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214:, where she had a brother. According to Ellison, his mother felt that "my brother and I would have a better chance of reaching manhood if we grew up in the north." When she did not find a job and her brother lost his, the family returned to Oklahoma, where Ellison worked as a busboy, a shoeshine boy, hotel waiter, and a dentist's assistant. From the father of a neighborhood friend, he received free lessons for playing trumpet and alto saxophone, and would go on to become the school bandmaster.
207:, Oklahoma, to Lewis Alfred Ellison and Ida Millsap, on March 1, 1913. He was the second of three sons; firstborn Alfred died in infancy, and younger brother Herbert Maurice (or Millsap) was born in 1916. Lewis Alfred Ellison, a small-business owner and a construction foreman, died in 1916, after work-related injury and a failed operation. The elder Ellison loved literature, and doted on his children. Ralph later discovered, as an adult, that his father had hoped he would grow up to be a poet.
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his time and date of birth as 1:30 a.m. on
Saturday, March 1, 1914. But March 1 fell on a Saturday in 1913, not in 1914. Someone had changed 1913 to 1914 after an erasure." More evidence comes from Ellison's memory of his father's death: Ellison "always insisted he was three years old when the worst disaster of his life occurred: On July 19, 1916, his father died after an operation."
459:'s assessment of Ellison's taste in women, he was searching for one "physically attractive and smart who would love, honor, and obey him—but not challenge his intellect." At first they lived at 312 West 122nd Street, Rose's apartment, but moved to 453 West 140th Street after her income shrank. In 1941 he briefly had an affair with
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explores the theme of a person's search for their identity and place in society, as seen from the perspective of the first-person narrator, an unnamed
African American man, first in the Deep South and then in the New York City of the 1930s. In contrast to his contemporaries such as Richard Wright and
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Ellison biographer
Rampersad writes: "For most of his life Ralph would offer 1914 as the correct year", yet the 1920 U.S. Census lists Ellison as "six years old" in January of that year, hence born in 1913. A surviving note in his mother's hand kept behind a photograph of Ellison "as a toddler, sets
221:, he also found time to play on the school's football team. He graduated from high school in 1931. He worked for a year, and found the money to make a down payment on a trumpet, using it to play with local musicians, and to take further music lessons. At Douglass, he was influenced by principal
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magazine. Ellison scholar John S. Wright contends that this deftness with the ins-and-outs of electronic devices went on to inform
Ellison's approach to writing and the novel form. Ellison remained at Tuskegee until 1936, and decided to leave before completing the requirements for a degree.
663:. Disillusioned by his experience with the Communist Party, he used his new fame to speak out for literature as a moral instrument. In 1955 he traveled to Europe, visiting and lecturing, settling for a time in Rome, where he wrote an essay that appeared in a 1957
500:'s medical missionary work). In 1946, Ellison composed and wrote the lyrics for at least two songs, "Flirty" and "It Would Only Hurt Me If I Knew". From 1947 to 1951, he earned some money writing book reviews but spent most of his time working on
249:. He was finally admitted in 1933 for lack of a trumpet player in its orchestra. Ellison hopped freight trains to get to Alabama, and was soon to find out that the institution was no less class-conscious than white institutions generally were.
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in Harlem (near 730 Riverside Drive, Ellison's principal residence from the early 1950s until his death) was dedicated to
Ellison on May 1, 2003. In the park stands a 15 by 8-foot bronze slab with a "cut-out man figure" inspired by his book
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they needn't think they can get away with it. ... Maybe we can't smash the atom, but we can, with a few well chosen, well written words, smash all that crummy filth to hell." In the wake of this disillusion, Ellison began writing
361:(with whom he would have a long and complicated relationship). After Ellison wrote a book review for Wright, Wright encouraged him to write fiction as a career. Ellison's first published story was "Hymie's Bull", inspired by his 1933
350:, "Harlem's unofficial diplomat" of the Depression era, and one—as one of the country's celebrity black authors—who could live from his writing. Hughes introduced him to the black literary establishment with Communist sympathies.
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that he felt he had made "an attempt at a major novel" and, despite the award, he was unsatisfied with the book. Ellison ultimately wrote more than 2,000 pages of this second novel but never finished it.
818:. It was a 368-page condensation of more than 2,000 pages written by Ellison over a period of 40 years. All the manuscripts of this incomplete novel were published collectively on January 26, 2010, by
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As a child, Ellison evidenced what would become a lifelong interest in audio technology, starting by taking apart and rebuilding radios, and later moving on to constructing and customizing elaborate
296:. He opened Ellison's eyes to "the possibilities of literature as a living art" and to "the glamour he would always associate with the literary life." Through Sprague, Ellison became familiar with
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576:, in which he claimed more than 300 pages of his second novel manuscript were lost. A perfectionist regarding the art of the novel, Ellison had said in accepting his National Book Award for
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Ida remarried three times after Lewis died. However, the family life was precarious, and Ralph worked various jobs during his youth and teens to assist with family support. While attending
737:, and his hometown of Oklahoma City honored him with the dedication of the Ralph Waldo Ellison Library. Continuing to teach, Ellison published mostly essays, and in 1984, he received the
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780:; his artistic achievements included work as a sculptor, musician, photographer, and college professor as well as his writing output. He taught at Bard College, Rutgers University, the
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463:, which he confessed to his wife afterward, and in 1943 the marriage was over. The couple officially divorced in 1945. As of April 2023, Poindexter remains alive at 111 years old.
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on a train with his uncle to get to
Tuskegee. From 1937 to 1944, Ellison had more than 20 book reviews, as well as short stories and articles, published in magazines such as
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class politics with social reformism. In a letter to Wright, dated August 18, 1945, Ellison poured out his anger with party leaders: "If they want to play ball with the
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was in Rome during the same period, and the two writers became close friends. Later, Warren would interview
Ellison about his thoughts on race, history, and the
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386:. Both Wright and Ellison lost their faith in the Communist Party during World War II, when they felt the party had betrayed African Americans and replaced
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455:(1931). Poindexter and Ellison were married in late 1938. Rose was a stage actress, and continued her career after their marriage. In biographer
565:, while continuing to work on his novel. The following year, a Book Week poll of 200 critics, authors, and editors was released that proclaimed
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In 1938, Ellison met Rose
Araminta Poindexter, a woman two years his senior. Rose Araminta Poindexter was an actress, starring in films such as
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Her second marriage ended before 1924. On July 8, 1924, she married James Ammons, who died in 1926. In
December 1929 she married John Bell.
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A major influence upon
Ellison was English teacher Morteza Drexel Sprague, to whom Ellison later dedicated his essay collection
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believes: "Standing apart from the university's air of sanctimonious Negritude enabled him to write about it." In passages of
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as a major awakening moment. In 1934, he began to work as a desk clerk at the university library, where he read
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In 1958, Ellison returned to the United States to take a position teaching American and Russian literature at
506:. Fanny also helped type Ellison's longhand text and assisted him in editing the typescript as it progressed.
478:. In 1946, he married Fanny McConnell, an accomplished person in her own right: a scholarship graduate of the
474:, and thus eligible for the draft. However, he was not drafted. Toward the end of the war, he enlisted in the
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Rose Araminta Poindexter was born on November 30, 1911 in Harlem, New York, to Anna and Clarence Poindexter.
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Ralph Ellison, "Flirty" & "It Would Only Hurt Me If I Knew" (Hollywood, CA: American Music Inc.) 1946.
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stereo systems as an adult. He discussed this passion in a December 1955 essay, "Living With Music", in
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Tuskegee's music department was perhaps the most renowned department at the school, headed by composer
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After Ellison's death, more manuscripts were discovered in his home, resulting in the publication of
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was published; this is a collection of seventeen essays that included insight into southern novelist
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The award was his ticket into the American literary establishment. He eventually was admitted to the
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Desiring to study sculpture, he moved to New York City on July 5, 1936, and found lodging at a
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Ralph Ellison in Progress : The Making and Unmaking of One Writer's Great American Novel
1443:
Wright, John S. (Summer 2003). "'Jack-the-Bear' Dreaming: Ellison's Spiritual Technologies".
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191:, was published after being assembled from voluminous notes Ellison left upon his death.
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260:, "he looks back with scorn and despair on the snivelling ethos that ruled at Tuskegee."
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music, Ellison continued to receive major awards for his work. In 1969, he received the
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289:. Librarian Walter Bowie Williams enthusiastically let Ellison share in his knowledge.
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and four others from the Awards' 60-year anniversary blog. Retrieved March 31, 2012)
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655:) and a State Medal from France. He was the first African-American admitted to the
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1766:"'A Friendship That Has Meant So Much': Robert Penn Warren and Ralph W. Ellison"
772:, New York City. The birthyear is the incorrect year Ellison would usually offer
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He met several artists who would influence his later life, including the artist
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Ellison's outsider position at Tuskegee "sharpened his satirical lens," critic
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and the contributions of African Americans to America's national identity.
699:. In their letters they commented on the development of their careers, the
695:. During the 1950s, he corresponded with his lifelong friend, the writer
316:, identifying with the "brilliant, tortured anti-heroes" of those works.
1652:"Acceptance Speech: Ralph Ellison, Winner of the 1953 Fiction Award for
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issued a 91¢ stamp honoring Ralph Ellison in its Literary Arts series.
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In 1967, Ellison experienced a major house fire at his summer home in
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2009:"Riverside Park Monuments – Ralph Ellison Memorial : NYC Parks"
784:, and New York University. Ellison was also a charter member of the
544:
in an attempt to broaden its scope beyond defense-related research.
168:(1964), a collection of political, social, and critical essays, and
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Panel discussion on the writings of Ralph Ellison, December 5, 1996
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1409:(8). Interviewed by Alfred Chester & Vilma Howard. Spring 1955
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In 1992, Ellison was awarded a special achievement award from the
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American novelist, literary critic, scholar and writer (1913–1994)
436:
Presentation by Arnold Ramperad at the National Book Festival on
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a novel that was, in part, his response to the party's betrayal.
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Writing essays about both the black experience and his love for
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267:. Ellison also was guided by the department's piano instructor,
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1989:(4460). Sidney, Ohio: Amos Press, Inc.: 60–61 April 21, 2014.
1523:"Fanny Ellison, 93, Dies; Helped Husband Edit 'Invisible Man'"
416:
Presentation by Arnold Ramperad at the Library of Congress on
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Eds. John F Callahan and Marc C. Conner (Random House, 2019).
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and Ellison's friend Richard Wright, as well as the music of
2158:
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Guzzio, Tracie (2003). Parini, Jay (ed.). "Ralph Ellison".
1071:
Trading Twelves: The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison and
2152:
Divided Minds: Intellectuals and the Civil Rights Movement
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Divided Minds: Intellectuals and the Civil Rights Movement
722:
by France and became a permanent member of the faculty at
1155:
Rampersad, Arnold (2007). "Chapter 1: In the Territory".
145:(March 1, 1913 – April 16, 1994) was an American writer,
1372:
Booker T. Washington and the Art of Self-representation
1343:"In the Territory: A Look at the life of Ralph Ellison"
1804:
Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? Archive
1225:"How an 'Invisible Man' Was Seduced by His Visibility"
346:, then "the culture capital of black America". He met
718:; the following year, he was made a Chevalier of the
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Professor of Humanities, serving from 1970 to 1980.
210:
In 1921, Ellison's mother and her children moved to
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Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
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908:Presentation by John Callahan and Adam Bradley on
466:At the start of World War II, Ellison was classed
3252:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in New York (state)
178:dubbed him "among the gods of America's literary
1886:"What Is Afro, What Is American (Book Review of
1806:. Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities,
1563:. New haven: Yale University Press. p. 22.
1191:. (With acceptance speech by Ellison, essay by
1036:Living with Music: Ralph Ellison's Jazz Writings
553:, a collection of essays, and began to teach at
3322:United States National Medal of Arts recipients
3317:United States Merchant Mariners of World War II
1829:"National Medal of Arts: Ralph (Waldo) Ellison"
2552:The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter
2116:, Rare Book and Special Collections Division,
1859:"12 Are Named Winners of New U. S. Arts Medal"
2738:
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1195:from the 50-year publications, and essays by
569:the most important novel since World War II.
8:
2145:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
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1428:Ellison, Ralph (1972). "Living With Music".
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1333:
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1161:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 5–6.
659:and was awarded an honorary Doctorate from
378:Wright was then openly associated with the
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2155:by Carol Polsgrove, via The New York Times
1662:. National Book Foundation. Archived from
1432:. New York: Random House. pp. 187–93.
1321:
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3187:20th-century American short story writers
2093:Soul of a People: Writing America's Story
1256:American Writers Retrospective Supplement
1180:
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540:recruited Ellison as a consultant to the
3307:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1740:"The Visible Ellison – The New York Sun"
1249:
1247:
806:, was published under the editorship of
647:, received two President's Medals (from
2054:"Amplify Black Voices: Ralph Ellison's
1144:
1105:
1056:The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison.
768:Ralph Ellison monument in front of 730
237:Ellison applied twice for admission to
149:, and scholar best known for his novel
2159:The Ellison, A Tribute Portfolio Hotel
1884:Wideman, John Edgar (August 3, 1986).
853:
607:
401:
3302:People from Plainfield, Massachusetts
3272:Military personnel from New York City
3167:20th-century African-American writers
2672:A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories
2372:Collected Stories of William Faulkner
1788:from the original on October 9, 2022.
1277:
1275:
1273:
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1269:
1150:
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1023:The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison
7:
3202:African-American short story writers
3192:African-American history of Oklahoma
1718:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1712:Rampersad, Arnold (April 24, 2007).
1521:Martin, Douglas (December 1, 2005).
800:in 1996. In 1999, his second novel,
735:American Academy of Arts and Letters
733:In 1975, Ellison was elected to the
645:American Academy of Arts and Letters
100:Essay, criticism, novel, short story
1934:"Three Days Before The Shooting..."
584:Ellison died on April 16, 1994, of
3247:Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery
3177:20th-century American male writers
2085:Ralph Ellison: an American Journey
1960:Ralph Ellison 91¢ Three Ounce Rate
1857:Molotsky, Irvin (April 18, 1985).
1781:(2). Clemson University: 162–172.
792:Legacy and posthumous publications
14:
3227:American male short story writers
2754:National Medal of Arts recipients
2250:Three Days Before the Shooting...
974:Three Days Before the Shooting...
910:Three Days Before the Shooting...
890:Three Days Before the Shooting...
868:Presentation by John Callahan on
825:Three Days Before the Shooting...
524:and the controversial subject of
199:Ralph Waldo Ellison, named after
2080: (archived October 24, 2004)
902:
888:Discussion with Adam Bradley on
882:
862:
616:
430:
410:
225:and his daughter, music teacher
3182:20th-century American novelists
3172:20th-century American essayists
2347:National Book Award for Fiction
2060:, Scottish PEN, August 5, 2020.
1956:"2014 USPS New Issues Calendar"
1837:National Endowment for the Arts
1764:Ealy, Steven D. (Spring 2006).
1592:Menand, Louis (June 27, 2005).
1223:Grime, William (May 16, 2007).
638:National Book Award for Fiction
588:and was interred in a crypt at
786:Fellowship of Southern Writers
745:. In 1985, he was awarded the
1:
2408:The Adventures of Augie March
2226:Flying Home and Other Stories
1286:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1185:"National Book Awards – 1953"
940:Flying Home and Other Stories
798:Flying Home and Other Stories
720:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
716:Presidential Medal of Freedom
689:and to begin a second novel,
476:United States Merchant Marine
3287:Novelists from New York City
3207:African-American songwriters
3067:John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie
2114:The Ralph Ellison Collection
2098:American Library Association
2046:The New York Review of Books
2041:"The Drama of Ralph Ellison"
950:; includes the short story "
486:in Chicago and a writer for
3282:New York University faculty
3277:National Book Award winners
3237:American postmodern writers
2360:The Man with the Golden Arm
1981:"Scott new Issues Update".
1923:. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
837:A park on 150th Street and
547:In 1964, Ellison published
3348:
3332:Writers from Oklahoma City
3312:Tuskegee University alumni
3197:African-American novelists
2233:A Party Down at the Square
1686:"The Invisible Manuscript"
1493:W. W. Norton & Company
1284:Ralph Ellison: A Biography
1282:Rampersad, Arnold (2007).
1158:Ralph Ellison: A Biography
952:A Party Down at the Square
830:On February 18, 2014, the
778:Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards
438:Ralph Ellison: A Biography
418:Ralph Ellison: A Biography
3212:American literary critics
3105:
3097:Dayton Hudson Corporation
2686:
2354:
2313:
2123:FBI file on Ralph Ellison
1774:The South Carolina Review
1728:– via Google Books.
1619:"Ralph Ellison, 80, Dies"
1485:Polsgrove, Carol (2001).
1457:10.1215/01903659-30-2-175
1258:. Vol. 2. New York:
901:
881:
861:
812:Lewis & Clark College
682:Who Speaks for the Negro?
615:
574:Plainfield, Massachusetts
482:who was a founder of the
429:
409:
30:
2308:Awards for Ralph Ellison
1189:National Book Foundation
1076:(Modern Library, 2000).
1038:(Modern Library, 2002).
1025:(Modern Library, 1995).
977:(Modern Library, 2010).
472:Selective Service System
3292:Novelists from Oklahoma
3222:American male novelists
3217:American male essayists
2804:Dorothy Buffum Chandler
1369:Bieze, Michael (2008).
1260:Charles Scribner's Sons
590:Trinity Church Cemetery
3327:Writers from Manhattan
3232:American music critics
2125:, via Internet Archive
1962:. Stamp News Now. 2014
1888:Going to the Territory
1210:Going to the Territory
1012:(Random House, 1986).
1010:Going to the Territory
999:(Random House, 1964).
962:(Random House, 1999).
942:(Random House, 1996).
929:(Random House, 1952).
773:
751:Going to the Territory
747:National Medal of Arts
669:A New Southern Harvest
604:Awards and recognition
536:In 1962, the futurist
484:Negro People's Theater
245:in Alabama founded by
170:Going to the Territory
131:National Medal of Arts
2677:Isaac Bashevis Singer
2557:Katherine Anne Porter
2456:The Wapshot Chronicle
2384:From Here to Eternity
2096:, text post from the
2088:, California Newsreel
2073:Literary Encyclopedia
1915:Son of a preacher man
1913:Wood, James (1999). "
1808:Vanderbilt University
1666:on September 28, 2018
782:University of Chicago
767:
743:Langston Hughes Medal
739:New York City College
701:Civil Rights Movement
677:Civil Rights Movement
592:and Mausoleum in the
233:At Tuskegee Institute
3242:Bard College faculty
2824:Hallmark Cards, Inc.
2624:The Complete Stories
2612:Mr. Sammler's Planet
2492:The Waters of Kronos
489:The Chicago Defender
440:, September 29, 2007
303:Crime and Punishment
247:Booker T. Washington
243:all-black university
219:Douglass High School
185:A posthumous novel,
3008:Sydney J. Freedberg
2444:The Field of Vision
2432:Ten North Frederick
2118:Library of Congress
1691:The Washington Post
1623:The Washington Post
724:New York University
657:Century Association
509:Published in 1952,
342:on 135th Street in
201:Ralph Waldo Emerson
157:National Book Award
125:National Book Award
91:Tuskegee University
74:New York City, U.S.
46:Ralph Waldo Ellison
3297:People from Harlem
3052:Alfred Eisenstaedt
3028:Obert Clark Tanner
2941:Robert Penn Warren
2895:Seymour H. Knox II
2885:Dominique de Menil
2769:Elliott Carter Jr.
1894:The New York Times
1863:The New York Times
1625:. April 17, 1994.
1527:The New York Times
1399:The Art of Fiction
1262:. pp. 113–20.
1230:The New York Times
1094:1953 in literature
912:, February 3, 2010
822:, under the title
774:
673:Robert Penn Warren
661:Harvard University
594:Washington Heights
559:Rutgers University
498:Gordon S. Seagrave
480:University of Iowa
453:The Upright Sinner
241:, the prestigious
239:Tuskegee Institute
175:The New York Times
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3087:Robert Motherwell
3077:Vladimir Horowitz
2890:Exxon Corporation
2855:Willem de Kooning
2720:
2719:
2660:Gravity's Rainbow
2629:Flannery O'Connor
2605:Joyce Carol Oates
2480:Goodbye, Columbus
2300:
2299:
2108:Books and Writers
2102:Petri Liukkonen.
1983:Linn's Stamp News
1212:by Ralph Ellison.
989:Essay collections
921:
920:
816:literary executor
810:, a professor at
728:Albert Schweitzer
667:anthology called
631:
630:
586:pancreatic cancer
492:. While he wrote
449:
448:
298:Fyodor Dostoevsky
265:William L. Dawson
140:
139:
3339:
3262:Hudson Institute
3047:Katherine Dunham
3013:Roger L. Stevens
2865:Eva Le Gallienne
2809:Lincoln Kirstein
2794:Georgia O'Keeffe
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2468:The Magic Barrel
2425:William Faulkner
2377:William Faulkner
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2304:
2287:John F. Callahan
2280:Related articles
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892:, March 28, 2008
886:
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865:
854:
808:John F. Callahan
755:William Faulkner
636:won the 1953 US
620:
619:
608:
596:neighborhood of
542:Hudson Institute
457:Arnold Rampersad
434:
433:
414:
413:
402:
313:Jude the Obscure
155:, which won the
71:
60:, Oklahoma, U.S.
54:
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21:
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3257:Existentialists
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3057:Martin Friedman
3032:
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2936:William Schuman
2916:Ella Fitzgerald
2899:
2840:Marian Anderson
2828:
2789:Louise Nevelson
2757:
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2682:
2581:Thornton Wilder
2569:Bernard Malamud
2473:Bernard Malamud
2350:
2344:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2275:
2256:
2206:
2201:
2104:"Ralph Ellison"
2078:Wayback Machine
2071:Ralph Ellison,
2067:
2049:, May 15, 1997.
2037:Darryl Pinckney
2033:
2031:Further reading
2028:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2013:nycgovparks.org
2007:
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1865:. Washington DC
1856:
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1800:"Ralph Ellison"
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1341:(May 7, 2007).
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883:
872:, June 30, 1999
863:
857:External videos
852:
839:Riverside Drive
794:
770:Riverside Drive
749:. In 1986, his
705:Trading Twelves
617:
611:External videos
606:
598:Upper Manhattan
563:Yale University
534:
431:
411:
405:External videos
380:Communist Party
357:and the author
348:Langston Hughes
336:
235:
227:Zelia N. Breaux
197:
147:literary critic
136:
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69:
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38:
37:Ellison in 1961
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3023:Francis Goelet
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3000:
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2993:Jerome Robbins
2990:
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2948:Frances Fisher
2946:
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2926:Alwin Nikolais
2923:
2921:Howard Nemerov
2918:
2913:
2911:Romare Bearden
2907:
2905:
2901:
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2898:
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2887:
2882:
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2860:Agnes de Mille
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2656:
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2593:Jerzy Kosiński
2584:
2576:The Eighth Day
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2141:Ellison, Ralph
2138:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2081:
2066:
2065:External links
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:Shadow and Act
2052:Mario Relich,
2050:
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2029:
2026:
2025:
2000:
1973:
1947:
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1598:The New Yorker
1584:
1570:978-0300147131
1569:
1548:
1539:
1508:
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1470:
1435:
1430:Shadow and Act
1420:
1388:
1382:978-1433100109
1381:
1375:. Peter Lang.
1361:
1348:The New Yorker
1299:
1293:978-0375408274
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1168:978-0375408274
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996:Shadow and Act
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898:
879:
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859:
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851:
848:
820:Modern Library
814:and Ellison's
793:
790:
759:Duke Ellington
649:Lyndon Johnson
629:
628:
613:
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605:
602:
550:Shadow and Act
533:
530:
447:
446:
427:
426:
407:
406:
397:Invisible Man,
372:The New Masses
359:Richard Wright
355:Romare Bearden
335:
332:
294:Shadow and Act
287:Gertrude Stein
278:The Waste Land
269:Hazel Harrison
234:
231:
203:, was born in
196:
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165:Shadow and Act
162:Ellison wrote
138:
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118:Notable awards
115:
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72:(aged 81)
68:April 16, 1994
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3110:Complete list
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3075:
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3062:Leigh Gerdine
3060:
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3043:Leopold Adler
3042:
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3019:
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2998:Rudolf Serkin
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2784:Martha Graham
2782:
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2774:Ralph Ellison
2772:
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2734:
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2698:
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2691:Complete list
2689:
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2653:John Williams
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2516:Morte d'Urban
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2504:The Moviegoer
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2422:
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2417:
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2405:
2402:
2401:Ralph Ellison
2398:
2397:
2396:Invisible Man
2393:
2390:
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2381:
2378:
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2369:
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2365:Nelson Algren
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2219:Invisible Man
2216:
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2209:
2205:
2204:Ralph Ellison
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2184:
2179:
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2164:Ralph Ellison
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2148:
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2139:
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2135:
2130:
2129:Ralph Ellison
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1725:9780307267320
1721:
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1715:Ralph Ellison
1708:
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105:Notable works
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58:Oklahoma City
55:March 1, 1913
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25:Ralph Ellison
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2983:Gordon Parks
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2016:. Retrieved
2012:
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1966:February 18,
1964:. Retrieved
1959:
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1938:. Retrieved
1936:Random House
1928:
1920:The Guardian
1918:
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1897:. Retrieved
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1759:
1747:. Retrieved
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1695:. Retrieved
1689:
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1668:. Retrieved
1664:the original
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1634:. Retrieved
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1526:
1491:. New York:
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1193:Neil Baldwin
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70:(1994-04-16)
18:
3162:1994 deaths
3157:1913 births
3092:John Updike
2978:Helen Hayes
2973:Saul Bellow
2845:Frank Capra
2819:Alice Tully
2814:Paul Mellon
2779:José Ferrer
2617:Saul Bellow
2545:Saul Bellow
2533:John Updike
2528:The Centaur
2485:Philip Roth
2437:John O'Hara
2413:Saul Bellow
2389:James Jones
2349:(1950–1974)
2150:Excerpt of
2018:October 30,
1940:January 26,
1813:January 21,
1603:January 24,
1339:Als, Hilton
538:Herman Kahn
532:Later years
461:Sanora Babb
392:bourgeoisie
334:In New York
283:James Joyce
273:T. S. Eliot
3151:Categories
2870:Alan Lomax
2641:John Barth
2242:Juneteenth
1579:5559544694
1502:0393020134
1451:(2): 176.
1445:Boundary 2
1139:References
1082:0375503676
1044:0375760237
1031:0679601767
1018:0394540506
1005:0679760008
968:0394464575
959:Juneteenth
948:0679457046
935:0679601392
870:Juneteenth
803:Juneteenth
692:Juneteenth
254:Hilton Als
195:Early life
188:Juneteenth
79:Occupation
51:1913-03-01
2988:I. M. Pei
2711:2000–2024
2704:1975–1999
2697:1950–1974
2564:The Fixer
2137:, PBS.org
1995:0161-6234
1749:August 3,
1744:nysun.com
1670:March 31,
1631:0190-8286
1594:"Fat Man"
1465:161979419
1354:March 17,
1236:March 17,
526:communism
180:Parnassus
159:in 1953.
87:Education
2648:Augustus
1899:April 4,
1869:April 4,
1842:April 4,
1833:arts.gov
1783:Archived
1697:July 20,
1559:(2010).
1532:April 4,
1413:April 4,
1088:See also
707:(2000).
172:(1986).
2756:(1980s)
2636:Chimera
2420:A Fable
2228:(1996)
2211:Fiction
2076:at the
1050:Letters
726:as the
388:Marxist
363:hoboing
2679:(1974)
2667:(1974)
2655:(1973)
2643:(1973)
2631:(1972)
2619:(1971)
2607:(1970)
2595:(1969)
2583:(1968)
2571:(1967)
2559:(1966)
2547:(1965)
2540:Herzog
2535:(1964)
2523:(1963)
2511:(1962)
2499:(1961)
2487:(1960)
2475:(1959)
2463:(1958)
2451:(1957)
2439:(1956)
2427:(1955)
2415:(1954)
2403:(1953)
2391:(1952)
2379:(1951)
2367:(1950)
2272:(1964)
2261:Essays
2253:(2010)
2245:(1999)
2222:(1952)
1993:
1722:
1629:
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1379:
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1016:
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933:
916:C-SPAN
896:C-SPAN
876:C-SPAN
665:Bantam
626:C-SPAN
522:incest
444:C-SPAN
424:C-SPAN
344:Harlem
133:(1985)
127:(1953)
113:(1953)
82:Writer
3130:2010s
3125:2000s
3120:1990s
3115:1980s
2588:Steps
1786:(PDF)
1769:(PDF)
1461:S2CID
1100:Notes
321:hi-fi
97:Genre
3037:1989
2966:1988
2904:1987
2833:1986
2762:1985
2600:them
2168:IMDb
2020:2016
1991:ISSN
1968:2014
1942:2010
1901:2017
1871:2017
1844:2017
1815:2015
1751:2017
1720:ISBN
1699:2014
1672:2012
1638:2018
1627:ISSN
1605:2017
1575:OCLC
1565:ISBN
1534:2017
1497:ISBN
1415:2017
1377:ISBN
1356:2016
1288:ISBN
1238:2016
1163:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1014:ISBN
1001:ISBN
979:ISBN
964:ISBN
944:ISBN
931:ISBN
832:USPS
712:jazz
651:and
561:and
369:and
340:YMCA
306:and
285:and
65:Died
43:Born
2675:by
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