812:. Plans for an Italian Legion however were seriously hampered by recruitment difficulties: the Mazzini Society couldn't count on the same base as De Gaulle, who enjoyed the loyalty of a part of the French military and controlled territory in some French colonies; nor it could hope to recruit most Italian Americans, who would be drafted in the US Armed Forces. Despite his growing dislike of Communism, during this time Pacciardi pursued a line of cooperation and unity between all anti-fascist forces, which was a cause of friction with the rest of the Society and ultimately prompted him to resign his membership.
997:
1054:, banned left- and far-right parties and set up concentration camps and special tribunals for high-profile politicians. While charges were dropped in 1978, in 2000 Sogno admitted on his deathbed that that he and Pacciardi did actually plan a "liberal coup" against "the moderate coalition, the intellectuals, the main economic-financial forces and the left-wing Church". According to Sogno, Pacciardi had personally helped him with the planning and worked on recruiting some contacts within the military and the police, including former Army Chief of Staff
2505:
883:(PSI) parties from the cabinet, at first the PRI withheld support from the new government. The party was actually split between Pacciardi, who advocated continuing cooperation with PCI in line with his beliefs in anti-fascist unity, and Conti and Facchinetti, who blamed Communists for government inefficiency. Initially, the former approach prevailed. By December 1947, however, Pacciardi changed his position due to a growing perception of the Soviet threat, and became deputy Prime Minister along with
1555:
1539:
1516:
728:
criticism of his superiors, exacerbated differences and fueled attempts to remove him from command or otherwise prevent contacts with his subordinates. Pacciardi also showed little interest in the mixed-nationality nature of most
International Brigades, having always preferred a self-sufficient all-Italian unit to "the anonymity of internationalism". Lamenting the lack of autonomy in the face of the integration of all International Brigades in the regular
1533:
1494:
739:, but couldn't find enough support within the Spanish government to do so. They also offered him a promotion to division staff, which he turned down. Finally, at the urging of Penchienati and Nenni, Pacciardi accepted the post of vice divisional commander for the duration of the next offensive, as a gesture to improve the unity and morale of the brigade. He finally left Spain for good in October 1937.
821:
1500:
2550:
2315:
1408:
1368:
1328:
1265:
1225:
1448:
1305:
715:, in the months of Pacciardi's leadership the Garibaldi Battalion (later Garibaldi Brigade) developed a reputation for political tolerance, hosting communists, socialists, and republicans. It was also the only unit within the Brigades to have a substantial number of anarchists. In May 1937, when the "Garibaldi" was asked to suppress
742:
Sources more sympathetic to the
Communist point of view have also blamed his departure on his adherence to traditional models of military leadership, like the separation between officers' and troops' quarters, as well as the leave request, which has been interpreted as unviable in the context of the
684:
decided to establish the more sizeable and better-funded
International Brigades. On 27 October the representatives of the main anti-fascist parties in the exile signed an agreement in the Paris for the establishment of the Garibaldi Battalion. The choice of commander fell on Pacciardi largely due to
1808:
Pacciardi aveva sostenuto la tesi d'inviare in licenza in
Francia tutti i garibaldini affinché facessero opera di proselitismo e di reclutamento fra gli immigrati italiani. Era stato aspramente criticato dai comunisti i quali consideravano follia abbandonare la lotta proprio nel momento in cui la
727:
as part of internal purges of the
Republican camp, Pacciardi instructed acting commander Carlo Penchienati to refuse. His persistent refusal to accept discipline within the normal chain of command, including the authority of political commissars over the appointment of subordinates, and frequent
1024:
proved to be a failure for the UDNR, which received just 0.20% of votes nationwide, and elected none of its members to
Parliament. While the former Defense Minister could enjoy many connections within political, military and diplomatic circles these were often deemed insufficient to launch an
956:
he suggested that the government should have provoked the
Communists into using violence to find a pretext to outlaw them. He also became supportive of a presidential system of government, which he believed would be the solution to the instability of Italian politics. After the
1050:, a diplomat and former Resistance fighter. Violante claimed that the plan would have seen Pacciardi lead an emergency program which would have dissolved Parliament, established a single legal trade union, abolished
1067:
would have been outlawed, the government would have been overall respectful of civil liberties and only held power for a limited time, something that has been questioned by commentators like political philosopher
1928:
1062:
to appoint an emergency cabinet led by
Pacciardi as Prime Minister, with the goal of preventing the entry of Communist ministers into the government. In its promoters' view, while PCI and the neo-fascist
732:
he requested a temporary leave for all
Italian volunteers to give them the opportunity to go abroad and recruit among members among Italian emigrants in France and elsewhere, but this was rejected.
3075:
3070:
2480:
1025:
effective takeover. His suggestion that anti-fascist political rhetoric was no longer relevant and should be dropped also attracted the sympathies of a small number of neo-fascists.
1072:, who had exchanged numerous letters with Sogno in previous years. Other participants in the plot have criticized the truthfulness of Sogno's "confession". Conservative journalist
763:
in the 19th century). Between March and May 1938 he also held a round of lectures in the United States about anti-fascism, with the goal of raising funds for the
Spanish Republic.
1809:
Spagna attraversava un periodo estremamente critico. Purtroppo le tesi di Pacciardi avevano generato una certa atmosfera di sfiducia nei combattenti politicamente meno preparati.
3015:
1080:, spread by the left against a political opponent, and supporters have suggested that the actions of the former PRI leader were always meant to be within the framework of the
2758:
1999:
3050:
836:'s hardline opposition to any form of cooperation with the Italian monarchy, which put Republicans at odds with the other anti-fascist parties, who were organized in the
973:. He also said that he was contemplating launching a movement to "save democracy" in the country, and that his views were supported by some high-ranking members of the
3060:
1028:
His political advocacy continued in the 1970s, as it seemed possible that PCI might enter into a government coalition with the Christian Democrats as a consequence of
599:
When the Fascists outlawed all rival parties in November 1926, Pacciardi was sentenced to five years of internal exile, but was able to escape to Austria and then to
2944:
1431:
1391:
1351:
1288:
1248:
1208:
235:
196:
3030:
2995:
2473:
965:
that would bypass Parliament and install a government with the task of writing a new, presidentialist Constitution. In July 1959 he met with Luce's successor
3035:
3025:
917:
in Spain, he also oversaw Italian rearmament, sought to keep most wartime professionals, re-established a military intelligence service with the creation of
3020:
3065:
569:
993:
that included PSI ministers for the first time in sixteen years, Pacciardi voted against it in dissent with his own party and was expelled from PRI.
3000:
2466:
2211:
921:, and took a number of symbolic measures to enhance the prestige of the Armed Forces that survive to this day, such as the introduction of a yearly
33:
1857:
2751:
1769:
914:
685:
his military qualifications and a desire to project an image of unity through reliance on a non-Marxist with impeccable anti-fascist credentials.
584:, and one of the first opposition group to be banned by the government, in January 1925. As a lawyer he successfully defended the party newspaper
3010:
844:
he tried to persuade Parri to remain as Prime Minister, but unsuccessfully. He became national secretary of PRI in 1945 and was elected to the
1983:
1696:
1438:
1013:
849:
301:
913:
despite resistance from factions within his own party. Despite the initial distrust from senior officers, many of whom had fought on the
3005:
930:
716:
2744:
891:
3040:
661:
1936:. Convegno di Studi tenuto a Roma nella Sala del Cenacolo il 27 novembre 1997. Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare. p. 49.
767:
700:, and he was considered a successful commander and respected by his men. The battle of Guadalajara, which saw Republicans defeat
2300:
3055:
2990:
2522:
2489:
1560:
1546:
1521:
711:
While the International Brigades were Communist-dominated, having been organized by the Comintern and strictly supervised by
680:
in early September 1936, but the Spanish Prime Minister wasn't interested in the proposal and only changed his mind when the
535:
531:
523:
98:
1421:
1381:
1341:
1278:
1238:
1198:
996:
902:
845:
837:
624:
In 1933 the Italian government pressured Switzerland to expel all anti-fascist refugees, forcing Pacciardi to relocate to
214:
2319:
1901:
743:
war effort or even as an outright proposal to dissolve the brigade rather than accept a reduction of personal authority.
1203:
969:
and told him that he thought that Italy needed an authoritarian government, with a president with powers modeled on the
604:
3045:
2949:
2396:
1426:
1386:
1346:
1283:
1243:
982:
906:
833:
175:
44:
1092:
In 1979 he asked to be readmitted to the PRI, which happened the following year. In 1981 he founded a new magazine,
2918:
1617:
1084:. These events contributed to Pacciardi's marginalization in Italian politics, and created a controversial legacy.
91:
1532:
1493:
2959:
2913:
2767:
2108:
958:
677:
573:
393:
788:
with false documents. In the United States Pacciardi supported the unsuccessful efforts of the Italian-American
2903:
2432:
2404:
2372:
2344:
1398:
1358:
1295:
1255:
1215:
471:
397:
294:
2136:
Agenzia A (ISSN 0998-447X) «Rettifica al falso Testamento di un anticomunista» by Luigi Cavallo, February 2001
2954:
2939:
2898:
2736:
1803:
1064:
880:
876:
857:
805:
729:
701:
681:
653:
351:
2872:
2442:
2424:
2414:
1948:
1822:
2934:
2832:
2195:
2148:
1668:
1051:
966:
926:
797:
649:
609:
482:
365:
2354:
840:
and held ministries in the royal government. When pro-monarchist parties withdrew their support from the
792:, of which he had been a member since its founding in 1939, to organize volunteer groups to take part in
708:, was the first instance of Italians taking part on opposite side of an engagement during the civil war.
617:, to whom he procured a counterfeit passport, and Giovanni Bassanesi and Gioacchino Dolci, who flew over
2045:
1587:
1081:
1021:
970:
898:
884:
861:
697:
657:
656:. Pacciardi's original intent was to organize a non-political volunteer group at direct disposal of the
445:
2882:
2800:
2816:
2504:
2985:
2980:
2848:
2840:
2621:
2616:
2611:
1649:
1145:
937:
853:
515:
79:
2364:
2240:
1096:, of which he was also director. In the final years of his life he was supportive of Prime Minister
2877:
2867:
2824:
2808:
2386:
1554:
1538:
1515:
1033:
712:
645:
557:
490:
419:
401:
324:
147:
2072:
2666:
2651:
1862:
1750:
1742:
1148:, to whose first wedding he was best man due to his friendship with De André's father, Giuseppe.
527:
383:
361:
2696:
489:. He was later politically active in post-war Italy. His support for various plans to install a
1159:
in August 1919, becoming "Companion" the following year. In 1937 he joined the Parisian lodge "
2701:
2676:
2517:
2512:
2336:
1979:
1692:
1139:
1104:
1029:
962:
953:
872:
801:
641:
581:
486:
450:
427:
131:
67:
735:
During a brief absence Communists tried to engineer his replacement with political commissar
2656:
2601:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2497:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1127:
1073:
1037:
1001:
894:
760:
705:
693:
593:
577:
564:. He moved to Rome the following year. He was a staunch opponent of the growing violence of
440:
347:
267:
167:
159:
118:
2784:
1588:"Archivio Randolfo Pacciardi (1919 aprile 22 - 1991 aprile 16). Profilo storico-biografico"
1103:
Pacciardi died from a stroke on 14 April 1991, in Rome, aged 92. On request from President
1012:
After his expulsion from PRI he founded a new party with a Gaullist-inspired platform, the
2706:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2641:
2576:
2058:
1131:
1069:
974:
922:
868:
832:, immediately becoming a member of the leadership of the re-established PRI. He supported
829:
789:
689:
544:
435:
163:
820:
32:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2661:
2646:
2591:
1795:
1507:
1160:
1135:
1059:
1055:
990:
949:
736:
614:
539:
2974:
2716:
2686:
2626:
2596:
2556:
2532:
2306:
2216:
1836:
1754:
1164:
1108:
1097:
1047:
978:
887:
841:
114:
2080:
2636:
2631:
2606:
2527:
2450:
2446:
793:
669:
478:
2458:
1738:
1723:"The Other Volunteers: American Anarchists and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939"
1471:
1152:
809:
756:
673:
665:
589:
588:
against a defamation lawsuit, after an article had accused high-ranking Fascist
412:
143:
603:, Switzerland, with the help of Ernesta Battisti, the widow of Italian patriot
576:. Italia Libera would be one of the few groups to plan for armed resistance to
1077:
1042:
781:
565:
511:
319:
2193:
Caretto, Ennio (4 October 2006). "Mio marito Hemingway, violento e codardo".
852:
the Republican Party entered a coalition government for the first time, with
644:
he helped organize and took the command of the Italian Legion, later renamed
522:. In 1915 he became a member of the Italian Republican Party. A supporter of
1499:
1005:
986:
724:
263:
2549:
2314:
1927:
De Leonardis, Massimo (1997). Pizzigallo, Matteo; Alberini, Paolo (eds.).
1887:
Women, Antifascism and Mussolini's Italy: The Life of Marion Cave Rosselli
1622:
1318:
1156:
1112:
772:
625:
613:
group and offered logistical support to various anti-fascists, including
494:
203:
668:. Through the good offices of other exiled anti-fascists like Socialist
777:
519:
1646:
Italia libera, il primo movimento antifascista clandestino (1923-1925)
2908:
785:
629:
600:
1689:
Comintern Army: The International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War
2263:
La massoneria italiana nell'esilio e nella clandestinità. 1927–1939
1978:(in Italian) (1st ed.). Roma: Newton Compton. pp. 34–35.
2542:
2285:
2146:
Montanelli, Indro (21 August 2000). "Il mio amico Edgardo Sogno".
995:
918:
819:
618:
1902:"FACCHINETTI, Cipriano in "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani""
2105:
Testamento di un anticomunista: dalla Resistenza al golpe bianco
910:
720:
283:
2740:
2462:
1618:"PACCIARDI, Randolfo in "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani""
1163:", as "master" and in 1938 was elevated to 30th degree of the
961:
he started advocating in private, on several occasions, for a
481:, he lived in exile for many years and was an officer of the
2548:
2503:
1058:. With military support they would have persuaded President
770:, he and his wife finally reached New York aboard the liner
467:(1 January 1899 – 14 April 1991) was an Italian politician.
1963:(2) – via Archivio Storico della Camera dei Deputati.
1123:
Pacciardi was married to Luigia Civinini, a piano teacher.
592:
of having ordered the assassination of anti-fascist priest
2265:(in Italian). Milan: Franco Angeli. pp. 162–163, 183.
1020:. However, his ideas met with little popular support. The
652:, a unit of Italian volunteers fighting in support of the
952:. In 1954, during a meeting with US ambassador to Italy
2180:
Protagonisti grandi e piccoli: studi, incontri, ricordi
607:. While in Switzerland he maintained contacts with the
2241:"Pacciardi massone: iniziazione all'antitotalitarismo"
1040:
accused him of plotting a coup attempt, the so called
470:
He was a long-time member of the secular, centre-left
1770:"Guerra di Spagna: la storia della Brigata Garibaldi"
696:- where he was wounded - and the final stages of the
580:
in the wake of the assassination of Socialist deputy
1691:. Lexington Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
909:
from 1948 to 1953, supporting Italian membership in
808:, to ask him to attach the prospective units to the
2927:
2891:
2860:
2777:
2541:
2496:
407:
389:
379:
371:
357:
343:
338:
330:
318:
310:
290:
273:
250:
245:
231:
212:
192:
173:
153:
137:
125:
97:
85:
73:
61:
43:
23:
1930:Forze Armate, partiti politici e opinione pubblica
1126:During his life he met and befriended people like
560:, and later collaborated with the local newspaper
2282:I repubblicani nel secondo dopoguerra (1943–1953)
1138:(who asked Pacciardi for advice in the making of
688:With the Garibaldi Battalion he took part in the
3076:Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor
3071:Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
530:and took part in the hostilities, receiving two
2945:International response to the Spanish Civil War
2073:"Il piano di Sogno per abbattere la democrazia"
664:which had helped France in the early phases of
1951:[The Foreign Policy of the New Italy]
751:Moving to Paris he founded a weekly magazine,
2752:
2474:
2305:(biography) (in Italian), PRI, archived from
2126:(in Italian). Roma-Bari: Laterza. p. 35.
929:and the opening of barracks to the public on
828:He returned to Italy in June 1944, after the
776:on 26 December 1941, after traveling through
526:, he enrolled in the officers' school of the
8:
3016:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy
1111:. He is buried in the municipal cemetery of
2122:Bobbio, Norberto; Viroli, Maurizio (2001).
1292:
948:In the 1950s Pacciardi became aggressively
621:in July 1930 to throw propaganda leaflets.
2759:
2745:
2737:
2481:
2467:
2459:
2325:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1592:Archivio storico della Camera dei Deputati
556:In 1921 he received a law degree from the
31:
20:
3051:Italian military personnel of World War I
2182:(in Italian). Rome: Barulli. p. 644.
1582:
1580:
1578:
2103:Sogno, Edgardo; Cazzullo, Aldo (2020) .
1665:L'organizzazione dello Stato totalitario
1174:
3061:Italian people of the Spanish Civil War
1949:"La politica estera della nuova Italia"
1889:. Tauris Academic Studies. p. 214.
1574:
1463:
227:25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948
111:15 December 1947 – 12 May 1948
2212:"Non ho più voglia di altre avventure"
2054:
2043:
1821:Randolfo Pacciardi (16 October 1943).
1768:Disoteo, Maurizio (13 December 2019).
636:Participation in the Spanish Civil War
2163:Di Muccio de Quattro, Pietro (2013).
1858:"Guadalajara hero plans 'Free Italy'"
1014:Democratic Union for the New Republic
7:
3031:Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
2996:Italian Republican Party politicians
1802:(in Italian) (2nd ed.). Milan:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1186:
1036:strategy. In August 1974 prosecutor
944:Presidentialism and coup allegations
524:Italy's participation in World War I
3036:Deputies of Legislature IV of Italy
3026:Deputies of Legislature II of Italy
2084:(in Italian). 7 May 1976. p. 5
1947:Pacciardi, Randolfo (Spring 1945).
1727:Journal for the Study of Radicalism
1474:proportional representation system.
1155:. He joined the "Ombrone" lodge of
931:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
57:23 May 1948 – 16 July 1953
3021:Deputies of Legislature I of Italy
2210:Fiori, Simonetta (16 April 1991).
936:He was also an early supporter of
497:has been a source of controversy.
314:Giovanni Pacciardi, Elvira Guidoni
14:
2000:"Camera 19/05/1968 - Area Italia"
188:8 May 1948 – 4 June 1968
3066:International Brigades personnel
2909:Revolutionary National Committee
2313:
2165:Il golpe bianco di Edgardo Sogno
2040:(140): 44–46. 26 September 1974.
1553:
1537:
1531:
1514:
1498:
1492:
1446:
1432:Pisa–Livorno–Lucca–Massa Carrara
1406:
1392:Pisa–Livorno–Lucca–Massa Carrara
1366:
1352:Pisa–Livorno–Lucca–Massa Carrara
1326:
1303:
1289:Pisa–Livorno–Lucca–Massa Carrara
1263:
1249:Pisa–Livorno–Lucca–Massa Carrara
1223:
1209:Pisa–Livorno–Lucca–Massa Carrara
901:he was elected to Parliament in
660:government, on the model of the
3001:Deputy prime ministers of Italy
2490:Deputy prime ministers of Italy
2124:Dialogo intorno alla repubblica
1800:Senza tregua. La guerra dei GAP
1435:
1395:
1355:
1252:
1212:
800:side. He also tried to contact
552:Resistance to Fascism and exile
510:Randolfo Pacciardi was born in
2004:elezionistorico.interno.gov.it
1561:Bronze Medal of Military Valor
1547:Silver Medal of Military Valor
1522:Silver Medal of Military Valor
536:Bronze Medal of Military Valor
334:Lawyer, politician, journalist
16:Italian politician (1899–1991)
1:
3011:Ministers of defence of Italy
2280:Spinelli, Alessandro (1998).
1866:. 27 December 1941. p. 8
1616:Polese Remaggi, Luca (2014).
1076:dismissed the accusations as
848:the following year. With the
846:Constituent Assembly of Italy
838:National Liberation Committee
2955:Albanian resistance movement
2768:XII International Brigade –
2178:Pacciardi, Randolfo (1972).
1747:10.14321/jstudradi.10.2.0019
1739:10.14321/jstudradi.10.2.0019
1721:Zimmer, Kenyon (Fall 2016).
897:. After the approval of the
2950:Italian resistance movement
2377:(with Cipriano Facchinetti)
2248:Annali del Centro Pannunzio
1976:L'Italia dei colpi di stato
1824:Franche parole agli Alleati
1687:Richardson, R. Dan (1982).
1663:Acquarone, Alberto (1965).
850:end of the Italian monarchy
676:he received a hearing from
3092:
3006:Exiled Italian politicians
2919:Communist Party of Germany
2409:May 1945 – September 1946
1016:(UDNR), and the newspaper
869:May 1947 government crisis
92:Giuseppe Codacci Pisanelli
2914:Communist Party of Poland
2439:
2429:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2393:
2383:
2381:July 1934 – January 1942
2369:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2199:(in Italian). p. 41.
2167:(in Italian). Liberlibri.
2152:(in Italian). p. 31.
1885:Richet, Isabelle (2018).
1829:Frank Words to the Allies
1294:
1282:
1277:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1177:
959:May 1958 crisis in France
768:German invasion of France
678:Francisco Largo Caballero
640:With the outbreak of the
458:
394:11th Bersaglieri Regiment
241:
220:
181:
104:
50:
39:
30:
3041:Politicians from Tuscany
2904:Italian Republican Party
2437:January – December 1947
2433:Italian Republican Party
2405:Italian Republican Party
2373:Italian Republican Party
2349:April 1933 – March 1934
2345:Italian Republican Party
1974:Flamini, Gianni (2007).
759:movement established by
568:and in 1923 established
472:Italian Republican Party
398:8th Bersaglieri Regiment
2940:Communist International
2899:Italian Communist Party
2284:(in Italian). Ravenna,
1835:(Speech) (in Italian).
1065:Italian Social Movement
1000:Randolfo Pacciardi and
538:, as well as a British
2960:Roter Frontkämpferbund
2935:International Brigades
2553:
2508:
2261:Fedele, Santi (2005).
2239:Mola, Aldo A. (2001).
2196:Il Corriere della Sera
2149:Il Corriere della Sera
1900:Caridi, Paola (1994).
1644:Zani, Luciano (1975).
1052:parliamentary immunity
1009:
825:
766:Forced to flee by the
650:International Brigades
648:and integrated in the
574:veterans' organization
483:International Brigades
366:International Brigades
3056:Italian anti-fascists
2991:People from Gavorrano
2873:André Marty Battalion
2552:
2507:
2443:Giulio Andrea Belloni
2425:Giulio Andrea Belloni
2415:Giulio Andrea Belloni
1667:(in Italian). Turin:
999:
971:French Fifth Republic
862:De Gasperi II Cabinet
823:
698:battle of Guadalajara
491:presidential republic
446:Battle of Guadalajara
372:Years of service
113:Serving with
99:Deputy Prime Minister
2833:Eloy Paradinas Quero
2322:at Wikimedia Commons
1648:(in Italian). Bari:
1204:Constituent Assembly
1082:Italian Constitution
983:Christian Democratic
977:like Genoa cardinal
854:Cipriano Facchinetti
806:Pierre Mendès-France
713:political commissars
586:La Voce Repubblicana
516:province of Grosseto
493:in Italy during the
375:1917–1919; 1936–1939
215:Constituent Assembly
80:Cipriano Facchinetti
2878:Dabrowski Battalion
2868:Garibaldi Battalion
2852:(Aug 1938–Feb 1939)
2828:(Oct 1937–Feb 1938)
2788:(Nov 1936–Feb 1937)
2355:Giuseppe Chiostergi
1427:Chamber of Deputies
1387:Chamber of Deputies
1347:Chamber of Deputies
1284:Chamber of Deputies
1244:Chamber of Deputies
1094:L'Italia del popolo
1034:historic compromise
938:European federalism
646:Garibaldi Battalion
610:Giustizia e libertà
558:University of Siena
420:Battle of Caporetto
402:Garibaldi Battalion
325:University of Siena
176:Chamber of Deputies
148:Vincenzo Moscatelli
45:Minister of Defence
3046:Italian Freemasons
2883:Thälmann Battalion
2793:Randolfo Pacciardi
2554:
2509:
2329:Political offices
2320:Randolfo Pacciardi
2023:Flamini, p. 76-77.
1863:The New York Times
1757:– via JSTOR.
1010:
830:liberation of Rome
826:
824:Pacciardi in 1945.
810:Free French Forces
632:region of France.
572:, an anti-fascist
465:Randolfo Pacciardi
384:Lieutenant colonel
362:Royal Italian Army
298:(1915–64; 1980–91)
200:(1948–53; 1958–68)
25:Randolfo Pacciardi
2968:
2967:
2892:Political parties
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2801:Carlo Penchienati
2797:
2789:
2734:
2733:
2457:
2456:
2440:Succeeded by
2412:Succeeded by
2384:Succeeded by
2378:
2352:Succeeded by
2337:Raffaele Rossetti
2318:Media related to
2250:. Turin: 143–144.
2053:Missing or empty
1985:978-88-541-0968-1
1711:Richardson, p. 64
1698:978-0-8131-5446-6
1566:
1565:
1460:
1459:
1171:Electoral history
1146:Fabrizio De André
1107:he was granted a
1105:Francesco Cossiga
1030:Enrico Berlinguer
954:Clare Boothe Luce
802:Charles de Gaulle
755:(named after the
753:La Giovine Italia
690:defense of Madrid
642:Spanish Civil War
582:Giacomo Matteotti
487:Spanish Civil War
462:
461:
451:Battle of Brunete
428:Spanish Civil War
132:Alcide De Gasperi
68:Alcide De Gasperi
3083:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2817:François Bernard
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2543:Italian Republic
2498:Kingdom of Italy
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2422:Preceded by
2394:Preceded by
2376:
2362:Preceded by
2334:Preceded by
2326:
2317:
2310:
2289:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1733:(2): 31, 37–38.
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1613:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1557:
1541:
1535:
1518:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1468:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1175:
1128:Ernest Hemingway
1074:Indro Montanelli
1038:Luciano Violante
1002:David Ben-Gurion
981:. In 1963, when
967:James Zellerbach
915:Nationalist side
907:Defense Minister
895:Giuseppe Saragat
761:Giuseppe Mazzini
694:battle of Jarama
662:Garibaldi Legion
654:Spanish Republic
594:Giovanni Minzoni
578:Benito Mussolini
441:Battle of Jarama
352:Spanish Republic
339:Military service
306:
299:
280:
260:
258:
246:Personal details
225:
208:
201:
186:
168:Giuseppe Saragat
160:Attilio Piccioni
156:
140:
128:
119:Giuseppe Saragat
109:
88:
76:
64:
55:
35:
21:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2923:
2887:
2856:
2849:Luis Rivas Amat
2841:Martino Martini
2773:
2765:
2735:
2730:
2537:
2492:
2487:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2389:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2309:on 17 June 2011
2299:
2296:
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2276:
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2270:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
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2172:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1957:Politica Estera
1952:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1796:Pesce, Giovanni
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1571:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1411:
1407:
1371:
1367:
1331:
1327:
1308:
1304:
1268:
1264:
1228:
1224:
1173:
1132:Martha Gellhorn
1121:
1090:
1070:Norberto Bobbio
975:Catholic Church
946:
923:military parade
892:Social Democrat
858:Minister of War
818:
816:Return to Italy
790:Mazzini Society
749:
638:
605:Cesare Battisti
562:L'Etruria Nuova
554:
545:Croix de guerre
508:
503:
436:Siege of Madrid
400:
396:
364:
350:
304:
300:
297:
291:Political party
282:
278:
262:
256:
254:
226:
221:
206:
202:
199:
187:
182:
166:
164:Giovanni Porzio
162:
154:
146:
138:
126:
121:
117:
110:
105:
86:
74:
62:
56:
51:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2844:(Apr–Aug 1938)
2838:
2836:(Feb–Apr 1938)
2830:
2822:
2820:(Sep–Oct 1937)
2814:
2812:(Aug–Sep 1937)
2806:
2804:(Jul–Aug 1937)
2798:
2796:(Feb–Jul 1937)
2790:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2441:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2400:
2397:Giovanni Conti
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2368:
2365:Ottavio Abbati
2363:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2295:
2294:External links
2292:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2253:
2231:
2202:
2185:
2170:
2155:
2138:
2129:
2114:
2107:(in Italian).
2095:
2064:
2025:
2016:
1991:
1984:
1966:
1959:(in Italian).
1939:
1919:
1892:
1877:
1849:
1813:
1787:
1760:
1713:
1704:
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1528:
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1524:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1508:Military Cross
1505:
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1490:
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1476:
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1377:
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1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1321:
1319:Italy at-large
1315:
1314:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1261:
1258:
1253:
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1234:
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1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1161:Eugenio Chiesa
1136:Michael Curtiz
1130:and his lover
1120:
1117:
1089:
1086:
1060:Giovanni Leone
1056:Giorgio Liuzzi
950:anti-communist
945:
942:
834:Giovanni Conti
817:
814:
748:
745:
737:Ilio Barontini
702:Italian troops
672:and Communist
637:
634:
615:Sandro Pertini
566:Fascist squads
553:
550:
540:Military Cross
518:, in southern
507:
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358:Branch/service
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281:(aged 92)
275:
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261:1 January 1899
252:
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243:
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229:
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218:
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213:Member of the
210:
209:
204:Italy at-large
194:
190:
189:
179:
178:
174:Member of the
171:
170:
157:
151:
150:
141:
135:
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129:
127:Prime Minister
123:
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63:Prime Minister
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28:
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3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
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2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2825:Arturo Zanoni
2823:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2809:Nino Raimondi
2807:
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2431:Secretary of
2426:
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2403:Secretary of
2398:
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2387:Mario Carrara
2379:
2374:
2371:Secretary of
2366:
2360:
2356:
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2343:Secretary of
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2257:
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2232:
2219:
2218:
2217:la Repubblica
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2159:
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2110:
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2065:
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2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1838:
1837:Carnegie Hall
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
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1671:. p. 48.
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1594:(in Italian).
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1470:Elected in a
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193:Constituency
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155:Succeeded by
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87:Succeeded by
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2986:1991 deaths
2981:1899 births
2770:"Garibaldi"
2652:De Michelis
1804:Feltrinelli
1774:Contropiano
1472:closed list
1455:Not elected
1312:Not elected
1088:Final years
963:coup d'état
867:During the
856:serving as
773:Serpa Pinto
757:Young Italy
674:Luigi Longo
666:World War I
590:Italo Balbo
485:during the
413:World War I
144:Paolo Cappa
139:Preceded by
75:Preceded by
2975:Categories
2861:Battalions
2785:Máté Zalka
2778:Commanders
2677:Mattarella
2622:De Martino
2612:De Martino
2224:4 November
2088:2 November
2009:29 October
1912:4 November
1870:29 October
1842:30 October
1780:31 October
1629:28 October
1569:References
1141:Casablanca
879:(PCI) and
873:De Gasperi
782:Casablanca
512:Giuncarico
506:Early life
477:An ardent
344:Allegiance
331:Profession
320:Alma mater
257:1899-01-01
2667:Tatarella
2562:Pacciardi
2518:Togliatti
2513:Togliatti
2302:Pacciardi
2109:Mondadori
1755:159515808
1178:Election
1153:freemason
1151:He was a
1006:Sde Boker
989:set up a
987:Aldo Moro
881:Socialist
877:Communist
725:Barcelona
717:anarchist
706:Mussolini
682:Comintern
628:, in the
514:, in the
501:Biography
311:Parent(s)
305:(1964–80)
264:Gavorrano
223:In office
207:(1953–58)
184:In office
107:In office
53:In office
2692:Tremonti
2672:Veltroni
2657:Martelli
2637:La Malfa
2632:La Malfa
2602:Piccioni
2582:Piccioni
2572:Piccioni
2288:: Longo.
2034:Panorama
1906:Treccani
1798:(1967).
1623:Treccani
1157:Grosseto
1113:Grosseto
1078:libelous
1018:La Folla
905:and was
704:sent by
626:Mulhouse
534:and one
495:Cold War
2928:Related
2727:Salvini
2717:Di Maio
2712:Salvini
2702:Rutelli
2697:D'Alema
2687:Follini
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2617:Taviani
2587:Saragat
2567:Saragat
2557:Einaudi
2274:Sources
2081:l'Unità
1669:Einaudi
1650:Laterza
1415:Elected
1375:Elected
1335:Elected
1272:Elected
1260:12,061
1232:Elected
1220:12,451
1193:Result
1046:, with
991:cabinet
985:leader
885:Liberal
871:, when
860:in the
796:on the
778:Algiers
520:Tuscany
286:, Italy
2722:Tajani
2707:Alfano
2662:Maroni
2577:Porzio
2533:Brosio
2523:Rodinò
1982:
1831:]
1753:
1745:
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1482:Awards
1403:4,220
1363:6,997
1300:9,849
1190:Votes
1187:Party
1181:House
1144:) and
1008:, 1958
804:, via
798:Allied
786:Mexico
692:, the
630:Alsace
601:Lugano
422:(1917)
2647:Amato
2607:Nenni
2597:Segni
2592:Pella
2528:Nenni
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2076:(PDF)
1953:(PDF)
1934:(PDF)
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1827:[
1751:S2CID
1743:JSTOR
919:SIFAR
619:Milan
348:Italy
268:Italy
2682:Fini
2226:2022
2090:2022
2059:help
2011:2022
1980:ISBN
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1693:ISBN
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1443:758
1439:UDNR
1422:1968
1382:1963
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911:NATO
903:1948
890:and
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390:Unit
380:Rank
302:UDNR
284:Rome
274:Died
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