295:
structure of ribonuclease made it a logical target for the first enzyme to synthesize. Hirschmann's team built the enzyme in amino acid groups from six to 17 in length which were assembled into two large sections that were linked together, while
Merrifield's approach was to assemble the entire enzyme
302:, heralding the fact that "An Enzyme Is Synthesized for First Time" and providing coverage of a joint announcement by the two teams. While no immediate applications were foreseen, the Merck team noted that the ability to synthesize enzymes opened a new class of drugs for potential therapeutic use.
449:
For his seminal contributions to organic and to medicinal chemistry including the synthesis in solution of an enzyme (ribonuclease), his stimulation of peptide research in the
Pharmaceutical Industry and for his leadership role in fostering interdisciplinary research in academia and in industry,
336:
As head of Merck's department of new lead discovery starting in 1971 and as senior vice president for basic research in chemistry starting in 1978, serving until the retirement age of 65, when he left the firm in 1987, Hirschmann played a pivotal role in the development of many of the firm's
4477:
469:
The Ralph F. Hirschmann Award in
Peptide Chemistry is given out "to recognize and encourage outstanding achievements in the chemistry, biochemistry, and biophysics of peptides." The award was established in 1988 by Merck Research Laboratories.
279:, where he was hired as a researcher in 1950, he led a team that developed a method to synthesize the enzyme ribonuclease. His team was successful, with their results announced in January 1969 parallel with those from a separate team led by
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described how "ozens of biotechnology and drug companies were started" based on
Hirschmann's developments and that "he whole
309:, chemist Daniel Rich described the feat of synthesizing an enzyme as "a huge discovery" that "bridged the interface between
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who also achieved synthesis of the same enzyme using a different method. The comparatively simple 124-
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by linking one amino acid at a time at the end of a chain. The achievement was front-page news in
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which led to the discovery of several widely prescribed medications for human and animal health.
403:
Following his departure from Merck, Hirschmann taught at the
University of Pennsylvania and the
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expressed the view that he was "surprised that
Hirschmann didn't share the Nobel Prize".
4405:
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2009:
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The
President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details - Ralph F. Hirschmann
4345:
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3867:
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2167:
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2037:
1954:
1912:
1697:
1416:
1378:
1201:
893:
364:
356:
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products. Among the medications he was involved with was the development of the
17:
4139:
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3439:
3215:
3110:
3067:
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2645:
1868:
1669:
1617:
1128:
637:
341:
292:
520:"Ralph F. Hirschmann, Leading Scientist on Early Enzyme Research, Dies at 87"
3202:
2972:
1322:
310:
255:. Following the completion of his military service, Hirschmann attended the
714:
375:
371:
228:
53:
393:
378:
352:
314:
204:
61:
57:
4478:
University of
Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
349:
212:
119:
458:
for achievement in the field of organic chemistry research from the
441:. He was presented the award at a December 1, 2000, dinner by Dr.
330:
3539:
3009:
2419:
1933:
989:
725:
684:
445:, Assistant to the President for Science & Technology:
4523:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
243:
of the United States in 1944. After graduating from
4377:
4226:
4075:
3896:
3702:
3550:
3469:
3371:
3260:
3171:
3092:
3020:
2962:
2871:
2763:
2654:
2535:
2430:
2341:
2233:
2087:
1963:
1944:
1840:
1649:
1463:
1281:
1137:
1000:
942:
883:
795:
755:
736:
478:Hirschmann died at age 87 on June 29, 2009, due to
173:
163:
129:
110:
96:
86:
68:
39:
32:
207:who led a team that was responsible for the first
4463:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
3011:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
663:"Ralph F. Hirschmann Award in Peptide Chemistry"
4458:Deaths from kidney failure in the United States
696:
325:field" and new classes of medicines, such as
8:
4508:Medical University of South Carolina faculty
4453:United States Army personnel of World War II
4533:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
574:, January 24, 1969. Accessed July 19, 2009.
542:"Alumni Ralph Hirschmann Passes Away at 87"
3547:
3536:
3017:
3006:
2427:
2416:
1941:
1930:
997:
986:
733:
722:
703:
689:
681:
333:, were established through his approach.
200:(May 6, 1922 – June 20, 2009) was a
29:
586:"An Enzyme Is Synthesized for First Time"
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
464:American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal
627:, June 28, 2009. Accessed July 19, 2009.
536:
534:
712:United States National Medal of Science
495:
235:in 1936 and settled with his family in
619:"Medicinal chemist honored nationally"
555:press release. Accessed July 19, 2009.
4493:Scientists from Kansas City, Missouri
584:Sullivan, Walter (January 17, 1969),
7:
405:Medical University of South Carolina
178:Medical University of South Carolina
4468:National Medal of Science laureates
4503:University of Pennsylvania faculty
4488:People from Lansdale, Pennsylvania
25:
423:some, such as Daniel Rich of the
518:Hevesi, Dennis (July 18, 2009),
415:When Merrifield was awarded the
257:University of Wisconsin–Madison
101:University of Wisconsin–Madison
642:American Institute of Chemists
436:President of the United States
407:until his retirement in 2006.
1:
727:Behavioral and social science
421:solid phase peptide synthesis
419:in 1984 for the invention of
253:Pacific Theater of Operations
305:In Hirschmann's obituary in
4498:United States Army soldiers
665:. American Chemical Society
606:National Science Foundation
4549:
3615:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
381:used for the treatment of
344:used for the treatment of
319:University of Pennsylvania
271:Medicinal Chemistry career
247:in 1943, he served in the
182:University of Pennsylvania
3546:
3535:
3016:
3005:
2590:William Hayward Pickering
2426:
2415:
1940:
1929:
996:
985:
732:
721:
624:The Philadelphia Inquirer
608:. Accessed July 19, 2009.
460:American Chemical Society
432:National Medal of Science
425:American Chemical Society
369:broad-spectrum antibiotic
191:
156:
141:National Medal of Science
4039:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3485:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1116:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
566:"Synthesis of an Enzyme"
454:Hirschmann received the
417:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
227:Born on May 6, 1922, in
223:Early life and education
134:William H. Nichols Medal
3350:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1268:George Ledyard Stebbins
1189:James Augustine Shannon
553:University of Wisconsin
359:in patients at risk of
285:Robert Bruce Merrifield
251:for three years in the
4528:Chemists from Missouri
4473:Oberlin College alumni
3807:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
3794:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
2750:Harry George Drickamer
2696:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2370:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2244:John D. Baldeschwieler
1484:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1166:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
484:Lansdale, Pennsylvania
452:
411:Awards and recognition
361:cardiovascular disease
289:Rockefeller University
198:Ralph Franz Hirschmann
80:Lansdale, Pennsylvania
4398:Sylvester James Gates
3784:William Alfred Fowler
3766:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3579:Robert Burns Woodward
2391:Geraldine L. Richmond
2139:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1422:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1351:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1207:Sterling B. Hendricks
1024:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1019:Theodosius Dobzhansky
867:William Julius Wilson
447:
329:for the treatment of
237:Kansas City, Missouri
4448:American biochemists
4369:Warren M. Washington
4333:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4242:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4187:Martin Schwarzschild
3968:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
3960:J. Robert Schrieffer
3930:E. Margaret Burbidge
3774:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3751:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3630:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3382:John Griggs Thompson
3305:Martin David Kruskal
3145:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2618:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
2572:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2527:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2454:John Robinson Pierce
2421:Engineering sciences
2352:Jacqueline K. Barton
2207:George M. Whitesides
2126:Dudley R. Herschbach
2064:Richard B. Bernstein
2033:Walter H. Stockmayer
1581:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1512:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1402:Stanley Norman Cohen
1389:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1225:Keith Roberts Porter
1088:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1083:Michael Heidelberger
1055:Fritz Albert Lipmann
456:Arthur C. Cope Award
261:Doctor of Philosophy
231:, he emigrated from
4419:Shirley Ann Jackson
4338:Charles P. Slichter
4182:Marshall Rosenbluth
4174:Wallace S. Broecker
4127:Eugene M. Shoemaker
3888:Victor F. Weisskopf
3835:Herbert S. Gutowsky
3817:Edgar Bright Wilson
3658:George Kistiakowsky
3276:Stephen Cole Kleene
2787:George H. Heilmeier
2774:Mildred Dresselhaus
2665:Edward H. Heinemann
2595:Frederick E. Terman
2559:Richard T. Whitcomb
2480:Clarence L. Johnson
2441:Theodore von Kármán
2328:Stephen J. Benkovic
2307:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2294:Marvin H. Caruthers
2249:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2189:Darleane C. Hoffman
2079:Harden M. McConnell
2020:Frank H. Westheimer
1832:Stanley B. Prusiner
1796:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1555:Howard Martin Temin
1412:Maurice R. Hilleman
1407:Joseph L. Goldstein
1346:Donald A. Henderson
1263:Earl Reece Stadtman
1248:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1212:Orville Alvin Vogel
1042:Donald D. Van Slyke
991:Biological sciences
638:"Gold Medal Awards"
430:He was awarded the
327:protease inhibitors
241:naturalized citizen
168:Medicinal Chemistry
148:Willard Gibbs Award
34:Ralph F. Hirschmann
27:American biochemist
4291:G. Brent Dalrymple
4109:Arthur L. Schawlow
4016:James A. Van Allen
3907:Philip W. Anderson
3863:Richard P. Feynman
3789:Linus Carl Pauling
3424:Dennis P. Sullivan
2981:John B. Goodenough
2914:Edwin N. Lightfoot
2882:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2863:Kenneth N. Stevens
2631:Raymond D. Mindlin
2554:Harold E. Edgerton
2399:A. Paul Alivisatos
2278:Stephen J. Lippard
2257:Ernest R. Davidson
2194:Harold S. Johnston
2028:William S. Johnson
1992:George C. Pimentel
1827:Susan L. Lindquist
1809:Francis S. Collins
1703:Victor A. McKusick
1678:Francisco J. Ayala
1660:Nancy C. Andreasen
1610:Robert A. Weinberg
1384:Har Gobind Khorana
1369:Michael E. DeBakey
1356:George Emil Palade
1328:Wendell L. Roelofs
1318:Howard L. Bachrach
1148:Barbara McClintock
1050:Edward F. Knipling
590:The New York Times
547:2009-08-26 at the
525:The New York Times
307:The New York Times
299:The New York Times
249:United States Army
4483:People from FĂĽrth
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4364:Esther M. Conwell
4304:Robert N. Clayton
4296:Riccardo Giacconi
4260:Raymond Davis Jr.
4148:Albert Overhauser
4091:Edwin M. McMillan
4052:Arnold O. Beckman
4029:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4006:Paul C. Lauterbur
3983:Robert Hofstadter
3935:Maurice Goldhaber
3922:Charles H. Townes
3873:Edward M. Purcell
3840:Frederick Rossini
3694:Wolfgang Panofsky
3625:John H. Van Vleck
3541:Physical sciences
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3493:Solomon W. Golomb
3453:Andrew J. Viterbi
3448:Leonard Kleinrock
3395:Calyampudi R. Rao
3363:Ronald R. Coifman
3271:George F. Carrier
3252:Donald C. Spencer
3247:Saunders Mac Lane
3182:Marshall H. Stone
3132:Shiing-Shen Chern
3039:Solomon Lefschetz
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2938:David J. Wineland
2906:John M. Prausnitz
2847:C. Kumar N. Patel
2842:James L. Flanagan
2810:John Roy Whinnery
2797:H. Guyford Stever
2779:Nick Holonyak Jr.
2742:George W. Housner
2737:Willis M. Hawkins
2732:Daniel C. Drucker
2714:Robert Byron Bird
2706:Bernard M. Oliver
2613:Peter C. Goldmark
2600:Wernher von Braun
2546:George E. Mueller
2519:Nathan M. Newmark
2514:J. Presper Eckert
2493:Claude E. Shannon
2462:Charles S. Draper
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2378:Judith P. Klinman
2262:Gábor A. Somorjai
2173:Isabella L. Karle
2160:George S. Hammond
2121:Gertrude B. Elion
2074:Rudolph A. Marcus
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1851:Ralph L. Brinster
1770:Torsten N. Wiesel
1747:Norman E. Borlaug
1734:Solomon H. Snyder
1729:J. Michael Bishop
1688:Mario R. Capecchi
1568:Salome G. Waelsch
1499:E. Donnall Thomas
1374:Theodor O. Diener
1273:Paul Alfred Weiss
1101:Bernard B. Brodie
1037:George G. Simpson
981:
980:
977:
976:
926:Michael I. Posner
827:Eleanor J. Gibson
779:George J. Stigler
747:Neal Elgar Miller
617:Downey, Sally A.
443:Neal Francis Lane
383:enlarged prostate
265:organic chemistry
209:organic synthesis
195:
194:
158:Scientific career
116:Organic synthesis
16:(Redirected from
4540:
4247:Gilbert F. White
4192:George Wetherill
4086:Allan M. Cormack
4044:Jack Steinberger
4024:D. Allan Bromley
3973:H. Richard Crane
3950:Frederick Reines
3940:Helmut Landsberg
3855:George Uhlenbeck
3756:Vladimir Haensel
3718:Allan R. Sandage
3689:Herbert C. Brown
3671:Herbert Friedman
3597:Leon M. Lederman
3569:Julian Schwinger
3548:
3537:
3506:Alexandre Chorin
3480:Richard A. Tapia
3461:David B. Mumford
3289:Alberto CalderĂłn
3234:Joseph B. Keller
3221:Michael Freedman
3190:Herman Goldstine
3044:H. Marston Morse
3018:
3007:
2946:Rudolf E. Kálmán
2930:Robert S. Langer
2922:Jan D. Achenbach
2755:Herbert E. Grier
2506:Igor I. Sikorsky
2467:Othmar H. Ammann
2428:
2417:
2383:Jerrold Meinwald
2152:Norman Hackerman
2131:Glenn T. Seaborg
2046:William O. Baker
1974:F. Albert Cotton
1942:
1931:
1908:Mary-Claire King
1801:Bert W. O'Malley
1757:Thomas E. Starzl
1752:Phillip A. Sharp
1739:Charles Yanofsky
1721:Evelyn M. Witkin
1716:James E. Darnell
1542:Paul C. Zamecnik
1507:Mary Ellen Avery
1479:Herbert W. Boyer
1474:Baruj Benacerraf
1445:Joshua Lederberg
1435:Viktor Hamburger
1397:Michael S. Brown
1243:Robert H. Burris
998:
987:
934:Mortimer Mishkin
859:William K. Estes
843:Roger N. Shepard
835:Robert K. Merton
819:George A. Miller
766:Herbert A. Simon
734:
723:
705:
698:
691:
682:
675:
674:
672:
670:
659:
653:
652:
650:
648:
634:
628:
615:
609:
599:
593:
592:
581:
575:
562:
556:
538:
529:
528:
515:
462:in 1999 and the
374:, the synthetic
259:, receiving his
152:
145:
138:
75:
49:
47:
30:
21:
18:Ralph Hirschmann
4548:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4411:Sean C. Solomon
4373:
4325:Daniel Kleppner
4317:Lonnie Thompson
4312:Ralph A. Alpher
4278:W. Jason Morgan
4265:Charles Keeling
4255:Marvin L. Cohen
4222:
4205:John N. Bahcall
4200:Don L. Anderson
4166:Peter Goldreich
4119:Steven Weinberg
4071:
4001:Walter Elsasser
3978:Herman Feshbach
3892:
3830:Samuel Goudsmit
3822:Chien-Shiung Wu
3761:Frederick Seitz
3728:John A. Wheeler
3713:Robert H. Dicke
3698:
3561:Luis W. Alvarez
3542:
3523:
3511:David Blackwell
3465:
3416:Carl R. de Boor
3387:Karen Uhlenbeck
3367:
3321:Louis Nirenberg
3256:
3229:Ralph E. Gomory
3167:
3163:Donald E. Knuth
3150:Hassler Whitney
3088:
3012:
2993:
2958:
2890:Andreas Acrivos
2867:
2855:Eli Ruckenstein
2834:Hermann A. Haus
2805:Calvin F. Quate
2792:Luna B. Leopold
2759:
2650:
2636:Robert N. Noyce
2626:Emmett N. Leith
2585:Manson Benedict
2567:Rudolf Kompfner
2531:
2485:Warren K. Lewis
2422:
2403:
2337:
2299:Peter B. Dervan
2270:John I. Brauman
2229:
2181:Norman Davidson
2108:John D. Roberts
2083:
2051:Konrad E. Bloch
1997:Richard N. Zare
1959:
1936:
1917:
1874:Sallie Chisholm
1856:Rudolf Jaenisch
1836:
1819:J. Craig Venter
1778:Rita R. Colwell
1645:
1631:David Baltimore
1522:Robert W. Kates
1494:David G. Nathan
1489:Edward B. Lewis
1459:
1455:Harland G. Wood
1450:Roger W. Sperry
1305:Glenn W. Burton
1277:
1253:Arthur Kornberg
1220:Roger Guillemin
1197:Hallowell Davis
1161:Daniel I. Arnon
1153:Albert B. Sabin
1133:
1106:Detlev W. Bronk
1078:Harry F. Harlow
1073:Kenneth S. Cole
1060:William C. Rose
1032:Francis P. Rous
992:
973:
938:
918:Gordon H. Bower
879:
875:Robert M. Solow
791:
787:Milton Friedman
751:
728:
717:
709:
679:
678:
668:
666:
661:
660:
656:
646:
644:
636:
635:
631:
616:
612:
600:
596:
583:
582:
578:
571:Time (magazine)
563:
559:
549:Wayback Machine
539:
532:
517:
516:
497:
492:
482:at his home in
476:
413:
387:prostate cancer
346:river blindness
277:Merck & Co.
273:
245:Oberlin College
225:
202:German American
186:Merck & Co.
184:
180:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
105:Oberlin College
103:
97:Alma mater
91:German American
82:
77:
73:
64:
51:
45:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4408:
4406:Burton Richter
4403:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
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4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
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4359:Yakir Aharonov
4356:
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4340:
4335:
4330:
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4322:
4319:
4314:
4309:
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4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:Richard Garwin
4270:
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4237:Willis E. Lamb
4234:
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4031:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Philip Abelson
3993:
3990:
3988:Chen-Ning Yang
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3955:Bruno B. Rossi
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3924:
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3914:
3912:Yoichiro Nambu
3909:
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3730:
3725:
3723:John C. Slater
3720:
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3655:
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3610:Jacob Bjerknes
3607:
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3455:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3408:James G. Glimm
3405:
3402:
3400:Elias M. Stein
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3342:Shing-Tung Yau
3339:
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3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
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3299:
3294:
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3255:
3254:
3249:
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3239:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3208:Antoni Zygmund
3205:
3200:
3197:
3195:Isadore Singer
3192:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:Joseph L. Doob
3155:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3137:George Dantzig
3134:
3129:
3127:John W. Backus
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3103:Richard Brauer
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3084:William Feller
3081:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3031:Norbert Wiener
3028:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2989:Thomas Kailath
2986:
2983:
2978:
2975:
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2966:
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2734:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2719:H. Bolton Seed
2716:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2670:Donald L. Katz
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:Earl R. Parker
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
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2533:
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2524:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Hugh L. Dryden
2472:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2413:
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2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2357:Peter J. Stang
2354:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2333:Marye Anne Fox
2330:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2286:Tobin J. Marks
2283:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Stuart A. Rice
2212:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2147:Donald J. Cram
2144:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Ronald Breslow
2113:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2056:Elias J. Corey
2053:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2015:Carl S. Marvel
2012:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Roald Hoffmann
1984:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Stanley Falkow
1900:
1897:
1895:Rakesh K. Jain
1892:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Gene E. Likens
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:George F. Bass
1680:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1665:Peter H. Raven
1662:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1589:Alexander Rich
1586:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1563:Daniel Nathans
1560:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1537:Folke K. Skoog
1534:
1529:
1527:Salvador Luria
1524:
1519:
1517:Elvin A. Kabat
1514:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Katherine Esau
1427:
1424:
1419:
1417:Eric R. Kandel
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1361:Joan A. Steitz
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1333:Berta Scharrer
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:Seymour Benzer
1297:
1294:
1292:Philip Handler
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1179:Erwin Chargaff
1176:
1174:Britton Chance
1171:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1124:Robert Huebner
1121:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1011:C. B. van Niel
1008:
1004:
1002:
994:
993:
990:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
972:
971:
969:Albert Bandura
966:
963:
961:Robert Axelrod
958:
955:
950:
946:
944:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
928:
923:
920:
915:
912:
907:
904:
902:R. Duncan Luce
899:
896:
891:
887:
885:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
869:
864:
861:
856:
853:
851:Paul Samuelson
848:
845:
840:
837:
832:
829:
824:
821:
816:
813:
811:Patrick Suppes
808:
806:Leonid Hurwicz
803:
799:
797:
793:
792:
790:
789:
784:
781:
776:
771:
768:
763:
759:
757:
753:
752:
750:
749:
744:
740:
738:
730:
729:
726:
719:
718:
710:
708:
707:
700:
693:
685:
677:
676:
654:
629:
610:
594:
576:
557:
530:
494:
493:
491:
488:
475:
472:
412:
409:
272:
269:
239:. He became a
224:
221:
193:
192:
189:
188:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
154:
153:
131:
127:
126:
112:
111:Known for
108:
107:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
76:(aged 87)
70:
66:
65:
52:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4545:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:James E. Gunn
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:Edward Witten
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Roger Revelle
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:Henry Stommel
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Eugene Parker
4055:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Edward Teller
3915:
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3883:Lyman Spitzer
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3666:Paul Bartlett
3664:
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3432:Bradley Efron
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3281:John McCarthy
3279:
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3242:Samuel Karlin
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3058:
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3052:Oscar Zariski
3050:
3047:
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3040:
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2853:
2850:
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2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Ray W. Clough
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Alfred Y. Cho
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
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2699:
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2689:
2688:John G. Trump
2686:
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2501:Edwin H. Land
2499:
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2449:Vannevar Bush
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2255:
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2239:
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2225:Susan Solomon
2223:
2221:
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2069:Melvin Calvin
2067:
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2039:
2036:
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2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Yuan Tseh Lee
2008:
2006:
2005:Harry B. Gray
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
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1979:Gilbert Stork
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1887:Bruce Alberts
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1641:Lynn Margulis
1639:
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1550:Maxine Singer
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1532:Paul A. Marks
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1341:Stanley Cohen
1339:
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1230:Efraim Racker
1228:
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1213:
1210:
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1184:James V. Neel
1182:
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1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Horace Barker
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Sewall Wright
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
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1005:
1003:
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995:
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984:
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964:
962:
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954:
953:Anne Treisman
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
921:
919:
916:
913:
911:
910:Kenneth Arrow
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
888:
886:
882:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
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846:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
830:
828:
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822:
820:
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814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
801:
800:
798:
794:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
774:Anne Anastasi
772:
769:
767:
764:
761:
760:
758:
754:
748:
745:
742:
741:
739:
735:
731:
724:
720:
716:
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687:
686:
683:
664:
658:
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639:
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611:
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598:
595:
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587:
580:
577:
573:
572:
567:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:
521:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
496:
489:
487:
485:
481:
480:renal failure
473:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
451:
446:
444:
440:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
410:
408:
406:
401:
399:
396:for treating
395:
392:
391:ACE inhibitor
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:for reducing
354:
351:
347:
343:
340:
339:antiparasitic
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:biotechnology
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
300:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
149:
142:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
72:June 20, 2009
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
31:
19:
4393:Sandra Faber
4388:Sidney Drell
4218:Leo Kadanoff
4213:James Cronin
4161:Hans Dehmelt
4096:Robert Pound
4062:Robert Sharp
3878:John Sinfelt
3845:Verner Suomi
3812:Lewis Sarett
3676:Lars Onsager
3620:Henry Eyring
3587:John Bardeen
3329:Richard Karp
3297:Allen Newell
3076:Jerzy Neyman
2701:Tung-Yen Lin
2678:Bill Hewlett
2608:Morris Cohen
2248:
2202:John W. Cahn
2103:Karl Folkers
1864:Lucy Shapiro
1814:Elaine Fuchs
1693:Ann Graybiel
1623:Janet Rowley
1605:James Watson
1597:Ruth Patrick
1440:Philip Leder
1310:Mildred Cohn
1258:Severo Ochoa
1235:E. O. Wilson
667:. Retrieved
657:
645:. Retrieved
641:
632:
622:
613:
597:
589:
579:
569:
560:
523:
477:
468:
453:
448:
439:Bill Clinton
429:
414:
402:
398:hypertension
335:
306:
304:
297:
274:
233:Nazi Germany
226:
217:ribonuclease
197:
196:
174:Institutions
157:
124:ribonuclease
74:(2009-06-20)
4518:2009 deaths
4513:1922 births
4346:Berni Alder
4153:Frank Press
4034:Walter Kohn
4011:George Pake
3945:Walter Munk
3868:Herman Mark
3850:Henry Taube
3638:Jesse Beams
3592:Peter Debye
3574:Harold Urey
3498:Barry Mazur
3060:John Milnor
2954:Amnon Yariv
2898:Leo Beranek
2724:Ernst Weber
2577:Abel Wolman
2168:Thomas Cech
2098:Elkan Blout
2038:Max Tishler
1955:Roger Adams
1913:Simon Levin
1379:Harry Eagle
1202:Paul Gyorgy
894:Gary Becker
434:in 2000 by
389:and of the
365:beta-lactam
357:cholesterol
281:Bernd Gutte
87:Nationality
50:May 6, 1922
4442:Categories
4140:Vera Rubin
3779:Paul Flory
3440:Hyman Bass
3313:John Cocke
3216:Raoul Bott
3119:Kurt Gödel
3111:John Tukey
3068:Paul Cohen
2683:George Low
2646:Simon Ramo
1869:Leroy Hood
1670:Carl Woese
1618:Bruce Ames
1129:Ernst Mayr
647:27 October
490:References
342:Ivermectin
293:amino acid
46:1922-05-06
4135:Val Fitch
3203:Peter Lax
2973:Shu Chien
2220:John Ross
1935:Chemistry
1323:Paul Berg
715:laureates
466:in 2003.
311:chemistry
275:While at
267:in 1950.
4114:Ed Stone
1111:Jay Lush
669:29 March
545:Archived
474:Personal
376:androgen
372:Primaxin
367:-family
564:Staff.
540:Staff.
394:Vasotec
379:Proscar
353:Mevacor
315:biology
205:chemist
62:Germany
58:Bavaria
363:, the
350:statin
348:, the
213:enzyme
211:of an
164:Fields
151:(2002)
144:(2000)
137:(1988)
130:Awards
120:enzyme
118:of an
114:first
4378:2010s
4227:2000s
4076:1990s
3897:1980s
3703:1970s
3551:1960s
3470:2010s
3372:2000s
3261:1990s
3172:1980s
3093:1970s
3021:1960s
2963:2010s
2872:2000s
2764:1990s
2655:1980s
2536:1970s
2431:1960s
2342:2010s
2234:2000s
2088:1990s
1964:1980s
1945:1960s
1841:2010s
1650:2000s
1464:1990s
1282:1980s
1138:1970s
1001:1960s
943:2010s
884:2000s
796:1990s
756:1980s
737:1960s
229:FĂĽrth
54:FĂĽrth
4415:2014
4402:2012
4384:2011
4355:2009
4342:2008
4329:2007
4321:2006
4308:2005
4300:2004
4287:2003
4269:2002
4251:2001
4233:2000
4209:1999
4196:1998
4178:1997
4170:1996
4157:1995
4144:1994
4131:1993
4123:1992
4105:1991
4082:1990
4048:1989
4020:1988
3992:1987
3964:1986
3926:1983
3903:1982
3859:1979
3826:1976
3798:1975
3770:1974
3737:1973
3709:1970
3685:1969
3662:1968
3634:1967
3606:1966
3583:1965
3565:1964
3557:1963
3515:2013
3502:2012
3489:2011
3476:2010
3457:2009
3444:2007
3436:2006
3428:2005
3420:2004
3412:2003
3404:2002
3391:2001
3378:2000
3354:1999
3346:1998
3338:1997
3325:1996
3317:1995
3309:1994
3301:1993
3293:1992
3285:1991
3267:1990
3238:1989
3225:1988
3212:1987
3199:1986
3186:1983
3178:1982
3154:1979
3141:1976
3123:1975
3115:1974
3107:1973
3099:1970
3080:1969
3072:1968
3064:1967
3056:1966
3048:1965
3035:1964
3027:1963
2985:2012
2977:2011
2969:2010
2950:2009
2942:2008
2934:2007
2926:2006
2918:2005
2910:2004
2902:2003
2894:2002
2886:2001
2878:2000
2859:1999
2851:1998
2838:1996
2830:1995
2822:1994
2814:1993
2801:1992
2783:1991
2770:1990
2746:1989
2728:1988
2710:1987
2692:1986
2674:1983
2661:1982
2622:1979
2604:1976
2581:1975
2563:1974
2550:1973
2542:1970
2523:1969
2510:1968
2497:1967
2489:1966
2471:1965
2458:1964
2445:1963
2437:1962
2395:2014
2387:2013
2374:2012
2361:2011
2348:2010
2324:2009
2311:2008
2303:2007
2290:2006
2282:2005
2274:2004
2266:2002
2253:2001
2240:2000
2211:1999
2198:1998
2185:1997
2177:1996
2164:1995
2156:1994
2143:1993
2135:1992
2112:1991
2094:1990
2060:1989
2042:1988
2024:1987
2001:1986
1983:1983
1970:1982
1951:1964
1899:2014
1891:2013
1878:2012
1860:2011
1847:2010
1823:2009
1805:2008
1792:2007
1774:2006
1761:2005
1743:2004
1725:2003
1712:2002
1674:2001
1656:2000
1627:1999
1614:1998
1601:1997
1593:1996
1585:1995
1572:1994
1559:1993
1546:1992
1503:1991
1470:1990
1426:1989
1393:1988
1365:1987
1337:1986
1314:1983
1296:1982
1288:1981
1239:1979
1216:1976
1193:1975
1170:1974
1157:1973
1144:1970
1120:1969
1092:1968
1069:1967
1046:1966
1028:1965
1015:1964
1007:1963
965:2015
957:2014
949:2011
930:2009
922:2008
914:2005
906:2004
898:2003
890:2000
871:1999
863:1998
855:1997
847:1996
839:1995
831:1994
823:1992
815:1991
802:1990
783:1988
770:1987
762:1986
743:1964
671:2010
649:2014
385:and
331:AIDS
313:and
283:and
215:, a
122:, a
69:Died
40:Born
287:at
263:in
4444::
640:.
621:,
604:,
588:,
568:,
551:,
533:^
522:,
498:^
486:.
400:.
219:.
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56:,
704:e
697:t
690:v
673:.
651:.
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