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130:. A large landslide 400 metres (1,300 ft) in length and 27 metres (89 ft) in width occurred on 12 September 1835. Smaller landslides occurred on 21 July 1878 (about 115 metres (377 ft) in length) and in summer 1926. Today, only its northern slope survives. The remaining hill measures 270 metres (890 ft) in length and up to 60 metres (200 ft) in width. It rises about 46 metres (151 ft) above sea level and about 40 metres (130 ft) above the Neman.
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273:
515:. The book, known as the Eternal Book of Rambynas, is one of the largest in Lithuania. It measures 61.5 by 44 centimetres (24.2 in × 17.3 in) and is 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. It weighs 18.5 kilograms (41 lb) and is accompanied by a wooden case that weights another 10 kilograms (22 lb). The covers are wood upholstered with leather and metal corners and close with two buckles. The second page is a portrait of Grand Duke
413:(approximately 10 metres (33 ft)) in diameter. The taller side measured 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) and the lower 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in). According to Eduard Gisevius, the stone had carvings of a sword, human hand and feet, animal footprints, and something that resembled a Greek temple. This information is dubious as Gisevius wrote many years after the destruction of the stone and no other account mentioned the markings.
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424:). According to local legends, the workers were injured and the miller soon died. The circumstances of his demise vary: he lost his mill in a storm in 1818 and died in an accident working in another mill; he lost his business and became an alcoholic; he was found crushed and strangled by the millstone.
387:
strengthened the eroded slopes, installed paths and staircases for visitors, conducted environmental and archaeological research. In 2007–2013, the park built further paths, viewing platforms, information stands, etc. A barn of a pre-war restaurant, owned by
Gustavas Volbergas, was reconstructed into
382:
with initial area of 4,520 hectares (11,200 acres). The landscape preserve was reduced to 396 hectares (980 acres) and became an integral part of the park. However, the directory of the park was established only in 2001. The same year, Rambynas (area of 5.65 hectares (14.0 acres)) was added to the
638:
by the French, a group of
Frenchmen dug up some boxes at a local cemetery. In 1930, a detailed map was purportedly discovered that showed where the treasure was buried. This inspired several expeditions in the 1930s in attempts of finding it. Another attempt was organized in summer 1974 by Soviet
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who also buried a treasure of gold and silver harrow under the stone. Perkūnas then chose the hill and his home. Another story has it that the altar stone was brought by giant
Rambynas, one of three sons of Nemunas, who offered it as a sacrifice to Perkūnas. The hill became a temple attended by
567:
where is it kept in the rare manuscript section. In 2002, a copy was made by Dalia Marija Šaulauskaitė and is kept at the
Martynas Jankus Museum in Bitėnai. Museum visitors are free to sign in the book. The copy has 1,000 pages and at 22.5 kilograms (50 lb) is heavier than the original.
43:. The current hill, about 46 metres (151 ft) above sea level and about 40 metres (130 ft) above the Neman, is a remnant of the larger hill that was destroyed by erosion. The hill was known as sacred among locals and played a role in the ceremonies of
373:
The first preserves in
Lithuania were established in September 1960. Among the 89 preserves established on that date, there was a landscape preserve of Rambynas covering 2,798 hectares (6,910 acres). In September 1992, Lithuania established
408:
At the top of the hill, there was a large stone known as the altar stone. It was first mentioned by Georg
Christoph Pisanski in 1769. According to an 1867 description by Otto Glagau, the stone had a flat top and measured about 15
47:. It is featured in many local legends and is protected by the state as a mythological object. A large stone at the top of the hill, known as the altar stone, was destroyed by a miller in 1811. Rambynas became popular with
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published an explanation to his map of
Prussia. He mentioned that Rambynas was considered a sacred place and that women had to be clean and well dressed if they wanted to climb the hill or they would become ill.
455:
cleaned up
Rambynas' territory, strengthened the eroded slopes, and improved the sightseeing platform. At the same time, the altar was demolished and replaced by an abstract sculptural composition by sculptor
241:, a journalist from Berlin, visited Rambynas and wrote that newlyweds would climb the hill and would leave small sacrifices. The most extensive description of the hill and its legends was provided by
337:
had three restaurants. Celebrations of the Saint Jonas' Festivals became grand affairs attended by many dignitaries. For example, in 1929, the celebrations were attended by a delegation from the
171:), then crossed the river, and captured Ramigė. That signified Teutonic conquest of Skalvia. However, an exploratory excavation of about 150-square-metre (1,600 sq ft) area in 2002 by
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purchased a plot of land in 1896 and the same year organized a larger festival on the hill. However, Birutė lacked financial strength to pay the purchase price and the plot was transferred to
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527:. The visitors left notes and comments in Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, German, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Japanese, Hindi. The Japanese comments were left by
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authorities. According to various stories, it was a direct order from Moscow. The area of excavations was guarded by Soviet troops and involved two visitors from
643:. In July 2003, Lithuanian newspapers published a story that a treasure was found near Rambynas, but it was quickly debunked as an embellishment of a previous
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allowed to resume the celebration of the Saint Jonas' Festivals in 1957. They even built a cement stage for events (it was demolished in 2010). German writer
1397:
333:(including Rambynas) became part of Lithuania. The hill became a frequently visited location and developed into a kind of resort. The nearby village of
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joke. The various attempts at finding the treasure damaged the hill, local cemeteries, and several other local archaeological and cultural objects.
288:(also known as Rasos) on the hill. However, it was a private property and thus it was difficult to host larger and more frequent events. Therefore,
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The sacred hill is surrounded by many legends and stories. According to one of them, the altar stone was put on
Rambynas by thunder god
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cursed the stone – while the stone stood, good fortune would bless the region; if the stone was damaged, bad fortunes would follow.
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for those who visited
Rambynas. Signing in the book became an integral part of the tradition during the interwar celebrations of
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There are many local stories and legends about a treasure supposedly buried on or near Rambynas by the retreating French
260:). He also described a 600-year-old three-trunk linden tree that grew near the hill and was worshiped as goddess of fate
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wrote in 1769 that locals performed pagan rituals on the hill despite prohibitions from the Christian priests. In 1867,
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established the border between Teutonic Order and Lithuania. The hill remained on the Teutonic side, later part of
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The stone was broken up in 1811 by a German miller named Schwartz from the Bardehnen (Bardinai) village to make a
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314:. In 1910, Prussian Lithuanians established a society that collected money to buy the entire hill and charged 10
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prepared by the Teutonic Order. The report also mentioned a sacred forest to the east of the hill. The 1422
147:(1100–850 BC) found on Rambynas. Historians believe that the hill was the location of Ramigė, a fort of the
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While the region officially converted to Christianity, old pagan beliefs persisted. In 1595, cartographer
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304:
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Kšanienė, Daiva; Milius, Vacys; Reisgys, Jurgis; Sliužinskas, Rimantas (2000). "Gisevius, Eduardas".
720:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 4. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 37, 40.
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892:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 4. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 40–41.
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215:
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1302:. Vol. 1. Translated by Stephen Louis Simeon. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 61.
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946:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 495.
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1233:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 55.
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The hill and the surrounding area was long inhabited as evidenced by two socketed axes from the
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at the end of the 19th century who organized various events, most notably celebrations of the
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781:(in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 715–716.
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353:, which is known as the Eternal Book of Rambynas. After World War II, authorities of the
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and the altar was demolished. The altar, designed to burn fire, was re-built during the
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cultural object registry as a mythological object. The new directory with funding from
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303:. Two other plots were owned by the Garden Beautification Society in Tilsit and by the
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Virtual tour of historical and cultural heritage objects of the Rambynas Regional Park
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1317:"Ieškojo kruvinojo Napoleono lobio: dar yra viena vieta, kur gali slypėti atsakymas"
420:. As he could not find local help, he had to hire three German workers from Tilsit (
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Gisevius' stories popularized Rambynas among Prussian Lithuanians. In 1881 or 1884,
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923:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: VšĮ „Kultūros paveldo išsaugojimo pajėgos“. pp. 3–5
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918:"Rambyno kalno (11219), Pagėgių sav., 2010 m. archeologinių žvalgymų ataskaita"
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MacDonald, Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre (1892). Rousset, Camille (ed.).
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for the admission to the hill. There were plans to build a monument to poet
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via Tilsit where he spent five days. Stories circulated that in 1920, when
341:; its head even swore an improvised oath in the name of pagan thunder god
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priests (krivis) and priestess (vaidilutė). They were driven away by the
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59:), on the hill. They rebuilt the altar in 1928. The hill is popular with
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1085:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II, part I. Edukologija. pp. 170–171.
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and Juozas Adomaitis decided to build the altar on Rambynas and carve
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and hosts the annual celebrations of the summer solstice on 23 June.
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874:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 1. Vilnius: Mintis. pp. 211, 218.
252:, a Lithuanian-language teacher in Tilsit. In 1838, he published
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Geographically, it is part of the 35-kilometre (22 mi) long
111:. Rambynas is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of
627:
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1176:"Rambyne sunaikintas aukuras, tarnavęs šventai atgimimo Ugniai"
1175:
545:
The last entry was made on 16 March 1939, four days before the
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described old time celebrations on Rambynas in his 1966 novel
1466:. Warszawa: Kasa im. Józefa Mianowskiego. 1888. p. 734.
1398:"Pranešimas apie Napoleono lobį - dienraščio paleista antis"
322:
on Rambynas, but they were not realized due to World War I.
1229:
Gocentas, Vytautas (2000). "Amžinoji Rambyno kalno knyga".
404:
and a neo-pagan altar on Rambynas Hill (demolished in 2010)
103:. The river serves as the border between Lithuania and the
1050:
Valstybinės saugomų teritorijų tarnyba (10 October 2010).
751:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
969:"Krašto praeitį liudija vardiniai medžiai ir želdiniai"
549:. Jankus took the book to Kaunas where it was kept by
155:. In 1275, the fort was attacked and destroyed by the
1299:
Recollections of Marshal Macdonald, Duke of Tarentum
483:– and includes a small metal altar for sacred fire.
451:(exact circumstances are not known). In 2010–2011,
207:
inhabited by a large Lithuanian-speaking minority (
916:Fediajevas, Olegas; Kvedaravičius, Mantas (2010).
427:In 1928, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the
126:ridge known as Vilkyškiai ridge formed during the
1456:Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland
1422:(in Lithuanian). Alkas.lt via Voruta. 2012-11-12
1420:"Išleistas penktasis žurnalo "Rambynas" numeris"
75:Location map of Rambynas (pink line denotes the
1353:(in Lithuanian), Šilutė: Prūsija, p. 171,
1079:Lietuvos diplomatijos istorija 1925–1940 metais
844:(in Lithuanian). Kultūros paveldo departamentas
565:Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania
1124:(in Lithuanian), Šilutė: Prūsija, p. 15,
8:
1375:"Napoleono lobiu tikėjo net sovietų valdžia"
83:The hill is located between the villages of
1260:"Į Seimą atvežta sunkiausia Lietuvos knyga"
1108:
1106:
1104:
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716:Žemaitaitis, Algirdas (2009). "Rambynas".
1169:
1167:
1014:"Rambyno kraštovaizdžio draustiniui - 55"
967:Bacevičius, Egidijus (10 November 2009).
711:
709:
707:
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499:In 1928, for the 10th anniversary of the
115:(previously Ragnit, Ragainė) and east of
1319:. Istorijos detektyvai (in Lithuanian).
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888:Žemaitaitis, Algirdas (2009). "Ramigė".
883:
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865:"Žalvario amžiaus paminklai ir radiniai"
741:Česnulevičius, Algimantas (2015-01-21).
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189:) was mentioned in 1385 and 1394 in the
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1351:Šilutės kraštas: enciklopedinis žodynas
1122:Šilutės kraštas: enciklopedinis žodynas
1052:"Duris atveria nauji lankytojų centrai"
911:
909:
681:
195:, a report of military routes into the
1201:(in Lithuanian). Pagėgiai Municipality
1199:"Mintys apie Aukurą ant Rambyno kalno"
1178:(in Lithuanian). Baltų žinyčios vartai
772:
770:
768:
766:
832:
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563:. In 1963, it was transferred to the
538:, Assistant Secretary-General of the
349:built an altar and started keeping a
258:Szenen aus dem Volksleben der Litauer
254:Scenes from Lithuanian People's Lives
182:found no significant cultural layer.
7:
1146:"Tylus gyvenimas šimtmečių pakelėje"
27:is a hill on the right bank of the
1144:Skipitis, Eugenijus (2015-10-31).
872:Lietuvos TSR archeologijos atlasas
14:
1400:(in Lithuanian). Vakarų ekspresas
1373:Gudavičiūtė, Dalia (2012-12-09).
1174:Balsys, Liutauras (1 July 2011).
495:A woman signs in the book in 1934
1396:Šilinienė, Vilija (2003-07-22).
1197:Razutienė, Loreta (2011-06-22).
748:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
660:
636:mandate of the League of Nations
523:. The first comment was left by
501:Act of Independence of Lithuania
429:Act of Independence of Lithuania
1342:Užpelkienė, Dalia, ed. (2000),
1231:Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija
1113:Užpelkienė, Dalia, ed. (2000),
1054:(in Lithuanian). Bernardinai.lt
944:Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija
890:Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija
870:. In Rimantienė, Rimutė (ed.).
718:Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija
467:. It is meant to symbolize the
863:Grigalavičienė, Elena (1974).
400:A stone with a carving of the
1:
1012:Milašauskienė, Diana (2015).
547:German ultimatum to Lithuania
439:into the top stone. In 1939,
192:Die Littauischen Wegeberichte
119:(previously Tilsit, Tilžė).
842:Kultūros vertybių registras
1544:
1377:(in Lithuanian). Lrytas.lt
800:Anulienė, Audronė (2009).
802:"Rambyno kalno slėpiniai"
777:Kviklys, Bronius (1968).
91:on the right bank of the
1076:Žalys, Vytautas (2012).
605:
221:Georg Christoph Pisanski
197:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
95:. The nearest towns are
1270:(49). 15 January 2008.
743:"Vilkỹškių kalvãgūbris"
614:after the unsuccessful
167:first attacked Ragnit (
77:Lithuania–Russia border
1518:Landmarks in Lithuania
634:was administered as a
586:
496:
405:
380:Rambynas Regional Park
320:Kristijonas Donelaitis
277:
185:The name Rambynas (as
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53:Saint Jonas' Festivals
33:Rambynas Regional Park
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1528:Paganism in Lithuania
1489:55.08750°N 22.02111°E
622:commanded by General
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513:Saint Jonas' Festival
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453:Pagėgiai Municipality
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286:Saint Jonas' Festival
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61:Lithuanian neo-pagans
37:Pagėgiai Municipality
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667:Lithuania portal
577:Lithuanian mythology
507:decided to create a
437:Columns of Gediminas
402:Columns of Gediminas
209:Prussian Lithuanians
49:Prussian Lithuanians
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606:Napoleon's treasure
458:Regimantas Midvikis
363:Litauische Claviere
276:Altar built in 1928
216:Caspar Hennenberger
128:last glacial period
1513:Hills of Lithuania
1494:55.08750; 22.02111
616:invasion of Russia
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585:View from Rambynas
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388:a visitor center.
359:Johannes Bobrowski
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173:Valdemaras Šimėnas
105:Kaliningrad Oblast
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20:View from Rambynas
1266:(in Lithuanian).
1150:Tauragės kurjeris
1092:978-9955-20-801-3
1020:(in Lithuanian).
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899:978-5-420-01470-7
811:(in Lithuanian).
727:978-5-420-01470-7
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540:League of Nations
376:30 regional parks
339:League of Nations
284:began organizing
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1264:Šilainės sodas
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1115:"Aukuro akmuo"
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612:Grande Armée
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308: [
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235: [
232:Otto Glagau
224: [
176: [
93:Neman River
29:Neman River
1507:Categories
676:References
449:Soviet era
325:After the
268:Resurgence
145:Bronze Age
101:Vilkyškiai
55:or Rasos (
39:, western
1480:22°1′16″E
1477:55°5′15″N
1276:2029-6282
1030:2029-0756
985:2029-6282
809:Samogitia
551:polkovnik
509:guestbook
418:millstone
351:guestbook
329:in 1923,
149:Skalvians
67:Geography
41:Lithuania
1451:Rombinus
1321:Delfi.lt
1018:Rambynas
651:See also
591:Perkūnas
517:Vytautas
477:Perkūnas
473:Potrimpo
343:Perkūnas
316:pfennigs
97:Pagėgiai
89:Bardinai
25:Rambynas
1426:18 July
1404:18 July
1381:19 July
1327:19 July
1281:18 July
1205:18 July
1182:18 July
1156:16 July
1058:18 July
1035:19 July
990:18 July
927:19 July
848:19 July
819:18 July
787:3303503
755:19 July
620:X Corps
572:Legends
525:Vydūnas
481:Peckols
422:Sovetsk
335:Bitėnai
282:Vidūnas
262:Laima's
205:Prussia
134:History
124:moraine
117:Sovetsk
85:Bitėnai
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479:, and
411:cubits
264:tree.
187:Rambyn
165:Sambia
159:. The
109:Russia
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1118:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
921:(PDF)
868:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
561:]
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392:Altar
385:Phare
312:]
301:]
250:]
239:]
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180:]
169:Neman
113:Neman
1428:2017
1406:2017
1383:2017
1355:ISBN
1329:2017
1283:2017
1272:ISSN
1235:ISBN
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1184:2017
1158:2017
1126:ISBN
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1037:2017
1026:ISSN
992:2017
981:ISSN
948:ISBN
929:2017
894:ISBN
850:2017
821:2017
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783:OCLC
757:2017
722:ISBN
628:Riga
161:vogt
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