Ramjet - Knowledge

1067:, designs. Integrated designs are complicated by the different nozzle requirements of the boost and ramjet flight phases. Due to the booster's higher thrust levels, a differently shaped nozzle is required for optimum thrust compared to that required for the lower thrust ramjet sustainer. This is usually achieved via a separate nozzle, which is ejected after booster burnout. However, designs such as Meteor feature nozzleless boosters. This offers the advantages of elimination of the hazard to launch aircraft from the boost debris, simplicity, reliability, and reduced mass and cost, although this must be traded against the reduction in performance of a dedicated booster nozzle. 797: 1121:(range of flight conditions), such as low to high speeds and low to high altitudes, can force significant design compromises, and they tend to work best optimised for one designed speed and altitude (point designs). However, ramjets generally outperform gas turbine-based jet engine designs and work best at supersonic speeds (Mach 2–4). Although inefficient at slower speeds, they are more fuel-efficient than rockets over their entire useful working range up to at least Mach 6 (2,000 m/s; 7,400 km/h). 1383: 963: 505:

assessment described the Kawasaki ram jet's centrifugal fuel disperser as the company's "most outstanding accomplishment ... eliminat a large amount of the fuel injection system normally employed." Because of excessive vibration, the engine was only intended for use in rocket, or catapult-launched pilotless aircraft. Preparations for flight testing ended with the Japanese surrender in August 1945.

1156: 40: 1148: 428: 695: 419:, but the proposal was rejected. After World War I, Fonó returned to the subject. In May 1928 he described an "air-jet engine" which he described as suitable for high-altitude supersonic aircraft, in a German patent application. In an additional patent application, he adapted the engine for subsonic speed. The patent was granted in 1932 (German Patent No. 554,906, 1932-11-02). 1391: 1473:(epr) has fallen to one. The turbo afterburner then acts as a ramburner. The intake ram pressure is present at entry to the afterburner but is no longer augmented with a pressure rise from the turbomachinery. Further increase in speed introduces a pressure loss due to the presence of the turbomachinery as the epr drops below one. 555: 1124:

The performance of conventional ramjets falls off above Mach 6 due to dissociation and pressure loss caused by shock as the incoming air is slowed to subsonic velocities for combustion. In addition, the combustion chamber's inlet temperature increases to very high values, approaching the dissociation

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A ramjet generates no static thrust and needs a booster to achieve a forward velocity high enough for efficient operation of the intake system. The first ramjet-powered missiles used external boosters, usually solid-propellant rockets, either in tandem, where the booster is mounted immediately aft of

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In a liquid fuel ramjet (LFRJ), hydrocarbon fuel (typically) is injected into the combustor ahead of a flameholder. The flameholder stabilises the flame with the compressed air from the intake(s). A means of pressurizing and supplying the fuel to the ramcombustor is required, which can be complicated

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is extremely high, the engine/airframe combination tends to accelerate to higher and higher flight speeds, substantially increasing the air intake temperature. As this could damage the engine and/or airframe integrity, the fuel control system must reduce fuel flow to stabilize speed and, thereby, air

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In a ducted rocket, a solid fuel gas generator produces a hot fuel-rich gas which is burnt in the ramcombustor with the compressed air supplied by the intake(s). The flow of gas improves the mixing of the fuel and air and increases total pressure recovery. In a throttleable ducted rocket, also known

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designed an LFRJ where the fuel is forced into the injectors by an elastomer bladder that inflates progressively along the length of the fuel tank. Initially, the bladder forms a close-fitting sheath around the compressed air bottle from which it is inflated, which is mounted lengthwise in the tank.

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in the air intake, simultaneously heating the fuel and cooling the incoming air. This cooling is critical to efficient operation. The hydrogen then continues through a second heat exchanger position after the combustion section, where the hot exhaust is used to further heat the hydrogen, turning it

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are similar to ramjets, but the air flows through the combustor at supersonic speed. This increases the pressure recovered from the streaming air and improves net thrust. Thermal choking of the exhaust is avoided by having a relatively high supersonic air velocity at combustor entry. Fuel injection

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and ramjet engines. The turboramjet is a hybrid engine that essentially consists of a turbojet mounted inside a ramjet. The turbojet core is mounted inside a duct that contains a combustion chamber downstream of the turbojet nozzle. The turboramjet can be run in turbojet mode at takeoff and during

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during turns. Other flame stabilization techniques make use of flame holders, which vary in design from combustor cans to flat plates, to shelter the flame and improve fuel mixing. Over-fuelling the combustor can cause the final (normal) shock in the diffuser to be pushed forward beyond the intake

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Several ram jets were designed, built, and ground-tested at the Kawasaki Aircraft Company's facility in Gifu during the Second World War. Company officials claimed, in December 1945, that these domestic initiatives were uninfluenced by parallel German developments. One post-war U.S. intelligence

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with an epr=0.9 at Mach 3.2. The thrust required, airflow and exhaust temperature, to reach this speed came from a standard method for increasing airflow through a compressor running at low corrected speeds, compressor bleed, and being able to increase the afterburner temperature as a result of

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For higher supersonic speeds the pressure loss through the shock wave becomes prohibitive and a protruding spike or cone is used to produce oblique shock waves in front of a final normal shock that occurs at the inlet entrance lip. The diffuser in this case consists of two parts, the supersonic

647:, which was equipped with hundreds of nuclear armed ramjet missiles with a range of several hundred miles. It was powered by the same engines as the AQM-60, but with improved materials to endure longer flight times. The system was withdrawn in the 1970s as the threat from bombers subsided. 993:

Due to the stoichiometric combustion temperature, efficiency is usually good at high speeds (around Mach 2 – Mach 3, 680–1,000 m/s, 2,500–3,700 km/h, 1,500–2,300 mph), whereas at low speeds the relatively low pressure means the ramjets are outperformed by

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heated the air. The ramjet was predicted to be able to fly at supersonic speeds for months. Because the reactor was unshielded, it was dangerous to anyone in or around the vehicle flight path (although its exhaust wasn't radioactive). The project was ultimately cancelled because

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At higher speeds still, part of the supersonic diffusion has to take place internally, requiring external and internal oblique shock waves. The final normal shock has to occur in the vicinity of a minimum flow area known as the throat, which is followed by the subsonic diffuser.

1051:. The choice of booster arrangement is usually driven by the size of the launch platform. A tandem booster increases the length of the system, whereas wraparound boosters increase the diameter. Wraparound boosters typically generate higher drag than a tandem arrangement. 911:

As with other jet engines, the combustor raises the air temperature by burning fuel. This takes place with a small pressure loss. The air velocity entering the combustor has to be low enough such that continuous combustion can take place in sheltered zones provided by

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The diffuser converts the high velocity of the air approaching the intake into high (static) pressure required for combustion. High combustion pressures minimize wasted thermal energy that appears in the exhaust gases (by reducing entropy rise during heat addition).

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In a solid fuel integrated rocket ramjet (SFIRR), the solid fuel is cast along the outer wall of the ramcombustor. In this case, fuel injection is through ablation of the propellant by the hot compressed air from the intake(s). An aft mixer may be used to improve

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of DFL proposed a ramjet engine with a high combustion chamber temperature. He constructed large ramjet pipes with 500 millimetres (20 in) and 1,000 millimetres (39 in) diameter and carried out combustion tests on lorries and on a special test rig on a

895:-type opening for the inlet. This is followed by a widening internal passage (subsonic diffuser) to achieve a lower subsonic velocity that is required at the combustor. At low supersonic speeds a normal (planar) shock wave forms in front of the inlet. 981:

Although ramjets have been run as slow as 45 metres per second (160 km/h; 100 mph), below about Mach 0.5 (170 m/s; 610 km/h; 380 mph) they give little thrust and are highly inefficient due to their low pressure ratios.

415:, comprising a gun-launched projectile united with a ramjet propulsion unit, thus giving a long range from relatively low muzzle velocities, allowing heavy shells to be fired from relatively lightweight guns. Fonó submitted his invention to the 2528: 835:

The first part of a ramjet is its diffuser (compressor) in which the forward motion of the ramjet is used to raise the pressure of its working fluid (air) as required for combustion. Air is compressed, heated by combustion and expanded in a

931:. Normally, the combustor must be capable of operating over a wide range of throttle settings, matching flight speeds and altitudes. Usually, a sheltered pilot region enables combustion to continue when the vehicle intake undergoes high 1081:

A slight variation on the ramjet uses the supersonic exhaust from a rocket combustion process to compress and react with the incoming air in the main combustion chamber. This has the advantage of giving thrust even at zero speed.

1215:; also called oblique detonation wave engine; also called standing oblique detonation ramjet (sodramjet); or simply referred to as shock-ramjet engine) is a concept of air-breathing ramjet engine, proposed to be used for 458:, the R-3. He developed the first ramjet engine for use as an auxiliary motor of an aircraft, the DM-1. The world's first ramjet-powered airplane flight took place in December 1940, using two DM-2 engines on a modified 655:

In April 2020, the U.S. Department of Defense and the Norwegian Ministry of Defense jointly announced their partnership to develop advanced technologies applicable to long range high-speed and hypersonic weapons. The

399:, who was granted a patent (FR290356) for his device. Attempts to build a prototype failed due to inadequate materials. His patent showed a piston internal combustion engine with added 'trumpets' as exhaust nozzles. 1090:. SFIRRs are preferred over LFRJs for some applications because of the simplicity of the fuel supply, but only when the throttling requirements are minimal, i.e. when variations in altitude or speed are limited. 1054:

Integrated boosters provide a more efficient packaging option, since the booster propellant is cast inside the otherwise empty combustor. This approach has been used on solid-fuel ramjets (SFRJ), for example

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PVRD fighter during World War II. In 1940, the Kostikov-302 experimental plane was designed, powered by a liquid fuel rocket for take-off and ramjet engines for flight. That project was cancelled in 1944.

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project was supposed to equip the country with a long range ramjet powered air defense against bombers, but the system was cancelled. It was replaced by a shorter range ramjet missile system called the

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into a high pressure gas. This gas is then passed through the tips of the fan to provide driving power to the fan at subsonic speeds. After mixing with the air, it is burned in the combustion chamber.

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Recreated schematic of an air turboramjet, featuring; 1. compressor, 2. gearbox, 3. hydrogen and oxygen lines, 4. gas generator, 5. turbine, 6. ram burner fuel injector, 7. main combustor, 8. nozzle

447:, and was fueled with hydrogen. The GIRD-08 phosphorus-fueled ramjet was tested by firing it from an artillery cannon. These shells may have been the first jet-powered projectiles to break the 443:'s 3rd Brigade, carried out research. The first engine, the GIRD-04, was designed by I.A. Merkulov and tested in April 1933. To simulate supersonic flight, it was fed by air compressed to 200 874:. It produces thrust when stationary because the high-velocity air required to produce compressed air (i.e., ram air in a ramjet) is produced by the spinning rotor blades in the compressor. 1337:

On 1 March 2018 President Vladimir Putin announced a nuclear-powered ramjet cruise missile capable of extended long range flight. It was designated 9M730 "Burevestnik" (Petrel) and has the

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Z at flight speeds of up to 200 metres per second (720 km/h). Later, as petrol became scarce in Germany, tests were carried out with blocks of pressed coal dust as a fuel (see e.g.

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Procinsky, I.M., McHale, C.A., "Nozzleless Boosters for Integral-Rocket-Ramjet Missile Systems, Paper 80-1277, AIAA/SAE/ASME 16th Joint Propulsion Conference, 30 June to 2 July 1980.

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oxygen produced by the sun through photochemistry. A concept was created by NASA for recombining this (thin) gas back to diatomic molecules at orbital speeds to power a ramjet.

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shells to increase range; a 120 mm ramjet-assisted mortar shell is thought to be able to travel 35 km (22 mi). They have been used, though not efficiently, as

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occurs, which provides thrust to counter the drag created by the funnel and energy to power the magnetic field. The Bussard ramjet can thus be seen as a ramjet variant of a

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as a variable flow ducted rocket, a valve allows the gas generator exhaust to be throttled allowing thrust control. Unlike an LFRJ, solid propellant ramjets cannot

2613: 725:. It had a range of 65–130 kilometres (40–80 mi) and a speed of Mach 3. It was used successfully in combat against multiple types of aircraft during the 2421:"Update from a source: Russia's Burevestnik nuclear-powered cruise missile has a NATO designator — SSC-X-9 SKYFALL. (USIC also calls this missile the KY30.)" 530: 292: 2049: 3019: 482:, but powered by ramjet instead of rocket. In 1954, NPO Lavochkin and the Keldysh Institute began development of a Mach 3 ramjet-powered cruise missile, 1446:

using an enormous funnel-shaped magnetic field (ranging from kilometers to many thousands of kilometers in diameter); the hydrogen is compressed until

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An afterburning turbojet or bypass engine can be described as transitioning from turbo to ramjet mode if it can attain a flight speed at which the

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at a range of about 105 kilometres (65 mi). It was also used as a surface-to-surface weapon and was modified to destroy land-based radars.

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Artist's conception of a Bussard ramjet. A major component of an actual ramjet – a miles-wide electromagnetic field – is invisible.

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of less than 600 seconds) until the airspeed exceeds 1,000 kilometres per hour (280 m/s; 620 mph) due to low compression ratios.

2283: 3014: 2450: 572: 863:, it has no moving parts, other than the fuel pump (liquid-fuel). Solid-fuel ramjets are simpler still with no need for a fuel system. 3295: 1752: 2403:

Application of the MITEE Nuclear Ramjet for Ultra Long Range Flyer Missions in the Atmospheres of Jupiter and the Other Giant Planets

828: 2377: 2252: 1954: 1847: 2603: 2267: 2115: 462:. Merkulov designed a ramjet fighter "Samolet D" in 1941, which was never completed. Two of his DM-4 engines were installed on the 1935:, Allied Technical Intelligence Group, Report No.258, 10 December 1945, Reel No. A7341, U.S. Air Force Historical Research Agency. 1238:

A variant of the ramjet is the 'combined cycle' engine, intended to overcome the ramjet's limitations. One example of this is the

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Using technology proven by the AQM-60, In the late 1950s and early 1960s the US produced a widespread defense system called the

603:. The engine was 2.1 metres (7 ft) long and 510 millimetres (20 in) in diameter and was positioned below the missile. 2931: 1481:

cooling the duct and nozzle using the air taken from the compressor rather than the usual, much hotter, turbine exhaust gas.

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demonstrated a ramjet with rotating detonation combustion. It is a turbine-based combined-cycle engine that incorporates a

3330: 596: 844:. It is then passed through a nozzle to accelerate it to supersonic speeds. This acceleration gives the ramjet forward 2967: 1518: 1350: 625:, which was a long range surface-to-air missile fired from ships. It successfully shot down enemy fighters during the 591:" using different propulsion mechanisms, including ramjet propulsion on the Gorgon IV. The ramjet Gorgon IVs, made by 1812: 629:, and was the first ship-launched missile to destroy an enemy aircraft in combat. On 23 May 1968, a Talos fired from 3259: 3150: 2962: 2738: 1673: 1191:

was a small experimental ramjet that achieved Mach 5 (1,700 m/s; 6,100 km/h) for 200 seconds on the

715: 714:. The system was designed as a second line of defense in case attackers were able to bypass the fleet of defending 611: 256: 132: 89: 2553:

https://www.avialogs.com/engines-w/wright/item/7732-xrj55-w-1ramjetaircraftenginecharacteristicssummary-16july1956

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credited this book with conceiving the ramjet, and as the first fictional example of rocket-powered space flight.

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In the 1960s the Royal Navy developed and deployed a ramjet powered surface to air missile for ships called the

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January 1949, Popular Mechanics article that covers the USAF first experiment with ramjets on a P-80 fighter

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Above this speed, given sufficient initial flight velocity, a ramjet is self-sustaining. Unless the vehicle

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Ramjets can be particularly appropriate in uses requiring a small, simple mechanism for high-speed, such as

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that requires forward motion of the engine to provide air for combustion. Ramjets work most efficiently at

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SSC-X-9 "Skyfall". On 9 August 2019, an explosion and release of radioactive material was recorded at the

1273: 1239: 1098:. The ducted rocket sits somewhere between the simplicity of the SFRJ and LFRJ's unlimited speed control. 924: 630: 239: 164: 138: 100: 2370: 3143: 3124: 2892: 2862: 2842: 1470: 1431: 1220: 1087: 1024: 600: 588: 416: 1382: 2523: 2035:"Tactical High-speed Offensive Ramjet for Extended Range (THOR-ER) Team Completes Ramjet Vehicle Test" 1863: 773: 758: 747: 3335: 3212: 3109: 3072: 3024: 2786: 2424: 2316: 1580: 1447: 1412: 1233: 1076: 970: 711: 340: 217: 95: 1034:

This offers a lower-cost approach than a regulated LFRJ requiring a pump system to supply the fuel.

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This type of engine could be used for the exploration of planetary atmospheres such as Jupiter's.

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Ramjets can be classified according to the type of fuel, either liquid or solid; and the booster.

3177: 2977: 2926: 2208: 2144:(4). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. April 1976 – via Internet Archive. 376: 234: 2577: 2541: 1987: 1744: 1551: 3004: 2796: 2573: 2334: 1950: 1843: 1748: 1740: 1540: 1502: 1491: 1332: 1182:

Ramjet diffusers slow the incoming air to a subsonic velocity before it enters the combustor.

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diffuser, with shock waves external to the inlet, followed by the internal subsonic diffuser.

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is a critical part of a ramjet design, since it accelerates exhaust flow to produce thrust.

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Stovepipe (flying/flaming/supersonic) was a popular name for the ramjet during the 1950s in

471: 455: 321: 246: 72: 599:. The ramjet was designed at the University of Southern California and manufactured by the 335:. The US, Canada, and UK adopted ramjet-powered missile defenses in the 1960s, such as the 3254: 3182: 3119: 3062: 2756: 2684: 2653: 2526:, Robert B. Abernethy, "Recover Bleed Air Turbojet", published October 3, 1967 2290: 2271: 1678: 1600: 1545: 1312: 1250: 1192: 1140: 1118: 956: 932: 784: 768: 592: 514: 459: 384: 380: 212: 175: 55: 1030: 534: 2618: 2486: 2320: 2303:

JIANG, Zonglin; ZHANG, Zijian; LIU, Yunfeng; WANG, Chun; LUO, Changtong (1 March 2021).

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Preliminary survey of propulsion using chemical energy stored in the upper atmosphere

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engine developed in Japan is an experimental implementation of this concept. It uses

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In the late 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, the UK developed several ramjet missiles.

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In the Soviet Union, a theory of supersonic ramjet engines was presented in 1928 by

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low-speed flight but then switch to ramjet mode to accelerate to high Mach numbers.

1020: 966: 913: 738: 607: 489: 2420: 2225:"Aérospatiale studies low-cost ramjet", Flight International, 13–19 December 1995. 1242:

engine, which uses a precooler, behind which is the ramjet and turbine machinery.

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ramjet modified for display purposes. Two Thor engines were used on the Bristol

626: 622: 518: 479: 325: 184: 112: 62: 1303:, the United States designed and ground-tested a nuclear-powered ramjet called 1155: 1147: 584:

engine which employs relatively complex and expensive spinning turbomachinery.

427: 39: 3222: 3197: 2723: 2649: 2474: 2329: 2304: 2234:"Hughes homes in on missile pact", Flight International, 11–17 September 1996. 2156: 1933:

Research at Kawasaki Aircraft Co., Gifu, Japan, including Ram-Jet Type Engines

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The air turboramjet engine is a combined cycle engine that merges aspects of

17: 3247: 3114: 2972: 2822: 2781: 2718: 1882: 1785: 1565: 1390: 1362: 1346: 1212: 1205: 1095: 1048: 412: 344: 271: 158: 118: 1824: 827: 771:. The U.S. Navy would not allow Zwicky to publicly discuss his invention, 660:

program completed a solid fuel ramjet (SFRJ) vehicle test in August 2022.

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is often into a sheltered region below a step in the combustor wall. The

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The US Navy developed a series of air-to-air missiles under the name of "

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McNab, Chris; Keeter, Hunter (2008). "Death from a Distance Artillery".

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The upper atmosphere above about 100 kilometres (62 mi) contains

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fuel in a single-fan arrangement. The liquid fuel is pumped through a

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is for the Underwater Jet, a ram jet that performs in a fluid medium.

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during testing in 2018 when the nuclear power source of the missile

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The simplicity implied by the name came from a comparison with the

562:, the first production ramjet to enter service with the US military 554: 343:. Weapons designers are investigating ramjet technology for use in 3052: 1660: 1605: 1575: 1389: 1246: 1154: 1146: 961: 826: 795: 693: 553: 484: 463: 426: 38: 2163:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 2. 658:

Tactical High-speed Offensive Ramjet for Extended Range (THOR-ER)

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Ramjets generally give little or no thrust below about half the

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of the order of 2,400 K (2,130 °C; 3,860 °F) for

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reached Mach 2.19 (745 m/s; 2,680 km/h) in 1958.

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In the early 1950s the US developed a Mach 4+ ramjet under the

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was one of the first ramjet-powered aircraft to fly, in 1949.

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https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2059217/

2134:"Propulsive Efficiency from an Energy Utilization Standpoint" 1988:"Propulsive Efficiency from an Energy Utilization Standpoint" 1494:, X-7 derived target vehicles using Marquardt XRJ43-MA ramjet 1019:

and expensive. This propulsion system was first perfected by

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In the late 1950s the US Navy introduced a system called the

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Hirschel, Ernst-Heinrich; Horst Prem; Gero Madelung (2004).

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lip, resulting in a substantial drop in airflow and thrust.

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Extensive overview on ramjets and scramjets by French ONERA

2116:"Does Iran harbour high-speed anti-ship-missile ambitions?" 2157:"On the thermodynamic spectrum of airbreathing propulsion" 375:(1657) was the first of three satirical novels written by 1211:

A shock-induced combustion ramjet engine (abbreviated as

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because it needs only an air intake, a combustor, and a

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Simple ramjet operation, with Mach numbers of flow shown

2193:"A Century of Ramjet Propulsion Technology Evolution", 2502:

SR-71 Propulsion System P&W J58 Engine (JT11D-20)

1311:, used no combustion; a high-temperature, unshielded 546:), which were not successful due to slow combustion. 395:

The ramjet was worked out in 1913 by French inventor

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Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon

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A notable example was the propulsion system for the

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L'Autre Monde: ou les États et Empires de la Lune (

3020:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) 2284:"USAF vehicle breaks record for hypersonic flight" 1919:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1728: 745:and holds many patents in jet propulsion. Patents 698:Upper engine is a ramjet on the Bloodhound missile 3053:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC) 2120:The International Institute for Strategic Studies 851:A ramjet is much less complex than a turbojet or 1199:Standing oblique detonation ramjets (Sodramjets) 951:Subsonic ramjets accelerate exhaust flow with a 923:fuel:air ratios. This implies a combustor exit 411:devised a solution for increasing the range of 3010:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM) 1731:Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs 3151: 2634: 2566:Hallion, Richard P. "The Soviet Stovepipes". 2477:by Lionel V. Baldwin and Perry L. Blackshear. 293: 8: 2572:, No. 9, February–May 1979, pp. 55–60. 2353:"High Speed Vehicle Propulsion System Group" 2609:Design notes on a ramjet-powered helicopter 3158: 3144: 3136: 3015:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) 2916: 2674: 2641: 2627: 2619: 2197:, Vol. 20, No. 1, January – February 2004. 1883:"Albert Fono: A Pioneer of Jet Propulsion" 1151:Original schematic of a turboramjet design 891:Subsonic and low-supersonic ramjets use a 300: 286: 46: 2328: 1998:(6). Cornell University: 163. March 1951. 1838:Zucker, Robert D.; Oscar Biblarz (2002). 1172:Supersonic-combustion ramjets (scramjets) 955:. Supersonic flight typically requires a 919:A ramjet combustor can safely operate at 2265:"Boeing: History – Chronology 2002–2004" 2114:Barrie Unlike, Douglas (13 March 2020). 1459:Ramjet mode for an afterburning turbojet 1381: 1719: 174: 61: 54: 614:. Further development resulted in the 521:. Theoretical work was carried out at 1438:. A fast moving spacecraft scoops up 1409:Transport hydrogen beside the payload 1307:. This system, intended for use in a 1117:Even above the minimum speed, a wide 610:program. This was developed into the 517:constructed a test engine powered by 7: 2195:AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power 1891:International Astronautical Congress 1320:seemed to serve the purpose better. 1125:limit at some limiting Mach number. 1071:Integral rocket ramjet/ducted rocket 788:magazine reported on Zwicky's work. 573:Aviation Week & Space Technology 379:that are considered among the first 1817:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) 3296:Timeline of heat engine technology 1351:detonated and killed 5 researchers 595:, were tested in 1948 and 1949 at 25: 2591:NASA ramjet information and model 2419:Ankit Panda (20 November 2018). 2383:from the original on 3 March 2012 1970:Aviation Week (6 February 1950). 1776:"Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe" 1141:Air turborocket § Air turboramjet 1063:, and ducted rocket, for example 808:were notable. Leduc's Model, the 488:. This project competed with the 27:Supersonic atmospheric jet engine 2883:Thrust specific fuel consumption 2048:Wang, Brian (14 December 2023). 1947:Aeronautical Research in Germany 1788:26 November 1965. Archived from 1374:This section is an excerpt from 1343:State Central Navy Testing Range 1204:This section is an excerpt from 1139:This section is an excerpt from 2355:. J. P. Sislian. Archived from 2253:11.6 Performance of Jet Engines 1596:Orbital Sciences GQM-163 Coyote 576:and other publications such as 439:. Yuri Pobedonostsev, chief of 2932:Propeller speed reduction unit 2309:Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 1949:. Springer. pp. 242–243. 1823:Public Library. Archived from 870:uses a compressor driven by a 1: 2604:The Boeing Logbook: 2002–2004 1515:(a ramjet-powered helicopter) 737:Eminent Swiss astrophysicist 496:, but was cancelled in 1957. 2207:David Berry (4 March 2024). 2155:Builder, C. (29 June 1964). 1881:Gyorgy, Nagy Istvan (1977). 1840:Fundamentals of gas dynamics 1110:, and they are inefficient ( 597:Naval Air Station Point Mugu 431:Kh-31 missile ramjet exhaust 407:In 1915, Hungarian inventor 2843:Engine pressure ratio (EPR) 1813:"Savien Cyrano de Bergerac" 1651:North American SM-64 Navaho 1519:Leduc experimental aircraft 1430:is a theoretical method of 957:convergent–divergent nozzle 679:rotating detonation engine; 476:long-range antipodal bomber 3352: 3110:Auxiliary power unit (APU) 2739:Rotating detonation engine 2270:November 14, 2011, at the 1913:Dugger, Gordon L. (1969). 1674:Index of aviation articles 1462: 1394:Bussard ramjet in motion. 1373: 1330: 1292: 1231: 1203: 1175: 1138: 1074: 716:English Electric Lightning 612:Lockheed AQM-60 Kingfisher 601:Marquardt Aircraft Company 257:Rotating detonation engine 29: 3304: 3291: 3273: 3173: 2330:10.1016/j.cja.2020.11.001 2213:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2095:. Time Inc. 14 March 1949 1263:Reaction Engines Scimitar 741:was research director at 2818:Aircraft engine starting 2073:. Time Inc. 11 July 1955 1973:Aviation Week 1950-02-06 1656:Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet 1478:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird 1223:propulsion applications. 804:In France, the works of 133:External thermal engines 90:Internal thermal engines 2699:Pulse detonation engine 2289:April 10, 2016, at the 1842:. John Wiley and Sons. 1694:Liquid air cycle engine 1465:Pratt & Whitney J58 1278:Reaction Engines Skylon 977:Performance and control 636:shot down a Vietnamese 318:airbreathing jet engine 252:Pulse detonation engine 32:Ramjet (disambiguation) 2888:Thrust to weight ratio 2858:Overall pressure ratio 2853:Jet engine performance 2777:Centrifugal compressor 2694:Gluhareff Pressure Jet 1737:Oxford, United Kingdom 1689:Jet engine performance 1559:Missiles using ramjets 1508:Focke-Wulf Triebflügel 1498:Focke-Wulf Super Lorin 1485:Aircraft using ramjets 1424: 1387: 1284:Nuclear-powered ramjet 1274:Reaction Engines SABRE 1160: 1152: 1059:, liquid, for example 973: 925:stagnation temperature 832: 801: 699: 563: 432: 240:Gluhareff Pressure Jet 44: 3238:Steam (reciprocating) 3125:Ice protection system 2893:Variable cycle engine 2863:Propulsive efficiency 1931:Capt. J. H. Gilmore, 1471:engine pressure ratio 1432:spacecraft propulsion 1403:Collect and compress 1393: 1385: 1265:was proposed for the 1221:single-stage-to-orbit 1158: 1150: 1088:combustion efficiency 1025:Marquardt Corporation 965: 830: 799: 697: 578:The Cornell Engineer. 557: 430: 417:Austro-Hungarian Army 42: 3331:Hungarian inventions 3025:Flight data recorder 2787:Constant speed drive 2767:Afterburner (reheat) 1992:The Cornell Engineer 1827:on 14 February 2015. 1581:Bloodhound (missile) 1531:, 1950 test vehicles 1448:thermonuclear fusion 1413:Thermonuclear fusion 1234:Precooled jet engine 1077:Air-augmented rocket 990:intake temperature. 218:Air-augmented rocket 30:For other uses, see 3307:Thermodynamic cycle 3218:Pistonless (Rotary) 3208:Photo-Carnot engine 2597:"Riding The Ramjet" 2499:Law, Peter (2013). 2321:2021ChJAn..34c..94J 2138:Journal of Aircraft 1444:interstellar medium 1436:interstellar travel 1399:Interstellar medium 1339:NATO reporting name 1031:Aérospatiale-Celerg 1023:during her work at 838:thermodynamic cycle 480:Sänger-Bredt bomber 56:Aircraft propulsion 50:Part of a series on 2927:Propeller governor 2169:10.2514/6.1964-243 2161:1st Annual Meeting 1811:Liukkonen, Petri. 1641:Bendix RIM-8 Talos 1425: 1388: 1357:Ionospheric ramjet 1272:airliner, and the 1161: 1153: 974: 971:Bloodhound missile 833: 802: 700: 564: 433: 377:Cyrano de Bergerac 364:Cyrano de Bergerac 235:Valveless pulsejet 45: 3313: 3312: 3133: 3132: 3005:Annunciator panel 2991: 2990: 2906: 2905: 2797:Propelling nozzle 2359:on 21 March 2012. 2014:Weaponsystems.net 1868:enginehistory.org 1741:Osprey Publishing 1541:Nord 1500 Griffon 1503:Focke-Wulf Ta 283 1492:AQM-60 Kingfisher 1333:9M730 Burevestnik 1228:Precooled engines 1043:the ramjet, e.g. 946:propelling nozzle 866:By comparison, a 817:Nord 1500 Griffon 560:AQM-60 Kingfisher 478:, similar to the 322:supersonic speeds 310: 309: 152:Electric aircraft 16:(Redirected from 3343: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3120:Hydraulic system 3115:Bleed air system 3105:Air-start system 2968:Counter-rotating 2917: 2898:Windmill restart 2868:Specific impulse 2838:Compressor stall 2772:Axial compressor 2675: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2620: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2416: 2410: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2332: 2300: 2294: 2281: 2275: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2093:"Underwater Jet" 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1887: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1734: 1724: 1709:b:Jet Propulsion 1535:NHI H-3 Kolibrie 1112:specific impulse 831:A typical ramjet 781: 780: 776: 769:ram accelerators 766: 765: 761: 755: 754: 750: 670:General Electric 664:Dual-mode ramjet 472:Mstislav Keldysh 456:two-stage rocket 302: 295: 288: 247:Aerospike engine 176:Reaction engines 47: 21: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3287: 3269: 3169: 3164: 3134: 3129: 3093: 3076: 3067: 3063:Thrust reversal 3040:Engine controls 3034: 2997: 2987: 2963:Contra-rotating 2936: 2902: 2806: 2757:Accessory drive 2749: 2743: 2685:Air turborocket 2667: 2659: 2647: 2587: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2371:"Project Pluto" 2369: 2368: 2364: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2291:Wayback Machine 2282: 2278: 2272:Wayback Machine 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 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735: 692: 666: 653: 568:trade magazines 552: 515:Hellmuth Walter 511: 502: 460:Polikarpov I-15 425: 405: 393: 385:Arthur C Clarke 381:science fiction 366: 361: 351:on the ends of 306: 213:Air turborocket 146:Electric motors 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3326:Ramjet engines 3318: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3260:Thermoacoustic 3257: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2983:Variable-pitch 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2958:Constant-speed 2955: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2929: 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3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3075:and induction 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3030:Glass cockpit 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828:Brayton cycle 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2802:Turbine blade 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 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1966: 1963: 1958: 1956:3-540-40645-X 1952: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921:. p. 15. 1920: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1849:0-471-05967-6 1845: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1591:CIM-10 Bomarc 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1524:Lockheed D-21 1522: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1513:Hiller Hornet 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1458: 1453: 1452:fusion 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