180:
According to news reports, Gardner's record has been broken as described below for comparison. Gardner's case still stands out, however, because it has been so extensively documented. It is difficult to determine the accuracy of a sleep deprivation period unless the participant is carefully observed
164:
Gardner's sleep recovery was observed by sleep researchers who noted changes in sleep structure during post-deprivation recovery. After completing his record, Gardner slept for 14 hours and 46 minutes, awoke naturally around 8:40 p.m., and stayed awake until about 7:30 p.m. the next day,
165:
when he slept an additional ten and a half hours. Gardner appeared to have fully recovered from his loss of sleep, with follow-up sleep recordings taken one, six, and ten weeks after the fact, showing no significant differences.
155:
where he appeared to be in excellent health. "I wanted to prove that bad things didn't happen if you went without sleep," said
Gardner. "I thought, 'I can break that record and I don't think it would be a negative experience.'"
123:
It has been claimed that
Gardner's experiment demonstrated that extreme sleep deprivation has little effect, other than the mood changes associated with tiredness, primarily due to a report by researcher
148:. On the eleventh day, when he was asked to subtract seven repeatedly, starting with 100, he stopped at 65. When asked why he had stopped, he replied that he had forgotten what he was doing.
132:. However, contrary to this, Lieutenant Commander John J. Ross, who monitored his health, reported serious cognitive and behavioral changes. These included moodiness, problems with
232:, on May 2, 1977, after presumably staying awake for 449 hours during a rocking-chair marathon. Because of the policy against maintaining this record, recent editions of
278:
243:
was reported to have exceeded Randy
Gardner's feat in the apparent belief that Gardner's record had not been beaten. He used 24-hour video for documentation.
82:. In December 1963/January 1964, 17-year-old Gardner stayed awake for 11 days and 24 minutes (264.4 hours), breaking the previous record of 260 hours held by
717:
92:
ceased accepting new attempts for safety reasons. At that point, the record was held by Robert McDonald at 18 days and 21 hours (453 hours and 40 minutes).
687:
482:
639:
329:
361:
552:
384:
240:
712:
619:
McGrann, S; et al. (2008). "Sleep deprivation effects within a non zeitgeiber environment: A Grounded theory
Analysis".
17:
727:
663:
290:
172:
around 2007, decades after his sleep experiment, and believed his participation in the 1960s sleep study was to blame.
312:
185:, which the participant might not even notice. Also, records for voluntary sleep deprivation are no longer kept by
128:, who stated that on the tenth day of the experiment, Gardner had been, among other things, able to beat Dement at
684:
673:
570:, Guinness World Records Ltd, 2003; no reference to sleep deprivation or wakefulness is found in the index.
707:
330:
https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/1/whats-the-limit-to-how-long-a-human-can-stay-awake-733188
187:
108:
88:
542:
71:
681:
645:
722:
702:
104:
133:
96:
457:
523:
635:
607:
548:
380:
252:
137:
125:
112:
100:
597:
355:
152:
505:
365:
584:
Sigrid Veasey; Raymond Rosen; Barbara
Barzansky; Ilene Rosen & Judith Owens (2002).
115:
experience and medical response became widely known among the sleep research community.
425:
225:
194:
Some sources report that
Gardner's record was broken a month later by Toimi Soini, in
696:
145:
221:
678:, An examination of available evidence of whether sleep is a biological necessity.
411:
360:, Extract from "Elephants on Acid: And Other Bizarre Experiments," by Alex Boese.
440:
Psychiatric and EEG observations on a case of prolonged (264 hours) wakefulness
182:
83:
602:
585:
483:"Eleven Days Without Sleep: The Haunting Effects Of A Record-Breaking Stunt"
689:->transcript of PBS Hidden Brain Podcast with Randy Gardner (54 minutes)
611:
169:
141:
168:
However, in 2017, Gardner reported that he started experiencing serious
229:
199:
129:
195:
341:
Phil McHahan (1964). George P. Hunt (ed.). "No Sleep for 11 Days".
86:. Gardner’s record was then broken multiple times until 1997, when
79:
75:
107:
John J. Ross. A log was kept by two of
Gardner's classmates from
111:, Bruce McAllister and Joe Marciano Jr. Accounts of Gardner's
74:, who once held the record for the longest amount of time a
446:, Arch Gen Psychiatry, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 29-35, 1 July 1966
458:"Sleep Patterns Following 205 Hours of Sleep Deprivation"
236:
do not provide any information about sleep deprivation.
416:, Ben Best, life-extensionist homepage, undated article
397:
Neurological
Findings After Prolonged Sleep Deprivation
279:"Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency"
191:
for fear that participants will suffer ill effects.
399:, Ross J. (1965), Archives of Neurology 12:399-403.
50:
42:
34:
27:
664:Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency
216:days, or 276 hours from February 5–15, 1964. The
541:McWhirter, Norris; McWhirter, Alan Ross (1978).
377:Elephants on Acid: And Other Bizarre Experiments
634:, William C. Dement, Nychthemeron Press, 1996,
456:Anthony Kales; et al. (March–April 1970).
586:"Sleep Loss and Fatigue in Residency Training"
500:
498:
496:
430:, David Goldenberg, Gelf Magazine, 31 May 2006
8:
413:The Nature of Sleep and its Impact on Health
345:. Vol. 56, no. 7. pp. 71–72.
151:On his final day, Gardner presided over a
24:
22:American sleeplessness world record holder
601:
407:
405:
95:Gardner's record attempt was attended by
16:For other people with the same name, see
272:
270:
268:
264:
547:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 52.
313:"The boy who stayed awake for 11 days"
220:record was set by Maureen Weston, of
7:
544:Guinness book of world records, 1978
103:, while his health was monitored by
718:Sleeplessness and sleep deprivation
524:"11 days awake - but is it record?"
14:
646:"How long can humans stay awake?"
506:"Man claims new sleepless record"
239:More recently, on May 25, 2007,
277:Coren, Stanley (1 March 2000).
670:noting Gardner and Tripp cases
18:Randy Gardner (disambiguation)
1:
621:British Journal of Psychology
176:Subsequent record information
64:
568:Guinness World Records 2004
387:, Harvest Books, 5 Nov 2007
38:1946 (age 77–78)
744:
364:November 29, 2007, at the
70:) is an American man from
54:Longest time without sleep
15:
603:10.1001/jama.288.9.1116
202:, who stayed awake for
465:Psychosomatic Medicine
218:Guinness World Records
188:Guinness World Records
109:Point Loma High School
89:Guinness World Records
713:People from San Diego
99:sleep researcher Dr.
72:San Diego, California
728:World record holders
686:->Apple podcast
675:Is Sleep Essential?
650:Scientific American
289:(3). Archived from
489:. 6 November 2017.
683:->PBS website
668:Psychiatric Times
640:978-0-9649338-0-4
632:The Sleepwatchers
357:Eleven days awake
283:Psychiatric Times
253:Sleep deprivation
138:short-term memory
126:William C. Dement
113:sleep deprivation
101:William C. Dement
78:has gone without
58:
57:
735:
653:
628:
615:
605:
596:(9): 1116–1124.
571:
565:
559:
558:
538:
532:
531:
520:
514:
513:
502:
491:
490:
479:
473:
472:
462:
453:
447:
437:
431:
423:
417:
409:
400:
394:
388:
374:
368:
353:
347:
346:
338:
332:
327:
321:
320:
311:Keating, Sarah.
308:
302:
301:
299:
298:
274:
215:
214:
210:
207:
181:to detect short
153:press conference
69:
66:
25:
743:
742:
738:
737:
736:
734:
733:
732:
693:
692:
666:- article from
660:
644:
618:
583:
580:
578:Further reading
575:
574:
566:
562:
555:
540:
539:
535:
530:. May 26, 2007.
522:
521:
517:
504:
503:
494:
481:
480:
476:
460:
455:
454:
450:
438:
434:
424:
420:
410:
403:
395:
391:
375:
371:
366:Wayback Machine
354:
350:
340:
339:
335:
328:
324:
310:
309:
305:
296:
294:
276:
275:
266:
261:
249:
212:
208:
205:
203:
178:
162:
121:
67:
30:
23:
20:
12:
11:
5:
741:
739:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
695:
694:
691:
690:
679:
671:
659:
658:External links
656:
655:
654:
652:. 25 Mar 2002.
642:
629:
616:
579:
576:
573:
572:
560:
553:
533:
515:
512:. 25 May 2007.
492:
474:
448:
442:, G. Gulevich
432:
418:
401:
389:
379:, Alex Boese,
369:
348:
333:
322:
303:
263:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
248:
245:
226:Cambridgeshire
177:
174:
161:
158:
146:hallucinations
120:
119:Health effects
117:
56:
55:
52:
51:Known for
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
740:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:Living people
706:
704:
701:
700:
698:
688:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
651:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
581:
577:
569:
564:
561:
556:
554:9780553112559
550:
546:
545:
537:
534:
529:
525:
519:
516:
511:
507:
501:
499:
497:
493:
488:
484:
478:
475:
470:
466:
459:
452:
449:
445:
441:
436:
433:
429:
428:
422:
419:
415:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
390:
386:
385:0-15-603135-3
382:
378:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
358:
352:
349:
344:
337:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
314:
307:
304:
293:on 2024-01-05
292:
288:
284:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
258:
254:
251:
250:
246:
244:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
201:
197:
192:
190:
189:
184:
175:
173:
171:
166:
159:
157:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:concentration
131:
127:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
62:
61:Randy Gardner
53:
49:
46:Record holder
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:Randy Gardner
26:
19:
674:
667:
649:
631:
624:
620:
593:
589:
567:
563:
543:
536:
528:The Guardian
527:
518:
509:
487:www.wbur.org
486:
477:
468:
464:
451:
443:
439:
435:
426:
421:
412:
396:
392:
376:
372:
356:
351:
342:
336:
325:
316:
306:
295:. Retrieved
291:the original
286:
282:
238:
233:
222:Peterborough
217:
193:
186:
179:
167:
163:
150:
122:
94:
87:
60:
59:
723:Experiments
703:1946 births
427:Sleeping In
317:www.bbc.com
241:Tony Wright
183:microsleeps
68: 1946
697:Categories
297:2024-04-12
259:References
84:Tom Rounds
43:Occupation
105:Lt. Cmdr.
612:12204082
362:Archived
247:See also
234:Guinness
170:insomnia
160:Recovery
142:paranoia
97:Stanford
230:England
211:⁄
200:Finland
130:pinball
638:
610:
551:
444:et al.
383:
196:Hamina
144:, and
63:(born
461:(PDF)
80:sleep
76:human
636:ISBN
627:(3).
608:PMID
590:JAMA
549:ISBN
471:(2).
381:ISBN
343:LIFE
136:and
35:Born
598:doi
594:288
510:BBC
699::
648:.
625:14
623:.
606:.
592:.
588:.
526:.
508:.
495:^
485:.
469:32
467:.
463:.
404:^
315:.
287:15
285:.
281:.
267:^
228:,
224:,
204:11
198:,
140:,
65:c.
614:.
600::
557:.
319:.
300:.
213:2
209:1
206:+
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.