42:
2760:
2707:"Eyewitnesses, however, gave accounts suggesting that the shot may have come from the opposite direction to the basement, raising the possibility that Ramp was accidentally felled by police fire. MOVE members continue to insist that they had no workable guns in their house at the time of the siege. Several months earlier, in May 1978, several guns – most of them inoperative – had been handed over to police at the MOVE house; however, prosecutors at the trial of the MOVE Nine told the jury that at the time of the August siege there had been functioning firearms in the house."
2817:, arrived in force and attempted to clear the building and execute the arrest warrants. Nearby houses were evacuated. Water and electricity were shut off in order to force MOVE members out of the house. Commissioner Sambor read a long speech addressed to MOVE members that started with, "Attention MOVE: This is America. You have to abide by the laws of the United States." When the MOVE members did not respond, the police decided to forcibly remove the 13 members from the house, which consisted of seven adults and six children.
3117:
2829:, a dynamite substitute, targeting a cubicle on the roof of the house. The ensuing fire killed eleven of the people in the house (John Africa, five other adults, and five children aged 7 to 13). The fire spread and eventually destroyed approximately 65 nearby houses on Osage Avenue and nearby Pine Street. Although firefighters had earlier drenched the building prior to the bombing, after the fire broke out, officials said they feared that MOVE would shoot at the firefighters, so held them back.
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180:
2502:(PPD). In 1978, a standoff resulted in the death of one police officer and injuries to 16 officers and firefighters, as well as members of the MOVE organization. Nine members were convicted of killing the officer and each received prison sentences of 30 to 100 years. In 1985, another firefight ended when
4262:
The Move property on Osage Avenue had become notorious for its abundant litter of garbage and human waste and for its scurrying rats and dozens of dogs. Bullhorns blared forth obscene tirades and harangues at all times of day and night. MOVE members customarily kept their children out of both clothes
2976:
Michael Moses Ward, known in MOVE as Birdie Africa, was the only child to survive the 1985 bombing. Ward was 13 years old at the time of the incident and suffered serious burns from the fire, which killed his mother. Ward's father, Andino Ward, sued the City of
Philadelphia, and the parties reached a
2691:
Nearly a year later, on August 8, 1978, the PPD came to a standoff with members of MOVE who had not left the
Powelton Village property. When police attempted to enter the house, a shootout ensued. PPD Officer James J. Ramp of the Stakeout Unit (now known as the S.W.A.T. Unit), was killed by a gunshot
2584:
Members of MOVE identify as deeply religious and advocate for life. They believe that as all living beings are dependent, their lives should be treated as equally important. They advocate for justice that is not always based within institutions. MOVE members believe that for something to be just, it
3265:
Nine members from Move, Eddie Africa, Janet Africa, Janine Africa, Mike Africa, Debbie Africa, Delbert Africa, Chuck Africa, Phil Africa and Merle Africa were charged with killing
Officer Ramp. They refused to have a jury and would not cooperate with the court appointed attorney. The group of them
3012:
resigned in May 2021 upon revelations that he ordered the cremation of a set of victims' remains without notifying or obtaining permission from the families of the deceased or even releasing the names of the deceased. The day after his resignation, the remains were recovered in a box labeled MOVE.
2915:
The case remains unsolved. A MOVE spokeswoman initially said that the U.S. government had assassinated
Gilbride in order to frame MOVE. His ex-wife Alberta Africa denied that the murder had occurred. She said in 2009 that Gilbride "is out hiding somewhere". Tony Allen, an ex-MOVE member, says that
2824:
canisters at the building. The MOVE members fired at them in return, and a 90-minute gunfight ensued, in which one officer was bruised in the back by gunfire. Police used more than ten thousand rounds of ammunition before
Commissioner Sambor ordered that the compound be bombed. From a Pennsylvania
2793:
area of West
Philadelphia. Neighbors complained to the city for years about trash around their building, confrontations with neighbors, and bullhorn announcements of sometimes obscene political messages by MOVE members. The bullhorn was broken and inoperable for the three weeks prior to the police
2741:
On
October 23, 2018, Michael Davis Africa, the husband of Debbie Sims Africa, was released on parole. In May 2019, Janine and Janet Africa were released on parole after 41 years of imprisonment. On June 21, 2019, Eddie Goodman Africa was released on parole. Delbert Orr Africa was granted parole on
2733:
The first of the MOVE 9 to be released was Debbie Sims Africa on June 16, 2018. Debbie Sims Africa, who was 22 when sentenced, was released on parole and reunited with her 39-year-old son, Michael Davis Africa, Jr. She gave birth to him a month after she was imprisoned, and he was taken from her a
2847:
The MOVE Commission issued its report on March 6, 1986. The report denounced the actions of the city government, stating that "Dropping a bomb on an occupied row house was unconscionable." Following the release of the report, Goode made a formal public apology. No one from the city government was
2911:
On
September 27, shortly after midnight and prior to Gilbride's first visitation date with Zackary, an unknown assailant shot and killed him as he sat in a car parked outside his New Jersey apartment complex. Investigators did not name a suspect and the Burlington County Police did not release
2882:
On
November 12, 2020, the City Council of Philadelphia passed a resolution apologizing “for the decisions and events preceding and leading to the devastation that occurred on May 13, 1985.” The council established “an annual day of observation, reflection and recommitment” to remember the MOVE
2742:
December 20, 2019, and released
January 18, 2020. The last of the MOVE 9 either to be paroled or to die behind bars was Chuck Sims Africa, who was released on parole on February 7, 2020, after 41 years of imprisonment. Both Delbert and Chuck died of cancer in 2020 and 2021, respectively.
4981:
2517:
against the City of Philadelphia and the PPD and were awarded $ 1.5 million in a 1996 settlement. Other residents displaced by the destruction of the bombing filed a civil suit against the city and in 2005 were awarded $ 12.83 million in damages in a jury trial.
2338:
2225:
3064:
provides context for the bombing by using the history of the Cobbs Creek community. It focuses on the bombing's effects on community residents who did not belong to MOVE. The film also uses footage of the hearings of the MOVE commission. It premiered on
2692:
to the neck. 16 police officers and firefighters were also injured in the firefight. MOVE representatives claimed that Ramp was facing the house at the time and denied that the group was responsible for his death, insisting that he was killed by
2878:
presided over a civil trial brought by residents seeking damages for having been displaced by the widespread destruction following the 1985 police bombing of MOVE. A jury awarded them a $ 12.83 million verdict against the City of Philadelphia.
2653:. As activists, they staged demonstrations against institutions that they opposed, such as zoos, and speakers whose views they opposed. MOVE activities were scrutinized by law enforcement authorities, particularly under the administration of
4948:
2991:
apologized to the Africa family for allowing human remains from the MOVE house to be used in research and training. In 1985, the Philadelphia City Medical Examiner's Office gave burned human remains found at the MOVE house to the
2687:
for MOVE to vacate the Powelton Village property in response to a series of complaints made by neighbors. MOVE members agreed to vacate and surrender their weapons if the PPD released members of their group held in city jails.
2530:, chose this name to say what they intended to do. Members intend to be active because they say, "Everything that's alive moves. If it didn't, it would be stagnant, dead." When members greet each other they say "on the MOVE".
2907:
On September 10, 2002, in the course of their bitter custody dispute, Gilbride testified in court that MOVE had threatened to kill him. The court granted Gilbride partial custody of Zackary, allowing him unsupervised visits.
2925:
reported that Gilbride had told friends and family that he had recorded incriminating evidence in a notebook as security against a "hit" by MOVE. Gilbride said he had placed the notebook inside a locker for safekeeping. The
2809:
classified MOVE as a terrorist organization. Police evacuated residents of the area from the neighborhood prior to their action. Residents were told that they would be able to return to their homes after a 24-hour period.
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2210:
5252:
5186:
3680:
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for verification that the bones were those of 14-year-old Tree Africa and 12-year-old Delisha Africa. The remains were kept in a cardboard box in storage for decades and studied by Alan Mann, a professor at Penn and
4801:
2142:
2220:
2205:
2891:
After John Africa's death, his widow, Alberta, married John Gilbride, Jr. Together they had a child, Zackary Africa, before divorcing in 1999. By 2002, Gilbride had no longer supported MOVE and resettled in
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3988:
858:
6058:
4694:
1504:
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2723:
for Ramp's death became known as the MOVE 9. Each was sentenced to a maximum of 100 years in prison. They were Chuck, Delbert, Eddie, Janet, Janine, Merle, Michael, Phil, and Debbie Sims Africa.
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State Police helicopter, Philadelphia Police Department Lt. Frank Powell proceeded to drop two one-pound bombs (which the police referred to as "entry devices") made of FBI-supplied
2863:
judgment to survivor Ramona Africa and relatives of two people killed in the bombing. The jury had found that the city used excessive force and violated the members' constitutional
1060:
2734:
week later. The release of Debbie Sims Africa renewed attention on members of MOVE and the Black Panthers who remain imprisoned in the U.S. from the period of the 1960s and 1970s.
901:
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in the spring of 2008, but they were denied. Parole hearings for each of these prisoners were to be held yearly from that time. In 2015, at age 59, Phil Africa died in prison.
2585:
must be just for all living creatures. As John Africa had done, his followers changed their surnames to Africa to show reverence to what they regarded as their mother continent.
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2696:. Prosecutors alleged that MOVE members fired the fatal shot and charged Debbie Sims Africa and eight other MOVE members with collective responsibility for his death.
6018:
1378:
5762:
6078:
6048:
3978:
2417:
2318:
1065:
937:
791:
6003:
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2969:, a journalist and activist who had covered and supported MOVE, was convicted and originally sentenced to death for the unrelated 1981 murder of police officer
2436:
774:
5357:
4834:
5963:
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3105:
chronicles the controversial 1978 Philadelphia police raid on MOVE and the aftermath that led to a Mike Africa Jr.'s decades-long fight to free his parents.
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published a detailed multimedia website containing retrospective articles, archived articles, videos, interviews, photos, and a timeline of the events.
4913:
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3408:
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3266:
became known as the MOVE 9. They were all found guilty of murder in the third degree and sentenced to 30 to 100 years in prison by Judge Edwin Malmed.
3244:
2840:
Goode appointed an investigative commission called the Philadelphia Special Investigation Commission (PSIC, aka MOVE Commission), chaired by attorney
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958:
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located at 6221 Osage Avenue. The resulting fire killed six MOVE members and five of their children, and destroyed 65 houses in the neighborhood.
2333:
2077:
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2057:
628:
4239:
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5386:
3782:
2052:
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1944:
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886:
881:
5755:
4512:
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2004:
1081:
1070:
932:
854:
403:
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3147: – American lawyer – trial lawyer who represented Michael Ward's father in a lawsuit against the city for injuries suffered in the fire
4410:
2107:
2067:
2009:
1964:
824:
3711:
5441:
5055:
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1994:
1974:
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1388:
1234:
408:
323:
5209:
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3636:
3507:
3461:
2671:
In 1977, three MOVE members were jailed for inciting a riot, occasioning further tension, protests, and armed displays from the group.
5024:
4939:"Supporters of Mumia Abu-Jamal demand his freedom on the 39th anniversary of his arrest in the death of a Philadelphia police officer"
4477:
2122:
2102:
1656:
1521:
953:
3001:, the curator of the Penn Museum. The bones were used as part of an online forensic course as a case study. When Mann transferred to
6063:
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5558:
4857:
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5885:
5719:
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settlement. He lived with his father afterward and did not remain involved with MOVE. He died in 2013 in an accidental drowning.
2412:
2348:
1959:
1609:
1022:
922:
680:
363:
227:
223:
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4549:
3921:
3221:
2848:
criminally charged in the attack. The only surviving adult MOVE member, Ramona Africa, was charged and convicted on charges of
1914:
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1599:
1526:
428:
413:
373:
120:
4127:
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2680:
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1999:
1949:
670:
5147:
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2014:
1984:
1969:
1954:
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1165:
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443:
368:
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and colorism, and what they describe as a manipulation of the public and the media under the banner of social justice."
2938:
In 2021, former members of MOVE came forward with allegations of abuse within the organization. As Jason Nark writes in
2639:
2042:
1934:
1919:
1904:
1871:
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849:
760:
675:
92:
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advocacy organization. Pilkington quoted member Janine Africa, who wrote to him from prison: "We demonstrated against
2265:
2255:
2250:
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1989:
1461:
1252:
1222:
1160:
1109:
1037:
927:
5086:
2844:. Sambor resigned in November 1985; in a speech the following year, he said that he was made a "surrogate" by Goode.
2973:. The death sentence was overturned in 2011 by a federal judge. MOVE continues to advocate for Abu-Jamal's release.
5339:
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3159:
2988:
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2280:
2260:
1763:
1698:
1471:
1373:
1340:
1127:
1012:
458:
2797:
The police obtained arrest warrants in 1985 charging four MOVE occupants with crimes including parole violations,
2610:. You might characterise them as black liberationists-cum-eco warriors." He noted the group also functioned as an
5909:
5312:
5279:
5214:
4943:
4918:
4862:
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4756:
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4206:
4173:
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3009:
2940:
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2875:
2235:
1979:
1939:
1228:
571:
2726:
In 1998, at age 47, Merle Africa died in prison. Seven of the surviving eight members first became eligible for
6023:
5904:
3983:
3548:
2832:
Ramona Africa, one of the two MOVE survivors from the house, said that police fired at those trying to escape.
1814:
1594:
1441:
1325:
1099:
980:
808:
275:
4168:
3402:
4923:
4660:
3960:
Roberts, Sam (January 14, 2015). "Phil Africa, of Black-Liberation Group Move, Long in Prison, Dies at 59".
3102:
2901:
2893:
2534:
2328:
2270:
1733:
1693:
1416:
1315:
1193:
1007:
551:
433:
398:
3846:"Review | HBO documentary about the 1978 MOVE standoff is a distressing look at the past — and the present"
5243:"Philly Medical Examiner's Office found remains of MOVE bombing victims in cardboard box before cremation"
1027:
1017:
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634:
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393:
378:
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130:
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891:
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348:
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328:
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4249:
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6008:
5689:
Maurantonio, Nicole (2014). "Archiving the Visual: The Promises and Pitfalls of Digital Newspapers".
3002:
2475:(born Vincent Leaphart). The name, styled in all capital letters, is not an acronym. MOVE lived in a
2407:
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1104:
896:
829:
748:
204:
163:
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2463:, is a communal organization that advocates for nature laws and natural living, founded in 1972 in
2275:
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963:
468:
388:
383:
353:
194:
115:
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5446:
5179:"Philadelphia Top Doc Thomas Farley Resigns Over Disposing of 1985 MOVE Bombing Victims' Remains"
5148:"MOVE bombing: Children's remains killed in MOVE bombing sat in a box at Penn Museum for decades"
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1431:
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4137:
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2927:
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2751:
2650:
2503:
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1831:
1451:
1292:
799:
705:
596:
521:
280:
250:
245:
5210:"On the anniversary of MOVE bombing, fresh pain and calls for accountability on Osage Avenue"
5698:
4202:"Charles Sims Africa dies; was last member of MOVE freed on parole in 1978 death of officer"
2738:
journalist Ed Pilkington reported in June 2018 that there were at least 25 still in prison.
2635:
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506:
338:
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140:
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3701:
The video from all the documentaries was shot from 310 N 33rd Street facing East-Northeast
3555:
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100:
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5117:"Bones of Black children killed in police bombing used in Ivy League anthropology course"
4858:"Ex-MOVE members say they were raised in a 'cult' where abuse and homophobia ran rampant"
3549:
25 Years Ago: Philadelphia Police Bombs MOVE Headquarters Killing 11, Destroying 65 Homes
3180:
3077:(2013) by producer/director Jason Osder about MOVE composed largely of archival footage.
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4169:"Delbert Africa, MOVE member released from prison in January after 41 years, has died"
2813:
On Monday, May 13, 1985, nearly five hundred police officers, along with city manager
5957:
5710:
5580:
4244:
3308:"I'm From Philly. 30 Years Later, I'm Still Trying to Make Sense of the MOVE Bombing"
3245:"A Racial Tragedy in Philadelphia: Part 1 - The MOVE 9 Versus American Jurisprudence"
3144:
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546:
491:
110:
75:
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2645:
John Africa and his followers lived in a commune in a house owned by Glassey in the
2602:. The group that formed in the early 1970s melded the revolutionary ideology of the
5724:
4132:
4060:
4016:
3787:
3747:
3677:"I'm from Philly 30 years later I'm still trying to make sense of the MOVE bombing"
3579:
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735:
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486:
255:
125:
85:
5763:"Disrespect for the MOVE families is a stain that never goes away in Philadelphia"
5500:"'Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project' Helmer On Awards-Contending Doc — Deadline"
5409:"Let the Fire Burn|Philadelphia Police Clash with MOVE Group|Independent Lens|PBS"
5835:
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105:
55:
5056:"Delbert Africa, longtime MOVE member recently released from prison, has died"
3371:"CNN – Philadelphia, city officials ordered to pay $ 1.5 million in MOVE case"
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695:
586:
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3783:"'This is huge': black liberationist speaks out after her 40 years in prison"
2784:
Location of the MOVE house, bombed in 1985 by the police, within Philadelphia
17:
4478:"Philadelphia Special Investigation (MOVE) Commission Manuscript Collection"
3091:
2945:“More than a half-dozen ex-MOVE members have gone on the record in both the
2868:
2558:
2513:
The police bombing was strongly condemned. The MOVE survivors later filed a
2507:
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715:
685:
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and school. They physically assaulted some neighbors and threatened others.
5748:
This Country Must Change: Essays on the Necessity of Revolution in the USA
5025:"'Birdie Africa,' MOVE's Lone Child Survivor, Dies in Cruise Ship Hot Tub"
4128:"Chuck Sims Africa freed: final jailed Move 9 member released from prison"
4012:"Move 9 women freed after 40 years in jail over Philadelphia police siege"
3743:"Move 9 women freed after 40 years in jail over Philadelphia police siege"
3575:"A siege. A bomb. 48 dogs. And the black commune that would not surrender"
2711:
The standoff lasted about an hour before MOVE members began to surrender.
41:
5767:
5669:
2821:
2623:
2574:
1748:
1673:
1666:
700:
690:
5004:"Philadelphia Settles Suit by Survivor of Police Siege (Published 1991)"
4056:"Move 9 member Eddie Goodman Africa released from prison after 41 years"
5247:
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4376:
3066:
2607:
2570:
1836:
1142:
214:
2801:, illegal possession of firearms, and making terrorist threats. Mayor
2727:
1743:
2487:. The group combined revolutionary ideology, similar to that of the
2789:
In 1981, MOVE relocated to a row house at 6221 Osage Avenue in the
2545:, and created what he called "The Guidelines" as the basis for his
2904:, with their son, John Zachary Gilbride, as he was legally known.
2826:
1516:
4097:"Move 9 member Delbert Orr Africa freed after 42 years in prison"
3943:
Lounsberry, Emilie (June 5, 2008). "MOVE members denied parole".
2994:
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
5720:"Disenchanted Move members have quit the Black liberation group"
2849:
2619:
1546:
5839:
5817:
5641:
Discourse and Destruction: The City of Philadelphia versus MOVE
3607:"'Let The Fire Burn': A Philadelphia Community Forever Changed"
2859:
In 1996 a federal jury ordered the city to pay a $ 1.5 million
179:
5413:
3208:
3206:
3085:(2019) by Matt Wolf also featured footage of the group on the
2949:
podcast and the blog (started by an ex-MOVE supporter) titled
2626:, any form of enslavement of animals. We demonstrated against
5473:
4278:
Abu-Jamal, Mumia; Bin Wahad, Dhoruba; Shakur, Assata (1993).
5989:
African and Black nationalist organizations in North America
5831:
Philadelphia Special Investigation Commission (MOVE) Records
5626:
Burning Down the House: MOVE and the tragedy of Philadelphia
4273:
4271:
3530:
Burning Down the House: MOVE and the tragedy of Philadelphia
3430:
2953:, alleging physical and mental abuse in MOVE, a doctrine of
2498:
MOVE is particularly known for two major conflicts with the
2533:
When the organization was founded in 1972, John Africa was
5806:
5087:"Statement from the Penn Museum on the MOVE house remains"
4503:
Times, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, The New York (March 10, 1986).
3637:"Survivor Remembers Bombing Of Philadelphia Headquarters"
2930:
Prosecutor's Office declined to follow up on the report.
4912:
Johnson, Terry E; Hobbs, Michael A (December 10, 1981).
4432:
Call, SCOTT J. HIGHAM, The Morning (February 27, 1986).
4049:
4047:
2606:
with the nature- and animal-loving communalism of 1960s
2594:
described their political views as "a strange fusion of
2526:
The group's name, MOVE, is not an acronym. Its founder,
3979:"Another MOVE 9 member tied to 1978 case leaves prison"
3155:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
4972:"'Birdie Africa,' survivor of '85 MOVE bombing, dies"
3885:
Move Death Merle Africa's Demise Labeled `Suspicious'
4434:"I WAS EXPENDABLE, SAMBOR LEARNED AFTER MOVE FIASCO"
4340:"Police Drop Bomb on Radicals' Home in Philadelphia"
4310:
The Time of the City: Politics, Philosophy and Genre
2965:
Ramona Africa acts as a spokesperson for the group.
2820:
There was an armed standoff with police, who lobbed
2588:
In a 2018 article about the group, Ed Pilkington of
5918:
5873:
5385:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Scribe Video Center.
4581:"Philadelphia Held Liable For Firebomb Fatal to 11"
2865:
protections against unreasonable search and seizure
2339:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
149:
91:
81:
71:
63:
51:
46:
A photo of members of the MOVE family in the 1980's
34:
4403:"Philadelphia MOVE Bombing Still Haunts Survivors"
3005:in 2001, he reportedly took the remains with him.
2459:(pronounced like the word "move"), originally the
6059:Post–civil rights era in African-American history
5787:(Podcast). McNamara, Beth. Event occurs at 11:46
4282:. South Pasadena, CA: Semiotext(e). p. 128.
5650:Move: Sites of Trauma (Pamphlet Architecture 23)
4661:"CLARENCE NEWCOMER, 82, LONGTIME FEDERAL JUDGE,"
2537:. He dictated his thoughts to Donald Glassey, a
4333:
4331:
4329:
6039:Left-wing militant groups in the United States
5442:"Dropping In On Tragedy, As If You Were There"
4550:"Ramona Africa Given Jail Term For Siege Role"
4303:
4301:
4299:
3069:, Philadelphia's public broadcasting station.
2980:In June 2020 MOVE member Delbert Africa died.
1066:Education of freed people during the Civil War
5851:
3460:James, Louise Leaphart (September 26, 2013).
3153: – Philosophy opposing modern technology
3021:On the 25th anniversary of the 1985 bombing,
2437:
768:
8:
6034:Intentional communities in the United States
5994:Anarchist organizations in the United States
4792:"Murder of ex-MOVE member remains a mystery"
4533:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4462:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4233:
4231:
4229:
3398:
3396:
1077:Historically black colleges and universities
3558:, democracynow.org. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
2679:In 1977, according to police accounts, the
2569:society, while stating their opposition to
1061:Education during the slave period in the US
5858:
5844:
5836:
5535:Oliver, Tommy (2020). 40 Years a Prisoner
4823:Kinney, Monica Yant (September 19, 2012).
4790:Kinney, Monica Yant (September 19, 2012).
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
3331:
3329:
3181:"LibGuides: Philadelphia & MOVE: Home"
2444:
2430:
2301:
1892:
1802:
1629:
1567:
1492:
1384:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
1361:
1257:
985:
813:
786:
775:
761:
158:
31:
4612:G. Shaffer; C. Tiger; D. L. Root (2008).
840:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
6069:Riots and civil disorder in Philadelphia
5979:African-American history in Philadelphia
4914:"The Suspect – One Who Raised His Voice"
4750:Kinney, Monica Yant (October 23, 2003).
3568:
3566:
3564:
5525:BAVC1006272_News51385: Internet Archive
5308:"A haunting look at when Phila. burned"
4951:from the original on September 27, 2021
4893:from the original on September 28, 2021
4719:Mulvihill, Geoff (September 26, 2002).
4687:"City of Philadelphia - File #: 200609"
4681:
4679:
4515:from the original on September 19, 2020
3977:D'Onofrio, Michael (October 23, 2018).
3910:Emilie Lounsberry (February 28, 2008).
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3365:
3363:
3171:
2347:
2304:
2234:
2196:
2131:
2023:
1895:
1845:
1805:
1772:
1724:
1632:
1581:
1495:
1397:
1364:
1301:
1278:
1260:
1184:
1151:
1118:
1090:
1051:
988:
945:
909:
816:
798:
170:
6019:Far-left politics in the United States
5480:from the original on December 11, 2020
5454:from the original on November 16, 2016
4870:from the original on October 17, 2022.
4526:
4455:
4383:from the original on February 28, 2021
3866:from the original on December 27, 2020
3683:from the original on November 11, 2021
3617:from the original on February 27, 2021
3314:from the original on November 11, 2021
3191:from the original on November 18, 2023
2766:
2719:The nine members of MOVE charged with
2506:onto the roof of the MOVE compound, a
6079:Unsolved murders in the United States
6049:Political activists from Pennsylvania
5732:Michael Boyette & Randi Boyette,
5718:Pilkington, Ed (September 25, 2021).
5654:(2002) Princeton: Architectural Press
5506:from the original on December 3, 2019
5255:from the original on October 20, 2021
5035:from the original on October 29, 2021
4984:from the original on January 16, 2021
4764:from the original on January 16, 2021
4721:"Man in Custody Battle Shot to Death"
4714:
4712:
4697:from the original on January 13, 2021
4641:from the original on October 14, 2020
3991:from the original on October 23, 2018
3912:"MOVE members due for parole hearing"
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:from the original on January 16, 2021
2867:. In 1985 Philadelphia was given the
2642:never ended, it was just disguised."
2504:a police helicopter dropped two bombs
1582:Athletic associations and conferences
1071:History of African-American education
404:League of Revolutionary Black Workers
7:
6004:Armed standoffs in the United States
5736:(1989) Chicago: Contemporary Press,
5643:, (1994) University of Chicago Press
4970:Clark, Vernon (September 27, 2013).
4937:Dean, Mensah M. (December 9, 2020).
4804:from the original on August 15, 2018
4731:from the original on August 15, 2018
4614:Compass American Guides Pennsylvania
4413:from the original on October 2, 2021
4338:Stevens, William K. (May 14, 1985).
4308:Shapiro, Michael J (June 17, 2010).
4214:from the original on October 7, 2021
4200:Moran, Robert (September 24, 2021).
3441:from the original on August 12, 2021
3425:
3423:
3421:
3302:
3300:
3218:Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
2856:; she served seven years in prison.
1505:Association for the Study of African
5964:1972 establishments in Pennsylvania
5440:Rapold, Nicolas (October 1, 2013).
5306:Rickey, Carrie (October 20, 2013).
5287:from the original on April 19, 2014
5208:Goodin-Smith, Oona (May 13, 2021).
5127:from the original on April 23, 2021
5097:from the original on April 26, 2021
4883:"The MOVE Bombing: An Oral History"
4881:Fiorillo, Victor (March 26, 2010).
4505:"GOODE OFFERS HIS APOLOGY FOR MOVE"
4444:from the original on March 27, 2019
4126:Pilkington, Ed (February 7, 2020).
4095:Pilkington, Ed (January 18, 2020).
3825:from the original on April 29, 2021
3381:from the original on March 23, 2021
3224:from the original on March 20, 2018
3082:Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project
2561:. MOVE advocated a radical form of
2319:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1820:African-American Vernacular English
1389:National Conference of Black Mayors
726:United States civil rights movement
409:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
5822:9 Neuf Histoire de communaute MOVE
5814:, collection of pro-MOVE documents
5624:John Anderson and Hilary Hevenor,
5587:from the original on June 17, 2024
5581:"40 Years a Prisoner - Reason.com"
5561:from the original on March 2, 2021
5421:from the original on June 17, 2024
5389:from the original on June 10, 2020
5379:Massiah, Louis (Director) (1986).
5360:from the original on June 17, 2024
5320:from the original on June 10, 2020
5241:Murphy, Darryl C. (May 14, 2021).
5066:from the original on June 17, 2020
5023:Lattanzio, Vince (June 12, 2014).
4659:Douglas Martin (August 28, 2005).
4373:"MOVE siege returns to haunt city"
4181:from the original on June 17, 2020
4148:from the original on June 17, 2024
4107:from the original on June 17, 2024
4076:from the original on June 17, 2024
4032:from the original on June 17, 2024
3795:from the original on June 17, 2024
3755:from the original on June 17, 2024
3587:from the original on June 17, 2024
3528:John Anderson and Hilary Hevenor,
3480:from the original on June 17, 2024
3255:from the original on July 18, 2021
2638:. And we did so uncompromisingly.
1522:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
6044:Organizations established in 1972
6029:Gun politics in the United States
5974:2002 murders in the United States
5969:1978 murders in the United States
5812:"John Africa's MOVE Organization"
5783:McNamara, Beth (March 20, 2023).
5761:Washington, Linn (May 26, 2021).
5613:. Oxford University Press, 2020.
5537:HBO. Retrieved December 08, 2020.
5222:from the original on May 14, 2021
5189:from the original on May 13, 2021
5158:from the original on May 16, 2021
5146:Kassutto, Maya (April 21, 2021).
4837:from the original on June 6, 2014
4825:"A clue hidden in a lost locker?"
4752:"Talks of threats before slaying"
4629:"The MOVE Disaster: May 13, 1985"
4593:from the original on May 24, 2021
4560:from the original on June 3, 2016
4167:Dean, Mensah M. (June 16, 2020).
3285:from the original on June 8, 2020
3008:Philadelphia Health Commissioner
2226:Places by plurality of population
892:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
882:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
835:Abolitionism in the United States
623:Black Power and the American Myth
449:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
5886:39th District corruption scandal
5085:DiSanto, Jill (April 26, 2021).
5054:Moselle, Aaron (June 16, 2020).
4054:Pilkington, Ed (June 23, 2019).
3781:Pilkington, Ed (June 18, 2018).
3718:. August 8, 1978. Archived from
3573:Pilkington, Ed (July 31, 2018).
3336:Trippett, Frank (May 27, 1985).
3129:
3115:
2934:Child abuse and cult allegations
2765:
2758:
2694:fire from fellow police officers
2664:known for his hard line against
2401:
923:Black Belt in the American South
364:Black Revolutionary Assault Team
324:African People's Socialist Party
178:
40:
5746:Ramona Africa (Contr. Author).
5678:(1987), Chicago: Banner Press,
5676:Attention Move! This is America
5628:, W.W. Norton & Co., 1987,
5474:"Let the Fire Burn|Jason Osder"
5177:Pedroja, Cammy (May 13, 2021).
4856:Nark, Jason (August 27, 2021).
4772:– via Religion News blog.
4371:Brian Jenkins (April 2, 1996).
4240:"It Looks Just Like a War Zone"
4238:Frank Trippett (May 27, 1985).
4010:Pilkington, Ed (May 25, 2019).
3741:Pilkington, Ed (May 25, 2019).
3532:, W.W. Norton & Co., 1987,
3338:"It Looks Just Like a War Zone"
2900:. Alberta Africa was living in
2871:"The City that Bombed Itself".
2699:According to a 2018 article in
1527:National Council of Negro Women
429:National Joint Action Committee
414:May 19th Communist Organization
59:Ramona Africa (as Spokesperson)
27:American Black separatist group
6054:Philadelphia Police Department
5867:Philadelphia Police Department
3403:Account of 1985 incident from
3035:is based on the MOVE bombing.
2887:2002 shooting of John Gilbride
2681:Philadelphia Police Department
2500:Philadelphia Police Department
2324:Racism against Black Americans
1:
4064:. Guardian News & Media.
4020:. Guardian News & Media.
2553:followers wore their hair in
2549:group. Africa and his mostly
2483:, abiding by philosophies of
1532:National Pan-Hellenic Council
444:Revolutionary Action Movement
369:Black Riders Liberation Party
5703:10.1080/13688804.2013.870749
4627:Larry Eichel (May 8, 2005).
4579:Terry, Don (June 25, 1996).
3675:Demby, Gene (May 13, 2015).
3643:. CBS Philly. May 13, 2013.
2334:School segregation in the US
1872:Black American Sign Language
1846:Languages and other dialects
676:Black Power in the Caribbean
374:Black Women's Defense League
5936:Philadelphia Highway Patrol
5926:Mary Channing Wister School
5827:, French website about MOVE
5750:(Arissa Media Group, 2009)
5662:The Bombing of Osage Avenue
5382:The Bombing of Osage Avenue
5340:"Rev. of Philadelphia Fire"
3554:September 26, 2021, at the
3500:"An inauspicious beginning"
3243:Jackson, R (May 30, 2021).
3054:The Bombing of Osage Avenue
3045:is about the MOVE bombing.
2461:Christian Movement for Life
1161:African-American businesses
6095:
5818:"9 Nine The Story of MOVE"
5664:, Philadelphia: WHYY. DVD
5611:MOVE: An American Religion
4725:Edwardsville Intelligencer
4671:South Florida Sun Sentinel
4312:. Routledge. p. 108.
3160:Partisan Defense Committee
2989:University of Pennsylvania
2794:bombing of the row house.
2749:
2634:. We demonstrated against
2543:University of Pennsylvania
1699:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1374:Congressional Black Caucus
1341:African Diaspora Religions
1128:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
459:Symbionese Liberation Army
5910:Killing of Walter Wallace
5313:The Philadelphia Inquirer
5280:The Philadelphia Inquirer
5215:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4944:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4919:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4863:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4830:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4797:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4757:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4634:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4280:Still Black, Still Strong
4207:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4174:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3946:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3917:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3897:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3641:philadelphia.cbslocal.com
3249:The Milwaukee Independent
3023:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2941:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2922:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2876:Clarence Charles Newcomer
2206:US states and territories
1507:American Life and History
1229:Lift Every Voice and Sing
938:Treatment of the enslaved
39:
6064:Radical environmentalism
5984:African-American leftism
5905:Murder of Lauretha Vaird
3984:The Philadelphia Tribune
3431:"About MOVE – On a Move"
2916:MOVE murdered Gilbride.
2912:ballistics information.
2805:and police commissioner
2408:United States portal
1815:African-American English
1326:African-American Muslims
887:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
162:This article is part of
5646:Johanna Saleh Dickson;
5639:Robin Wagner-Pacifici,
5091:www.penntoday.upenn.edu
2902:Cherry Hill, New Jersey
2535:functionally illiterate
2329:Reparations for slavery
1417:Back-to-Africa movement
1316:Black Hebrew Israelites
1194:African-American beauty
681:Black Power in Montreal
552:Martin Luther King, Jr.
434:New Black Panther Party
399:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
5785:"Murder at Ryan's Run"
5348:. September 15, 1990.
3890:March 4, 2016, at the
2874:In 2005 federal judge
2709:
1799:Dialects and languages
959:Second Great Migration
635:The Diary of Malcolm X
439:Republic of New Afrika
394:George Jackson Brigade
379:British Black Panthers
359:Black Radical Congress
334:Black Guerrilla Family
210:Black Power Revolution
5892:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
5807:Official MOVE website
5275:"MOVE 25 years later"
4887:Philadelphia Magazine
4666:July 1, 2021, at the
3815:"40 Years a Prisoner"
3411:July 2, 2012, at the
2842:William H. Brown, III
2705:
2211:US metropolitan areas
2038:List of neighborhoods
1652:Alabama Creole people
1642:African-American Jews
1574:Negro league baseball
1537:National Urban League
1489:Civic/economic groups
1321:African-American Jews
1211:African-American hair
1073:, after the Civil War
902:Post–civil rights era
642:Revolutionary Suicide
349:Black Panther Militia
344:Black Liberation Army
5609:Richard Kent Evans,
5502:. December 2, 2019.
4727:. Associated Press.
4252:on November 10, 2021
3348:on November 10, 2021
3101:(2020) by filmmaker
3003:Princeton University
2947:Murder at Ryan’s Run
2781:class=notpageimage|
2632:industrial pollution
2557:, as popularized by
2471:, United States, by
2368:Criminal stereotypes
2143:District of Columbia
1860:Afro-Seminole Creole
1302:Non-Christian groups
897:Black power movement
861:during the Civil War
830:Atlantic slave trade
205:Black power movement
6074:Underground culture
5999:Anarcho-primitivism
4977:The Washington Post
4484:on January 11, 2009
3851:The Washington Post
3310:. Codeswitch. NPR.
3279:"Let The Fire Burn"
3123:Philadelphia portal
3099:40 Years a Prisoner
2983:In April 2021, the
2721:third-degree murder
2662:police commissioner
2485:anarcho-primitivism
1764:Sierra Leone Creole
1725:Specific ancestries
1610:Southwestern (SWAC)
1133:Black History Month
964:New Great Migration
918:Agriculture history
469:Weather Underground
389:Five-Percent Nation
384:Conscious Community
354:Black Panther Party
195:Black Arts Movement
116:Anarcho-primitivism
82:Active regions
5583:. March 19, 2021.
5447:The New York Times
5123:. April 23, 2021.
5029:NBC10 Philadelphia
5009:The New York Times
4691:phila.legistar.com
4586:The New York Times
4345:The New York Times
3963:The New York Times
3722:on August 20, 2007
3029:John Edgar Wideman
2961:Current activities
2565:and a return to a
1773:Sexual orientation
1647:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1600:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
1235:Self-determination
1199:Black is beautiful
865:Reconstruction era
711:Red Power movement
666:Black Lives Matter
592:Stokely Carmichael
582:Robert F. Williams
562:Malik Zulu Shabazz
512:Fay Bellamy Powell
329:Assata's Daughters
200:Black is beautiful
5951:
5950:
5942:The Thin Blue Lie
5881:1985 MOVE bombing
5756:978-0-9742884-7-5
5658:Toni Cade Bambara
5549:"Rotten Tomatoes"
5152:www.billypenn.com
5012:. April 26, 1991.
3924:on April 11, 2008
3377:. June 24, 1996.
3185:libguides.ccp.edu
3074:Let the Fire Burn
3058:Toni Cade Bambara
3056:(1986) by author
3033:Philadelphia Fire
2951:Leaving MOVE 2021
2928:Burlington County
2807:Gregore J. Sambor
2799:contempt of court
2752:1985 MOVE bombing
2683:(PPD) obtained a
2651:West Philadelphia
2628:Three Mile Island
2481:West Philadelphia
2454:
2453:
2391:
2390:
2289:
2288:
2063:Dallas-Fort Worth
1880:
1879:
1790:
1789:
1734:Americo-Liberians
1617:
1616:
1555:
1554:
1480:
1479:
1349:
1348:
1293:Womanist theology
1243:
1242:
1185:Symbols and ideas
971:
970:
850:Antebellum period
845:Revolutionary War
800:African Americans
785:
784:
706:Political hip hop
629:Ten-Point Program
597:Wadsworth Jarrell
522:Gloria Richardson
281:Black nationalism
251:Africana womanism
246:African socialism
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
6086:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5837:
5826:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5729:
5714:
5652:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4926:on July 2, 2007.
4922:. Archived from
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4683:
4674:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4480:. Archived from
4474:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4352:on June 12, 2012
4348:. Archived from
4335:
4324:
4323:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4248:. Archived from
4235:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3920:. Archived from
3907:
3901:
3900:, March 14, 1998
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3712:"Nose to Nose -"
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3672:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3570:
3559:
3546:
3540:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3506:. Archived from
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3427:
3416:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3344:. Archived from
3333:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3176:
3156:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2647:Powelton Village
2636:police brutality
2551:African-American
2491:, with work for
2446:
2439:
2432:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2353:media depictions
2302:
2197:Population count
1893:
1827:Liberian English
1806:English dialects
1803:
1759:Samaná Americans
1684:Creoles of color
1630:
1568:
1512:Black conductors
1493:
1362:
1336:Louisiana Voodoo
1258:
1003:Family structure
986:
933:Military history
928:Business history
859:military history
814:
787:
777:
770:
763:
671:Black Power gang
616:A Taste of Power
507:Eldridge Cleaver
339:Black Liberators
301:Intercommunalism
291:Black separatism
261:Anti-Americanism
182:
159:
141:Environmentalism
136:Direct democracy
106:Black liberation
44:
32:
21:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6024:Green anarchism
5954:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5914:
5869:
5864:
5824:
5803:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5773:
5771:
5760:
5717:
5688:
5648:
5606:
5604:Further reading
5601:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5554:Rotten Tomatoes
5547:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5363:
5361:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4838:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4789:
4788:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4668:Wayback Machine
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4525:
4518:
4516:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4337:
4336:
4327:
4320:
4307:
4306:
4297:
4290:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4255:
4253:
4237:
4236:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3892:Wayback Machine
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3844:Hornaday, Ann.
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3780:
3779:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3556:Wayback Machine
3547:
3543:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3510:on May 21, 2019
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3413:Wayback Machine
3401:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3258:
3256:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3154:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3051:
3019:
2971:Daniel Faulkner
2967:Mumia Abu-Jamal
2963:
2936:
2889:
2838:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2717:
2677:
2666:activist groups
2567:hunter-gatherer
2524:
2450:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2343:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2230:
2192:
2168:Omaha, Nebraska
2133:Historic places
2127:
2019:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1841:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1768:
1720:
1662:Black Seminoles
1627:
1626:Sub-communities
1619:
1618:
1605:Southern (SIAC)
1565:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1506:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1393:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1331:Nation of Islam
1297:
1274:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1180:
1147:
1114:
1086:
1047:
1023:Musical theater
983:
973:
972:
954:Great Migration
811:
781:
741:
740:
656:
648:
647:
610:
602:
601:
557:Maulana Karenga
497:Donald DeFreeze
482:
474:
473:
464:US Organization
424:Nation of Islam
319:
311:
310:
296:Black supremacy
266:Black anarchism
241:
233:
232:
190:
145:
101:Green anarchism
58:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6092:
6090:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5956:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5899:Rizzo v. Goode
5895:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5815:
5809:
5802:
5801:External links
5799:
5798:
5797:
5780:
5758:
5744:
5730:
5715:
5686:
5674:Margot Harry,
5672:
5655:
5644:
5637:
5622:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5572:
5540:
5528:
5517:
5491:
5465:
5432:
5400:
5371:
5345:Kirkus Reviews
5331:
5298:
5266:
5233:
5200:
5169:
5138:
5108:
5077:
5046:
5015:
4995:
4962:
4929:
4904:
4873:
4848:
4815:
4775:
4742:
4708:
4675:
4652:
4619:
4604:
4571:
4540:
4495:
4469:
4424:
4394:
4363:
4325:
4318:
4295:
4288:
4267:
4225:
4192:
4159:
4118:
4087:
4043:
4002:
3969:
3966:. p. A21.
3952:
3949:. p. B06.
3935:
3902:
3877:
3836:
3806:
3766:
3733:
3703:
3694:
3658:
3628:
3598:
3560:
3541:
3521:
3491:
3472:
3466:. Xlibris US.
3452:
3417:
3392:
3359:
3325:
3296:
3270:
3235:
3202:
3179:Karam, Nikki.
3170:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3126:
3110:
3107:
3050:
3047:
3031:'s 1990 novel
3018:
3015:
2962:
2959:
2935:
2932:
2888:
2885:
2837:
2834:
2779:
2778:
2773:6221 Osage Ave
2772:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:Main article:
2747:
2744:
2716:
2713:
2676:
2675:1978 shoot-out
2673:
2604:Black Panthers
2563:green politics
2523:
2520:
2489:Black Panthers
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:Black genocide
2310:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:US communities
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2178:South Carolina
2175:
2173:North Carolina
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:South Carolina
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:North Carolina
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1832:Samaná English
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1782:LGBT community
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Creek Freedmen
1736:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1709:Carmel Indians
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Central (CIAA)
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Pan-Africanism
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1288:Black theology
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:Economic class
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:Academic study
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
984:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
948:
947:
943:
942:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
912:
911:
907:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
873:
872:
862:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
819:
818:
812:
807:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
783:
782:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
754:
753:
752:
751:
743:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
638:
631:
626:
619:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:Muhammad Ahmad
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
532:Huey P. Newton
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
306:Pan-Africanism
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Black feminism
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
175:
174:
168:
167:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
121:Social ecology
118:
113:
108:
103:
97:
95:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6091:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
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5742:0-8092-4543-4
5739:
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5727:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5697:(1): 88–102.
5696:
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5691:Media History
5687:
5685:
5684:0-916650-32-4
5681:
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4548:Odom, Maida.
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3145:David Shrager
3143:
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3062:Louis Massiah
3059:
3055:
3049:Documentaries
3048:
3046:
3044:
3041:’s 2006 song
3040:
3039:Mischief Brew
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:Thomas Farley
3006:
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2648:
2643:
2641:
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2629:
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2621:
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2613:
2612:animal rights
2609:
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2597:
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2592:
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2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
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2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:social worker
2536:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2493:animal rights
2490:
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2409:
2399:
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2384:
2383:Minstrel show
2381:
2379:
2378:Magical Negro
2376:
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2240:
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2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2188:West Virginia
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2123:San Francisco
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:New York City
2101:
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2096:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
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1926:
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1918:
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1911:
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1783:
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1779:
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1776:
1771:
1765:
1762:
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1757:
1755:
1754:Nova Scotians
1752:
1750:
1747:
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1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
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1665:
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1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:Black Indians
1655:
1653:
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1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1622:
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1598:
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1595:HBCU (HBCUAC)
1593:
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1499:
1496:Organizations
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1369:
1368:
1365:Organizations
1363:
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1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Neighborhoods
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
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1004:
1001:
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560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:Marcus Garvey
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
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493:
492:Assata Shakur
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
477:
470:
467:
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460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
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355:
352:
350:
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342:
340:
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332:
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327:
325:
322:
321:
318:Organizations
315:
314:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Black leftism
274:
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269:
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259:
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111:Animal rights
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:United States
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Ramona Africa
5940:
5930:
5897:
5890:
5821:
5789:. Retrieved
5772:. Retrieved
5766:
5747:
5734:Let it Burn!
5733:
5725:The Guardian
5723:
5694:
5690:
5675:
5661:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5610:
5589:. Retrieved
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5552:
5543:
5531:
5520:
5510:November 29,
5508:. Retrieved
5494:
5484:November 29,
5482:. Retrieved
5468:
5458:November 15,
5456:. Retrieved
5445:
5435:
5425:November 29,
5423:. Retrieved
5412:
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2083:Jacksonville
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1432:Conservatism
1407:Afrocentrism
1379:Joint Center
1270:Black church
1261:Institutions
1176:Billionaires
1166:Middle class
1119:Celebrations
1082:Fraternities
736:Youth rights
721:The Troubles
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5259:October 11,
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4955:October 11,
4897:October 11,
4111:January 18,
3995:October 26,
3463:John Africa
3435:onamove.com
3151:Neo-Luddite
2999:Janet Monge
2985:Penn Museum
2894:Maple Shade
2791:Cobbs Creek
2685:court order
2660:, a former
2658:Frank Rizzo
2649:section of
2616:puppy mills
2596:black power
2528:John Africa
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2473:John Africa
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2158:Mississippi
2118:San Antonio
2098:Los Angeles
2033:Black mecca
1960:Mississippi
1867:Negro Dutch
1689:Dominickers
1633:Multiethnic
1542:TransAfrica
1452:Nationalism
1422:Black power
1206:Black pride
1171:Upper class
870:Politicians
731:White power
537:John Africa
527:Hakim Jamal
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220:Raised fist
172:Black power
131:Communalism
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5958:Categories
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4808:August 15,
4735:August 15,
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4519:October 9,
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4218:October 7,
4080:August 15,
3504:philly.com
3281:. Kanopy.
3166:References
3089:news show
2955:homophobia
2898:New Jersey
2861:civil suit
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2579:technology
2555:dreadlocks
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1915:California
1889:Population
1462:Patriotism
1447:Liberalism
1427:Capitalism
1398:Ideologies
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1138:Juneteenth
1110:Literature
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587:Rosa Parks
577:Obi Egbuna
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222:events of
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5791:March 20,
5711:143002576
5591:April 27,
5565:April 27,
5354:1948-7428
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4509:mcall.com
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4142:0261-3077
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3860:0190-8286
3687:March 18,
3484:April 17,
3445:March 18,
3405:USA Today
3385:August 1,
3228:March 19,
3092:Nightline
2919:In 2012,
2883:Bombing.
2869:sobriquet
2836:Aftermath
2559:Rastafari
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2298:Prejudice
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2024:US cities
2000:Tennessee
1950:Louisiana
1896:US states
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1674:Blaxicans
1472:Socialism
1437:Garveyism
1412:Anarchism
1216:Good hair
1043:Soul food
1013:Folktales
716:Socialism
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5768:Andscape
5670:95315483
5585:Archived
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3928:March 5,
3888:Archived
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3793:Archived
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3409:Archived
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3259:July 18,
3253:Archived
3222:Archived
3189:Archived
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2822:tear gas
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2575:medicine
2547:communal
2477:communal
2413:Category
2236:Diaspora
2163:Missouri
2088:Kentucky
2015:Virginia
1985:Oklahoma
1970:New York
1965:Nebraska
1955:Maryland
1930:Illinois
1910:Arkansas
1749:Merikins
1694:Freedmen
1667:Mascogos
1467:Populism
1358:Politics
1253:Religion
1223:Stepping
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825:Timeline
792:a series
790:Part of
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5324:May 14,
5248:WHYY-FM
5226:May 14,
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5183:msn.com
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4645:June 8,
4597:May 13,
4564:May 10,
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4407:NPR.org
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3611:npr.org
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3352:May 14,
3289:June 8,
3067:WHYY-TV
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2608:hippies
2571:science
2522:Origins
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2153:Georgia
2148:Florida
2078:Houston
2073:Detroit
2058:Chicago
2043:Atlanta
1935:Indiana
1925:Georgia
1920:Florida
1905:Alabama
1837:Tutnese
1716:Redbone
1442:Leftism
1143:Kwanzaa
1100:Studies
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2256:France
2251:Canada
2246:Africa
2053:Boston
1990:Oregon
1945:Kansas
1855:Gullah
1744:Gullah
1564:Sports
1311:Hoodoo
481:People
153:Active
150:Status
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6014:Cults
5707:S2CID
2827:Tovex
2655:Mayor
2418:Index
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2183:Texas
2108:Omaha
2005:Texas
1517:NAACP
1028:Names
1018:Music
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609:Works
166:about
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5776:2021
5752:ISBN
5738:ISBN
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5666:OCLC
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5567:2021
5512:2020
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5460:2016
5427:2020
5395:2019
5366:2022
5350:ISSN
5326:2020
5293:2010
5261:2021
5228:2021
5195:2021
5164:2021
5133:2021
5103:2021
5072:2020
5060:WHYY
5041:2021
4990:2020
4957:2021
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4843:2014
4810:2018
4770:2014
4737:2018
4703:2020
4647:2010
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4490:2008
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4389:2008
4358:2012
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4258:2009
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4138:ISSN
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4082:2019
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3997:2018
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3872:2021
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3801:2018
3761:2019
3728:2020
3716:TIME
3689:2018
3653:2015
3623:2015
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3534:ISBN
3516:2015
3486:2015
3468:ISBN
3447:2018
3387:2002
3354:2013
3342:TIME
3320:2019
3291:2020
3261:2021
3230:2018
3197:2023
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2852:and
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2630:and
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1008:Film
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