660:, rare in the medieval buildings of this region, are preserved in them. These furnaces were discovered during the archaeological surveys and each had its own chimney built into the walls. The toilet, specifically built for the commander of the fortress, was also discovered. Over city's moat lies a bridge which is located at the southeastern tower, and that leads to a space between the fortress and the low walls around it. On all the ramparts except the West one, the embrasures are placed at the same distance from the tower.
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483:(carpet) and felt rejuvenated when he woke up, so he ordered for the fortress to be built on this spot. This also gave the original, Turkish name of the fortress, the Ihram Fortress. The fortress was especially built for the elite Ottoman units and the heavy artillery. Apart from defensive role against the Hungarians, it also controlled the traffic on the Danube and served as the starting point in Turkish excursions in the northern areas, and the occupation in 1521. After the 1526
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level, including the embrasures in the walls. By
February 2018, several phases of archaeological works (phase IV) and renovation (phase I), or 60% of planned work, was done. Further works require more archaeological digging and a proposed design of the interior. It was planned that the restoration will be finished by July 2018, adaptation of the fortress by December 2019 while the renovation of the remains of the old caravanserai is planned, too.
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792:; planting of over 150 flower species around the entire fortress complex, forming a flower belt around it; construction of railings and fences along each staircase; re-building of the bridges which connected the towers, recreating the circular, above-ground path; computerized presentations of the former life in the fortress; reconstruction of caravanserai; reconstruction of the Mysterious Tower.
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quarry that was used for the original fortress. 21 analysis of the original mortar were conducted in order to recreate it. Only wooden beams were used and the reconstruction was conducted without the use of cement, concrete additives or iron bars. Instead of using the modern, common types, the bricks
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Further exploration of the interior ensued in 2015, followed by the renovation. First, the fortress and its vicinity were thoroughly cleaned. After exploring almost 70% of the fortress, archaeologists reached the original floor. Several edifices from the 16th to the 18th century were discovered, from
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was built in its vicinity. It had 24 rooms, each with its own fireplace, for the caravan travelers and voyagers. In time, it grew into the modern village of Ram. Modern
Serbian Orthodox Church, built in 1839, is located on this spot today and the former caravanserai serves as it churchyard. It is the
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Full reconstruction began in 2017. Restoration covered three towers and four walls. The towers IV and V were renovated while the Tower II, which was in the worst shape and almost completely crumbled, was partially reconstructed. Its foundations were built from scratch and it was rebuilt to the roof
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of the fortress are also in good condition, while the small bulwark is present in trace amounts. Inside the fort, along the western rampart, lies remains a building, with a base of proper octagon, with sides length of 3 m (9.8 ft). The whole area around the fortress was archaeologically
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Is not known when the original city was built, but it certainly is one of the oldest forts in this region. The
Ottomans didn't demolish the Roman mausoleum, instead they built the fortress around it. This, for the major part, allowed for the older remains to survive in relatively good shape until
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The five towers have a total of 36 cannon embrasures, which means it needed at least 100 soldiers to operate the artillery. The fortress, in general, has a different internal structure from other fortresses in this period and was described as the "miracle of the fortress". It also had a civilian
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During the archaeological exploration of the fortress in the 2015-2018 period, it was discovered that the modern fortress was predated by the much older architectural elements. Though not mentioned in historical records, there were artifacts pointing out to the pre-Roman habitation of the Celts.
255:. The fortress is located on a rock, which is from the northeast side tilted towards the Danube. It is assumed that the city was built on the opposite side from Haram fortress, which was located across the Danube and left no remnants. The remains of the city are in good condition.
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Close to the modern fortress, the remains of the Celtic fortified settlement Opidum have been found. Based on this, and the description of the Danube's bank in ancient texts which corresponds to the Ram's geography, some scholars suggested that this may be the location where
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An entire Roman mausoleum has been uncovered. The mausoleum has a diameter of 13 m (43 ft) and 3 m (9.8 ft) thick rampart walls, which points to its importance at the time. The location was referenced for the first time during the reign of emperor
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on the outers side, used as a shelter by the soldiers. The height and width of the ramparts varies, from 1.87 to 3.35 m (6 ft 2 in to 11 ft 0 in). The fortress is further surrounded by the moat and two smaller outer ramparts.
635:), which is located in the southwestern side of the fort. The towers have different bases, but are projected in regular pattern and built in the similar architectural conception. On the first floors of each tower there were cannon
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only surviving caravanserai in Serbia and one of the best preserved such facilities in the
Balkans. Construction of the church helped the preservation, as it prevented the further crumbling and theft of the building materials.
639:. The walls are 2 to 3.3 m (6 ft 7 in to 10 ft 10 in) thick. In order to prevent easy capture of the fortress, the upper floors could be reached only via the each tower's gate or the outer stairs.
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According to the legend, while the sultan was inspecting his troops, he stopped to take a rest on a small hill from which it had an excellent view on the Danube and the
Hungarian lands across the river. He fell asleep on
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on the Danube for the cruiser ships is also projected. Ministry of culture plans to adapt the entire village of Ram into the eco-museum while the 15 km (9.3 mi) long access road is under construction in 2019.
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fortresses. The fortress lost its strategic importance in 1521 when the
Ottomans defeated Hungarians and spread their territory across the Danube, thus leaving Ram Fortress in the hinterland of the Ottoman Empire.
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First phase of the reconstruction was extended to
November 2018, when the fortress should be reopened for visitors. This was extended to June 2019. The restorers used the same materials from the nearby
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708:, glass bombs, tools and antique vessels were also found. Some other artifacts point to the cultural function of the fortress, like glass, great number of small stone cannonballs (which were used as
283:. Geographically, the area surrounding the fortress is the Ram-Golubac Sand, a 30 km (19 mi) long and 5 km (3.1 mi) long sand area. It is a southern extension of the much larger
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There is a tower within the fortress, for decades described as the "Mysterious Tower". It has no windows and its purpose was complete unknown. Archaeologist supposed it might be a mosque or a
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On some older maps, the fortress is marked by the name Hram. In time, letter H got silent, and the name was shortened to Ram. It can't be confirmed whether this is a genuine
Serbian name as
575:. The plans for the renovation of the fortress were proposed in the 1980s, but nothing has been done on its revitalization until the 2010s. In the surrounding area there are still active
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rivers, at Danube's 1,075 km (668 mi). West of the fortress are lower (69 m (226 ft) high), marshy areas of the Danube's right bank, including the islands of
279:. East of Ram, the terrain elevates to 282 m (925 ft), at the Gorica Hill. At Ram, the Danube is 5 km (3.1 mi) wide, the widest except for the section at
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warfare. The city consists of 5 towers at four levels (three floors and the ground level), three on the east and two on the western rampart. Apart from the place, where the
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The majority of fortress, as it is today, originate from the 17th and 18th century, from the periods of frequent
Ottoman–Habsburg wars. The fortress was damaged in both
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Due to its elevated position on the rock above the major widening of the river, the fortress is described as allowing the view on the "most beautiful
Danubian dusk".
543:. Stojković also took 42 women from the fort's pasha's harem, and included them into his own harem. Ram was the starting point of the first Serbian international
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in Serbian means "temple", and there are indeed remains of various religious architecture from all different people who lived in the area, or Hram came via
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purpose, and the remains of the fireplaces have been found on upper floors. There are also remains of the mosque in the central part of the inner section.
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Below the towers there is a paved plateau. It is the starting point of the stone stairs which lead down to the bank of the Danube, and the ferry dock.
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in 1788. From then on, the life within the tower slowly withered, until the fortress was evacuated altogether by the Ottomans in the mid-19th century.
386:. He built the tower and dedicated it to the supreme Roman God, Jupiter.The inscription on the boulder tablet below the fortress there is inscription
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of some kind. During the 2010s surveys prior to the reconstruction, the table was discovered, placed by one of the legionnaires of the Roman emperor
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Ambitious plans were announced for the future, which include: construction of the motorway which would connect the fortress with the state capital,
785:. Further modernization of the complex includes the dock on the Danube for the cruiser ships and a new, 15 km (9.3 mi) long access road.
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were specifically made for the reconstruction. The fortress was reopened for visitors on 6 August 2019, after being "nearly perfectly" restored.
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encountered the Celtic delegation in the 4th century BC. Others proposed the area as one of possible battlefields between the Greeks and the
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of the Danube, the widening grew and flooded surrounding plains. The wetland, covering 50 km (19 sq mi), became known as
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466:. It was also built in order to enhance the protection from the Hungarian excursions from the north, provided by the existing
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The widening of the Danube at the mouths of Karaš and Nera was known as a Ram Lake. When the hydroelectrical plant
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Dragoljub Stevanović (18 November 2018). "Куле сада зову туристе" [The towers are now inviting tourists].
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Archaeological works were conducted in 1980. As of February 2018, the Ram Fortress is in very good condition. The
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is entered, there are four corner towers. The side towards and fort are surrounded by a low wall and wide dry
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with the maximum length of 35 m (115 ft) and width of 25 m (82 ft), designed to withstand
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By 2020 a pedestrian and bicycle paths should be finished. It will connect the fortress to the village of
579:. The river section below the fortress' foothills is a popular fishing area. The most common catch is the
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the period when Ram already wasn't functioning as a military camp anymore. Rifles from the 17th century,
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are in good state, except for the Southeast (Tower II), whose front part is almost completely destroyed.
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Bogdan Ibrajter (24 December 2017). "Ptice Labudovog okna" [The birds of Labudovo okno].
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units were stationed. The Roman complex probably had a religious purpose, but also served as an
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A permanent exhibition dedicated to the fortress is opened in the village's elementary school.
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examined during the 1980s. A plan for the reconstruction of Ram fortress was adopted in 2013.
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today. Sultan Bayazid II built the present fortifications in the form of an irregular
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The fortress is located on the bend of the Danube, right across the mouths of the
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across the Danube, in the Banat region. In order to boost the tourism, a
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439:(1480–1512) revised and strengthened the existing fortress for fighting
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The earliest record of the Ram Fortress dates back to 1128 AD, when the
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912:[Cultural monuments in Serbia - Ram Fortress] (in Serbian).
1234:"Yugoslavia, Monuments of Art" by Lazar Trifunovic, 1988, Belgrade
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568:, as a young man, worked as a customs officer in Ram for a while.
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The fortress was built from crushed stone and quality limestone
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443:. Built in 1483, Ram Fortress is one of the oldest artillery
560:, returned to Serbia from Russia in 1817. The fort hosted a
556:. It was also the location where rebellion's former leader,
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Folk stories also survived claiming the area was visited by
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1878:* is used for castles located in the disputed territory of
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began to fill its reservoir in the late 1960s, due to the
1080:"Svetski dan vlažnih područja Dan Ramsara 2 Februar 2015"
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region and the two sand areas are divided by the Danube.
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Serbian forces entered the fortress in 1806, during the
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1214:Рамска тврђава може да привуче туристе (in Serbian)
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1179:[Renovation of the medieval Ram fortress].
314:wetland of international importance on 1 May 2006.
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432:In order to protect the right bank of the Danube
1151:[Ram Fortress opens its gates in June].
388:To Jupiter, the greatest and the mightiest, the
1909:Cultural Monuments of Great Importance (Serbia)
451:and Bayezid II built it after he finished the
1919:Demolished buildings and structures in Serbia
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421:in the area. After victories in this region,
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642:The pathway made of towers and ramparts had
396:" Gaius Licinius Rufinus dedicates the table
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1609:Palace of Laslo Karačonji in Novo Miloševo
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603:. The bricks were used for the arches and
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1701:Small Palace Lazarević in Veliko Središte
1410:Grand palace Lazarević in Veliko Središte
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909:Споменици културе у Србији - Тврђава Рам
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627:in front of it. City entrance is at the
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405:in the first half of the fifth century.
1621:Palace Servijski-Šulpe in Novi Kneževac
1520:Palace Biserno Ostrvo in Bačko Gradište
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1510:Patriarchate Court in Sremski Karlovci
1366:Clerical High School of Saint Arsenije
1013:[Reconstructed Ram Fortress].
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1875:Immovable Cultural Heritage of Serbia
1603:Palace Marcibanji in Sremska Kamenica
1175:Olivera Milošević (19 January 2018).
1155:(in Serbian). 3 May 2019. p. 13.
1149:"Рамска тврђава у јуну отвара капије"
7:
914:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
503:During the 18th century and various
1339:Bisingen Nippenburg Palace in Vršac
1268:Castles, fortresses and palaces in
1177:"Obnova srednjovekovne tvrđave Ram"
1118:[In Ram as in Schönbrunn].
1114:Mirjana Nikić (6 September 2019).
1009:Olivera Milošević (7 August 2019).
1871:Palaces and Manor Houses in Serbia
1514:Palace Baba Pusta in Aleksa Šantić
1045:Nebojša Janković (28 March 2021).
752:Ram Fortress during reconstruction
490:Concurrently with the fortress, a
25:
1698:Small Palace Danijel in Stari Lec
1618:Palace Rogendorf in Banatski Dvor
1600:Palace Marcibanji-Lederer in Čoka
1407:Grand palace Danijel in Stari Lec
963:Fortresses on the Danube-article
1852:
1642:Palace Zobnatica in Bačka Topola
1606:Palace Nojhauzen in Srpska Crnja
1597:Palace Maldegem in Novi Kneževac
1555:Palace Ilion in Sremski Karlovci
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1197:http://www.velikogradiste.org.rs
818:List of fortifications in Serbia
802:
425:focused their activities on the
82:
75:
59:
1929:Roman auxiliary forts in Serbia
1797:Villa Vamošer in Bački Monoštor
1636:Palace Talijan in Novi Kneževac
1049:[Jewel of the Danube].
547:during the uprising, headed by
310:Category IV and was declared a
152:Municipality of Veliko Gradište
1630:Palace Stratimirović in Kulpin
1612:Palace of Miloš Bajić in Bočar
1576:Palace Kapetanovo in Stari Lec
927:http://virtuelnimuzejdunava.rs
228:
1:
1794:Villa Stanković in Čortanovci
1782:Villa Mavrokordato in Kikinda
1582:Palace Kaštel in Bačka Topola
1053:(in Serbian). pp. 20–21.
877:(in Serbian). pp. 19–21.
731:line which connects Ram with
684:Ram Fortress overlooking the
1791:Villa Rizenfelder in Kikinda
1627:Palace Sokolac in Novi Bečej
1529:Palace Damaskin in Hajdučica
1526:Palace Bisinger in Vlajkovac
1523:Palace Bisingen in Vlajkovac
1353:Building of the Patriarchate
1333:Bishop' s Palace in Novi Sad
977:Turističko područje Beograda
1867:Forts and Castles in Serbia
1803:Villa Šulho Vebera in Padej
1788:Villa Pejačević in Jarkovci
1517:Palace Bezeredi in Čelarevo
1011:"Obnovljena ramska tvrđava"
357:Alexander's Balkan campaign
234:
1945:
1752:Villa Danijel in Zrenjanin
1573:Palace Jovanović in Sočica
1552:Palace Hertelendi in Bočar
1535:Palace Dunđerski in Kulpin
1051:Politika-Magazin, No. 1226
960:http://srpska.etleboro.com
875:Politika-Мagazin, No. 1103
1861:
1850:
1761:Villa Engelman in Gunaroš
1624:Palace Sečenji in Temerin
1585:Palace Kaštel in Panonija
1570:Palace Jagodić near Konak
1561:Palace Ingus in Hajdukovo
1558:Palace in Gornja Rogatica
1539:Palace Eđešeg in Novi Sad
1336:Bishop' s Palace in Vršac
1185:(in Serbian). p. 14.
943:http://www.cooperation.rs
525:Koča's frontier rebellion
226:
70:
58:
41:
1800:Villa Vlaškalić, Mošorin
1362:Castle Šlos in Golubinci
1122:(in Serbian). p. 1.
1115:
908:
744:2017-2019 reconstruction
1785:Villa Pece in Mali Iđoš
1645:Palace Špicer in Beočin
1532:Palace Danijel in Konak
1424:Jerinin Grad, Brangović
1219:Accessed on 25. 4. 2013
965:Аccessed on 16. 6. 2014
948:Аccessed on 16. 6. 2014
931:Аccessed on 16. 6. 2014
566:Vuk Stefanović Karadžić
127:44.812845°N 21.330298°E
1694:Ruthenian Court in Šid
1633:Palace Tabori in Vrbas
1615:Palace Redl in Rastina
1591:Palace Kovač in Riđica
1579:Palace Karas in Horgoš
1543:Palace Gomboš in Bečej
1429:Jerinin Grad, Grabovac
1202:Аccessed on 16.6.2014.
781:, on the shore of the
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688:
591:
532:First Serbian Uprising
1758:Villa Elek, Zrenjanin
1652:Petrovaradin Fortress
1564:Palace in Karađorđevo
1549:Palace Hercl in Vrbas
1546:Palace Hadik in Futog
1200:Ram Fortress article
1116:У Раму као у Шенбурну
946:Ram Fortress article
929:Ram Fortress article
751:
722:construction standard
683:
589:
505:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
18:Ram (Veliko Gradiste)
1779:Villa Lujza in Palić
1776:Villa in Savino Selo
1764:Villa Ertl in Odžaci
1744:Toman Villa in Vrbas
1667:Prizrenac (fortress)
1639:Palace Zako in Bajša
1594:Palace Lazar in Ečka
1588:Palace Kiš in Elemir
375:point on the river.
243:, in the village of
132:44.812845; 21.330298
1047:"Dragulj na Dunavu"
349:Alexander the Great
123: /
1914:Braničevo District
1755:Villa Divan, Sajan
1705:Smederevo Fortress
1679:Prokuplje Fortress
1499:Novo Brdo Fortress
1474:Mileševac Fortress
1358:Braničevo Fortress
1120:Politika-Moja kuća
979:. Geokarta. 2007.
754:
689:
592:
417:army defeated the
247:, municipality of
27:Fortress in Serbia
1886:
1885:
1567:Palace in Melenci
1449:Kruševac Fortress
1329:Belgrade Fortress
986:978-86-459-0099-2
541:Milenko Stojković
394:Legio VII Claudia
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
1936:
1924:Byzantine Serbia
1856:
1807:Vojinovića Tower
1767:Villa in Kikinda
1673:Prizren Fortress
1648:Pančevo Fortress
1479:Morović Fortress
1414:Harilaq Fortress
1397:Golubac Fortress
1371:Dardana Fortress
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554:Mateja Nenadović
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1899:Forts in Serbia
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1833:Zvečan Fortress
1720:Stalać Fortress
1484:Nenadović Tower
1343:Bolvan Fortress
1319:Banovina Palace
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957:
953:
940:
936:
925:
921:
910:
906:
905:
882:
872:
871:
836:
831:
808:
803:
801:
798:
775:
746:
716:), and Chinese
678:
673:
597:
501:
455:
427:Pannonian Basin
411:
390:standard-bearer
344:
328:
323:
261:
249:Veliko Gradište
160:the public
159:
131:
129:
125:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
109:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
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91:
87:
66:
50:
48:Veliko Gradište
42:
36:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:Šabac Fortress
1836:
1830:
1828:Zemun Fortress
1825:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:Villa in Palić
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
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1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
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1707:
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1699:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
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1657:Pirot Fortress
1654:
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1436:
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1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1408:
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1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Borač Fortress
1345:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
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1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
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1227:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1188:
1158:
1125:
1085:
1071:
1056:
1020:
992:
985:
968:
951:
934:
919:
880:
833:
832:
830:
827:
826:
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813:
797:
794:
774:
771:
745:
742:
714:balance scales
677:
674:
672:
669:
596:
593:
577:charcoal kilns
500:
497:
453:Kulič Fortress
434:Ottoman sultan
423:Byzantine army
410:
407:
403:Attila the Hun
343:
340:
336:folk etymology
327:
324:
322:
319:
285:Deliblato Sand
260:
257:
213:
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197:
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178:
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107:
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89:
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56:
55:
39:
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26:
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14:
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4:
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2:
1941:
1930:
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1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:Villa in Kula
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
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1740:Trojanov Grad
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1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:(in Serbian).
1081:
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1068:(in Serbian).
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
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1021:
1017:(in Serbian).
1016:
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972:
969:
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810:Serbia portal
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734:
733:Stara Palanka
730:
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723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
698:
694:
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686:Labudovo okno
682:
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499:Modern period
498:
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304:Labudovo okno
301:
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258:
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189:Built by
187:
183:
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156:
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150:
146:
141:
136:
108:
104:
78:
69:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
31:
19:
1863:
1812:Vršac Castle
1684:Ram Fortress
1683:
1489:Niš Fortress
1469:Markovo Kale
1324:Bač Fortress
1304:Amidža Konak
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1180:
1152:
1119:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1014:
976:
971:
964:
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922:
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787:
776:
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690:
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632:
609:
598:
595:Architecture
570:
548:
535:
529:
502:
492:caravanserai
489:
480:
477:
431:
412:
400:
387:
377:
373:orienteering
361:
345:
331:
329:
316:
293:
262:
219:Ram Fortress
218:
216:
195:(ordered by)
176:Site history
158:Open to
90:Ram Fortress
65:Ram Fortress
33:Ram Fortress
823:Ram, Serbia
783:Silver Lake
727:There is a
648:battlements
581:silver carp
456: [
235:Tvrđava Ram
229:Тврђава Рам
200:In use
130: /
106:Coordinates
94:Tvrđava Ram
92:Тврђава Рам
37:Tvrđava Ram
35:Тврђава Рам
1893:Categories
1823:Zelen-grad
1748:Vidin Grad
1730:Stari Grad
1725:Stari Dvor
1454:Kurvingrad
1434:Kapetanovo
1377:Diana Fort
1291:fortresses
829:References
706:small arms
658:fireplaces
637:embrasures
573:World Wars
545:delegation
437:Bayezid II
419:Hungarians
415:Byzantines
409:Middle Age
251:, eastern
193:Bayezid II
118:21°19′49″E
115:44°48′46″N
1864:See also:
1735:Stari Ras
1715:Soko Grad
1710:Soko Grad
1494:Novi Dvor
1392:Gamzigrad
718:porcelain
676:Condition
558:Karađorđe
521:1788-1791
517:1735-1739
513:1716-1718
509:1683-1699
468:Smederevo
464:Smederevo
355:, during
342:Antiquity
300:backwater
273:Čibuklija
208:Materials
168:Condition
1689:Ravanica
1662:Prilepac
1505:Ostrvica
1464:Manasija
1402:Gradište
1387:Fetislam
1217:b92.net
1182:Politika
1153:Politika
1066:Politika
1015:Politika
796:See also
790:Belgrade
712:for the
697:Ramparts
644:parapets
621:fortress
613:pentagon
590:Interior
441:firearms
392:of the "
384:Claudius
353:Triballi
296:Đerdap I
259:Locality
1382:Fantast
1296:palaces
1286:Castles
1229:Sources
779:Zatonje
710:weights
671:Present
655:Masonry
631:tower (
562:customs
537:vojvoda
472:Golubac
369:cavalry
321:History
287:in the
281:Golubac
223:Serbian
1880:Kosovo
1817:Zatrič
1459:Maglič
1444:Koznik
1314:Atanas
1309:Anište
1294:&
1278:Serbia
1275:
983:
773:Future
693:towers
633:donžon
617:cannon
605:vaults
601:mortar
449:Serbia
380:pantry
365:Trajan
312:Ramsar
277:Ostrvo
253:Serbia
241:Danube
52:Serbia
1844:Žrnov
1439:Kovin
1419:Jeleč
763:shale
729:ferry
646:with
550:prota
481:ihram
462:near
460:]
445:forts
289:Banat
265:Karaš
211:Stone
181:Built
148:Owner
981:ISBN
737:pier
629:keep
625:moat
470:and
332:hram
326:Name
308:IUCN
275:and
269:Nera
267:and
217:The
184:1483
171:Good
447:in
245:Ram
163:Yes
44:Ram
1895::
1873:,
1869:,
1161:^
1128:^
1088:^
1023:^
995:^
883:^
837:^
583:.
519:,
515:,
511:,
458:sr
429:.
398:.
359:.
232:/
225::
203:No
46:,
1835:*
1819:*
1675:*
1669:*
1501:*
1404:*
1373:*
1288:,
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1221:.
989:.
916:.
507:(
221:(
20:)
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