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391:. The court also compensated the Muslims by providing them 5 acres of land to build a mosque. The court inferred that the foundation of the mosque was based on the walls of a large pre existing structure dating back to the 12th century whose architectural features are suggestive of Hindu religious origin. The Supreme Court however concluded that there is time gap between the construction of the pre existing structure in 12th century and the construction of mosque in 16th century and no conclusion on the cause of destruction of the underlying structure from this era can be drawn based on the ASI report. The temple was later inaugurated in January 2024.
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structure and the structure was not destroyed because of any natural calamity. He claims the destruction took place at about the same time when mosque was being built. Further, he says the court didn't comment on whether the destruction took place because ASI report was only meant to report findings and not interpret those findings. He said that excavations show that the history of the site can be traced back to 17th century BCE which contradicts the earlier scholarly claim that history of
Ayodhya started at 7th century BCE
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however concluded that there is time gap between the existence of the pre existing structure in 12th century and the construction of mosque in 16th century and no archaeological evidence on the cause of destruction of the underlying structure from this era is available. On 9 November 2019, the
Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered to the government to give alternate 5 acre land to Sunni Waqf Board to build the mosque. On 5 February 2020, the trust known as
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520:(1870), wrote that the Janmasthan temple "was destroyed by Babur and replaced by a mosque." He also wrote "The Janmasthan was in Ramkot and marked the birthplace of Rama. In 1528 A.D. Babur came to Ayodhya and halted here for a week. He destroyed the ancient temple and on its site built a mosque, still known as Babur's mosque. The materials of the old structure were largely employed, and many of the columns were in good preservation."
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in 1886, in favour of status quo. The lawsuit was dismissed on the grounds that creating a Hindu temple in close proximity to mosque would create a serious law and order issue. The
District Judge held that it was ―most unfortunate that the Masjid should have been built on the land especially held sacred by the Hindus but since the construction had been made 358 years earlier, it was too late in the day to reverse the process.
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550:, state that such claims of Babri Masjid site being the birthplace of Rama sprang up only after the 18th century. Sharma states that Ayodhya emerged as a place of Hindu pilgrimage only in medieval times, since ancient texts do not mention it as a pilgrim centre. For example, chapter 85 of the Vishnu Smriti lists 52 places of pilgrimage, which do not include Ayodhya.
513:("mosque of the birthplace") in common parlance as well as official documents such as revenue records. Shykh Muhammad Azamat Ali Kakorawi Nami (1811–1893) wrote: "the Babari mosque was built up in 923(?) A.H. under the patronage of Sayyid Musa Ashiqan in the Janmasthan temple in Faizabad-Avadh, which was a great place of (worship) and capital of Rama's father"
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The excavators further found a temple system that depicted a crocodile (a symbol of the Holy Ganga) to signify a symbolic bath in the holy rivers of the Ganges, Yamuna and
Saraswati to wash off one's sins. They also got the temple 'pranali' (system). We have to bathe the deity and the 'abhisheka jal'
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to remove the idols, however Pant was not willing to remove the idols and added that "there is a reasonable chance of success, but things are still in a fluid state and it will be hazardous to say more at this stage". By 1950, the state took control of the structure under section 145 CrPC and allowed
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In 1883, the Hindus launched an effort to construct a temple on the platform. When the administration denied them the permission to do this, they took the matter to court. In 1885, the Sub Judge Pandit Hari Kishan Singh dismissed the lawsuit. Subsequently, the higher courts also dismissed the lawsuit
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visited the site, and stated that the structure destroyed was a temple dedicated to Rama, not a house. Many subsequent sources state that the mosque was constructed after demolishing a temple. Buchanan also recorded that there was an inscription on the wall of the mosque stating it to have been built
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conducted a survey of the land in 1976–77. They found 12 pillars of the mosque that were made from the remains of a Hindu temple. The base of the pillars had a Purna
Kalasha which was a 'ghada' (water pitcher) from which foliage would be coming out. These symbols were found in almost all the temples
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The ASI team unearthed several remains of a temple's 'shikhara' (tower) from the mosque's premises, adding to the evidences of a Hindu structure underneath ASI team also found another architectural member known as 'amalka'. Below the 'amalka' there is the 'grivah' and also the 'shikhara' portion of
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of the site on court orders. The ASI report indicated the presence of a 10th-century north Indian style temple under the mosque. Muslim groups and the historians supporting them disputed these findings, and dismissed them as politically motivated. The
Allahabad High Court, however, upheld the ASI's
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Al-Hind-u fi al – ‘Ahd al-Isami, by
Maulana Shams Tabriz Khan describes "And among them is the great mosque that was built by the Timurid king Babar in the sacred city of Ajodhya. It is believed that Rama Chandra, considered to be the manifestation of God, was born here. There is a long story about
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Gopal, Sarvepalli; Thapar, Romila; Chandra, Bipan; Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi; Jaiswal, Suvira; Mukhia, Harbans; Panikkar, K. N.; Champakalakshmi, R.; Saberwal, Satish; Chattopadhyaya, B. D.; Verma, R. N.; Meenakshi, K.; Alam, Muzaffar; Singh, Dilbagh; Mukherjee, Mridula; Palat, Madhavan; Mukherjee,
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Gopal, Sarvepalli; Thapar, Romila; Chandra, Bipan; Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi; Jaiswal, Suvira; Mukhia, Harbans; Panikkar, K. N.; Champakalakshmi, R.; Saberwal, Satish; Chattopadhyaya, B. D.; Verma, R. N.; Meenakshi, K.; Alam, Muzaffar; Singh, Dilbagh; Mukherjee, Mridula; Palat, Madhavan; Mukherjee,
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In 2024, BR Mani, the archaeologist who led the 2003 excavations urged the central government to release the ASI report to put all the doubts regarding the report to rest. He also interprets the evidence from excavations to claim that there was human force involved in the destruction of the found
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bench heard the title dispute cases from August to
October 2019. The court inferred that the foundation of the mosque was based on the walls of a large pre existing structure dating back to the 12th century whose architectural features are suggestive of Hindu religious origin. The Supreme Court
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Those who believe that Rama was a historic figure, place his birth around 1800 BCE. However, the archaeological excavations at
Ayodhya have not revealed any significant settlement before 500 BCE. Consequently, a number of other places have been suggested as the birthplace of Rama.
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had demolished the Ramkot fortress, including the house that was considered as the birthplace of Rama by Hindus. He further stated that a mosque was constructed in its place, but the Hindus continued to offer prayers at a mud platform that marked the birthplace of Rama. In 1810,
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once stood in the present-day
Ayodhya, with this belief extending back to at least 1822. It has been suggested that a temple to Rama formerly existed at the same site as the Babri Masjid until it was replaced by the mosque, an idea supported by a court-ordered report of the
506:, who examined Buchanan's documents, states that all the claimed inscriptions on the Babri mosque were fake. According to him they were affixed sometime around 1813 (almost 285 years after the supposed construction of the mosque in 1528 CE), and later repeatedly replaced.
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of the 12th and 13th Century. For Hindus, it is one of the eight auspicious symbols of prosperity also known as Ashtamangala Chinha. The excavation team found many terracotta sculptures that depicted human beings and animals, a characteristic of a temple, not a mosque.
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849:. He claimed to have deciphered Indus seals found along the Sarasvati rivers, and found the words "Rama Sena" (Rim-Sin) and "Ravani dama" on those seals. He rejected Ayodhya as the birthplace of Rama, on the grounds that Ayodhya and other Ramayana sites excavated by
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his wife Sita. There was a big temple for them in this city. At a certain place Sita used to sit and cook food for her consort. Well, the said king Babar demolished it and built a mosque at that very place with chiseled stone in 923 A.H."
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Aditya; Ratnagar, S. F.; Bhattacharya, Neeladri; Trivedi, K. K.; Sharma, Yogesh; Chakravarti, Kunal; Josh, Bhagwan; Gurukkal, Rajan; Ray, Himanshu (February 1990). "The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute".
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Aditya; Ratnagar, S. F.; Bhattacharya, Neeladri; Trivedi, K. K.; Sharma, Yogesh; Chakravarti, Kunal; Josh, Bhagwan; Gurukkal, Rajan; Ray, Himanshu (February 1990). "The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute".
763:. The evidence presented by them included scholarly articles discussing alternative theories about the birthplace of Rama. These sources mentioned 8 different possible birthplaces, including a site other than Babri Masjid in Ayodhya,
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occupied the Babri Masjid site, and claimed ownership of the structure. Subsequently, the civil administration stepped in, and in 1855, divided the mosque premises into two parts: one for Hindus, and the other for Muslims.
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In 2003, A 50 plus member team of Archeological Survey of India did the second excavation. They found over 50 pillars, hinting that below the mosque stood a Hindu temple that could be dated back to the 12th Century AD.
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described a "pretty old castle of Ranichand " which he described as an antique monument that was "especially memorable". However, by 1672, the appearance of a mosque at the site can be inferred because Lal Das's
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amicably. Towards this objective, he asked Hindu and Muslim groups to exchange evidence on their claims over Ayodhya. The panel representing the Muslim organization Babri Masjid Action Committee (BMAC) included
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387:, which heard the title dispute cases from August to October 2019. On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the Hindu parties and ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build
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History versus Casuistry: Evidence of the Ramajanmabhoomi Mandir presented by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad to the Government of India in December–January 1990–91. New Delhi: Voice of India.
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The ASI archaeologists found 263 pieces of terracotta objects of gods, goddesses, human figures, female figurines that consolidated the theory that it was the site of a temple.
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It asserts that the Mughal Emperor Babar's governor at Awadh, Mir Baqi Tashqandi, built the Babri Masjid (mosque) at Ayodhya ... The mosque was built in 1528 ...
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802:" at the 58th session of the Indian History Congress in Bangalore. In 2000, Rajesh Kochhar similarly traced the birthplace of Rama to Afghanistan, in his book
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934:' was found on two remains found at the site that proved to be an important circumstantial evidence that stated the existence of a Hindu temple there.
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findings. The excavations by the ASI were heavily used as evidence by the court that the predating structure was a massive Hindu religious building.
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This article is about the birthplace of Rama according to Hindu beliefs. For the debate on whether a temple existed at Babri Masjid site or not, see
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1205:"Creating Suitable Evidence of the Past? Archaeology, Politics, and Hindu Nationalism in India from the End of the Twentieth Century to the Present"
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Jaffrelot, Christophe (7 December 2015). "Ayodhya Issue". In Smith, Anthony D; Hou, Xiaoshuo; Stone, John; Dennis, Rutledge; Rizova, Polly (eds.).
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in Ayodhya is the exact birthplace of Rama. The Babri mosque is believed to have been constructed during 1528–29 by a certain 'Mir Baqi' (possibly
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following archaeological excavations around the ruins of the mosque, though the existence of this temple and the conclusions of the report are
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groups and political parties launched a campaign to construct the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir ("Rama birthplace temple") at the site. In 1985, the
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Ayodhya ka Itihas evam Puratattva – Rigveda kal se ab tak (History and Archaeology of Ayodhya – From the Time of the Rigveda to the Present)
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561:, ignoring the Hindu mythological accounts, the first historic mention of the city dates back to the 7th century, when the Chinese pilgrim
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3153:, Sita Ram Goel, Harsh Narain, Jay Dubashi and Ram Swarup. Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I, (A Preliminary Survey) (1990)
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In 2023, during excavation to make Rama temple after Supreme Court order, remains of ancient temple, idols, and pillars were found.
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2737:"Evidence Of Ram Mandir? Remains Of Ancient Temple, Idols, Pillars Discovered During Excavation At Ram Janmabhoomi In Ayodhya"
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The idols of Rama and Sita were placed in the mosque in 1949 and the devotees begin to gather from the next day. In 1992, the
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In 2010, the Allahabad High Court ruled that the 2.77 acres (1.12 ha) of disputed land be divided into 3 parts, with
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visited Ayodhya and recorded the "ruins of the Ranichand castle and houses". He made no mention of a mosque. In 1634,
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Many critics also claim that the present-day Ayodhya was originally a Buddhist site, based on its identification with
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3140:, Rama J Jois: The Ayodhya Reference: Supreme Court Judgement and Commentaries. 1995. New Delhi:Voice of India.
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Gods on Earth: The Management of Religious Experience and Identity in a North Indian Pilgrimage Centre
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi performing "Bhoomi Pujan" at the foundations of the temple in August 2020
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describes the location without mentioning a castle, house or temple. In 1717, the Moghul Rajput noble
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1258:. Concepts in communication informatics and librarianship. Concept Publishing Company. p. 489.
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performed Bhoomi Pujan and laid the foundation stone of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya on 5 August 2020.
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do not show evidence of settlements before 1000 BCE. He also claimed that the writers of the later
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419:, a Hindu epic whose earliest portions date back to 1st millennium BCE, states that the capital of
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government allowed Hindus to access the site for prayers. On 6 December 1992, Hindu nationalists
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Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences
2628:"Did you know seven evidences unearthed by ASI proved a temple existed at Ayodhya? Details here"
356:. It is contested whether the Ayodhya mentioned in the Ramayana is the same as the modern city.
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710:. All the three parties appealed against the division of disputed land to the Supreme Court.
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trust began the first phase of construction of the Ram Mandir in March 2020. Prime Minister
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triggered widespread Hindu-Muslim violence. The legal dispute over the property reached the
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purchased land surrounding the site and his documents show a mosque. The Jesuit missionary
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Some Hindus claim that the exact site of Rama's birthplace is within the grounds where the
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2763:"'Make Ayodhya report public': Archaeologist who led excavations urges Centre | Exclusive"
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1021:"Sri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra: PM Modi announces formation of Ayodhya temple trust"
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1440:"Ayodhya Ram Mandir: India PM Modi inaugurates Hindu temple on razed Babri mosque site"
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in the mosque, and claimed that they had miraculously appeared there. Home Minister
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3177:(in Hindi). New Delhi: Bharatiya Itihasa evam Samskrit Parishad and DK Printworld.
2939:(2000). "A Historical Perspective on the Story of Rama". In Thapar, Romila (ed.).
2839:"PM Modi performs Bhoomi Pujan and lays foundation stone of Ram Temple in Ayodhya"
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1382:"Ram Mandir verdict: Supreme Court verdict on Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case"
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of Afghanistan is the original "Sarayu", and Ayodhya was located on its banks.
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Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India
1791:(H.R. Neville in the Barabanki District Gazetteer, Lucknow, 1905, pp. 168–169)
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2345:"BJP Lok Sabha Election, 2009 Manifesto – Naresh Kadyan – Care2 News Network"
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2129:"Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation: The Case of Ayodhya"
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790:, historian Shyam Narain Pande argued that Rama was born around present-day
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Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self
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991:, an Indian film which deals with the controversial issue of Ram Mandir
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H.R. Neville, Fyzabad District Gazetteer, Lucknow, 1905, pp. 172–177)
1699:. In Yakov Gilinskiy; Thomas Albert Gilly; Vladimir Sergevnin (eds.).
1087:"Historicizing Myth and Mythologizing History: The 'Ram Temple' Drama"
1697:"Communal Violence and Terrorism in India: Issues and Introspections"
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states that the location of Rama's birthplace is on the banks of the
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1961:
Unfinished Innings: Recollections and Reflections of a Civil Servant
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The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism
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According to the local Hindu belief, the site of the now-demolished
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flows through 'pranali'. This 'makara pranali' was also excavated.
661:, repeating its promise to construct a temple to Rama at the site.
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Ram temple existed before Babri mosque in Ayodhya: K. K. Muhammed
1320:"Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site"
1295:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Ocean Books Pvt. Ltd. pp. xxxii.
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applied their ancient place names to the new place names as they
1864:
Anatomy of a Confrontation: The Babri Masjid-Ramjanmabhumi Issue
1349:"Supreme Court hearing ends in Ayodhya dispute; orders reserved"
675:
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478:, who visited the site between 1766 and 1771, wrote that either
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2467:
Ramjanmabhumi-Baburi Masjid: A Historians' Report to the Nation
2376:. Bhartiya Janta Party official website. 2009. Archived from
2257:. Frontline. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007.
638:, resulting in communal riots leading to over 2,000 deaths.
2371:"Bhartiya Janta Party: Manifesto (Lok Sabha Election 2009)"
2284:"How Allahabad HC exposed 'experts' espousing Masjid cause"
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Hindus, not Muslims, to perform their worship at the site.
2919:
The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources
2585:"Archaeologist questions Ram Janambhoomi being in Ayodhya"
2042:. Forms of Living. Fordham University Press. p. 408.
1773:
The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources
1748:
The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources
583:
In 1853, a group of armed Hindu ascetics belonging to the
3056:. Jaipur: The Historical Research Documentation program.
2813:"1st Phase of Ram temple construction begins at Ayodhya"
2224:"Ayodhya verdict yet another blow to secularism: Sahmat"
1682:
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1607:
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Profiles in Deception: Ayodhya and the Dead Sea Scrolls
1343:
1341:
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The earliest map of Ram Janmasthan at Ayodhya (1717 CE)
2421:"Court orders 3-way division of disputed Ayodhya land"
2039:
Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance
1880:
Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance
1803:
Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute. Focus on Muslim sources
1631:
1595:
882:
A team from the Archaeological Survey of India under
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In November 1990, the newly appointed Prime Minister
2788:"Was a temple razed in Ayodhya? What the stones say"
1002:, deity of Rama at Ram Janmabhoomi temple of Ayodhya
798:. In 1997, Pande presented his theory in the paper "
771:. One author – M. V. Ratnam – claimed that Rama was
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described in Buddhist texts. According to historian
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3064:; Trivedy, S.; Mayaram, S.; Yagnik, Achyut (1998).
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The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya
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2995:The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya
3102:(2nd ed.). Delhi: People's Publishing House.
1659:Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property
1527:Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property
1505:
1503:
1501:
3173:Varma, Thakur Prasad; Gupta, Swarajya Prakash.
3168:. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
3166:Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor
2574:. Volume 80, Issue 4. 25 February 2001. p. 584.
2537:. Arihant International. 1992. pp. 25–43.
1848:, A historical perspective on the story of Rama
2941:Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History
2402:Ram Janm Bhumi Babri Masjid: Gist of Judgments
1644:
1642:
1640:
1553:The Babri Masjid Question, 1528–2003, Volume 1
595:In December 1949, some Hindus placed idols of
509:Before the 1940s, the Babri Masjid was called
3220:
2560:The Vedic People: Their History and Geography
2076:"What If Rajiv Hadn't Unlocked Babri Masjid?"
2003:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 203.
1209:South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal
939:2023 excavations to construct new Rama Temple
829:state of India. Rao identified Rama with the
804:The Vedic People: Their History and Geography
279:
8:
2194:"ASI findings may not resolve title dispute"
1255:Information India 1990–91 : Global View
39:
3507:Cities and towns in Ambedkar Nagar district
800:Historical Rama distinguished from God Rama
302:
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873:Archaeological Survey of India - Evidences
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27:Archaeological and religious site in India
1883:. Fordham University Press. p. 275.
1419:"Supreme Court Judgement on Babri Masjid"
1355:. Press Trust of India. 16 October 2019.
1216:
3012:Jha, Krishna; Jha, Dhirendra K. (2012).
2253:Muralidharan, Sukumar (September 2003).
1775:, 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications.
1750:, 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications.
960:
821:being Rama's birthplace. Banawali is an
706:going to a Hindu religious denomination
682:for the construction of the Ram temple,
321:religious beliefs, is the birthplace of
1012:
678:or Infant Lord Rama represented by the
427:", which may not be the same as modern
221:
154:
3527:Cities and towns in Sultanpur district
3522:Cities and towns in Barabanki district
2968:Babri Masjid Ramjanambhumi Controversy
2943:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
2260:
1925:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 64–77.
1845:
1376:
1374:
1252:Agrawal, S.P.; Aggarwal, J.C. (1992).
1203:Etter, Anne-Julie (14 December 2020).
260:Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board
3111:Disputed Mosque, A historical inquiry
2849:from the original on 29 December 2023
2717:from the original on 15 December 2021
2696:, The Times of India, 1 October 2019.
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2484:from the original on 29 December 2023
2427:. Chennai, India. 30 September 2010.
2325:from the original on 25 December 2018
2108:from the original on 26 December 2018
1939:from the original on 29 December 2023
1897:from the original on 29 December 2023
1827:from the original on 21 December 2007
1717:from the original on 29 December 2023
1574:from the original on 29 December 2023
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1184:from the original on 27 December 2023
909:Kalasha, Amalkam Grivaha and Shikhara
7:
3517:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district
2979:. Madras: Centre for Policy Studies.
2668:from the original on 13 January 2008
2658:"About The Eight Auspicious Symbols"
2638:from the original on 6 December 2021
2431:from the original on 3 October 2010.
2102:"Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis"
2082:from the original on 27 January 2016
1964:. Orient Longman. pp. 332–333.
1703:. Charles C Thomas. pp. 25–26.
1450:from the original on 22 January 2024
1392:from the original on 9 November 2019
1359:from the original on 23 October 2019
1326:from the original on 17 October 2019
1233:from the original on 6 November 2023
1080:
1078:
1027:from the original on 6 November 2022
3532:Villages in Ambedkar Nagar district
3512:Cities and towns in Amethi district
3164:Thacktson, Wheeler M., ed. (1996).
3100:Communal History and Rama's Ayodhya
2595:from the original on 12 August 2022
2509:. Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 15.
2234:from the original on 6 October 2010
2056:from the original on 4 January 2024
2017:from the original on 4 January 2024
1978:from the original on 4 January 2024
1272:from the original on 4 January 2024
1162:(1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 1–3.
971:Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra
720:Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra
145:Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra
3115:. New Delhi: Vistaar Publication.
2966:Engineer, Asghar Ali, ed. (1990).
2819:from the original on 30 March 2023
2513:from the original on 18 April 2022
2230:. Chennai, India. 3 October 2010.
2204:from the original on 11 April 2009
25:
2443:"Ayodhya Dispute Case Background"
2351:from the original on 7 March 2012
2192:Suryamurthy, R (26 August 2003).
2173:from the original on 24 July 2018
2000:Current Trends in Indian Politics
1821:"Ayodhya's Forgotten Muslim Past"
861:got confused because the ancient
817:put forward his hypothesis about
565:described it as a Buddhist site.
546:A section of historians, such as
317:) is the site that, according to
2255:"Ayodhya: Not the last word yet"
2127:Ratnagar, Shereen (April 2004).
1735:Shykh Azamat Ali Kakorawi Nami,
516:H.R. Neville, the editor of the
352:is in the north Indian state of
56:
49:
2977:Ayodhya and the Future of India
2707:"Crocodiles in Hindu Mythology"
2282:Abhinav Garg (9 October 2010).
2104:. BBC News. 30 September 2010.
1683:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited (2016)
1620:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited (2016)
1608:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited (2016)
1560:, Introduction (p. xvii),
1529:. Routledge. pp. 127–137.
1168:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen644
1085:Udayakumar, S. P. (July 1997).
742:made an attempt to resolve the
484:
449:
57:
3550:Villages in Sultanpur district
3545:Villages in Barabanki district
3540:Villages in Balrampur district
643:Archaeological Survey of India
457:In 1611, an English traveller
439:), who was a commander of the
377:demolition of the Babri Masjid
366:Archaeological Survey of India
182:Demolition of the Babri Masjid
1:
2997:. Aryan Books International.
2975:Bajaj, Jitendra, ed. (1993).
2970:. Delhi: Ajanta Publications.
2470:. People's Publishing House.
1862:. In Sarvepalli Gopal (ed.).
1632:Jain, Rama and Ayodhya (2013)
1596:Jain, Rama and Ayodhya (2013)
1322:. BBC News. 16 October 2019.
1136:, Aryan Books International,
3536:Villages in Ayodhya district
3185:van der Veer, Peter (1989).
3090:. New Delhi: Voice of India.
2921:. Delhi: Penman Publishers.
2843:All India Radio news service
788:Ancient geography of Ayodhya
214:Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid
3306:2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack
3189:. Oxford University Press.
3107:Srivastava, Sushil (1991).
3068:. Oxford University Press.
1662:. Routledge. pp. 2–9.
914:the temple in North India.
518:Faizabad District Gazetteer
199:2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack
3718:
2988:. Delhi: South Asia Books.
2879:. New Delhi: Aryan Books.
2503:D. P. Mishra, ed. (1985).
2464:Ram Sharan Sharma (1991).
1866:. Penguin. pp. 22–37.
954:
951:Construction of Ram Mandir
572:
531:
502:Police officer and writer
398:
204:2019 Supreme Court verdict
29:
2566:20 September 2020 at the
2407:28 September 2011 at the
2267:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
409:Ayodhya disputed site map
44:
3697:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
3459:Lok Sabha constituencies
3054:Babari Masjid of Ayodhya
2993:Jain, Meenakshi (2017).
2036:Chatterji, Roma (2014).
1132:Jain, Meenakshi (2017),
932:Vishnu Hari Shila Phalak
926:Vishnu Hari Shila Phalak
806:. According to him, the
18:Ram Janmabhoomi movement
3284:Ayodhya firing incident
3272:Vishnu Hari inscription
3016:. HarperCollins India.
3014:Ayodhya: The Dark Night
2692:18 January 2023 at the
1877:Roma Chatterji (2014).
1860:"A Historical Overview"
1858:Panikkar, K.N. (1991).
1701:The Ethics of Terrorism
1598:, pp. 9, 120, 164.
1550:Noorani, A. G. (2003),
1291:Kunal, Kishore (2016).
813:In 1998, archaeologist
528:Opposition to the claim
395:Historical significance
194:Ayodhya firing incident
170:Vishnu Hari inscription
70:Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh)
3267:Archaeology of Ayodhya
2917:Narain, Harsh (1993).
2447:Supreme Court Observer
1695:K. Jaishankar (2009).
1426:Supreme Court of India
966:
655:Bharatiya Janata Party
569:Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir
543:
410:
245:Bharatiya Janata Party
165:Archaeology of Ayodhya
3565:People from Sultanpur
3560:People from Barabanki
2984:Dubashi, Jay (1992).
2903:, Prabhat Prakashan,
2713:. 28 September 2019.
2316:"Issues For Briefing"
1997:Gehlot, N.S. (1998).
964:
636:demolished the mosque
624:Vishva Hindu Parishad
611:directed the state's
541:
408:
399:Further information:
235:Vishva Hindu Parishad
2506:The Search for Laṅkā
2136:Current Anthropology
1958:Godbole, M. (1996).
1823:. Counter Currents.
825:site located in the
692:going to the Muslim
579:Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
385:Indian Supreme Court
240:Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
3555:People from Ayodhya
3358:Rivers, dams, lakes
2986:The Road to Ayodhya
2743:. 13 September 2023
2662:buddhistinformation
1737:Muraqqah-i Khusrawi
1634:, pp. 112–115.
1515:"The Ayodhya Issue"
1446:. 22 January 2024.
1388:. 9 November 2019.
930:An inscription of '
724:government of India
722:was created by the
657:(BJP) released its
616:Govind Ballabh Pant
607:and Prime Minister
511:Masjid-i-Janmasthan
476:Joseph Tiefenthaler
250:Liberhan Commission
120:26.7956°N 82.1943°E
116: /
41:
3260:Mythology, history
3096:Sharma, Ram Sharan
3031:B. B. Lal (2008).
2534:Śyām Nārāyan Paṇde
2453:on 6 January 2018.
2296:on 4 November 2012
2289:The Times of India
1428:. 9 November 2019.
1386:The Times of India
1218:10.4000/samaj.6926
988:Ram Ki Janmabhoomi
967:
918:Terracotta remains
696:and the remaining
659:election manifesto
622:In the 1980s, the
544:
411:
381:Hindu nationalists
344:in a city called "
312:Birthplace of Rama
3669:
3668:
3447:Sultanpur Airport
3442:Akbarpur Airport
3384:Languages, people
3122:978-81-7036-212-8
3052:Nath, R. (1990).
3044:978-81-7305-345-0
3023:978-93-5029-600-4
2910:978-81-8430-357-5
2900:Ayodhya Revisited
2634:. 4 August 2020.
2477:978-81-7007-138-9
2049:978-0-8232-6187-1
2010:978-81-7100-798-1
1971:978-81-250-0883-5
1819:(5 August 2006).
1511:Ram Sharan Sharma
1302:978-81-8430-357-5
1293:Ayodhya Revisited
1265:978-81-7022-293-4
1177:978-1-4051-8978-1
1143:978-8-173-05579-9
891:Second excavation
786:In his 1992 book
628:Hindu nationalist
605:Vallabhbhai Patel
296:
295:
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
3709:
3486:Sant Kabir Nagar
3236:Ayodhya division
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3200:
3178:
3169:
3126:
3114:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3057:
3048:
3027:
3008:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2954:
2932:
2913:
2890:
2877:Rama and Ayodhya
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2703:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2624:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2581:
2575:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:. Archived from
2439:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2292:. Archived from
2279:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1917:Sarvepalli Gopal
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:Sikand, Yoginder
1813:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1765:
1759:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1622:, p. xxvii.
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1472:Social Scientist
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1091:Social Scientist
1082:
1073:
1072:
1049:Social Scientist
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
878:First Excavation
713:The five judges
705:
704:
700:
694:Sunni Waqf Board
691:
690:
686:
673:
672:
668:
645:(ASI) conducted
626:(VHP) and other
609:Jawaharlal Nehru
496:Francis Buchanan
488:
486:
453:
451:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
288:
281:
274:
152:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
125:26.7956; 82.1943
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
60:
59:
53:
42:
21:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3702:Ayodhya dispute
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3574:Other Divisions
3569:
3495:
3454:
3437:Ayodhya Airport
3405:
3379:
3353:
3317:
3301:Ram Janmabhoomi
3279:Ayodhya dispute
3255:
3239:
3233:
3203:
3197:
3184:
3172:
3163:
3138:Swapan Dasgupta
3123:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3076:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3037:. Aryan Books.
3030:
3024:
3011:
3005:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2959:Further reading
2951:
2935:
2929:
2916:
2911:
2893:
2887:
2873:Jain, Meenakshi
2871:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2694:Wayback Machine
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2591:. 6 July 1998.
2583:
2582:
2578:
2572:Current Science
2568:Wayback Machine
2556:
2552:
2545:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2409:Wayback Machine
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2383:on 9 April 2009
2380:
2373:
2369:
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2328:
2326:
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2207:
2205:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
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2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:Narain, Harsh.
1800:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1766:
1762:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1711:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1670:
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1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
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1568:
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1548:
1544:
1537:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1484:10.2307/3517330
1468:
1467:
1463:
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1437:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1405:
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1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1347:
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1289:
1285:
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1234:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1178:
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1154:
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1130:
1126:
1103:10.2307/3517601
1084:
1083:
1076:
1061:10.2307/3517330
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
983:
959:
953:
937:
928:
920:
911:
902:
893:
880:
875:
744:Ayodhya dispute
740:Chandra Shekhar
732:
702:
698:
697:
688:
684:
683:
680:Hindu Mahasabha
670:
666:
665:
581:
571:
536:
534:Ayodhya dispute
530:
483:
448:
403:
397:
314:
311:
308:
305:
299:Ram Janmabhoomi
292:
230:Hindu Mahasabha
189:Ram Janmabhoomi
156:Ayodhya dispute
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
40:Ram Janmabhoomi
35:
32:Ayodhya dispute
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3704:
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3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Ambedkar Nagar
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3401:Standard Hindi
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Ambedkar Nagar
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3296:Nawab of Awadh
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3182:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3148:
3146:978-8185990309
3127:
3121:
3104:
3098:, ed. (1999).
3092:
3084:Rajaram, N. S.
3080:
3074:
3058:
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3004:978-8173055799
3003:
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2957:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2937:Thapar, Romila
2933:
2928:978-8185504162
2927:
2914:
2909:
2895:Kunal, Kishore
2891:
2886:978-8173054518
2885:
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2245:
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2184:
2156:10.1086/381044
2148:10.1086/381044
2142:(2): 239–259.
2119:
2093:
2067:
2048:
2028:
2009:
1989:
1970:
1950:
1931:
1908:
1889:
1869:
1850:
1838:
1808:
1793:
1784:
1771:Harsh Narain
1760:
1741:Tarikh-i Avadh
1728:
1709:
1687:
1685:, p. 143.
1675:
1668:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1566:
1542:
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1497:
1478:(1/2): 76–81.
1461:
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1370:
1337:
1308:
1301:
1283:
1264:
1244:
1195:
1176:
1148:
1142:
1124:
1097:(7/8): 11–26.
1074:
1055:(1/2): 76–81.
1038:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
997:
992:
982:
979:
955:Main article:
952:
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927:
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919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
900:Temple Pranali
898:
892:
889:
879:
876:
874:
871:
837:and his rival
731:
728:
708:Nirmohi Akhara
613:Chief Minister
585:Nirmohi Akhara
570:
567:
529:
526:
489:1658–1707) or
463:Thomas Herbert
437:Baqi Tashqandi
401:Baqi Tashqandi
396:
393:
389:a Hindu temple
348:". Modern-day
325:, the seventh
294:
293:
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55:
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3313:Rajesultanpur
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3159:81-85990-49-2
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3075:0-19-564271-6
3071:
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3019:
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2950:0-19-564050-0
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2632:Timesnow News
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2347:. Care2.com.
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2071:
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2055:
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2041:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1932:9781856490504
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1890:9780823261857
1886:
1882:
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1854:
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1826:
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1812:
1809:
1805:. p. 16.
1804:
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1781:81-85504-16-4
1778:
1774:
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1764:
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1756:81-85504-16-4
1753:
1749:
1746:Harsh Narain
1745:
1742:
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1732:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1710:9780398079956
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1669:9781134604982
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:Julian Thomas
1651:
1650:Robert Layton
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:, p. xv.
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1573:
1569:
1567:81-85229-78-3
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1536:9781134604982
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Julian Thomas
1520:
1519:Robert Layton
1516:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
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1353:Business Line
1350:
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1016:
1013:
1006:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
980:
978:
976:
975:Narendra Modi
972:
963:
958:
950:
948:
944:
941:
940:
935:
933:
925:
923:
917:
915:
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890:
888:
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872:
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868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
808:Harriud river
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
781:ancient Egypt
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
729:
727:
725:
721:
716:
715:Supreme Court
711:
709:
695:
681:
677:
674:going to the
662:
660:
656:
653:In 2009, the
651:
648:
644:
641:In 2003, the
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
589:
586:
580:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
559:Romila Thapar
556:
551:
549:
540:
535:
527:
525:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
504:Kishore Kunal
500:
497:
492:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
460:
459:William Finch
455:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
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418:
417:
407:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
362:
357:
355:
354:Uttar Pradesh
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
300:
289:
284:
282:
277:
275:
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251:
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228:
227:
226:
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222:Organizations
220:
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146:
143:
139:
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129:
101:
97:
94:
93:Uttar Pradesh
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3692:Divya Desams
3300:
3291:Babri Mosque
3186:
3174:
3165:
3151:Arun Shourie
3134:Arun Jaitley
3130:Arun Shourie
3110:
3099:
3087:
3065:
3053:
3033:
3013:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2940:
2918:
2899:
2876:
2866:Bibliography
2851:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2740:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2631:
2597:. Retrieved
2588:
2579:
2571:
2559:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2505:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2466:
2459:
2451:the original
2446:
2437:
2424:
2415:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2287:
2277:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2197:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2139:
2135:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2038:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
1999:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1960:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1879:
1872:
1863:
1853:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1678:
1658:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1583:
1576:, retrieved
1558:Tulika Books
1552:
1545:
1526:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1425:
1394:. Retrieved
1385:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1328:. Retrieved
1292:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1254:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1208:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1158:
1151:
1133:
1127:
1094:
1090:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1015:
986:
968:
945:
942:
938:
936:
929:
921:
912:
903:
894:
881:
812:
803:
799:
787:
785:
757:M. Athar Ali
749:R. S. Sharma
737:
733:
730:Other places
712:
663:
652:
640:
632:Rajiv Gandhi
621:
594:
590:
582:
552:
548:R. S. Sharma
545:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
501:
472:Jai Singh II
468:Awadh-Vilasa
467:
456:
454:1526–1530).
433:Babri Mosque
414:
412:
374:
361:Babri Masjid
358:
342:Sarayu river
298:
297:
188:
177:Babri Masjid
36:
3375:Choti Saryu
2792:India Today
2767:India Today
2721:15 December
2672:15 December
2642:15 December
2488:29 December
2198:The Tribune
2078:. Outlook.
1901:29 December
1846:Thapar 2000
1758:. pp. 9–10.
869:eastwards.
863:Indo-Aryans
815:Krishna Rao
796:Afghanistan
769:Afghanistan
647:excavations
331:Hindu deity
123: /
99:Coordinates
3676:Categories
3656:Saharanpur
3606:Chitrakoot
3396:Hindustani
3196:0485195100
2797:31 January
2772:30 January
2747:31 January
2589:rediff.com
2558:Review of
2517:22 January
2300:1 November
2238:1 November
2060:22 January
2021:22 January
1943:22 January
1831:12 January
1721:22 January
1578:22 January
1454:22 January
1396:9 November
1363:18 October
1330:16 October
1276:22 January
1237:22 January
1188:22 January
1007:References
957:Ram Mandir
843:Babylonian
761:Suraj Bhan
575:Ram Mandir
573:See also:
532:See also:
499:by Babur.
480:Aurangazeb
209:Ram Mandir
136:Site notes
111:82°11′39″E
108:26°47′44″N
3651:Prayagraj
3646:Moradabad
3616:Gorakhpur
3611:Devipatan
3491:Sultanpur
3481:Barabanki
3410:Transport
3349:Sultanpur
3344:Barabanki
3322:Districts
3062:Nandy, A.
2425:The Hindu
2263:cite news
2228:The Hindu
2164:149773944
1982:4 January
1227:1960-6060
1211:(24/25).
1111:0970-0293
1000:Balak Ram
995:Rama Setu
884:B. B. Lal
851:B. B. Lal
847:Hammurabi
841:with the
835:Rim-Sin I
773:Ramses II
753:D. N. Jha
676:Ram Lalla
141:Ownership
3661:Varanasi
3641:Mirzapur
3596:Bareilly
3591:Azamgarh
3500:See also
3476:Faizabad
3365:Ghaghara
3086:(2000).
2897:(2016),
2875:(2013).
2853:5 August
2847:Archived
2817:Archived
2741:TimesNow
2715:Archived
2690:Archived
2666:Archived
2636:Archived
2593:Archived
2564:Archived
2511:Archived
2482:Archived
2429:Archived
2405:Archived
2349:Archived
2323:Archived
2232:Archived
2202:Archived
2168:Archived
2106:Archived
2080:Archived
2054:Archived
2015:Archived
1976:Archived
1937:Archived
1919:(1993).
1895:Archived
1825:Archived
1769:cited by
1744:cited by
1715:Archived
1656:(2003).
1572:archived
1513:(2003).
1448:Archived
1444:BBC News
1390:Archived
1357:Archived
1324:Archived
1270:Archived
1231:Archived
1182:Archived
1025:Archived
981:See also
867:migrated
857:and the
831:Sumerian
823:Harappan
819:Banawali
563:Xuanzang
443:emperor
416:Ramayana
370:disputed
338:Ramayana
79:Location
3682:Ayodhya
3631:Lucknow
3586:Aligarh
3339:Ayodhya
3244:General
2845:. AIR.
2711:jeevoka
2387:19 July
2355:6 March
2329:11 June
2086:20 June
1525:(ed.).
1492:3517330
1119:3517601
1069:3517330
859:Puranas
827:Haryana
777:pharaoh
701:⁄
687:⁄
669:⁄
487:
452:
429:Ayodhya
425:Ayodhya
350:Ayodhya
346:Ayodhya
329:of the
306:
83:Ayodhya
64:Ayodhya
3636:Meerut
3626:Kanpur
3621:Jhansi
3471:Amethi
3432:NH 232
3427:NH 233
3391:Awadhi
3334:Amethi
3238:topics
3193:
3157:
3144:
3119:
3072:
3041:
3020:
3001:
2947:
2925:
2907:
2883:
2823:9 June
2599:9 June
2541:
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2208:9 June
2177:9 June
2162:
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2112:9 June
2046:
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1299:
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1225:
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1140:
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1109:
1067:
1031:9 June
839:Ravana
555:Saketa
441:Mughal
336:. The
334:Vishnu
327:avatar
89:Region
3601:Basti
3422:NH 96
3417:NH 28
3370:Gomti
3251:Awadh
2381:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2171:(PDF)
2160:S2CID
2152:JSTOR
2132:(PDF)
1517:. In
1488:JSTOR
1422:(PDF)
1115:JSTOR
1065:JSTOR
855:epics
845:king
833:king
792:Herat
765:Nepal
491:Babur
445:Babur
423:was "
319:Hindu
3687:Rama
3581:Agra
3191:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3070:ISBN
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3018:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2855:2020
2825:2023
2799:2024
2774:2024
2749:2024
2723:2021
2674:2021
2644:2021
2601:2023
2539:ISBN
2519:2024
2490:2023
2472:ISBN
2389:2013
2357:2012
2331:2012
2302:2010
2269:link
2240:2010
2210:2023
2179:2023
2114:2023
2088:2012
2062:2024
2044:ISBN
2023:2024
2005:ISBN
1984:2024
1966:ISBN
1945:2024
1927:ISBN
1903:2023
1885:ISBN
1833:2008
1777:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1723:2024
1705:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1652:and
1580:2024
1562:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1521:and
1456:2024
1398:2019
1365:2019
1332:2019
1297:ISBN
1278:2024
1260:ISBN
1239:2024
1223:ISSN
1190:2024
1172:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1107:ISSN
1033:2023
969:The
775:, a
767:and
759:and
601:Sita
599:and
597:Rama
577:and
421:Rama
413:The
323:Rama
303:lit.
2144:doi
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