2209:
2170:
1176:
leopard". The animal bearing that name bore it simply as an heraldic title, which distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude. These heraldic "leopards" were drawn in every respect as other heraldic "lions", without spots or any leopardish distinction whatever. This explains the usage, retained until late in the 14th century, which assigned to the Lions of the Royal Shield of
England the name of "leopards". They were so called, not by the enemies of England for derision and insult, as some persons, in their ignorance of early Heraldry, have been pleased both to imagine and to assert; but the English Kings and Princes, who well knew their "Lions" to be Lions, in blazon styled them "leopards", because they also knew that Lions in the attitude of their "Lions" were heraldic "leopards".
2309:
2484:
1605:
273:
2194:
2280:
1578:
2007:
1520:
2233:
1497:
1280:
1475:
1897:
2094:
2151:
2026:
2078:
1988:
1830:
229:
935:
1691:
1652:
2295:
1540:
1953:
2368:
2559:
2062:
1759:
971:. Alternatively, a lion may be depicted with one head connected to two distinct bodies, in which case it its termed bicorporated. If the conjoined bodies are three, the lion is instead termed tricorporated. These multi-bodied lions, however, are very rare. Also, the claws and tongue of the lion may be described as a different tincture than a "proper" lion. If the claws are a different color, it is said to be armed of that tincture, and if the tongue is a different color it is langued of that tincture. For example, the blazon of the monarch of Scotland is
1455:
171:
2398:
2454:
1629:
2353:
206:
2265:
2412:
1725:
2469:
1934:
2110:
1563:
4786:
1972:
923:
911:
1851:
1671:
2521:
1876:
1436:
1232:
2338:
2323:
4818:
2574:
2383:
1776:
947:
2503:
1256:
1741:
879:
1711:
245:
1244:
1792:
867:
2544:
187:
2221:
1811:
83:
1022:
2666:"[Animal style designs] have also been explained as totems venerated by the various clans of nomads as ancestors. Their transformation into clan symbols would have followed naturally and easily. The heraldic beasts of medieval chivalry, which include many deer and felines like those on the British royal coat of arms, may certainly be traces back to emblematic devices of later barbarian tribes from central Asia."
5152:
2599:
734:
1364:
71:
891:
1268:
753:
2135:
696:
598:
772:
673:
640:
715:
568:(positions) now exist in heraldry as the heraldist's imagination can conjure, as a result of the ever-increasing need for differentiation, but very few of these were apparently known to medieval heralds. One distinction commonly made (especially among French heralds), although it may be of limited importance, is the distinction of lions in the walking positions as
370:, who succeeded his father on the throne, is believed to have been the first to have borne the arms of three lions passant-guardant, still the arms of England, having earlier used two lions rampant combatant, which arms may also have belonged to his father. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant).
1309:
343:, who died in 1151. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffrey's widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a blue shield decorated six golden lions rampant and wearing a blue helmet adorned with another lion. A chronicle dated to c. 1175 states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law,
2169:
2208:
1193:
lion and a leopard previously employed by the ancient Greeks. In antiquity, the lion, having a heavy mane, was generally shown in profile, while the leopard, having less hair, was shown looking towards the observer. A lion looking towards the observer therefore came to be given the name of the animal usually shown in that pose.
1604:
1008:
replacing its hindquarters, hind legs and tail. It is described as naiant when depicted horizontally, and as resurgent when rising from water. They typically appear as supporters, but are also known as charges and crests. The lion-dragon is a lion with the lower body, hind legs, wings and tail of a
1192:
When the blazon does not specifically mention a position, the lion may be assumed to be rampant. If he is in a different position, other terminology must be used, referring to the position of his head and limbs. An early heraldic convention found in medieval blazons uses the distinction between a
1175:
Only when he was in this rampant attitude did the early
Heralds consider any Lion to be a Lion, and blazon him by his true name. A lion walking and looking about him, the early Heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard: consequently, when he was in any such attitude, they blazoned him as "a
966:
In addition to the attitudes it is depicted in, a certain variety is present in heraldic lions regarding the presence of additional physical features. Beyond the presence of double or forked tails, heraldic lions are sometimes depicted with two heads, as in the case of the arms of the Mason of
985:
with the hulks of ships, incorporating the front half of the lion and the rear of the vessel. This was originally the result of the joining of the lions or of the royal arms of
England with the ships argent of the arms of the townships of the Ports. Over time, the conjoined figure came to be
1577:
1118:
The true heraldic lion, according to French authors, is always to be represented in profile, or, as the ancient heralds say, showing but one eye and one ear. His attitude, also, should always be rampant or ravaging. When passant and full-faced, they blazoned him a leopard,
605:
A "lion rampant" is depicted in profile standing erect with forepaws raised. The position of the hind legs varies according to local custom: the lion may stand on both hind legs, braced wide apart, or on only one, with the other also raised to strike; the word
1123:: in England, however, the lions in the royal and other achievements have always been blazoned as lions, however depicted since the time of Henry III, in whose reign they were called "Leopards". Lion Leopardé ... is a French term for what the English call a
1896:
1474:
797:- so the left side of the shield as drawn on the page (thus the right side to the shield bearer) is called the dexter side. The lion's head is normally seen in agreement with the overall position, facing dexter (left) unless otherwise stated. If a lion's
366:, who died in 1189. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an heraldic emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffrey's shield. John's elder brother,
1083:, denoting a lion passant guardant, was a term of French origin that had "long since become obsolete in English armory. In French blazon, however, the old distinction is still observed." Fox-Davies continued, " term our lion passant a
1519:
1539:
1496:
2006:
2025:
2483:
2443:
Outside of classical heraldry, lions have also found their way onto the coats of arms or emblems used by modern states in Asia, often based on traditional depictions of lions in the respective cultures or regions.
2150:
2193:
1279:
1987:
1454:
1072:, discussed below). Part of the confusion arises from international differences in translation or in the defining characteristics of each, particularly in charges that show some characteristics of each.
2279:
1013:, although Fox-Davies doubted the existence of this figure outside of heraldry books and reported not to know of any actual use of it. The man-lion, also called a lympago, possesses a human face.
703:
A "lion salient" is leaping, with both hind legs together on the ground and both forelegs together in the air. This is a very rare position for a lion, but is also used of other heraldic beasts.
2308:
2232:
1068:
as passant guardant (walking, head turned to full face), but the heraldic distinction between lions and leopards is often ambiguous and in some cases may be controversial (as in the case of the
2093:
2214:
Crest of the royal arms of
Scotland (1837), a lion sejant affrontée Gules, imperially crowned Or, holding in the dexter paw a sword and in the sinister paw a scepter both erect and Proper.
1651:
1628:
1952:
2367:
2077:
1209:(head turned toward the observer), thus the modern English heraldic terms "lion passant guardant", "lion passant", and "lion rampant guardant" correlate to the Old French terms
328:, an early Christian book about animal symbolism, originally written in Greek in the 2nd century and translated into Latin in about AD 400. It was a predecessor of the medieval
2061:
1690:
1971:
1829:
741:
A "lion sejant erect" is seated on its haunches, but with its body erect and both forepaws raised in the "rampant" position (this is sometimes termed "sejant-rampant").
374:
2520:
2109:
1933:
2352:
2294:
2300:
1435:
332:. At the time, few Europeans had a chance to encounter actual lions, so that painters had to rely on traditional depictions and had no actual animals as models.
1835:
1724:
2502:
1850:
1670:
2558:
1562:
989:
Winged lions are depicted in arms as both passant and, more commonly, sejant, and also appear as supporters. This figure is commonly referred to as the
1758:
1775:
2285:
2199:
1619:
934:
3842:
4184:
2453:
272:
2264:
4148:
2397:
1764:
340:
191:
2012:
550:, that is, with its tail between its legs. Vladislaus' men refused to follow this emblem, calling it an ape, so that Frederick agreed to
1553:
1331:
358:, but the earliest evidence of the association of lions with the English crown is a seal bearing two lions passant, used by the future
3614:
2411:
2134:
1526:
430:
1791:
339:
in the 12th century. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it subsequently came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of
3564:
3537:
3499:
3467:
3439:
3399:
3380:
3359:
2373:
1403:
1345:
3491:
Romans, Barbarians, and the
Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity
2468:
1810:
1911:
1875:
1381:
993:, although Arthur Fox-Davies defined as a Lion of Saint Mark one present in a specifically religious context and depicted with a
535:
2220:
680:
A "lion statant" is standing, all four feet on the ground, usually with the forepaws together. This posture is more frequent in
2403:
2337:
2322:
1657:
539:
2929:
3900:
2573:
2382:
2314:
1740:
1385:
543:
438:
394:
48:
1053:
incapable of reproducing, may be an appropriate charge for a person born of adultery or barred from reproducing (such as an
922:
5161:
910:
64:
1323:
4422:
4417:
2242:
994:
647:
A "lion passant" is walking, with the right fore paw raised and all others on the ground. A "Lion of
England" denotes a
228:
165:
2543:
1731:
1104:
493:
418:
324:
in the 6th and 7th centuries. The characteristic of the lion as royal animal in particular is due to the influence of
233:
946:
785:
Other terms are used to describe the lion's position in further detail. Each coat of arms has a right and left (i.e.
1710:
1103:
as a lion passant (i.e., walking like a leopard with its head facing dexter like a lion). German-American heraldist
5189:
2564:
2031:
1374:
170:
1838:
1591:
1481:
1076:
1046:
44:
4004:
5199:
5184:
4981:
4477:
2642:
2358:
2157:
1747:
1441:
1243:
1041:, mentions the crow, eagle, griffin, heron, leopard, lion, martlet, popinjay, and swan. Citing Bado Aureo, the
968:
878:
779:
A "lion dormant" is lying down with its eyes closed and head lowered, resting upon the forepaws, as if asleep.
489:
410:
261:
56:
33:
3459:
1231:
1099:
as a lion rampant guardant (i.e., upright like a lion with its head turned to full face like a leopard) and a
3234:
1255:
610:
is often omitted, especially in early blazon, as this is the most usual position of a carnivorous quadruped;
5144:
5106:
4437:
4377:
3764:
3709:
3674:
2627:
2343:
2328:
1993:
1958:
1881:
1856:
866:
527:
434:
422:
402:
351:
321:
205:
153:
91:
37:
3880:
3857:
3813:
3752:
3607:
2890:
2875:
2579:
2388:
2270:
1611:
1568:
1488:
652:
551:
449:
377:(England and Normandy) coat of arms, 12th-century examples of lions used as heraldic charges include the
5194:
3885:
3835:
3830:
3808:
3692:
1939:
1802:
1716:
1587:
1069:
1034:
465:
457:
359:
355:
313:
95:
5004:
3791:
3757:
3649:
2716:
Accorded to the city, gifted by
Charles V in 1554. The year number is encoded in the biblical motto,
2161:
1767:
1156:
473:
406:
386:
382:
367:
293:
253:
4785:
3216:
1045:
further suggests that the leopard, said to be "borne of an adulterous union between a lioness and a
973:
Or, a lion gules, within a double tressure flory counter-flory of the same, armed and langued azure.
4999:
4862:
4776:
4660:
4642:
4432:
4015:
3967:
3942:
3644:
2632:
2549:
2176:
1615:
1549:
1510:
1502:
1160:
564:
469:
461:
363:
210:
145:
60:
5056:
5029:
4357:
4302:
4252:
4163:
4153:
4090:
4065:
4000:
3975:
3947:
3847:
3634:
2622:
2184:
2039:
2035:
1997:
1978:
1962:
1530:
1445:
1327:
1267:
1185:
990:
570:
344:
289:
249:
179:
175:
148:. Similar-looking lions can be found elsewhere, such as in the coat of arms of the Swedish royal
4817:
2693:
2180:
1506:
1151:
English heraldist
Charles Boutell wrote in 1890 that the lions of England were generally termed
1131:
is always made use of by the French heralds to express in their language, a lion full-faced, or
516:
414:
149:
2187:, imperially crowned in the top (chivalric design proper of Golden Fleece Roll), Medieval Spain
4973:
4895:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4287:
4123:
3995:
3934:
3912:
3890:
3774:
3726:
3600:
3581:
3560:
3543:
3533:
3495:
3463:
3449:
3435:
3416:
3395:
3376:
3355:
3308:
3279:
2772:
2757:
2512:
2435:
Heraldic lions have also found their way onto municipal or county seals in the United States.
1863:
1821:
1661:
1092:
477:
309:
244:
109:
87:
3478:
4741:
4729:
4650:
4452:
4257:
4204:
4199:
4133:
4118:
4060:
4025:
3875:
3870:
3803:
3769:
3697:
1782:
1697:
1465:
890:
681:
504:
481:
398:
186:
75:
619:
denotes the same position, but is only used in reference to winged four-legged beasts like
5156:
5068:
4753:
4598:
4583:
4578:
4513:
4194:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
3985:
3957:
3731:
3654:
3318:
3296:
2604:
2526:
2508:
2490:
2084:
624:
485:
445:
325:
281:
220:), a rare example of a preserved 13th-century knightly shield, displaying the Ludovingian
137:
3575:
3410:
3312:
3273:
1107:
agrees with
Rietstap's translations, in contrast to those of Fox-Davies as stated above.
3262:
1033:
notes that the earliest
English treatise on heraldry, a late-13th or early-14th century
82:
5080:
5046:
5039:
4593:
4558:
4350:
4277:
4262:
4242:
3980:
3820:
3714:
3702:
2474:
1642:
1583:
1545:
1029:
Both lions and leopards may have been among the earliest beasts to appear in heraldry.
390:
301:
265:
3063:
1021:
986:
considered as a single heraldic charge in itself, and granted as such as new charges.
5178:
5128:
5063:
5034:
4694:
4618:
4550:
4498:
3639:
2617:
2534:
2460:
2238:
1677:
520:
141:
3348:
5118:
5096:
5051:
4948:
4929:
4904:
4588:
4493:
4055:
4020:
3865:
3798:
3721:
3659:
2937:
2700:
2612:
2016:
1634:
1595:
978:
453:
426:
378:
305:
257:
125:
3510:
3489:
3453:
3429:
3370:
5123:
4938:
4462:
4442:
4310:
4010:
3952:
1943:
1798:
1363:
982:
733:
508:
297:
3577:
A treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries
3267:. London and New York: Cassell, Petter and Galpin – via Internet Archive.
480:(the Habsburgs all but abandoned their original coat of arms after gaining the
335:
The lion as a heraldic charge is present from the very earliest development of
4957:
4623:
4613:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4508:
4382:
4340:
4320:
4292:
4272:
3669:
3338:
2594:
1903:
1701:
1198:
1135:. Thus, when a lion is placed on an escutcheon in that attitude which we call
722:
A "lion sejant" is sitting on his haunches, with both forepaws on the ground.
329:
70:
3420:
5024:
4628:
4608:
4603:
4412:
4397:
4214:
3919:
3300:
2647:
1681:
574:. The following table summarizes the principal attitudes of heraldic lions:
17:
5141:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
3322:
3283:
2115:
Arms of Rødøy Municipality in Norway, showing a lion couchant gules (1988)
752:
3330:
2679:(1642) claimed that the use of the red lion as an emblem goes back to the
1110:
As if to clarify the situation, English heraldist Hugh Clark wrote in his
771:
695:
672:
639:
597:
276:
Two tailed embroidered gold lion from the end of the 17th century, Sweden.
5113:
4874:
4655:
4540:
4518:
4467:
4447:
4392:
4335:
4330:
4325:
3895:
3825:
3623:
2637:
2530:
1750:
1286:
519:(14th century) has a number of coats of arms with lions, most of them of
512:
497:
336:
285:
237:
121:
113:
52:
714:
507:, which is comparatively rare in heraldry because it was reserved as an
4765:
4530:
4523:
4457:
4427:
4407:
4402:
4387:
4367:
4282:
4247:
4226:
4221:
4209:
4189:
4179:
4138:
4102:
4035:
3990:
3786:
3747:
2418:
2100:
1888:
1884:
1859:
1817:
1485:
1461:
1388: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
660:
A lion thus depicted may be called a "leopard" (see discussion below).
620:
317:
129:
117:
1480:
Escutcheon (without crest and supporters, which are different) of the
840:
carries the tail between its hind legs. The tail also may be knotted (
5101:
5075:
4850:
4682:
4535:
4472:
4362:
4345:
4315:
4128:
4095:
4050:
4040:
3781:
3664:
2068:
1907:
1867:
1842:
1010:
998:
484:
in the 1270s, but it remained in use in derived lineages such as the
1155:
until the end of the 14th century, including in the roll of arms of
284:) predecessors of heraldic designs are likely to have been used as
4965:
4717:
4372:
4045:
3924:
3907:
2680:
2494:
1054:
1020:
271:
243:
227:
204:
185:
169:
81:
69:
136:
has been regarded as the "king of beasts". The lion also carries
4826:
4821:
4267:
4143:
4030:
3585:
3547:
1638:
1464:
and of the former province of Brabant (based on the arms of the
1050:
1005:
1004:
A sea-lion, also called a morse, is depicted with the tail of a
133:
104:
3596:
1618:(13th century). Currently appears as the second quarter of the
4503:
1357:
1302:
554:
the arms by giving the lion not just one but two erect tails.
2698:
2071:
municipality in Spain, showing a lion couchant proper (1554)
833:. These adjectives follow any other adjectives of position.
770:
751:
732:
713:
694:
671:
638:
596:
94:(1978 design, based on the 16th-century coat of arms of the
3592:
760:
A "lion couchant" is lying down, but with the head raised.
3275:
Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry
1318:
contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images
852:; as in the arms of the kingdom of Bohemia), or cut off (
1981:(13th century), used by the Prince of Wales since 1911.
444:
Coats of arms of the 13th century include those of the
3329:
59:. For the flag and arms used by the King of León, see
38:
Coat of arms of England § Royal banner of England
256:(late 15th century), shown as combining the lions of
32:"Lions passant" redirects here. For the flag used by
1426:
A small group of examples is depicted listed below.
1064:
as rampant (upright, in profile facing dexter), and
1060:
As a general rule, English heralds tend to identify
43:"Lion Rampant" redirects here. For the flag used by
5089:
5017:
4990:
4914:
4883:
4837:
4775:
4704:
4669:
4641:
4549:
4486:
4301:
4235:
4172:
4111:
3966:
3933:
3856:
3740:
3685:
1289:, showing three crowned lions guardant ("leopards")
515:and was not restricted to royal coats of arms. The
3347:
2376:(2004, based on 18th-century royal coats of arms)
3555:Woodcock, Thomas; Robinson, John Martin (1988).
3106:
3094:
3082:
3015:
3013:
3000:
2998:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2956:
2954:
2900:
2898:
2301:Coat of arms of the Congo Free State (1885-1908)
3412:A system of heraldry: Speculative and practical
2858:
2819:
2768:
1190:
1173:
1116:
997:. The winged lion is the traditional symbol of
829:, and if he looks back over his shoulder he is
3455:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition
3166:
1914:(1925, based on the 17th-century coat of arms)
967:Birmingham, from whom they were passed to the
795:with respect to the person carrying the shield
3608:
2830:
2828:
2753:
1330:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the
1001:, whose patron saint is Mark the Evangelist.
8:
3488:Shanzer, Danuta; Mathisen, Ralph W. (2013).
3154:
3142:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2034:(2004, the lion ultimately derived from the
3295:(18th ed.). London: Bell & Daldy.
2717:
2087:, Russia, showing a lion couchant Or (1727)
1660:(1946, the lion being derived from that of
1324:removing excessive or indiscriminate images
1163:, dating to 1300, which made reference to "
4666:
3963:
3615:
3601:
3593:
3519:Wagner, Anthony; Herald, Richmond (1946).
3118:
3050:
3031:
3019:
3004:
2989:
2972:
2960:
2916:
2904:
2846:
2834:
2807:
2783:
2361:(1997, based on 19th-century coat of arms)
2315:Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia (1918-1961)
1910:. The lion being derived from that of the
1622:(or the 1st and 3rd quarters in Scotland).
3574:Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) .
3483:(in French). Gouda: G. B. van Goor Zonen.
3272:Boutell, Charles; Aveling, S. T. (1890).
3215:García Farrán, F.M.; Erbez, José Manuel.
3202:
3190:
2103:, showing a lion couchant guardant (1940)
2000:, variants in use since the 13th century)
1404:Learn how and when to remove this message
1346:Learn how and when to remove this message
1143:. When he is passant only, they call him
3415:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood.
3130:
2795:
2286:Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
2226:Noble arms of the Polish Wieniawa family
2179:(1506) with the symbol representing the
1620:Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
1529:(1992, based on the coat of arms of the
576:
350:Earlier heraldic writers attributed the
3178:
2734:
2659:
2628:Gallery of flags with one or more lions
2449:
2260:
2130:
2057:
1929:
1552:(13th – 14th century, later adopted by
1431:
1227:
1087:and our lion rampant guardant is their
906:
862:
63:. For the game publishing company, see
3392:Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning
2886:
2871:
2202:: A lion statant guardant on the crest
1182:Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning
152:, from there in turn derived into the
3580:. Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson.
3528:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1983).
2741:
2015:(1954, derived from the 13th-century
292:in particular find continuation from
7:
3512:Monumental Effigies of Great Britain
3369:Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005).
3291:Clark, Hugh; Planché, J. R. (1866).
2493:(1932-1959), depicting the lion and
1386:adding citations to reliable sources
1025:Lion "passant guardant" or "Léopard"
389:) coats of arms, both deriving from
341:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
192:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
3559:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3530:Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles
2511:(1950), depicting the lions of the
1509:with the royal crest, based on the
1322:Please help improve the section by
362:during the lifetime of his father,
3354:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3064:"Flags of the World : Venice"
2140:Noble arms of the Habsburgs, from
1641:(14th century, based on the older
1527:coat of arms of the Czech Republic
1167:—marked with the King's lion." In
25:
2099:Arms of the Burgdorf district in
2013:Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg
1588:arms of the German state of Hesse
1571:(13th century, 1992 design shown)
5150:
4816:
4784:
3317:. London: T. C. and E. C. Jack.
2597:
2572:
2557:
2542:
2519:
2501:
2482:
2467:
2452:
2410:
2396:
2381:
2366:
2351:
2336:
2321:
2307:
2293:
2278:
2263:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2200:Royal arms of the United Kingdom
2192:
2168:
2149:
2133:
2108:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2024:
2005:
1986:
1970:
1951:
1932:
1912:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1895:
1874:
1849:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1774:
1757:
1739:
1723:
1709:
1689:
1669:
1650:
1627:
1603:
1576:
1561:
1554:West Ukrainian People's Republic
1538:
1518:
1495:
1473:
1453:
1434:
1362:
1332:Manual of Style on use of images
1307:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1197:According to Neubecker, what in
945:
940:Lion with crossed tail (reverse)
933:
921:
909:
889:
877:
865:
538:, this is due to a jest made by
312:, they were re-interpreted in a
280:The animals of the "barbarian" (
156:, formerly belonging to Sweden.
2404:Coat of arms of New South Wales
1658:Coat of arms of the Philippines
1592:a nearly identical coat of arms
1373:needs additional citations for
801:is turned to face right, he is
3107:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
3095:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
3083:Woodcock & Robinson (1988)
1590:. The state of Thuringia uses
1165:signée de une teste de leopart
544:Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia
511:, the lion became a symbol of
395:royal coat of arms of Scotland
116:. It traditionally symbolises
47:(and which now represents the
1:
3588:– via Internet Archive.
3286:– via Internet Archive.
2859:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
2820:Woodward & Burnett (1892)
2769:Shanzer & Mathisen (2013)
2160:, suspended over his tomb in
214:
195:
65:Lion Rampant (game publisher)
4907:(metal in the United States)
3557:The Oxford Guide to Heraldry
3434:. Laurence King Publishing.
3390:Neubecker, Ottfried (1976).
3332:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
3314:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
3167:Boutell & Aveling (1890)
2719:Absorta est mors in victoria
2243:British South Africa Company
2156:Shield, helmet and crest of
1961:, based on the 12th-century
1942:, based on the 12th-century
1598:coat of arms (13th century).
1031:The Oxford Guide to Heraldry
684:than in charges on shields.
530:is depicted with two tails (
373:Apart from the lions of the
290:Symmetrically paired animals
166:Cultural depictions of lions
128:, strength, stateliness and
3532:. Dorset: Blandford Press.
3477:Rietstap, Johannes (1884).
3293:An Introduction to Heraldry
3278:. London: Frederick Warne.
2754:Honour & Fleming (2005)
1732:Territory of the Saar Basin
1680:on the municipal emblem of
1448:coat of arms, 12th century)
1171:(1867), Boutell explained:
1105:Carl-Alexander von Volborth
546:a coat of arms with a lion
494:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
316:in the western kingdoms of
132:, because historically the
5216:
3409:Nisbet, Alexander (1816).
3309:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
3155:Clark & Planché (1866)
2699:
2565:Coat of arms of Tajikistan
2032:Coat of arms of Montenegro
1079:asserted in 1909 that the
523:of the House of Habsburg.
163:
42:
31:
5137:
3630:
3394:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3261:Boutell, Charles (1867).
2722:, from Corinthians 15:54
2533:(1959, based on the 1906
2288:, Scottish version (1837)
1839:Subcarpathian Voivodeship
1785:(1101–1795 and 1839–1866)
1482:Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
1184:(1976), German heraldist
1139:, the French blazon it a
1077:Arthur Charles Fox-Davies
304:and heraldry. Adopted in
146:coat of arms of Jerusalem
3509:Stothard, C. A. (1817).
2691:The actual etymology of
2643:The Lion and the Unicorn
2359:Coat of arms of Bulgaria
2158:Edward, the Black Prince
1594:, both derived from the
1442:Coat of arms of Flanders
1417:Lions as heraldic charge
1112:Introduction to Heraldry
969:University of Birmingham
836:A lion (or other beast)
813:faces the viewer, he is
649:lion passant guardant Or
411:coat of arms of Flanders
248:The coat of arms of the
190:Enamel from the tomb of
57:Royal Banner of Scotland
5145:List of oldest heraldry
2374:Coat of arms of Georgia
2344:Coat of arms of Armenia
2329:Coat of arms of Morocco
1994:Coat of arms of Estonia
1959:Coat of arms of Denmark
1704:'s first capital (1821)
821:faces the viewer he is
528:coat of arms of Bohemia
435:coat of arms of Bohemia
403:coat of arms of Denmark
154:coat of arms of Finland
92:coat of arms of Finland
3372:A World History of Art
2934:Dictionary of Heraldry
2718:
2580:Royal arms of Cambodia
2417:Great coat of arms of
2389:Coat of arms of Latvia
2271:Coat of arms of Sweden
1998:Estridsen coat of arms
1569:Coat of arms of Norway
1548:, coat of arms of the
1489:Province of Luxembourg
1484:and since 1839 of the
1328:moving relevant images
1195:
1178:
1159:, and in a statute of
1149:
1026:
928:Lion with crossed tail
775:
756:
737:
718:
699:
676:
643:
601:
450:coat of arms of Norway
379:Staufen (Hohenstaufen)
277:
269:
241:
225:
202:
183:
99:
79:
3428:Onians, John (2004).
3239:Heraldry of the World
2459:Imperial Standard of
1940:Royal Arms of England
1717:Coat of arms of Spain
1095:, however, defined a
1070:royal arms of England
1024:
916:Lion with forked tail
774:
755:
736:
717:
698:
675:
642:
600:
368:Richard the Lionheart
356:William the Conqueror
275:
247:
231:
208:
189:
173:
164:Further information:
96:Grand Duke of Finland
85:
73:
3517:; as illustrated in
3346:Garai, Jana (1973).
2489:Coat of arms of the
2162:Canterbury Cathedral
1797:Coat of arms of the
1781:Coat of arms of the
1768:Rhineland-Palatinate
1730:Coat of arms of the
1503:Canting coat of arms
1382:improve this article
1157:Henry III of England
1125:Lion passant gardant
952:Lion with tail nowed
423:coat of arms of León
294:Migration Period art
254:Wernigerode Armorial
5157:Heraldry portal
4584:Hastings/Hungerford
3871:Crowns and coronets
3843:National traditions
3523:. Penguin. plate I.
3521:Heraldry in England
3462:. Harry N. Abrams.
3350:The Book of Symbols
3221:Símbolos de Sevilla
3143:von Volborth (1983)
2550:Emblem of Sri Lanka
2254:Lions as supporters
2177:Philip I of Castile
2142:Zürcher Wappenrolle
1836:Coat of arms of the
1616:Kingdom of Scotland
1550:Kingdom of Ruthenia
1161:Edward I of England
1091:." Dutch heraldist
532:à la queue fourchée
490:kingdom of Bulgaria
470:kingdom of Ruthenia
462:Conrad of Thuringia
437:, first granted to
211:Conrad of Thuringia
182:(late 7th century).
27:Element in heraldry
4541:Waterlily/Seeblatt
3765:Ancient and modern
3460:Abrams Discoveries
3450:Pastoureau, Michel
3431:Atlas of World Art
3053:, pp. 179–186
2837:, pp. 173–174
2623:Lion of Saint Mark
2439:Eastern depictions
2430:Western depictions
2040:Republic of Venice
2036:Lion of Saint Mark
1979:Llywelyn the Great
1531:Kingdom of Bohemia
1186:Ottfried Neubecker
1121:vide Lion Leopardé
1037:manuscript titled
1027:
1017:Lions vs. leopards
991:Lion of Saint Mark
776:
757:
738:
719:
700:
677:
644:
602:
306:Germanic tradition
278:
270:
250:Landgrave of Hesse
242:
226:
203:
184:
180:Echternach Gospels
176:Lion of Saint Mark
100:
86:Lion as a primary
80:
5190:Lions in heraldry
5172:
5171:
5013:
5012:
4951:(color in Canada)
4637:
4636:
3119:Fox-Davies (1909)
3051:Fox-Davies (1909)
3032:Fox-Davies (1909)
3020:Fox-Davies (1909)
3005:Fox-Davies (1909)
2990:Fox-Davies (1909)
2973:Fox-Davies (1909)
2961:Fox-Davies (1909)
2917:Fox-Davies (1909)
2905:Fox-Davies (1909)
2847:Pastoureau (1997)
2835:Fox-Davies (1909)
2808:Pastoureau (1997)
2784:Fox-Davies (1909)
2513:Pillars of Ashoka
1862:, capital of the
1414:
1413:
1406:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1273:A leopard lionné.
1093:Johannes Rietstap
783:
782:
540:Emperor Frederick
478:House of Habsburg
417:), first used by
314:Christian context
45:Scottish monarchs
16:(Redirected from
5207:
5155:
5154:
5153:
4993:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4946:
4936:
4928:
4925:
4917:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4873:
4870:
4861:
4858:
4849:
4846:
4820:
4788:
4764:
4761:
4752:
4749:
4740:
4737:
4728:
4725:
4716:
4713:
4693:
4690:
4681:
4678:
4667:
4651:Rule of tincture
4368:Griffin/Keythong
3964:
3655:Officers of arms
3617:
3610:
3603:
3594:
3589:
3570:
3551:
3524:
3516:
3505:
3484:
3480:Armorial Général
3473:
3445:
3424:
3405:
3386:
3365:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3326:
3304:
3287:
3268:
3264:English Heraldry
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3203:Neubecker (1976)
3200:
3194:
3193:, pp. 111–2
3191:Neubecker (1976)
3188:
3182:
3181:, pp. 84–85
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:. Archived from
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2878:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2633:Heraldry of León
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2576:
2561:
2546:
2523:
2505:
2486:
2471:
2456:
2414:
2400:
2385:
2370:
2355:
2340:
2325:
2311:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2196:
2175:Coat of arms of
2172:
2153:
2137:
2112:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2028:
2009:
1990:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1902:Coat of arms of
1899:
1878:
1853:
1832:
1816:Coat of arms of
1813:
1794:
1783:Duchy of Limburg
1778:
1761:
1743:
1727:
1713:
1698:Cartago Province
1693:
1673:
1654:
1637:coat of arms of
1631:
1610:Shield from the
1607:
1580:
1565:
1542:
1522:
1499:
1477:
1466:Duchy of Brabant
1457:
1438:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1285:Coat of arms of
1282:
1270:
1258:
1249:A lion léopardé.
1246:
1234:
1221:, respectively.
1169:English Heraldry
977:The arms of the
949:
937:
925:
913:
893:
881:
869:
577:
534:). According to
526:The lion in the
482:Duchy of Austria
433:(1126), and the
425:, an example of
405:, first used by
399:William the Lion
397:, attributed to
352:lions of England
232:Coat of Arms of
219:
216:
200:
197:
61:Heraldry of León
49:British monarchy
34:English monarchs
21:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5200:Fictional lions
5185:Heraldic beasts
5175:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5151:
5149:
5133:
5085:
5009:
4991:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4944:
4934:
4926:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4879:
4871:
4868:
4859:
4856:
4847:
4844:
4833:
4771:
4762:
4759:
4750:
4747:
4738:
4735:
4726:
4723:
4714:
4711:
4700:
4691:
4688:
4679:
4676:
4665:
4633:
4599:Hungerford knot
4569:Cavendish/Savoy
4545:
4482:
4297:
4231:
4168:
4107:
3962:
3929:
3852:
3736:
3681:
3626:
3621:
3573:
3567:
3554:
3540:
3527:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3487:
3476:
3470:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3408:
3402:
3389:
3383:
3368:
3362:
3345:
3328:
3307:
3290:
3271:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3131:Rietstap (1884)
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2796:Stothard (1817)
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2767:
2763:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2701:Legion (Λεγίων)
2690:
2686:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2605:Heraldry portal
2603:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2529:with a pair of
2527:Emblem of Tibet
2524:
2515:
2509:Emblem of India
2506:
2497:
2491:Kingdom of Iraq
2487:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2401:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2236:
2227:
2224:
2215:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2183:, along with a
2181:Leonese kingdom
2173:
2164:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2085:Belgorod Oblast
2081:
2072:
2065:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2029:
2020:
2010:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1900:
1891:
1882:Coat of arms of
1879:
1870:
1857:Coat of arms of
1854:
1845:
1833:
1824:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1765:Coat of arms of
1762:
1753:
1748:Coat of arms of
1744:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1694:
1685:
1674:
1665:
1655:
1646:
1632:
1623:
1608:
1599:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1543:
1534:
1533:, 13th century)
1523:
1514:
1507:Kingdom of León
1500:
1491:
1478:
1469:
1468:, 12th century)
1458:
1449:
1439:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1379:
1367:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1137:rampant gardant
1075:English herald
1019:
964:
959:
958:
957:
956:
953:
950:
941:
938:
929:
926:
917:
914:
902:
901:
900:
897:
894:
885:
882:
873:
870:
560:
517:Zürich armorial
509:imperial symbol
486:House of Kyburg
446:House of Sverre
326:the Physiologus
238:Hetumid dynasty
217:
198:
168:
162:
150:House of Bjälbo
140:symbolism. The
138:Judeo-Christian
68:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5213:
5211:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5081:Trophy of arms
5078:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5040:banner of arms
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4942:
4932:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4898:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4854:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4686:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4624:Tristram/Bowen
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3710:Ecclesiastical
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3571:
3565:
3552:
3538:
3525:
3506:
3500:
3485:
3474:
3468:
3446:
3440:
3425:
3406:
3400:
3387:
3381:
3366:
3360:
3343:
3305:
3288:
3269:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3226:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3179:Boutell (1867)
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3055:
3036:
3024:
3009:
2994:
2977:
2965:
2950:
2921:
2909:
2894:
2879:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2761:
2746:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2709:
2684:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2475:Emblem of Iran
2473:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2273:(15th century)
2269:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:(19th century)
2237:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:Lions in crest
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:Lions couchant
2049:
2045:
2044:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1996:(based on the
1992:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1546:Ruthenian lion
1544:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:(12th century)
1501:
1494:
1492:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1444:(based on the
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1370:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1337:(January 2024)
1315:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:léopard lionné
1097:Léopard lionné
1085:léopard-lionné
1049:," and like a
1018:
1015:
963:
960:
955:
954:
951:
944:
942:
939:
932:
930:
927:
920:
918:
915:
908:
905:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
888:
886:
884:Lion regardant
883:
876:
874:
871:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:
846:queue fourchée
781:
780:
777:
768:
762:
761:
758:
749:
743:
742:
739:
730:
724:
723:
720:
711:
705:
704:
701:
692:
686:
685:
678:
669:
663:
662:
645:
636:
630:
629:
603:
594:
588:
587:
584:
581:
559:
556:
542:, who granted
429:attributed to
391:Henry the Lion
302:Romanesque art
262:Katzenelnbogen
209:The shield of
161:
158:
144:stands in the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5212:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5130:
5129:Sigillography
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4943:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4867:
4864:
4855:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4755:
4746:
4743:
4734:
4731:
4722:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Laurel wreath
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Grant of arms
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3566:0-19-211658-4
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3539:0-7137-0940-5
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3501:9781409482093
3497:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3469:9780810928305
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3441:9781856693776
3437:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3401:9780070463080
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3382:9781856694513
3378:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3361:0-671-21773-9
3357:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3223:(in Spanish).
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3205:, p. 112
3204:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3157:, p. 156
3156:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3133:, p. XXV
3132:
3127:
3124:
3121:, p. 173
3120:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3034:, p. 180
3033:
3028:
3025:
3022:, p. 185
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:, p. 184
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:, p. 183
2991:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2975:, p. 182
2974:
2969:
2966:
2963:, p. 181
2962:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2940:on 2011-07-10
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2919:, p. 176
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:, p. 172
2906:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:Nisbet (1816)
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:Nisbet (1816)
2867:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Lion of Judah
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2595:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:Flag of Tibet
2532:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2461:Mughal Empire
2455:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2019:coat of arms)
2018:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1923:Lions passant
1922:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:Lion of Judah
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1645:coat of arms)
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:Lions rampant
1421:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1371:This section
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:This section
1314:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:lion léopardé
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1145:leopard lioné
1142:
1141:Lion Leopardé
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:Lion léopardé
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:lion-léopardé
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
984:
981:depict lions
980:
975:
974:
970:
961:
948:
943:
936:
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
892:
887:
880:
875:
872:Lion guardant
868:
863:
857:
855:
851:
850:double-queued
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
778:
773:
769:
767:
764:
763:
759:
754:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
735:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
716:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
697:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
668:
665:
664:
661:
659:
654:
651:, used as an
650:
646:
641:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
604:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
573:
572:
567:
566:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
521:ministeriales
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:lion of Hesse
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
439:Vladislaus II
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
239:
235:
230:
223:
212:
207:
193:
188:
181:
177:
172:
167:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:Lion of Judah
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
97:
93:
89:
84:
77:
72:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5195:Lions in art
5119:Phaleristics
5052:Roll of arms
5018:Applications
4930:Bleu celeste
4916:Rare colours
4609:Ormonde/Wake
4494:Fleur-de-lis
4158:
4056:Inescutcheon
4021:Crozier head
3866:Coat of arms
3753:Augmentation
3660:King of Arms
3576:
3556:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3490:
3479:
3454:
3430:
3411:
3391:
3371:
3349:
3337:– via
3331:
3313:
3292:
3274:
3263:
3255:Bibliography
3242:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3220:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3169:, p. 79
3162:
3150:
3145:, p. 27
3138:
3126:
3114:
3109:, p. 64
3102:
3097:, p. 63
3090:
3085:, p. 51
3078:
3067:. Retrieved
3058:
3027:
2968:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2933:
2924:
2912:
2882:
2870:as cited in
2866:
2861:, p. 37
2854:
2849:, p. 59
2842:
2822:, p. 32
2815:
2810:, p. 18
2803:
2791:
2786:, p. 62
2779:
2764:
2749:
2742:Garai (1973)
2737:
2712:
2705:
2692:
2687:
2677:De Insigniis
2676:
2671:
2662:
2613:Leo Belgicus
2442:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2239:Coat of arms
2141:
2038:used by the
2017:Hohenstaufen
1965:coat of arms
1946:coat of arms
1864:German State
1820:province of
1801:province of
1639:Lyon, France
1612:coat of arms
1586:lion in the
1425:
1400:
1394:October 2018
1391:
1380:Please help
1375:verification
1372:
1342:
1336:
1317:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:is termed a
1196:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1043:Oxford Guide
1042:
1039:De Heraudrie
1038:
1035:Anglo-Norman
1030:
1028:
1003:
988:
979:Cinque Ports
976:
972:
965:
853:
849:
848:), doubled (
845:
841:
837:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
765:
746:
728:Sejant erect
727:
708:
689:
666:
657:
656:
653:augmentation
648:
633:
616:
612:
611:
607:
591:
586:Description
569:
563:
561:
547:
531:
525:
502:
454:Ludovingians
443:
427:canting arms
372:
349:
334:
286:clan symbols
279:
240:(1226–1341).
221:
218: 1230s
108:is a common
103:
101:
29:
18:Rampant lion
5124:Vexillology
4885:Rare metals
4865:(blood red)
4463:Winged lion
4443:Sea-griffin
4378:Hippocampus
4311:Allocamelus
3953:Fimbriation
3881:Compartment
3858:Achievement
3826:Marshalling
3792:distinction
3650:Law of arms
3635:Authorities
2675:Hopingius,
2567:, 1992–1993
2477:, 1932–1979
1944:Plantagenet
1734:(1920–1935)
1596:Ludovingian
1188:explained:
1127:. The word
896:Lion coward
844:), forked (
803:to sinister
503:Unlike the
431:Alfonso VII
383:Wittelsbach
375:Plantagenet
347:, in 1128.
310:5th century
308:around the
298:Insular art
199: 1160
178:, from the
5179:Categories
5069:equestrian
4853:(mulberry)
4579:Harrington
4509:Quatrefoil
4438:Salamander
4383:Hippogriff
4341:Cockatrice
4321:Amphiptere
4293:Wolfsangel
4273:Portcullis
4185:Black swan
4139:Camelopard
3968:Ordinaries
3886:Escutcheon
3836:impalement
3831:quartering
3814:variations
3732:Attributed
3670:pursuivant
3515:. plate 2.
3339:Wikisource
3244:2019-12-15
3069:2018-11-10
2944:2009-03-14
2930:"Segreant"
2889:, p.
2874:, p.
2771:, p.
2756:, p.
2744:, p.
2730:References
2531:snow lions
1702:Costa Rica
1696:Emblem of
1511:royal arms
1261:A leopard.
1205:is always
1199:Old French
983:dimidiated
811:whole body
799:whole body
536:Ménestrier
466:Luxembourg
387:Palatinate
330:bestiaries
222:lion barry
74:Lion as a
5162:resources
5107:socialist
5030:Hatchment
5025:Bookplate
5005:Carnation
4992:Realistic
4805:Erminites
4643:Tinctures
4594:Hinckaert
4559:Bourchier
4413:Ouroboros
4398:Manticore
4303:Legendary
4278:Reremouse
4215:Przepaska
4144:Hind/stag
4134:Dog/hound
3943:Attitudes
3920:Supporter
3848:Societies
3809:divisions
3758:abatement
3421:847960765
3301:14015165M
2798:, plate 2
2648:Snow Lion
2144:(c. 1340)
1963:Estridsen
1682:Jerusalem
831:regardant
819:head only
817:. If his
809:. If his
807:contourné
793:) side -
615:the term
580:Attitude
565:attitudes
558:Attitudes
407:Canute VI
360:King John
5114:Logotype
5057:Illyrian
4939:Brunâtre
4863:Sanguine
4800:Erminois
4768:(purple)
4661:Hatching
4656:Tricking
4619:Stafford
4519:Shamrock
4468:Woodwose
4448:Sea-lion
4418:Pantheon
4393:Lindworm
4336:Chollima
4331:Biscione
4326:Basilisk
4248:Crapaudy
4149:Kangaroo
4011:Componée
4005:Łękawica
3901:pavilion
3896:Mantling
3775:courtesy
3770:Alliance
3698:dominion
3693:National
3624:Heraldry
3586:02020303
3548:81670212
3452:(1997).
3327:Also at
3323:7101030M
3311:(1909).
3217:"Arahal"
2638:Marzocco
2591:See also
2083:Arms of
2067:Arms of
1977:Arms of
1751:Saarland
1746:Current
1460:Arms of
1287:Dalmatia
1207:guardant
1153:leopards
1114:(1829):
1066:leopards
962:Variants
823:guardant
815:affronté
791:sinister
747:Couchant
621:griffins
617:segreant
583:Example
571:leopards
562:As many
513:chivalry
498:Rubenids
492:and the
474:Volhynia
460:used by
419:Philip I
364:Henry II
337:heraldry
282:Eurasian
122:nobility
114:heraldry
53:Scotland
5090:Related
4958:Cendrée
4941:(brown)
4795:Ermines
4766:Purpure
4756:(green)
4732:(black)
4705:Colours
4685:(white)
4589:Heneage
4531:Thistle
4524:Trefoil
4458:Unicorn
4433:Phoenix
4428:Pegasus
4423:Panther
4408:Musimon
4403:Mermaid
4388:Lampago
4358:Enfield
4351:Chinese
4288:Serpent
4283:Scallop
4253:Dolphin
4227:Pelican
4222:Martlet
4210:Szaszor
4180:Alerion
4154:Leopard
4129:Bull/ox
4103:Saltire
4091:Roundel
4066:Lozenge
4036:Flaunch
4001:Chevron
3991:Bordure
3976:Annulet
3948:Erasure
3935:Charges
3799:Canting
3787:Cadency
3748:Armiger
3722:Burgher
3675:private
3645:History
3284:6102523
3235:"Rødøy"
2419:Belgium
2241:of the
2101:Hanover
1904:Liepāja
1889:Germany
1885:Leipzig
1860:Dresden
1822:Limburg
1818:Belgian
1803:Limburg
1643:comital
1635:Canting
1614:of the
1505:of the
1486:Belgian
1462:Belgium
1446:comital
1299:Gallery
1237:A lion.
1211:léopard
1203:léopard
1133:gardant
1129:leopard
1081:leopard
854:defamed
827:gardant
766:Dormant
690:Salient
667:Statant
634:Passant
625:dragons
608:rampant
592:Rampant
552:improve
488:), the
476:), the
452:), the
345:Henry I
252:in the
234:Cilicia
160:History
126:royalty
118:courage
90:in the
55:), see
5102:Emblem
5076:Tabard
5000:Proper
4979:
4974:Orange
4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4935:
4927:
4924:
4903:
4901:
4896:Copper
4893:
4872:
4869:
4860:
4857:
4851:Murrey
4848:
4845:
4838:Stains
4827:Potent
4790:Ermine
4763:
4760:
4751:
4748:
4744:(blue)
4739:
4736:
4727:
4724:
4715:
4712:
4697:(gold)
4692:
4689:
4683:Argent
4680:
4677:
4670:Metals
4536:Turnip
4487:Plants
4473:Wyvern
4363:Garuda
4346:Dragon
4316:Alphyn
4112:Beasts
4096:Bezant
4051:Hamade
4041:Goutte
3996:Canton
3913:slogan
3891:Helmet
3782:Blazon
3741:Topics
3665:herald
3584:
3563:
3546:
3536:
3498:
3466:
3438:
3419:
3398:
3379:
3358:
3334:
3321:
3299:
3282:
2582:(1993)
2552:(1972)
2391:(1921)
2346:(1992)
2331:(1957)
2185:castle
2069:Arahal
1908:Latvia
1868:Saxony
1843:Poland
1684:(1949)
1525:Small
1326:or by
1217:, and
1011:wyvern
999:Venice
838:coward
787:dexter
709:Sejant
682:crests
468:, the
421:, the
415:Jülich
409:, the
401:, the
393:, the
236:under
130:valour
110:charge
88:charge
36:, see
5047:Badge
4966:Ochre
4875:Tenné
4742:Azure
4730:Sable
4720:(red)
4718:Gules
4614:Savoy
4574:Dacre
4564:Bowen
4551:Knots
4453:Tyger
4373:Harpy
4258:Emmet
4236:Other
4205:Eagle
4173:Birds
4061:Label
4046:Gyron
4026:Chief
4016:Cross
3958:Lines
3925:Torse
3908:Motto
3876:Crest
3821:Fraud
3804:Field
3727:Women
3715:papal
3703:civic
3686:Types
2681:Picts
2654:Notes
2495:horse
1799:Dutch
1584:Barry
1062:lions
1055:abbot
842:nowed
658:Note:
613:Note:
505:eagle
456:(the
322:Italy
258:Hesse
76:crest
5064:Seal
5035:Flag
4982:Rose
4949:Buff
4905:Buff
4822:Vair
4810:Pean
4777:Furs
4754:Vert
4629:Wake
4604:Lacy
4514:Rose
4478:Yale
4268:Lucy
4200:Dove
4195:Crow
4190:Cock
4164:Wolf
4159:Lion
4124:Boar
4119:Bear
4086:Pile
4081:Pall
4076:Pale
4071:Orle
4031:Fess
3986:Bend
3582:LCCN
3561:ISBN
3544:LCCN
3534:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3417:OCLC
3396:ISBN
3377:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3280:OCLC
2694:León
1676:The
1662:León
1051:mule
1047:pard
1006:fish
995:halo
789:and
623:and
548:coué
381:and
320:and
318:Gaul
296:via
266:Diez
264:and
134:lion
105:lion
102:The
5097:Mon
4504:Oak
4263:Ged
4243:Bee
3981:Bar
2891:290
2876:265
2773:322
2758:166
2696:is
1866:of
1384:by
1180:In
1057:).
856:).
825:or
805:or
500:).
464:),
354:to
300:to
112:in
51:in
5181::
4695:Or
3542:.
3494:.
3458:.
3375:.
3319:OL
3297:OL
3237:.
3219:.
3039:^
3012:^
2997:^
2980:^
2953:^
2932:.
2897:^
2827:^
1906:,
1887:,
1841:,
1700:,
1334:.
1213:,
655:.
627:.
441:.
288:.
260:,
215:c.
201:).
196:c.
174:A
124:,
120:,
98:).
4007:)
4003:(
3616:e
3609:t
3602:v
3569:.
3550:.
3504:.
3472:.
3444:.
3423:.
3404:.
3385:.
3364:.
3341:.
3325:.
3303:.
3247:.
3072:.
2947:.
2706:.
2537:)
2042:)
1664:)
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