342:, the book that now serves as one of the texts for his university course on propaganda. It contains extensive information about propaganda including various definitions, a brief history from ancient times to the 20th century and a discussion of propaganda techniques. Marlin bases his own definition of propaganda on what he sees as three of its main features. First, propaganda aims to influence many people in organized and deliberate ways. Second, it is likely to deceive its target audience and third, it uses psychological influences to suppress or bypass rational thought. Therefore, Marlin defines propaganda as:
691:, many heckled the author, objecting to his contention that Levine's political views were irrelevant to his work as a hospital administrator. The report added: "As some members of the crowd became more hostile, Mr. Marlin demanded to know if a heckler had read his book. When the man answered no, Mr. Marlin shouted back: 'It's typical of the prejudice I'm trying to fight.' The arguing continued for a lengthy time and then the heckler approached Mr. Marlin and whispered, 'I have two sons, and I'll never send them to Carleton because of people like you.'"
651:, an amalgamation of the Ottawa General, founded by French-speaking Roman Catholic nuns, and the Ottawa Civic which, although officially non-denominational, was regarded as a Protestant, predominantly English-speaking institution. Levine, who was fluently bilingual, had 15 years experience running hospitals in Montreal. He had also served as president of the Canadian Association of Teaching Hospitals. However, in 1979, Levine had run unsuccessfully as a candidate for the separatist
671:, published editorials and columns condemning Levine's appointment and calling on him to resign. On May 19, 1998, the "hurricane of protest" drew national attention when a boisterous crowd confronted the hospital's board of directors in an Ottawa auditorium expressing "unmitigated fury" and referring to Quebec separatists as "anti-Canadians, bastards." In the end, the hospital board refused to fire Levine and after about a month, the public anger subsided.
31:
325:
in France, he would establish a university course on propaganda. To his surprise, he won the fellowship. "I had this great delight of studying for a year with
Jacques Ellul. I found him as fascinating in person as he was in his writings." After his year abroad, Marlin returned to Carleton and created
426:
The
Northcliffe papers gave the story credibility by combining a mistranslated report from a German newspaper about dead horses being boiled down for glue, with an invented story, ostensibly from Belgian newspapers, quoting a detailed, eyewitness description of dead German soldiers being dumped into
292:
that a vivid example can be much more persuasive than logical arguments, an insight reinforced by a fellow community activist. "One thing I recall him saying," Marlin told an interviewer years later, "'If there's an accident in the area, exploit it. That's the time people will act to make changes in
598:
that promotes acceptance of other techniques in a mass society where people are routinely victims of the illusion that technology will solve all our problems. Thus, propaganda is needed to adjust people to conditions imposed by technological development --- conditions that may require them to adapt
410:
incited hatred and loathing of
Germans who were supposedly "boiling their own dead soldiers to extract from their bodies lubricating oil, fats, soap, glue, glycerine for explosives, bonemeal for animal feed, and fertilizer." According to Marlin's research, the story was likely concocted by British
320:
Marlin's fascination with Ellul's writings gave him an idea. "During a crazy moment," he recalls, "I saw one of those advertisements for a
Department of National Defence (DND) fellowship, offered for study abroad. It was $ 12,000, which, in those days -- 1979-1980, was a lot of money." Marlin told
679:
as a feature of U.S. political life, the Levine affair contained its basic ingredients -- "a strident patriotism, which reduced complex questions to a simple us-and-them mentality." He adds: "We are dealing not just with a local issue, but with a problem that is at the core of the
Canadian unity
614:
Marlin explains that for Ellul, propaganda is founded on the governing myths of a society. These include the myths of work, happiness, the nation, youth and the hero. Ellul sees such myths as "pre-propaganda" because they lay the groundwork for active propaganda campaigns. Marlin points out that
634:
we have much to learn, and relearn, from this book. Marlin notes Ellul's belief that money predisposes people to neglect their primary obligation toward God. "The real question," Marlin writes, "is whether wealth or the prospect of attaining it is the dominant force in our lives. Any time we
599:
to the increasingly inescapable requirements of the technological system. Elsewhere, Marlin has argued that the large and powerful vested interests that benefit from what he calls "the technological system" generate systematic propaganda glorifying technology. In a review of Ellul's book
177:
criticizes the Ottawa news media for fanning the flames of intolerance in their quest for higher circulations and audience ratings. The book also documents how the media kept the controversy going with a barrage of stories, columns, letters, editorials and radio phone-in shows.
353:
In his chapters on ethics, Marlin suggests that propaganda is always ethically questionable because it tries to manipulate using misleading information, emotional appeals and psychological pressure. He notes that although we tend to associate propaganda with
218:
college and boarding school, in
England. "The school ran largely through the authority of the older boys over the younger boys," Marlin recalled during an interview in 2008. "You can see how people abuse power, and I got very interested in things about law."
578:"There is probably no other thinker who has thought as deeply about propaganda in all its dimensions and ramifications as Jacques Ellul," Marlin writes. "What sets him apart from other analysts is his rare if not unique combination of expertise in history,
501:
strongly influenced his own writing. He refers to both thinkers as major propaganda theorists "who sought to expose the forces at work integrating an individual into a larger system and frustrating an individual's self-development and freedom."
281:
to explore several interrelated themes. One reflected his growing involvement in preserving the older neighbourhood where he lived from being overwhelmed by heavy traffic. Marlin says that in the midst of that campaign, he realized from reading
674:
In his analysis of the affair, Marlin criticizes the Ottawa media for fanning the flames of protest in their competitive pursuit of higher circulations and audience ratings. He also argues that although
Canadians tend to regard
619:", for example, provides a sociological backdrop for active propaganda. "Once one accepts the American way of life as superior, it becomes a criterion of good and evil; things that are un-American become evil," Marlin writes.
386:, British propaganda accused German soldiers of publicly raping women in the town square, decapitating babies and forcing parents to watch as their children's hands and ears were cut off. The American public relations firm
662:
After the news of Levine's appointment broke on May 1, 1998, outraged readers wrote record numbers of letters to Ottawa newspapers and flooded radio phone-in shows with angry calls. Both of Ottawa's major newspapers, the
226:, but discovered that he "couldn't really handle the math of nuclear physics in the second year." Fortunately, the university encouraged students to enroll in subjects outside their main fields and Marlin studied
347:
The organized attempt through communication to affect belief or action or inculcate attitudes in a large audience in ways that circumvent or suppress an individual's adequately informed, rational, reflective
166:. Marlin acknowledges that there are many definitions of propaganda, including favourable ones. However, his book reflects Ellul's view that propaganda suppresses individual freedom and autonomy.
265:, France. Then in 1964, he began two years of teaching and PhD studies at the University of Toronto. His PhD thesis, completed in 1973, examined problems concerning morality and criminal law.
273:
In 1966, Randal Marlin accepted a teaching post at
Carleton in Ottawa, partly because the university had a journalism school. By then, he had worked for two summers at the Montreal
169:
In 1998, Marlin published a book examining the public uproar following the appointment of a former separatist Quebec political candidate to the top administrator's post at the new
1256:
Yaffe, Barbara. "Why David Levine is more than an Ottawa story: Patriotism and its evil twin, intolerance, are
Canadian attributes, as protests against his employment suggest,"
308:. Marlin says Ellul's work showed him how the techniques of creating and managing public opinion feed off of or augment each other. Ellul had also published a landmark study of
312:
which explains how information can be used in the exercise of power. "That's the central idea of propaganda," Marlin says, "the maintaining or gaining of power over others."
659:. At the time of his appointment to the $ 330,000 hospital administrator's job in Ottawa, Levine was working as the Parti Québécois government's representative in New York.
547:
served to cover up state violence and murder. "The extraordinary thing," Marlin notes, "is that exactly the same word for exactly the same kind of activity was used in the
1460:
1435:
615:
Ellul's concept of "sociological propaganda" is similar in that it also provides the basis for more overt propaganda campaigns. He writes that the notion of an "
680:
debate. The Levine affair is a microcosm of suspicion, mistrust and misunderstanding that could someday be repeated on a larger scale with worse consequences."
420:
1455:
1420:
469:
According to Marlin and
Joachim Neander, the Corpse Factory story also illustrates other propaganda techniques including the use of deceptive language,
321:
DND that Canadians needed to know more about the dangers of subversive propaganda and that if he were given a chance to study with Jacques Ellul at the
406:
In his textbook and in other writings, Marlin examines a specific example of World War I atrocity propaganda to illustrate propaganda techniques.
129:
477:. They write that after the story was exposed as false in 1925, people were determined not to be fooled again. Thus, many doubted reports about
1475:
1450:
1398:
1349:
639:
cause widespread unemployment, for example --- we reveal a preoccupation with the wrong standpoint. Our heart is after the wrong treasure."
1445:
154:, which examines historical, ethical, and legal issues relating to propaganda. The revised second edition, released in 2013, examines the
656:
1415:
1440:
1384:
1335:
1321:
535:
435:
Marlin writes that the Corpse Factory story illustrates the seven requirements for effective propaganda outlined in the 1938 book
570:. He observes that "the most effective propaganda is not recognized as such, and its message is often best presented obliquely."
465:
Timing: The mistranslated German report on the animal rendering plant coincided with the concocted Belgian corpse factory report.
510:
Marlin credits Orwell with effectively and passionately exposing the enslaving effects of propagandistic language. He points to
877:, p.112, "nformation is an essential element of propaganda..." and p. 121, "Propaganda is needed in the exercise of power..."
1465:
186:
that play on stereotypes as well as pre-existing fears, suspicions and resentments to incite intense emotional reactions.
622:
Aside from Ellul's work on propaganda and technology, Marlin has also written appreciatively about the French thinker's
195:
199:
194:
Randal Marlin spent his early childhood in Washington D.C. where he was born in 1938. His father worked for the U.S.
459:
Specific objective: The story incited hatred of the Germans and encouraged people to join in the fight against them.
254:
554:
Marlin writes that Orwell showed how the owners of weekly magazines used adventure stories and comics to transmit
604:
407:
382:, Marlin notes that atrocity propaganda is used to demonize wartime enemies. He writes, for example, that during
427:
a huge cauldron at a "Corpse Exploitation Establishment." Other news media spread the gruesome story worldwide.
647:
In 1998, Marlin published a book analyzing the uproar over the appointment of David Levine as administrator of
227:
121:
683:
About 200 people turned out in November, 1998 when Marlin launched his book on the Levine affair at an Ottawa
246:
1470:
322:
238:
183:
163:
125:
652:
222:
In 1955, Marlin began four years of university studies at Princeton. He intended to pursue a career in
635:
subordinate human considerations to narrow economic exchange relationships --- ignoring the fact that
261:. In 1963-64, Marlin taught and studied existentialism at the Institute for American Universities at
1480:
1296:
Bourrie, Mark. "Book launch draws anti-Levine protesters: Author heckled as he criticizes reaction,"
684:
518:
447:
Repetition: The Northcliffe papers kept the story going day after day by publishing readers' letters.
287:
117:
109:
411:
and Belgian propagandists in London and then spread far and wide beginning on April 17, 1917 by the
648:
97:
462:
Concealed motive: Publishing reports from "foreign" papers obscured the source of the propaganda.
231:
211:
481:
early in World War II—testimony to the long-lasting and harmful effects of atrocity propaganda.
395:
387:
655:
in a Quebec provincial election and he had campaigned in favour of Quebec's sovereignty in the
1394:
1380:
1359:
1345:
1331:
1317:
583:
470:
304:
field of human activity is now dominated by efficient technical methods or, what Ellul calls,
113:
367:
86:
450:
Colour: The eyewitness description of the corpse factory appealed to readers' imaginations.
788:
631:
523:
440:
355:
262:
170:
47:
293:
the traffic patterns. So don't miss the opportunity when something like that comes up.'"
664:
456:
Slogans: The story gave support to such propaganda slogans as "The Germans are ghouls."
258:
250:
242:
207:
159:
155:
143:
in 1979–1980, he started a philosophy and mass communications class at Carleton called
603:, Marlin comments on "the obscene way in which American television lavished praise on
1429:
498:
494:
478:
296:
Marlin's growing interest in persuasion took on added dimensions as he began reading
136:
616:
563:
527:
245:
and the phenomenology of language earning an MA degree in philosophy in 1961. At
676:
559:
548:
383:
363:
215:
132:
1342:
Sorry, I Don't Speak French: Confronting the Canadian Crisis That Won't Go Away
1224:
Sorry, I Don't Speak French: Confronting the Canadian Crisis That Won't Go Away
789:"The Grub Street Interview. Dr. Randal Marlin: lies, damn lies and propaganda"
668:
567:
555:
309:
105:
90:
1014:
Mackenzie, A. J., (1938). London: John Gifford, pp. 50-71, cited in Marlin, (
394:
when it spread the story that the Iraqi soldiers who had invaded Kuwait were
636:
579:
540:
283:
93:
1410:
630:, for example, concludes that it contains "a wealth of insight" adding, "s
453:
Kernel of truth: The Germans did have plants to boil down animal carcasses.
30:
1363:
707:
623:
608:
512:
391:
359:
237:
Marlin's interest in both philosophy and journalism led him to study the
203:
140:
591:
474:
223:
530:
by eradicating historical memory and narrowing the range of thought.
101:
1152:
Marlin, Randal. Review of The Technological Bluff by Jacques Ellul.
1391:
The David Levine Affair: Separatist Betrayal or McCarthyism North?
1191:
Marlin, Randal. Review of Money and Power by Jacques Ellul in the
757:
The David Levine Affair: Separatist Betrayal or McCarthyism North?
587:
175:
The David Levine Affair: Separatist Betrayal or McCarthyism North?
746:. New York: Vintage Books Edition, p. 256; Marlin, pp. 170–171.
230:. He also worked as a journalist at the student newspaper, the
1243:
1241:
611:"paying little attention to the human suffering they caused."
759:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Fernwood Publishing, pp. 8–10 and 156.
847:
845:
843:
841:
1135:
1133:
953:
951:
898:
896:
594:
writings." Marlin adds that for Ellul, propaganda is a
516:, the language Orwell invented in his satirical novel
423:, a man with close connections to British propaganda.
362:, it also includes other forms of persuasion such as
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
390:resorted to atrocity propaganda during the 1990/91
70:
62:
54:
40:
21:
708:"CURRICULUM VITAE, Randal Robert Alexander Marlin"
533:Marlin also refers to Orwell's famous 1946 essay
206:in 1946 after his father started working for the
150:One of the texts for this class is his 2002 book
241:at McGill University. He wrote his thesis on
8:
1314:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes
1226:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, p. 176.
744:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes
522:to illustrate how words could reinforce the
562:values partly through the repeated use of
277:. He decided to institute a course called
234:where he enjoyed stirring up controversy.
18:
777:Marlin, (Levine Affair), pp. 9 and 15–16.
66:Philosophy professor, Carleton University
1393:Winnipeg, Manitoba: Fernwood Publishing
1213:Marlin, (Levine Affair), pp. 8 & 12.
1377:Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
809:
807:
722:Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
699:
491:Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
380:Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
340:Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
300:by Jacques Ellul. The book argues that
152:Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
75:Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
1421:NBN audio interview with Randal Marlin
1461:Academic staff of Carleton University
1436:People educated at Ampleforth College
1411:Truth & Propaganda course website
1344:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
710:. Centre on Values and Ethics (COVE).
162:to persuade Americans to support the
147:, which has run annually ever since.
7:
1416:Publisher's notes and author profile
687:store. According to a report in the
626:studies. His 1986 review of Ellul's
539:which describes, for example, how a
1316:. New York: Vintage Books Edition.
768:Marlin, (Levine Affair), pp. 10–11.
724:. Toronto: Broadview Press, p. 10.
135:to study under propaganda scholar
14:
1456:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
864:. New York: Vintage Books, p.xxv.
536:Politics and the English Language
1278:Marlin, (Levine Affair), p. 156.
801:Bennett (Grub Street) interview.
104:who specializes in the study of
29:
1269:Marlin (Levine Affair), p. 156.
396:ripping helpless Kuwaiti babies
182:draws on Marlin's knowledge of
1287:Marlin, (Levine Affair), p. 9.
1247:Marlin, (Levine Affair), p. 8.
996:Neander and Marlin, pp. 73-74.
586:, along with careful study of
279:Society, Values and Technology
130:Department of National Defence
1:
657:provincial referendum of 1980
1476:Canadian non-fiction writers
1451:University of Toronto alumni
1379:. Toronto: Broadview Press.
1154:The Canadian Catholic Review
249:he spent two years studying
196:Office of Strategic Services
1446:Princeton University alumni
1330:. New York: Vintage Books.
1195:, July/August 1986, p. 266.
200:Central Intelligence Agency
44:1938 (age 85–86)
1497:
1049:Neander and Marlin, p. 79.
1040:Neander and Marlin, p. 77.
1005:Neander and Marlin, p. 75.
443:. Those requirements are:
398:from hospital incubators.
338:In 2002, Marlin published
1328:The Technological Society
1300:, November 7, 1998, p.C7.
862:The Technological Society
489:Marlin makes it clear in
298:The Technological Society
269:Early professional career
28:
1441:McGill University alumni
1358:. London: John Gifford.
1193:Canadian Catholic Review
851:Bennett interview; COVE.
485:Two propaganda theorists
408:The Corpse Factory story
210:. Marlin moved again to
198:, the forerunner to the
190:Early life and education
160:propaganda based on fear
122:Aix-Marseille University
89:) is a Canadian retired
1375:Marlin, Randal. (2002)
1354:Mackenzie, A.J. (1938)
1340:Fraser, Graham. (2006)
1326:Ellul, Jacques. (1964)
1312:Ellul, Jacques. (1973)
1222:Fraser, Graham. (2006)
860:Ellul, Jacques. (1964)
755:Marlin, Randal. (1998)
742:Ellul, Jacques. (1973)
720:Marlin, Randal. (2002)
637:cost-savings programmes
607:" during the 1990-1991
601:The Technological Bluff
247:Trinity College, Oxford
180:The David Levine Affair
1389:Marlin, Randal. (1998)
1260:, May 22, 1998, p.A23.
1156:, January 1993, p. 30.
419:, newspapers owned by
351:
323:University of Bordeaux
257:and the philosophy of
239:philosophy of language
202:. The family moved to
431:Propaganda techniques
344:
334:Propaganda and ethics
184:propaganda techniques
164:2003 invasion of Iraq
156:Bush administration's
126:University of Toronto
108:. He was educated at
35:Randal Marlin in 2010
1466:Propaganda theorists
1204:Marlin, CCR, p. 266.
617:American way of life
519:Nineteen Eighty-Four
402:Corpse Factory story
328:Truth and Propaganda
316:Truth and propaganda
145:Truth and Propaganda
128:. After receiving a
118:University of Oxford
110:Princeton University
649:The Ottawa Hospital
643:David Levine affair
551:many years later."
388:Hill & Knowlton
374:Atrocity propaganda
98:Carleton University
835:Bennett interview.
733:Marlin, pp. 15–21.
232:Daily Princetonian
1399:978-1-55266-003-4
1350:978-0-7710-4767-1
1018:), pp. 75&92.
584:political science
471:appeal to emotion
114:McGill University
80:
79:
16:Canadian academic
1488:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
981:
975:
968:
962:
955:
946:
939:
933:
926:
920:
913:
907:
900:
891:
884:
878:
873:Ellul, Jacques.
871:
865:
858:
852:
849:
836:
833:
814:
811:
802:
799:
793:
792:
784:
778:
775:
769:
766:
760:
753:
747:
740:
734:
731:
725:
718:
712:
711:
704:
609:Persian Gulf War
421:Lord Northcliffe
368:public relations
228:Greek philosophy
87:Washington, D.C.
33:
19:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1372:
1356:Propaganda Boom
1309:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1235:Fraser, p. 176.
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
982:
978:
974:), pp. 194-199.
969:
965:
956:
949:
940:
936:
927:
923:
914:
910:
901:
894:
885:
881:
872:
868:
859:
855:
850:
839:
834:
817:
812:
805:
800:
796:
787:Bennett, Paul.
786:
785:
781:
776:
772:
767:
763:
754:
750:
741:
737:
732:
728:
719:
715:
706:
705:
701:
697:
653:Parti Québécois
645:
632:Roman Catholics
628:Money and Power
576:
508:
487:
441:A. J. Mackenzie
437:Propaganda Boom
433:
404:
376:
356:political power
336:
318:
271:
263:Aix-en-Provence
192:
171:Ottawa Hospital
50:
48:Washington D.C.
45:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1405:External links
1403:
1402:
1401:
1387:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1352:
1338:
1324:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:Ottawa Citizen
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1249:
1237:
1228:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1020:
1007:
998:
989:
976:
963:
947:
934:
921:
908:
892:
890:), pp. 13-135.
879:
866:
853:
837:
815:
803:
794:
779:
770:
761:
748:
735:
726:
713:
698:
696:
693:
689:Ottawa Citizen
665:Ottawa Citizen
644:
641:
575:
572:
507:
504:
486:
483:
467:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
432:
429:
403:
400:
375:
372:
335:
332:
317:
314:
270:
267:
259:existentialism
251:Edmund Husserl
243:Ernst Cassirer
208:United Nations
191:
188:
85:(born 1938 in
78:
77:
72:
71:Known for
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Living people
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:1-55111-376-7
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:0-394-70390-1
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:0-394-71874-7
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:Vancouver Sun
1253:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1169:), pp. 34-35.
1168:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1101:), pp. 28-29.
1100:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1075:), pp. 26-28.
1074:
1068:
1065:
1062:), pp. 23-24.
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
987:), pp. 71-76.
986:
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
960:
954:
952:
948:
944:
938:
935:
931:
925:
922:
918:
912:
909:
905:
899:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
876:
870:
867:
863:
857:
854:
848:
846:
844:
842:
838:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
816:
810:
808:
804:
798:
795:
790:
783:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
758:
752:
749:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
723:
717:
714:
709:
703:
700:
694:
692:
690:
686:
681:
678:
672:
670:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
574:Jacques Ellul
573:
571:
569:
566:and national
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
514:
506:George Orwell
505:
503:
500:
499:Jacques Ellul
496:
495:George Orwell
492:
484:
482:
480:
479:the Holocaust
476:
472:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
444:
442:
438:
430:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
349:
343:
341:
333:
331:
329:
324:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:phenomenology
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
137:Jacques Ellul
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
83:Randal Marlin
76:
73:
69:
65:
63:Occupation(s)
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
32:
27:
23:Randal Marlin
20:
1390:
1376:
1370:Bibliography
1355:
1341:
1327:
1313:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1001:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
958:
945:, pp. 70-71.
942:
937:
929:
924:
916:
911:
903:
887:
882:
874:
869:
861:
856:
797:
782:
773:
764:
756:
751:
743:
738:
729:
721:
716:
702:
688:
682:
673:
661:
646:
627:
621:
613:
600:
595:
577:
553:
545:pacification
544:
534:
532:
528:police state
524:totalitarian
517:
511:
509:
490:
488:
468:
436:
434:
425:
416:
412:
405:
379:
377:
352:
346:
345:
339:
337:
327:
319:
305:
301:
297:
295:
288:
278:
274:
272:
236:
221:
193:
179:
174:
168:
151:
149:
144:
82:
81:
74:
1481:1938 births
677:McCarthyism
624:theological
605:smart bombs
582:, law, and
568:stereotypes
560:imperialist
549:Vietnam War
526:power of a
384:World War I
364:advertising
326:the course
216:Benedictine
55:Nationality
1430:Categories
1307:References
932:), p. 175.
919:), p. 170.
875:Propaganda
669:Ottawa Sun
556:capitalist
417:Daily Mail
310:propaganda
212:Ampleforth
133:fellowship
124:, and the
106:propaganda
91:philosophy
1364:562092672
1182:), p. 37.
1178:Marlin, (
1165:Marlin, (
1143:), p. 32.
1139:Marlin, (
1127:), p. 31.
1123:Marlin, (
1114:), p. 29.
1110:Marlin, (
1097:Marlin, (
1088:), p. 30.
1084:Marlin, (
1071:Marlin, (
1058:Marlin, (
1031:), p. 75.
1027:Marlin, (
983:Marlin, (
970:Marlin, (
961:), p. 71.
957:Marlin, (
941:Marlin, (
928:Marlin, (
915:Marlin, (
906:), p. 22.
902:Marlin, (
886:Marlin, (
596:technique
580:sociology
541:euphemism
348:judgment.
306:technique
284:Aristotle
94:professor
685:Chapters
667:and the
588:biblical
543:such as
513:Newspeak
473:and the
415:and the
392:Gulf War
360:ideology
289:Rhetoric
204:Montreal
141:Bordeaux
58:Canadian
592:Marxist
493:, that
475:Big Lie
224:physics
158:use of
1397:
1383:
1362:
1348:
1334:
1320:
1180:Ethics
1167:Ethics
1141:Ethics
1125:Ethics
1112:Ethics
1099:Ethics
1086:Ethics
1073:Ethics
1060:Ethics
1029:Ethics
1016:Ethics
985:Ethics
972:Ethics
959:Ethics
943:Ethics
930:Ethics
917:Ethics
904:Ethics
888:Ethics
116:, the
102:Ottawa
813:COVE.
695:Notes
564:class
413:Times
302:every
1395:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1360:OCLC
1346:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1318:ISBN
590:and
558:and
497:and
366:and
275:Star
214:, a
41:Born
439:by
378:In
358:or
286:'s
253:'s
139:at
100:in
96:at
1432::
1240:^
1132:^
950:^
895:^
840:^
818:^
806:^
370:.
330:.
173:.
120:,
112:,
791:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
