445:, the Indians were more familiar with the histories of near-by Asian states, and appreciated the full depth of the profound mistrust the Vietnamese had of China, a state had conquered Vietnam in 111 BC and ruled it as a Chinese province for the next thousand years. The Americans had hoped that after the Sino-Indian war that India would become an American ally in Asia as the two nations had common anti-Chinese foreign policies, but the conclusion reached by Nehru was that India should promote neutralism in Southeast Asia as the best way of reducing Chinese influence in Southeast Asia.
517:
was willing to accept a ceasefire which would be followed up by a barter trade with coal from North
Vietnam being exchanged for rice from South Vietnam. Maneli later wrote that he had the impression that the North Vietnamese were still angry with the outcome of the Geneva conference in 1954, believing that the Soviet Union and China had imposed an unfavorable settlement on them for the sake of better relations with the West. He felt that Đồng did not want the Soviets, the Chinese or the Americans involved in any new talks.
508:, to be the main elements strive to make the Americans withdraw. c) They are against the American-English conception of removing them from power by means of a possible coup, because they do not want an official government run by a military junta. d) Nehru supposedly agreed to a wide political amnesty due to the Indian advice. The policy of so-called “open arms” has already been proclaimed towards the insurgents who resigned from the fight"
350:. At Oatis's trial in Prague, Oatis confessed to espionage and named Goburdhun as one of the diplomats he was alleged to have spied for. After Oatis was released in 1953, he retracted his confession as being induced by torture, and stated he merely sometimes cross-checked information with Goburdhun, engaging in standard journalistic practice, before writing a story.
453:
Soviet Union was also supporting North
Vietnam, the Indians resisted the pressure from the Americans to have their ICC delegates condemn North Vietnam. Instead of taking the expected pro-American positions, Hohler reported in late 1962 that Goburdhun was engaged in "masterly inactivity" while "marking time for an infinite period".
373:. Of all his diplomatic postings, Goburdhun enjoyed the one in Paris the most, being described by his daughter as being "overjoyed" to be living in his beloved Paris. In March–December 1958, Goburdhun worked as the head of public relations department at the Foreign Ministry in New Delhi. In December 1958, Goburdhun arrived at the
524:. Accordingly to one of Nhu's bodyguards, he saw at a dinner hosted by Goburdhun, Nhu talking to an unknown man with an "intellectual" demeanor and whose chest pocket had on it a yellow star on a red background, the symbol of North Vietnam. The fact that this account first appeared in a book published in 1971 in Saigon,
405:. Goburdhun was well suited for this role as a honest broker, establishing cordial relations with the leaders of both North Vietnam and South Vietnam. As Goburdhun was fluent in French, a language widely spoken by Vietnamese elites, he had no difficulty in communicating with Vietnamese elites. The American historian
539:. Goburdhun together with Lalouette formed a semi-circle who edged Maneli towards Nhu, who agreed to meet Maneli on 2 September. Through Goburdhun, Lalouette and Maneli all believed there was a chance for peace, the coup of 1–2 November 1963 that saw the Ngo brothers killed put an end to their plans.
516:
told Maneli that his government was prepared to accept a federation and would drop its demand for the
National Liberation Front, the 'Viet Cong', to enter the government in Saigon as part of the price for peace. Reflecting the problems imposed by the drought in North Vietnam, Đồng told Maneli that he
440:
However, the conclusion
Goburdhun reached was that the war was pushing North Vietnam closer to China, and that ending the war would allow the traditional Sino-Vietnamese antagonism to reassert itself as Goburdhun knew from his contacts within Hanoi that North Vietnamese leaders were willing to accept
357:
in 1953-55. Before a dispute over where the precise Sino-Indian border was high up in the
Himalayas spoiled Indo-Chinese relations, the relationship between the two nations were warm and friendly, and Goburdhun enjoyed being stationed in Beijing, where he was treated with respect as a diplomat from a
255:
His father was a stern, authoritarian man who often beat his son with a rod for his rebellious streak. An outstanding student, in spite of being frequently caned by his teachers, Goburdhun also excelled as an athlete. As the
Mauritius had no universities under British colonial rule, Goburdhun left to
472:
of South
Vietnam to discuss a possible federation of the two Vietnams as a way to end the war. In March 1963, Maneli reported to Warsaw: "It would be desirable for the North and the guerrillas to give Diem some respite. Then, as Diem promised Goburdhun, he would get rid of the Americans by himself
436:
for that humiliation. The
British ambassador in Saigon, Henry Hohler, reported the Sino-Indian war was having "repercussions" on the Indian delegation to the ICC. Hohler reported to London after talking to Goburdhun that he had previously maintained that the ICC needed "positive objectivity", but
511:
In a meeting in Hanoi, Ho told
Goburdhun that Diem was "in his own way a patriot", noting that Diem had opposed French rule over Vietnam, and ended the meeting saying that the next time he met Diem "shake hands with him for me". In May 1963, Ho publicly posted a ceasefire with the only condition
452:
alliance with the Soviet Union against China. Because the
Americans had a military alliance with India's archenemy Pakistan, from the Indian perspective this ruled out the possibility of an alliance with the United States and caused the Indians to reach out to the Soviet Union instead. Since the
456:
His daughter described Vietnam as the most difficult of his diplomatic assignments, recalling that he "spent long hours in his office and often returned in a bad mood or imprisoned in a pregnant silence. As soon as he got back, he would lock himself in his study or pace furiously along the long
345:
from 1948 to 1952. As India had stationed no ambassador in Prague, Goburdhun was in charge of the embassy. Once he organised a diplomatic reception to be attended by all of the other ambassadors in Prague, causing his wife to be extremely upset when she learned the British ambassador would be
547:
After leaving the ICC, Goburdhun served as the Indian ambassador to Algeria from 1964 to 1966. From 1967 to 1969, he served as the Indian ambassador to Turkey. From 1970 to his retirement in 1985, he worked as a legal adviser to the Supreme Court of India in New Delhi. An Indian nationalist,
675:
Maneli, Mieczysław (March 2005). ""Secret Telegram from Maneli (Saigon) to Spasowski (Warsaw) ," April 24, 1963" (Document). Translated by Margaret Gnoinska. History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, AMSZ, Warsaw, 6/77, w-102, t-625: Cold War International History
476:
In 1963, North Vietnam had suffered its worst drought in a generation, and the possibility of having rice exported from the fertile Mekong river valley, South Vietnam's "rice bowl", would had solved a number of problems in North Vietnam. At the same time, the
346:
attending, requiring him to explain that India was now independent and he was the equal of the British ambassador. In 1951 his name briefly hit the headlines when the Czechoslovak police arrested and charged with espionage an American journalist,
441:
Chinese help only because the United States was supporting South Vietnam. After the Sino-Indian war, the principal aim of Indian diplomacy was to reduce and weaken China's influence in Asia. Unlike the Americans who knew little about
457:
veranda that circled the house". Goburdhun lived in a house in Saigon built by a wealthy Chinese merchant, and notably refused to allow his children to leave the grounds of the house, saying that Saigon was too dangerous.
307:. Goburdhun worked as a lawyer in Port Louis. From 1939 to 1944, he served as a judicial officer of the Supreme Court of the Mauritius. In 1943, Goburdhun was made a Civil member of the
448:
This was especially the case because after the Sino-Indian war on the principle that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend", Nehru took an advantage of the Sino-Soviet split to form a
473:
and would join the India line. It would be necessary to facilitate direct North-South contacts. This could take place in Delhi, where the two sides have their representatives."
535:
However, regardless if Goburdhun did set up a meeting between Nhu and a North Vietnamese official, on 25 August 1963 he arranged for Nhu to meet Maneli at a reception at the
437:
after India's defeat, "he now considers it his duty to use his influence discreetly on the side of the free world-encouraging any activity which favors Western interests".
358:
friendly nation. It was as Goburdhun's service in China was winding down that relations between New Delhi and Beijing began to sour as India maintained its claim to the
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500:
On 24 April 1963, Maneli reported to Warsaw after meeting Goburdhun: "Today Ambassador Goburdhun left for India. He again reminded that he would visit Ambassador
353:
In January–February 1953, he served as the deputy secretary at the Indian foreign ministry. Goburdhun subsequently served as the counselor at the Indian embassy in
750:
Preston, Andrew (2004). "Missions Impossible: Canadian Secret Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace in Vietnam". In Lloyd C. Gardner; Ted Gittinger (eds.).
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Goburdhun's favorite advice to his children was "Don't lose faith in India!", contending that the problems of poverty in India would be one day solved.
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389:. During his time in Morocco, Goburdhun came close to adopting the daughter of an Italian diplomat after her parents were drowned at sea.
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655:
Lawrence, Mark (2004). ""The Limits of Peacemaking: India and the Vietnam War, 1962-1968". In Lloyd C. Gardner; Ted Gittinger (eds.).
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and retreating in chaos back into India caused Indian diplomacy to take a pronounced anti-Chinese turn as the Indian Prime Minister
326:, which became independent in 1947 to pursue a career in diplomacy. In 1949, he married Kamala Sinha, by whom he had one daughter,
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36:
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In Saigon, Goburdhun renewed his friendship with Nhu, and uniquely was able to maintain a friendship with Nhu's abrasive wife,
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532:, the spymaster under the Ngo brothers who had fallen out with them in 1963, has led many historians to dismiss this account.
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being the withdrawal of all the American advisers from South Vietnam. In a meeting in Hanoi, the North Vietnamese Premier
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252:. As a child, he was considered to be "naughty and rebellious, through intelligent", and was known as "Tipu the Rebel".
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Working closely with the French ambassador to South Vietnam, Roger Lalouette, and the Polish Commissioner to the ICC,
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called Goburdhun an "exuberant and assertive" man with a strong interest in finding a way to end the Vietnam war.
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of the United States and Diem, with Kennedy pressuring Diem to disallow his younger brother and right-hand man,
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that had been laid down by the British in 1914 as the Sino-Indian frontier, a claim that China rejected.
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and Mao Zeodong pressuring Ho to side with them left Ho in a precious position. At the same time, the
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of October–November 1962 saw China defeat and humiliate India in a sharp, short campaign in the
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1167:"Secret Telegram from Maneli (Saigon) to Spasowski (Warsaw) [Ciphergram No. 5295]"
536:
490:
486:
413:
221:
619:
Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK Prolonged the Vietnam War
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Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
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Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam
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In 1945-1946, he served as a judge at a labour court in Port Louis. In the
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JFK and de Gaulle: How America and France Failed in Vietnam, 1961-1963
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From 1955 to 1957, he worked as a counselor at the Indian embassy in
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322:. Following the failure of his political career, Goburdhun moved to
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attend university in Britain, but while on his way, passed through
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had caused a rift in the once warm relations between President
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231:. Goburdhun's grandfather had arrived in the Mauritius as an
754:. Austin: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 117–143.
659:. Austin: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 231–267.
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504:...They consider Diem, his brother , and sister-in-law,
464:, Goburdhun met in the spring of 1963 with both Chairman
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to present his credentials as India's ambassador to King
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Goburdhun was educated in France and remained a lifelong
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1948 elections for the Legislative Council of Mauritius
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in France in the 1930s, Goburdhun befriended a young
844:"L'ancien juge Hurrylall Goburdhun décède à 100 ans"
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735:. Cambridge: Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
311:for his work as a civil servant in the Mauritius.
235:from India and rose up to become a schoolmaster.
923:"Results of 1948 Legislative Council elections"
412:Just after Goburdhun's arrival in Vietnam, the
318:, he ran for office, winning 405 votes in the
579:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963
8:
37:International Control Commission for Vietnam
699:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
184:(15 August 1911 – 29 November 1992) was an
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752:The Search for Peace in Vietnam, 1964-1968
657:The Search for Peace in Vietnam, 1964-1968
401:in October 1962 assigned to supervise the
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188:diplomat best known for his role in the "
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562:. Bombay: Undercover Utopia Publishing.
1337:Mauritian politicians of Indian descent
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774:. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
716:"Ken Burns, JFK and the unopened door"
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264:, which was always his favorite city.
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601:. Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield.
424:being utterly crushed by the Chinese
204:Goburdhun was born in a middle class
7:
1277:Ken Burns, JFK and the unopened door
621:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1174:International History Declassified
14:
1142:McMath, James (15 October 2017).
714:McMath, James (15 October 2017).
192:" of 1963, an attempt to end the
640:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
399:International Control Commission
249:Institut français du Royaume-Uni
154:Institut français du Royaume-Uni
1322:Ambassadors of India to Algeria
1317:Ambassadors of India to Morocco
468:of North Vietnam and President
216:, an island archipelago in the
1327:Ambassadors of India to Turkey
846:. L'Express. 15 September 2019
638:Our Vietnam: The War 1954-1975
526:How Does One Kill a President?
229:Mauritius was a British colony
1:
1342:20th-century Mauritian judges
1282:The Spirit Behind Project Why
789:. 1 January 1943. p. 20.
1347:Mauritian emigrants to India
1307:Members of the Middle Temple
770:Schmidt, Dana Adams (1952).
1146:. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
898:"Supplement to the Gazette"
718:. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
420:. The spectacle seeing the
309:Order of the British Empire
210:Rivière du Rempart District
109:Rivière du Rempart District
16:Indian diplomat (1911–1992)
1373:
558:Bakshi, Anouradha (2008).
397:He became chairman of the
328:Anuradha Goburdhun Bakhshi
273:Supreme Court of Mauritius
238:Goburdhun was educated in
227:At the time of his birth,
35:Chief Commissioner of the
1312:People of the Vietnam War
928:. Government of Mauritius
695:McLaughlin, Sean (2019).
581:. New York: E.P. Dutton.
337:at the Indian embassy in
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86:
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1352:British Mauritius people
686:: CS1 maint: location (
636:Langguth, A. J. (2000).
426:People's Liberation Army
333:Goburdhun served as the
244:Royal College Port Louis
149:Royal College Port Louis
731:Miller, Edward (2013).
772:Anatomy of a Satellite
617:Jones, Howard (2003).
577:Hammer, Ellen (1987).
502:Przemysław Ogrodziński
403:Geneva accords of 1954
320:Pamplemousses District
287:. While attending the
271:became a Judge of the
597:Jacobs, Seth (2006).
200:Early life and family
1165:Maneli, Mieczysław.
528:, co-written by Dr.
182:Ramchundur Goburdhun
49:1963 – 1965
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780:"Supplement to the
393:The "Maneli Affair"
293:Vietnamese Catholic
289:University of Lille
279:Lawyer and diplomat
269:Hurrylall Goburdhun
159:University of Lille
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949:, p. 139-140.
552:Books and articles
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224:is widely spoken.
483:Nikita Khrushchev
479:Sino-Soviet split
462:Mieczysław Maneli
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