Book House, 1984. p. 89. 3967: 3840: 3745: 3737: 3229: 3186: 2806: 2633: 2498: 2494: 2240: 2080: 812: 742: 715: 705: 625: 354: 292: 5375:Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture by K. R. Srinivasan, K. V. Raman 2231:

The Chola expedition to the Ganges had a long-lasting influence. According to R. D. Banerji, a

1109:, making Rajendra one of only a few Indian monarchs who conquered territory beyond South Asia. 5401: 5345: 5314: 5295: 5274: 5255: 5220: 5027: 5000: 4970: 4932: 4910: 4889: 4862: 4728: 4689: 4431: 4396: 4071: 4065: 3959: 3832: 3779: 3729: 3651: 3621: 3591: 3492: 3074: 2871: 2867: 2767: 2645: 2629: 2621: 2481: 2457: 2413: 2316: 2146: 2049: 2022: 1985: 1977: 1966: 1868: 1555: 1242: 1211: 868: 685: 675: 284: 263: 4883: 4854: 3916: 2569:

After his successful campaign for the Ganges river in North India, Rajendra gained the title

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Rajendra established Gangaikonda Cholapuram as his capital from the mediaeval Chola capital

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was a major ally and trading partner, and helped the Cholas expand their networks as far as

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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

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chief who accompanied Araiyan Rajarajan on his campaign settled in Bengal and founded the

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towards the Ganges river. In Kalinga, the Chola forces defeated Indraratha, ruler of the

2958: 2801:

Co-Regent of the Chola Empire under his brother Rajendra II from 1056 C.E. to 1060 C.E.

1824: 1385: 5338: 4990: 3999: 3764:"10 Rajendra Chola's Naval Expedition and the Chola Trade with Southeast and East Asia" 3611: 3267: 2401: 2369: 2088: 1908: 1641: 1438: 1270: 1235: 1129: 1113: 905: 860: 503: 458: 369: 327: 89: 5413: 3971: 3749: 3293: 3051: 2738: 2593: 2409: 2338: 2259: 1929: 1876: 1718: 1637: 1426: 1192: 1125: 925: 844: 752: 512: 414: 349: 312: 3811:

Kramrisch, Stella; Boner, Alice; Sarma, Sadasiva Rath; Das, Rajendra Prasad (1975).

3175:, and from it, the ancestry of several South-East Asian royal families is traced to 1300: 3448: 3225: 3209: 3181: 3172: 3090: 3040: 2875: 2649: 2546: 2389: 2373: 2350: 2328: 2236: 2170: 2038: 1864: 1474: 1470: 1305: 1285: 1227: 1219: 1215: 1121: 1106: 1089: 1019: 950: 802: 733: 645: 605: 521: 494: 424: 198: 107: 71: 4669:

Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana by Alaka Chattopadhyaya p.91

1984:, Jayasimha supported Vijayaditya VII's claim to the throne against the claims of 1437:

in western Tamil Nadu. He then directed his attention to Kollipaakkai in northern

5340:

An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History (Sources and Studies in World History)

5289: 5249: 5235: 5214: 4722: 4683: 4542:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations 600-1400

3645: 4450:

The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World by Lincoln Paine p.866

4036: 3514:"Rajendra Chola Birth Anniversary: Local Holiday Announced in Ariyalur District" 3292:

The state government of Maharashtra proposed to dedicate Rajendra's portrait to

3140: 3078: 2900: 2445: 2436: 2405: 2342: 2255: 2217: 2178: 2150: 2042: 2026: 1973: 1880: 1766: 1498: 1461: 1446: 1327: 1184: 1169: 1145: 772: 585: 449: 4261:

Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (2000) . The Cōlas. Madras: University of Madras. p.208

3939: 2187: 41:

Parakesari Varman, Yuddhamalla, Mummudi Cholan, Gangai Kondan, Kadaram Kondan,

3955: 3775: 3453: 3082: 2781:

Chola Emperor, from 1052 C.E. to 1064 C.E., Retains his father's possessions.

2428: 2204:

To celebrate his victory in the Ganges, Rajendra constructed a new capital at

2084: 1892: 1625: 1488:, Kosala Naadu in northern Chhattisgarh, Thakkana Laadam and Uttara Laadam in 1430: 1223: 1097: 910: 655: 485: 476: 331: 202: 166: 125: 17: 3963: 3836: 3733: 3587:

Sejarah Melayu: sebagai karya sastra dan karya sejarah : sebuah antologi

5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 4936: 4555:

Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

4297:

Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.161

4214: 4212: 4210: 3868: 3866: 3343: 3233: 3047: 3018: 2829: 2825: 2759: 2497:. During the Kedah rebellion, Srivijaya asked the Cholas for help. In 1068, 2469: 2308: 2304: 2292: 2232: 2067: 1995:

at the Battle of Maski in 1019 and 1020. On the eastern front, Rajendra led

1904: 1871:. He conquered the Chalukyan territories of Yedatore – a large part of 1738: 1617: 1527: 1516: 1489: 1465: 1442: 1280: 1161: 1133: 1093: 1023: 965: 960: 940: 194: 143: 4836: 4834: 4430:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 142–143. 3669: 3667: 2636:. Rajarajan was the eldest of the seven but died before reaching thirteen. 2460:

of Srivijaya also coincided with the return voyage of the Buddhist scholar

2288: 3179:(Alexander the Great). through Rajendra (Raja Chulan, Raja Cholan) in the 2824:) from 1067 C.E. to 1070 C.E.; Put down several rebellions in Kadaram and 2017: 3059: 2461: 2358: 2354: 2251: 2248: 2154: 2061: 1884: 1676: 1481: 1457: 1434: 1231: 1200: 1149: 875: 615: 575: 467: 391: 4620:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations

3686: 3684: 3682: 2644:. Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar and Ammangadevi (queen of eastern Chalukya 2287:

issued by Rajendra I that declared the collection of revenue to build a

1187:

and captured a great deal of wealth, which he used to build the city of

45:

Kula Kaalan, Chalukya Chudaamani, Thelagaramari (Thelungu Kula Kaalan),

5359: 5051:. Thomson Press (India), 1975 - Hindu temples - 424 pages. p. 301. 4594:

History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800

4360: 3844: 3741: 3381: 2925: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2589: 2424: 2312: 2284: 2243:

might have descended from soldiers of the Chola army. According to the

2132:

was built by Rajendra to celebrate his success in the Ganges Expedition

1937: 1896: 1872: 1863:

Rajendra led campaigns from 1002 CE; these include the conquest of the

1791: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1722: 1520: 1352: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1262: 945: 433: 307: 5077: 2596:. Rajendra assumed other titles to commemorate his conquests, such as 5360:

Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I

4861:. Singapore: Institute of south-east Asian Studies. pp. 96–100. 4504:

Between Two Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971

4502:

Murfett, Malcolm H.; Miksic, John; Farell, Brian; Chiang, Ming Shun.

4461:

Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka

3812: 3323: 3055: 2585: 2558: 2554: 2514: 2453: 2444:, and Malay princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, such as 2397: 2377: 2365: 2142: 2037:

commanded an army that invaded Sri Lanka and sacked the capital city

1925: 1888: 1701: 1697: 1532: 1485: 1450: 1204: 1141: 1054: 148: 4724:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

4685:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

4348:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

3828: 3725: 3358:

by Bharathika which covers the war history and lifetime achievements

4329: 4327: 4270:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.281

5391: 4119:. Mangalore, British India: Department of Archeology, Mysore State 4116:

Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume X: Inscriptions in the Kolar District

3377: 3208: 3201:

Inscriptions dating to Rajendra's 18th regional year (c.1032 CE).

3196: 3024: 3001: 2821: 2540: 2508: 2449: 2393: 2279: 2124: 2098: 2016: 1981: 1959: 1953: 1912: 1742: 1549: 1508: 1258: 1252: 1165: 1081: 1932:

kingdoms. He appointed one of his sons as viceroy with the title

3995: 3993: 3710:"The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon" 3107:) chronicles the Tamil settlement in Batticaloa; it follows the 2477: 2060:

in the south in 1017. Chola raids were launched southwards from

1173: 1124:, earning him his first victories. He quelled rebellions in the 5311:

Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Chola Power

5180:"Age Of Empires 2: Definitive Edition - Best Campaigns, Ranked" 5064:

Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070

5049:

Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070

3895: 3893: 3647:

The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300

1940:

as the headquarters in charge of both Pandya and Chera/Kerala.

2894: 2820:

Chola Emperor from 1065 C.E. to 1070 C.E. and King of Kadaram(

2584:, a title used by Tamil kings who ruled the three kingdoms of 1760: 1321: 5248:(1992). "The Cōḷas". In R. S. Sharma; K. M. Shrimali (eds.). 4929:

An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism

3547:

The Imperial Pandyas: Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology

3122:

in Trincomalee. It attracted many pilgrims during his reign.

5216:

A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations

4857:. In Kulke, Hermann; K., Kesavapany; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.). 3590:. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. p. 67. 2456:

in north Sumatra. The Chola invasion led to the fall of the

4037:"PLACE OF TOURIST INTEREST IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT – A STUDY" 2493:

was the nephew of Rajendra Chola, was enthroned in 1070 as

61:

Sculpture of Rajendra I represented as Lord Chandikeswara (

2033:

Under his father Rajaraja I, Rajendra Chola I's commander

1105:; it extended its reach via trade and conquest across the 1092:

Emperor who reigned from 1014 and 1044 CE. He was born in

5291:

Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy

4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 3560:"Sri Vijaya-Malayu 1299, Singapore and Sumatran Kingdoms" 3302:

Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition: Dynasties of India

1745:), and other surrounding kingdoms occupied by the Cholas 1464:

islands, and the same year captured Sandimaaththivu, the

5364:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

4498: 4496: 4335:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

4044:

Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research

1924:

In 1018 and 1019 CE, Rajendra invaded and conquered the

1515:

The Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem Siva temple of Erumbur in

1116:, with which he fought in several campaigns against the 2713:

Chola Emperor from 1044 C.E. to 1052 C.E.; Died in the

2557:

from the banks of the Ganges river and settled them in

5114: 4514: 4512: 4392:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History

4218: 3872: 3857: 3690: 3673: 2452:. One record of Rajendra describes him as the King of 4840: 4763:

Place Names Society of India. Madhav N. Katti (ed.).

4748:

Place Names Society of India. Madhav N. Katti (ed.).

4707: 4705: 4156:

Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 70

3035:

Rajendra Chola I built several sites. Rajendra built

2157:. The Chola army also defeated the last ruler of the 5023:

Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century

3527: 3525: 3523: 2520:

Rajendra I died in 1044 in Brahmadesam, present-day

5082:

Government of Tamil Nadu, Department of Archaeology

1030:; 26 July 971 CE – 1044 CE), often referred to as 397: 387: 375: 365: 345: 337: 323: 306: 262: 238: 226: 209: 186: 182: 172: 162: 154: 141: 131: 121: 113: 105: 95: 85: 77: 70: 34: 5337: 4688:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 163. 4370:(3/4), pp. 338–342. Artibus Asiae Publishers. 3884: 2849:Queen of Kodumbalur King Elangovel Thrichirapalli 2364:The Cholas are known to have benefitted from both 1899:. He also conquered Kollipakkai, located north of 4996:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800 4658:Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 4361:"The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Chola" 3617:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800 1176:, achieving imperial dominance in the region and 1112:In his early years, Rajendra was involved in the 4801:Temples of South India by V.V. Subba Reddy p.118 4605:Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay. 4473:Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41 4090:Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 32 3917:"Valanchulivanar, varalaaru aivum aivu varlarum" 3910: 3908: 2388:In 1025 CE, Rajendra's Chola forces crossed the 1178:strengthening Indian influence in Southeast Asia 5251:A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 4178: 3899: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3534:Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr 3148: 2357:, while Tambralinga and Srivijaya Empires were 2184: 1917: 1504: 4782:. People's Publishing House, 1992. p. 14. 4059: 4057: 3650:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. pp. 364–365. 3584:S. Amran Tasai; Djamari; Budiono Isas (2005). 2404:on the Malay Peninsula. Rajendra also invaded 2141:In 1019 CE, Rajendra's forces marched through 1480:The second expedition went to Uttarapatha and 5240:(2nd revised ed.). University of Madras. 4888:. Columbia University Press. pp. 79–81. 3639: 3637: 1965:Rajendra Chola I fought several battles with 1679:, then annexed the Raichur district from the 992: 8: 4677: 4675: 4288:The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.145 4138: 4136: 4134: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3326:covers the life and achievements of Rajendra 3272:Marayan Arumoli "Uttama Chola" Brahmamarayan 2276:South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I 2056:in northern Sri Lanka. Rajendra invaded the 5066:. Thomson Press (India), 1975. p. 269. 4963:Balai Seni Lukis Negara (Malaysia) (1999). 4279:West Bengal District Gazetteers: Nadīa p.63 1453:in 1017, Rajendra captured Kudamalai Nadu. 1070: 1043: 5378: 4931:(1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. 4633:Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans 4482: 4480: 2762:(Polonnaruwa) from 1024 C.E. to 1059 C.E. 2659: 2580:(Chola with three crowns) from his father 1600:Cholas annexed several territories of the 1473:. Then, he sent part of his forces to the 1241:Rajendra Chola I was succeeded by his son 999: 985: 410: 55: 31: 4825: 4190: 3798: 3399:Entrance of Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple 3156:Ottakoothar, Vikrama Cholan Ula, verse 18 2985:Learn how and when to remove this message 1851:Learn how and when to remove this message 1412:Learn how and when to remove this message 5020:Marie-Sybille de Vienne (9 March 2015). 4815:. Ennes Publications, 1980. p. 128. 3983: 3981: 3813:"New Light on the Sun Temple of Konarka" 3305:contains a five-chapter campaign titled 3261:Yadava Bhima "Uttama Chola" Miladudaiyar 1577: 1456:In 1018, Rajendra's forces captured the 1299: 1207:across South-East Asia and South India. 1203:but welcomed Buddhism and built several 4765:Studies in Indian place names, Volume 6 4750:Studies in Indian place names, Volume 6 4581:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4428:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 4249: 4230: 4166: 3479: 3366: 2677: 2652:) are the known daughters of Rajendra. 2239:. It is believed the Karnata people of 2153:kingdom of Bengal, where they defeated 413: 5219:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 4966:Seni dan nasionalisme: dulu & kini 4035:Jeyabalakrishnan, P. (December 2017). 1958:Rajendra in Battle, Kolaramma Temple, 1646:Cholas annexed the Cheras and Pandyas 4727:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. 4389:Craig A. Lockard (27 December 2006). 4337:18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers 4064:Melton, J. Gordon (15 January 2014). 3489:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History 3437:Sculptures at Gangaikonda Cholapuram 3241:Rajarajeswaramudaiya Mahadevar Temple 2640:died in 1021 during the war with the 2524:district, Tamil Nadu. Rajendra's son 2341:started a war against the kingdom of 1183:Rajendra conducted a war against the 7: 4553:Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. 3285:India's merchant navy training ship 3268:Dandanayakan Narakkan Krishnan Raman 3039:to commemorate his victory over the 2923:adding citations to reliable sources 2262:, forming the Sivacharya community. 2048:During his reign, Rajendra's father 1907:. An excerpt from an inscription in 1895:. Rajendra erected a Siva temple at 1789:adding citations to reliable sources 1350:adding citations to reliable sources 3336:in which Rajendra's the protagonist 1573: 5178:Rodrigues, Lucas (13 April 2023). 5128:"Press release, President address" 3944:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2891:List of Chola Temples in Bangalore 2384:Other campaigns in South-East Asia 25: 5358:R. Hall, Kenneth (October 1975). 4646:India and Malaya Through the Ages 4395:. Cengage Learning. p. 367. 3938:Mabbett, I. W. (September 1982). 3228:district gives his natal star as 3093:, which is set in the 1660s. The 5234:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1955) . 4520:Southeast Asia: Past and Present 3512:Karthik, Deepak (19 July 2022). 3491:. Primus Books. pp. 46–49. 3430: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3369: 2899: 2611:(Crest Jewel of the Chalukyas). 1765: 1734:Conquest of the Srivijaya Empire 1326: 401: 233:Brahmadesam, Tamil Nadu, India 4426:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 3708:Spencer, George W. (May 1976). 3536:. Nile Books, 1998. p. 19. 2910:needs additional citations for 2728:Tiribhuvana( Vanavan Mahadevi) 2464:from Sumatra to India in 1025. 2210:Gangaikonda Choleeswarar Temple 2121:Chola expedition to North India 2041:. The new Chola capital was at 2001:Chola expedition to North India 1934:Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya 1776:needs additional citations for 1616:Cholas annexed the entirety of 1539:capturing Manakkavaarem in the 1337:needs additional citations for 1245:, who ruled from 1044 to 1054. 5269:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1975). 4778:R. S. Sharma, K. M. Shrimali. 3264:Gangaikonda Chola Miladudaiyar 3146:mentions Rajendra's conquests: 2247:of Trilocana Sivacharya, many 2013:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 1867:and the campaigns against the 1574:Rajendra's conquest chronology 1502:mentions Rajendra's conquests: 1144:, and subduing the islands of 1: 5344:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 5336:Schmidt, Karl Ludwig (1997). 5254:. People's Publishing House. 4113:Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1994). 3346:set in the period of Rajendra 2561:and across the Chola Empire. 2228:("liquid pillar of victory). 2226:Ganga-jalamayam jayasthambham 1309: 1199:. Rajendra was a follower of 1154:Munnir Palantivu Pannirayiram 538: 439: 244:Tribhuvana (Vanavan Mahadevi) 5430:11th-century Indian monarchs 5288:M. G. S. Narayanan (2013) . 4999:. NUS Press. pp. 147–. 3768:Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa 3714:The Journal of Asian Studies 3620:. NUS Press. pp. 147–. 2741:from 1018 C.E. to 1021 C.E. 2266:Campaigns in South-East Asia 1568:UNESCO World Heritage Series 1554:Coin of Rajendra containing 27:Chola emperor from 1014–1044 5115:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 5026:. NUS Press. pp. 47–. 4969:. Balai Seni Lukis Negara. 4721:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 4682:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 4306: 4219:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3873:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3858:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3691:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3674:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3164:Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain 3118:Rajendra also expanded the 2837:Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar 2545:Sculpture of Rajendra with 2417:Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman 2339:Khmer Emperor Suryavarman I 2333:Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman 2272:Chola invasion of Srivijaya 2108:Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa 1717:Cholas annexed the city of 1541:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1265:crowning Lord Chandikeswara 971:Legendary early Chola kings 218:, Chola Empire (modern day 5466: 5213:Karashima, Noboru (2014). 4885:Art of the Imperial Cholas 4841:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975 3770:. 2009. pp. 168–177. 3411:Ruins of Rajendra's Palace 2888: 2874:; Mother of Chola Emperor 2607:Rajendra I bore the title 2269: 2212:, which is similar to the 2118: 2035:Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan 2029:was expanded by Rajendra. 2010: 1947: 931:Great Living Chola Temples 916:Chola art and architecture 297:Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar 220:Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu 5398: 5389: 5381: 5309:Vasudevan, Geeta (2003). 4813:Tamil Epigraphy: A Survey 4359:*Majumdar, R. C. (1961). 3956:10.1017/s0022463400008882 3776:10.1355/9789812309389-015 3564:www.eresources.nlb.gov.sg 3257:Vallavaraiyar Vandyadevar 2307:was a kingdom centred in 1752:Battles in southern India 1675:Cholas raid and demolish 1659:Cholas annexed region of 1628:becomes his puppet ruler 361: 318: 54: 39: 5313:. Abhinav Publications. 5078:"SIVAN KOIL – SIVAPURAM" 5062:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam. 5047:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam. 4488:The History of Singapore 4144:A History of South India 4101:A History of South India 3644:Thapar, Romila (2003) . 3289:was named in his honour. 3120:Pathirakali Amman Temple 3113:Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam 3109:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam 3073:Rajendra also developed 3058:texts. These included a 3030:Pathirakali Amman Temple 2537:Personal life and family 2007:Conquest of Anuradhapura 1494:Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem 1284:of Rajendra's birth was 1249:Early life and ascension 1158:South-East Asia campaign 5440:Indian military leaders 5369:(3), pp. 318–336. 4882:Dehejia, Vidya (2013). 4644:Singam, S. Durai Raja. 3885:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013 3487:Sen, Sailendra (2013). 3459:List of Indian monarchs 3215:Chokkanathaswamy temple 3203:Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu 2576:He inherited the title 2315:, and was ruled by the 2137:Conflict with the Palas 2054:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 1655:Conquest of the Kalinga 1308:at its greatest extent 5294:. Kerala: CosmoBooks. 4927:Sivaratnam, C (1964). 4142:See Sastri, K. A. N., 4099:See Sastri, K. A. N., 3469:List of Tamil monarchs 3464:History of south India 3386:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 3221: 3206: 3159: 3100:Mattakallappu Manmiyam 3095:Thirukonasala Mahatyam 3032: 3022: 3013:was modeled after the 3011:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 2758:Chola Governor of the 2737:Chola Governor of the 2602:Irattapadikonda Cholan 2550: 2517: 2513:Rajendra Praying to a 2380:on the Sumatran side. 2321:Mara Vijayatungavarman 2319:. During the reign of 2296: 2222:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 2197: 2133: 2130:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 2115:Conquest of the Ganges 2104: 2103:Seal of the Rajendra I 2058:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 2030: 1962: 1922: 1692:Conquest of the Ganges 1558: 1513: 1429:in modern-day central 1319: 1266: 1132:vassal states, and in 956:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 626:Parantaka II (Sundara) 63:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 4993:(30 September 2013). 4853:S., Vasanthi (2009). 4579:Sen, Sailendra Nath. 3614:(30 September 2013). 3275:Talaigrama Indaladeva 3213:Tamil Inscription at 3212: 3200: 3185:such as the Sumatran 3037:Gangaikondacholapuram 3028: 3005: 2760:Mummudichola Mandalam 2544: 2512: 2300:Invasion of Srivijaya 2283: 2214:Brihadeeswarar Temple 2206:Gangaikondacholapuram 2200:Gangaikondacholapuram 2182:of Rajendra I reads: 2128: 2102: 2020: 1957: 1875:district between the 1612:Conquest of Sri Lanka 1553: 1303: 1256: 1191:, the capital of the 1189:Gangaikondacholapuram 876:Rajahnate of Sanmalan 338:Years of service 5271:Middle Chola Temples 4346:Munoz, Paul Michel. 4179:K. A. N. Sastri 1992 3900:K. A. N. Sastri 1992 3424:Bhaktavatsala Temple 3356:Ulagam Vendra Cholan 3218:Bangalore, Karnataka 2919:improve this article 2817:1070 C.E. (aged 68) 2778:1064 C.E. (aged 67) 2755:1059 C.E. (aged 64) 2734:1021 C.E. (aged 27) 2710:1052 C.E. (aged 58) 2632:, Rajamahendran and 2159:Kamboja Pala dynasty 1980:king Vimaladitya of 1785:improve this article 1622:Anuradhapura Kingdom 1346:improve this article 636:Aditya II (Karikala) 5159:. 29 September 2016 5132:Government of India 5117:, pp. 226–227. 4843:, pp. 241–249. 4459:Andaya, Leonard Y. 4221:, pp. 199–200. 3875:, pp. 195–196. 3860:, pp. 186–187. 3676:, pp. 194–195. 3350:Gangai Konda Cholan 3177:Iskandar Zulkarnain 3169:Alexander the Great 3161:The Malay-language 3105:Batticaloa Manmiyam 3015:Brihadisvara Temple 3007:Brihadisvara Temple 2749:Panchavan Mahadevi 1950:Chalukya–Chola wars 1944:Chola–Chalukya wars 1596:Chalukya–Chola wars 1292:from 1018 to 1044. 1276:Kundavai Pirattiyar 1197:Brihadisvara Temple 1152:, which he renamed 1103:Indian subcontinent 1022:: Rājēntira Cōḻaṉ; 383:Tribhuvana Mahadevi 5157:The Times of India 4592:Gunn, Geoffrey C. 3915:Kamalakkannan, S. 3887:, p. 115-118. 3222: 3207: 3167:was written about 3144:Vikrama Cholan Ula 3066:from this temple. 3033: 3023: 2811:Mukkokilan Adigal 2772:Mukkokilan Adigal 2704:Mukkokilan Adigal 2686:Mukkokilan Adigal 2648:and the mother of 2609:Chalukya-Chudamani 2551: 2518: 2499:Virarajendra Chola 2495:Kulothunga Chola I 2472:and its successor 2359:Mahayana Buddhists 2297: 2169:, and invaded the 2134: 2105: 2081:Sinhalese monarchy 2031: 1963: 1887:in north-western 1559: 1320: 1296:Military conquests 1267: 1120:and the rulers of 1036:Gangaikonda Cholan 1032:Rajendra the Great 417:Kings and Emperors 253:Panchavan Mahadevi 190:Madhurantaka Chola 5408: 5407: 5402:Rajadhiraja Chola 5399:Succeeded by 5301:978-81-88765-07-2 5273:. Thomson Press. 5261:978-81-7007-121-1 5226:978-0-19-809977-2 5033:978-9971-69-818-8 5006:978-9971-69-574-3 4915:978-955-1266-72-1 4868:978-981-230-938-9 4811:N. Subrahmanian. 4631:Kalyanaraman, A. 4518:Sar Desai, D. R. 4437:978-0-8248-0368-1 3657:978-0-14-302989-2 3627:978-9971-69-574-3 3597:978-979-685-524-7 3532:Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri. 3498:978-9-38060-734-4 3330:Gangapuri Kavalan 3320:Vengayin Maindhan 3075:Koneswaram temple 2995: 2994: 2987: 2969: 2882: 2881: 2872:Rajaraja Narendra 2866:Queen Consort of 2719:western Chalukyas 2646:Rajaraja Narendra 2642:Western Chalukyas 2571:Gangaikonda Chola 2458:Sailendra Dynasty 2414:Sailendra Dynasty 2317:Sailendra dynasty 2245:Siddhantasaravali 2147:Somavamsi dynasty 2023:Koneswaram temple 1986:Rajaraja Narendra 1978:Eastern Chalukyan 1967:Western Chalukyas 1869:Western Chalukyas 1861: 1860: 1853: 1835: 1749: 1748: 1681:Western Chalukyas 1671:Battle of Musangi 1602:western Chalukyas 1556:Devanagari script 1422: 1421: 1414: 1396: 1212:Strait of Malacca 1118:Western Chalukyas 1040:Kaṅkaikoṇṭa Cōḻaṉ 1009: 1008: 936:Solesvara Temples 896:Ganges Expedition 881: 880: 869:Rajahnate of Cebu 837:Related dynasties 821: 820: 724: 723: 529: 528: 409: 408: 379:Vanavan Mahadevi 213:1044 CE (aged 73) 158:1017 CE – 1044 CE 117:1012 CE – 1014 CE 106:Co-Regent of the 81:1014 CE – 1044 CE 16:(Redirected from 5457: 5385:Rajaraja Chola I 5382:Preceded by 5379: 5371:Brill Publishers 5355: 5343: 5324: 5305: 5284: 5265: 5241: 5230: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5190:on 21 April 2023 5186:. Archived from 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4924: 4918: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4829: 4828:, pp. 21–24 4826:Vasudevan (2003) 4823: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4679: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4507: 4500: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4003: 3997: 3988: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3912: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3705: 3694: 3688: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3484: 3434: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3373: 3157: 3081:. The temple to 2990: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2927: 2903: 2895: 2868:eastern Chalukya 2725:Manukula Kesari 2715:Battle of Koppam 2660: 2628:, Sanga Varman, 2598:Mudigonda Cholan 2400:on Sumatra, and 2335:succeeded Mara. 2325:Chudamani Vihara 1997:Rajaraja Chola I 1891:and the capital 1856: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1793: 1769: 1761: 1713:Conquest of Pegu 1636:Conquest of the 1578: 1417: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1354: 1330: 1322: 1314: 1311: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1001: 994: 987: 921:Chola literature 901:Chola government 841: 840: 739: 738: 562: 561: 547: 543: 540: 444: 441: 430: 429: 411: 405: 357:(1014 – 1044 CE) 352:(992 – 1014 CE) 59: 32: 21: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5395: 5387: 5352: 5335: 5332: 5330:Further reading 5327: 5321: 5308: 5302: 5287: 5281: 5268: 5262: 5246:K. A. N. Sastri 5244: 5233: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4517: 4510: 4501: 4494: 4486:Abshire, Jean. 4485: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4208: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3919:. varalaaru.com 3914: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3829:10.2307/3250236 3810: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3726:10.2307/2053272 3707: 3706: 3697: 3693:, pp. 228. 3689: 3680: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3530: 3521: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3426: 3421: 3412: 3409: 3400: 3397: 3388: 3374: 3365: 3334:Vembu Vikiraman 3316: 3299:The video game 3282: 3280:Popular culture 3249: 3195: 3158: 3155: 3000: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2885:Work and legacy 2658: 2638:Manukula Kesari 2626:Manukula Kesari 2617: 2567: 2539: 2507: 2490: 2386: 2347:Malay Peninsula 2302: 2289:Buddhist Vihara 2278: 2270:Main articles: 2268: 2202: 2167:Chandra dynasty 2139: 2123: 2117: 2077: 2015: 2009: 1952: 1946: 1903:in present-day 1857: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1794: 1792: 1782: 1770: 1759: 1757:Early campaigns 1754: 1696:Cholas annexed 1576: 1424: 1418: 1407: 1401: 1398: 1355: 1353: 1343: 1331: 1312: 1298: 1251: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1065:(Middle Tamil: 1058: 1053:Bringer of the 1052: 1049: 1046: 1038:(Middle Tamil: 1005: 976: 975: 891: 883: 882: 838: 823: 822: 736: 726: 725: 596:Rajaditya Chola 559: 557:Medieval Cholas 545: 541: 531: 530: 442: 427: 353: 330: 319:Military career 278:Manukula Kesari 234: 231: 214: 193: 191: 146: 66: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5463: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5450:Chola generals 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435:Hindu monarchs 5432: 5427: 5422: 5420:Chola emperors 5412: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5397: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5356: 5350: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5319: 5306: 5300: 5285: 5280:978-9060236079 5279: 5266: 5260: 5242: 5231: 5225: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5170: 5144: 5119: 5094: 5069: 5054: 5039: 5032: 5012: 5005: 4991:John N. Miksic 4982: 4975: 4955: 4946: 4919: 4901: 4894: 4874: 4867: 4845: 4830: 4818: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4770: 4755: 4740: 4733: 4713: 4701: 4694: 4671: 4662: 4649: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4598: 4585: 4572: 4559: 4546: 4533: 4524: 4508: 4492: 4476: 4465: 4452: 4443: 4436: 4424:Coedès, George 4415: 4401: 4381: 4372: 4352: 4339: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4252:, p. 417. 4235: 4233:, p. 416. 4223: 4206: 4195: 4193:, p. 132. 4191:Karashima 2014 4183: 4171: 4169:, p. 411. 4159: 4148: 4130: 4105: 4092: 4083: 4076: 4053: 4027: 4004: 4000:R. C. Majumdar 3989: 3977: 3950:(2): 411–413. 3930: 3904: 3889: 3877: 3862: 3850: 3803: 3801:, p. 370. 3799:Karashima 2014 3791: 3784: 3755: 3720:(3): 405–419. 3695: 3678: 3663: 3656: 3633: 3626: 3612:John N. Miksic 3603: 3596: 3576: 3551: 3539: 3519: 3504: 3497: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3376:Sculptures of 3375: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3352:by Balakumaran 3347: 3337: 3327: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3248: 3245: 3194: 3191: 3153: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828:but lost over 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2616: 2613: 2578:Mummudi Cholan 2566: 2563: 2538: 2535: 2522:Tiruvannamalai 2506: 2503: 2489: 2486: 2442:Sejarah Melaya 2385: 2382: 2301: 2298: 2267: 2264: 2201: 2198: 2163:Govindachandra 2138: 2135: 2119:Main article: 2116: 2113: 2076: 2073: 2011:Main article: 2008: 2005: 1948:Main article: 1945: 1942: 1883:rivers – 1859: 1858: 1773: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1642:Pandya Kingdom 1634: 1630: 1629: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1439:Andhra Pradesh 1420: 1419: 1334: 1332: 1325: 1297: 1294: 1250: 1247: 1236:Turkic peoples 1067:Kaṭāram Koṇṭāṉ 1063:Kadaram Kondan 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 996: 989: 981: 978: 977: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 906:Chola military 903: 898: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 861:Nidugal Cholas 857: 856: 849: 848: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 825: 824: 819: 818: 815: 809: 808: 805: 799: 798: 795: 793:Kulothunga III 789: 788: 785: 783:Rajadhiraja II 779: 778: 775: 769: 768: 765: 759: 758: 755: 749: 748: 745: 737: 732: 731: 728: 727: 722: 721: 718: 712: 711: 708: 702: 701: 698: 692: 691: 688: 682: 681: 678: 672: 671: 668: 662: 661: 658: 652: 651: 648: 642: 641: 638: 632: 631: 628: 622: 621: 618: 612: 611: 608: 602: 601: 598: 592: 591: 588: 582: 581: 578: 572: 571: 568: 560: 555: 554: 551: 550: 533: 532: 527: 526: 524: 518: 517: 515: 509: 508: 506: 504:Kopperuncholan 500: 499: 497: 491: 490: 488: 482: 481: 479: 473: 472: 470: 464: 463: 461: 459:Ilamchetchenni 455: 454: 452: 446: 445: 443: 161 BCE 436: 428: 423: 422: 419: 418: 407: 406: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 377: 373: 372: 367: 363: 362: 359: 358: 347: 343: 342: 339: 335: 334: 325: 321: 320: 316: 315: 310: 304: 303: 302: 301: 298: 295: 290: 287: 282: 279: 276: 271: 266: 260: 259: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 247:Puteri Onangki 245: 240: 236: 235: 232: 230:End of 1044 CE 228: 224: 223: 211: 207: 206: 188: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 68: 67: 60: 52: 51: 37: 36: 26: 24: 18:Rajendra Chola 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5462: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5403: 5396:1012–1044 CE 5394: 5393: 5392:Chola dynasty 5386: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5351:1-56324-334-2 5347: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5320:0-00-638784-5 5316: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5171: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5013: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4976:9789839572278 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4930: 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3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2986: 2978: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: – 2935: 2931: 2930:Find sources: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2908:This section 2906: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2786:Rajamahendra 2785: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2746:Sanga Varman 2745: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2700:Rajadhiraja I 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2526:Rajadhiraja I 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2410:Gangga Nagara 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2374:Sunda Straits 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2260:Cauvery Delta 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930:Chera Perumal 1927: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1855: 1852: 1844: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: – 1801: 1797: 1796:Find sources: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1774:This section 1772: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709:1023–1025 CE 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700:(Bengal) and 1699: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638:Chera Kingdom 1635: 1633:1018–1019 CE 1632: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445:and southern 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1416: 1413: 1405: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: – 1362: 1358: 1357:Find sources: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1335:This section 1333: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1286:Thiruvathirai 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1257:Depiction of 1255: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1243:Rajadhiraja I 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160:, he annexed 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1080:Conqueror of 1068: 1064: 1056: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:/rɑːdʒeɪndrə/ 1013: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 988: 983: 982: 980: 979: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 926:Flag of Chola 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 890:Chola society 887: 886: 877: 874: 873: 870: 867: 866: 862: 859: 858: 854: 851: 850: 846: 845:Telugu Chodas 843: 842: 834: 833: 830: 827: 826: 816: 814: 811: 810: 806: 804: 801: 800: 796: 794: 791: 790: 786: 784: 781: 780: 776: 774: 771: 770: 766: 764: 763:Kulothunga II 761: 760: 756: 754: 751: 750: 746: 744: 741: 740: 735: 730: 729: 719: 717: 714: 713: 709: 707: 704: 703: 699: 697: 694: 693: 689: 687: 684: 683: 679: 677: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 663: 659: 657: 654: 653: 649: 647: 644: 643: 639: 637: 634: 633: 629: 627: 624: 623: 619: 617: 614: 613: 609: 607: 604: 603: 599: 597: 594: 593: 589: 587: 584: 583: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569: 567: 564: 563: 558: 553: 552: 549: 546: 848 CE 537:Interregnum ( 535: 534: 525: 523: 520: 519: 516: 514: 513:Kochchenganan 511: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 437: 435: 432: 431: 426: 421: 420: 416: 412: 404: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 348: 344: 341:992 – 1044 CE 340: 336: 333: 329: 326: 322: 317: 314: 311: 309: 305: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289:Rajamahendran 288: 286: 283: 280: 277: 275: 274:Rajadhiraja I 272: 269: 268: 267: 265: 261: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 241: 237: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 189: 185: 181: 178: 177:Rajadhiraja I 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 150: 145: 140: 137: 136:Rajadhiraja I 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 104: 101: 100:Rajadhiraja I 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 72:Chola Emperor 69: 64: 58: 53: 50: 48: 44: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5425:1040s deaths 5390: 5366: 5363: 5339: 5310: 5290: 5270: 5250: 5236: 5215: 5206:Bibliography 5194:24 September 5192:. Retrieved 5188:the original 5183: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5156: 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5131: 5122: 5085:. Retrieved 5081: 5072: 5063: 5057: 5048: 5042: 5022: 5015: 4995: 4985: 4965: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4928: 4922: 4904: 4884: 4877: 4858: 4848: 4821: 4812: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4764: 4758: 4749: 4743: 4723: 4716: 4684: 4665: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4619: 4614: 4606: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4580: 4575: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4527: 4519: 4503: 4487: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4446: 4427: 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4391: 4384: 4375: 4367: 4364: 4355: 4347: 4342: 4334: 4314: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4250:Spencer 1976 4231:Spencer 1976 4226: 4202: 4198: 4186: 4181:, p. 3. 4174: 4167:Spencer 1976 4162: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4121:. Retrieved 4115: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4086: 4070:. Abc-Clio. 4066: 4047: 4043: 4030: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3902:, p. 2. 3880: 3853: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3794: 3767: 3758: 3717: 3713: 3646: 3616: 3606: 3586: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3563: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3507: 3488: 3482: 3449:Chola Empire 3355: 3349: 3340:Mannan Magal 3339: 3329: 3319: 3306: 3300: 3286: 3250: 3238: 3226:Chengalpattu 3223: 3193:Inscriptions 3182:Malay Annals 3180: 3173:Dhul-Qarnayn 3162: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3091:Wilbur Smith 3086: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060:Dharma Sasta 3045: 3041:Pala Dynasty 3034: 2981: 2972: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2934:"Rajendra I" 2929: 2917:Please help 2912:verification 2909: 2876:Kulottunga I 2854:Ammangadevi 2807:Virarajendra 2796: 2717:against the 2670: 2650:Kulottunga I 2634:Virarajendra 2618: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2552: 2549:Inscriptions 2547:Middle Tamil 2519: 2515:Shiva Lingam 2491: 2466: 2441: 2423:, Kedah and 2390:Indian Ocean 2387: 2363: 2351:Khmer Empire 2337: 2329:Nagapattinam 2303: 2244: 2237:Sena Dynasty 2230: 2225: 2203: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2175: 2140: 2106: 2078: 2066: 2052:annexed the 2047: 2039:Anuradhapura 2032: 1993:Jayasimha II 1990: 1971: 1964: 1933: 1923: 1918: 1865:Rashtrakutas 1862: 1847: 1838: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1807: 1800:"Rajendra I" 1795: 1783:Please help 1778:verification 1775: 1608:993–1017 CE 1592:992–1008 CE 1564: 1560: 1544: 1536: 1525: 1514: 1505: 1497: 1479: 1475:Ganges river 1471:Chhattisgarh 1455: 1423: 1408: 1399: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361:"Rajendra I" 1356: 1344:Please help 1339:verification 1336: 1316: 1306:Chola Empire 1290: 1279: 1268: 1240: 1228:North Africa 1216:Khmer Empire 1209: 1193:Chola Empire 1185:Pala dynasty 1182: 1153: 1122:Anuradhapura 1111: 1107:Indian Ocean 1066: 1062: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1020:Middle Tamil 1011: 1010: 951:Melakadambur 863:of Karnataka 828: 813:Rajendra III 803:Rajaraja III 743:Kulothunga I 734:Later Cholas 716:Athirajendra 706:Virarajendra 696:Rajamahendra 606:Gandaraditya 536: 522:Perunarkilli 495:Killivalavan 425:Early Cholas 380: 350:Senathipathi 293:Virarajendra 281:Sanga Varman 256:Viramahadevi 201:(modern day 199:Chola Empire 108:Chola Empire 40: 29: 3287:TS Rajendra 3230:Tiruvadarai 3187:Minangkabau 3079:Trincomalee 2768:Rajendra II 2675:Death Date 2630:Rajendra II 2622:Rajadhiraja 2446:Raja Chulan 2437:Ainnurruvar 2406:Tambralinga 2353:were Hindu 2343:Tambralinga 2256:Kanchipuram 2218:V. Venkayya 2043:Polonnaruwa 2027:Trincomalee 1974:Satyashraya 1881:Tungabhadra 1741:, Kadaram ( 1462:Lakshadweep 1447:Maharashtra 1313: 1030 1170:Tambralinga 1028:Raja Chulan 853:Chodagangas 773:Rajaraja II 686:Rajendra II 676:Rajadhiraja 586:Parantaka I 450:Kulakkottan 355:Chakravarti 300:Ammangadevi 285:Rajendra II 216:Brahmadesam 192:26 July 971 163:Predecessor 144:Dakkinadesa 86:Predecessor 49:Konda Chola 5445:971 births 5414:Categories 5163:11 January 4402:0618386114 4350:p. 158-159 3823:(4): 306. 3475:References 3454:Chola Navy 3314:Literature 3089:(1997) by 3083:Bhadrakali 3054:and Agama 2945:newspapers 2889:See also: 2797:(Aged 60) 2792:1000 C.E. 2683:Rajarajan 2429:Manigramam 2208:and built 2176:The Tamil 2085:Kassapa VI 2050:Rajaraja I 1893:Manyakheta 1811:newspapers 1698:Vangadesam 1626:Kassapa VI 1431:Tamil Nadu 1372:newspapers 1317:Rajendra I 1271:Rajaraja I 1220:Song China 1146:Laccadives 1114:Chola Army 1098:Rajaraja I 1012:Rajendra I 911:Chola Navy 855:of Kalinga 666:Rajendra I 656:Rajaraja I 566:Vijayalaya 544: – c. 542: 200 486:Nalankilli 477:Nedunkilli 370:Rajaraja I 332:Chola Navy 328:Chola Army 250:Mukkokilan 203:Tamil Nadu 167:Kassapa VI 126:Rajaraja I 90:Rajaraja I 35:Rajendra I 5237:The Colas 5087:26 August 4942:Chitty... 3972:162962287 3964:0022-4634 3923:18 August 3837:0004-3648 3750:154741845 3734:1752-0401 3344:Sandilyan 3247:Officials 3234:Thanjavur 3189:royalty. 3131:bramadeya 3048:Thanjavur 3019:Thanjavur 2975:June 2023 2830:Srivijaya 2826:Sri Lanka 2814:1002 C.E 2795:1060 C.E 2707:994 C.E. 2689:988 C.E. 2488:Aftermath 2470:Kahuripan 2355:Shaivites 2309:Palembang 2305:Srivijaya 2293:Sriwijaya 2233:Kannadiga 2075:Aftermath 2068:Mahavamsa 1905:Telangana 1901:Hyderabad 1841:June 2023 1739:Srivijaya 1704:(Odisha) 1618:Sri Lanka 1584:Conquest 1528:Palembang 1517:Cuddalore 1490:Jharkhand 1466:Kavaratti 1443:Karnataka 1427:Aduthurai 1402:June 2022 1288:(Ardra). 1281:nakshatra 1162:Srivijaya 1134:Sri Lanka 1094:Thanjavur 1088:), was a 1024:Old Malay 966:Tiruvarur 961:Thanjavur 941:Poompuhar 847:of Andhra 817:1246–1279 807:1216–1256 797:1178–1218 787:1166–1178 777:1146–1173 767:1133–1150 757:1118–1135 747:1070–1120 720:1067–1070 710:1063–1070 700:1060–1063 690:1051–1063 680:1018–1054 670:1012–1044 438:205 BCE– 398:Signature 270:Rajarajan 195:Thanjavur 173:Successor 132:Successor 96:Successor 47:Rattapadi 43:Jayasimha 5184:TheGamer 4937:12240260 4408:23 April 4123:4 August 3569:3 August 3443:See also 3307:Rajendra 3154:— 3127:devadana 2863:Unknown 2860:Unknown 2857:Unknown 2846:Unknown 2843:Unknown 2840:Unknown 2789:Unknown 2775:997 C.E 2752:995 C.E 2731:994 C.E 2692:Unknown 2433:Ayyavole 2408:and the 2402:Malaiyur 2258:and the 2252:Brahmins 2249:Shaivite 2179:praśasti 2173:region. 2155:Mahipala 2062:Rajarata 1915:states: 1885:Banavasi 1879:and the 1730:1025 CE 1688:1023 CE 1683:Empire. 1677:Malkheda 1667:1020 CE 1651:1019 CE 1537:en route 1499:praśasti 1482:Gangetic 1458:Maldives 1435:Vanavasi 1315:, under 1232:Anatolia 1201:Shaivism 1150:Maldives 1148:and the 660:985–1014 616:Arinjaya 576:Aditya I 570:848–871? 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