Random-access memory - Knowledge (XXG)

1993: 2227: 2541:

are inherently slower than smaller ones of the same type, simply because it takes longer for signals to traverse a larger circuit. Constructing a memory unit of many gibibytes with a response time of one clock cycle is difficult or impossible. Today's CPUs often still have a mebibyte of 0 wait state cache memory, but it resides on the same chip as the CPU cores due to the bandwidth limitations of chip-to-chip communication. It must also be constructed from static RAM, which is far more expensive than the dynamic RAM used for larger memories. Static RAM also consumes far more power.

2582:; small amounts of high-speed memory that houses recent operations and instructions nearby the processor, speeding up the execution of those operations or instructions in cases where they are called upon frequently. Multiple levels of caching have been developed to deal with the widening gap, and the performance of high-speed modern computers relies on evolving caching techniques. There can be up to a 53% difference between the growth in speed of processor and the lagging speed of main memory access. 2217: 1749: 2413: 1583: 1549: 7575: 2016:, and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while the MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell. In 1967, Dennard filed a patent under IBM for a single-transistor DRAM memory cell, based on MOS technology. The first commercial DRAM IC chip was the 1538: 2113:, respectively), which together comprise a DRAM cell. The capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or 0, respectively), and the transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor's state of charge or change it. As this form of memory is less expensive to produce than static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer memory used in modern computers. 11452: 1958:(DRAM) allowed replacement of a 4 or 6-transistor latch circuit by a single transistor for each memory bit, greatly increasing memory density at the cost of volatility. Data was stored in the tiny capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away. 8126: 1807:. Since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was much smaller, faster, and more power-efficient than using individual vacuum tube latches. Developed at the 8901: 8823: 8784: 8862: 2379:

or a tape is variable. The overall goal of using a memory hierarchy is to obtain the fastest possible average access time while minimizing the total cost of the entire memory system (generally, the memory hierarchy follows the access time with the fast CPU registers at the top and the slow hard drive

1825:

was invented in 1947 and developed up until the mid-1970s. It became a widespread form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings. By changing the sense of each ring's magnetization, data could be stored with one bit stored per ring. Since every ring had a combination of address

2540:

Another reason for the disparity is the enormous increase in the size of memory since the start of the PC revolution in the 1980s. Originally, PCs contained less than 1 mebibyte of RAM, which often had a response time of 1 CPU clock cycle, meaning that it required 0 wait states. Larger memory units

2503:

in typical personal computers often has an option called "use shadow BIOS" or similar. When enabled, functions that rely on data from the BIOS's ROM instead use DRAM locations (most can also toggle shadowing of video card ROM or other ROM sections). Depending on the system, this may not result in

2208:

A second type, DRAM, is based around a capacitor. Charging and discharging this capacitor can store a "1" or a "0" in the cell. However, the charge in this capacitor slowly leaks away, and must be refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh process, DRAM uses more power, but it can achieve

2453:, and the combination of physical RAM and the paging file form the system's total memory. (For example, if a computer has 2 GB (1024 B) of RAM and a 1 GB page file, the operating system has 3 GB total memory available to it.) When the system runs low on physical memory, it can " 2487:

Sometimes, the contents of a relatively slow ROM chip are copied to read/write memory to allow for shorter access times. The ROM chip is then disabled while the initialized memory locations are switched in on the same block of addresses (often write-protected). This process, sometimes called

2556:

increases, leading to excess power consumption and heat... Secondly, the advantages of higher clock speeds are in part negated by memory latency, since memory access times have not been able to keep pace with increasing clock frequencies. Third, for certain applications, traditional serial

2042:

The earliest DRAMs were often synchronized with the CPU clock (clocked) and were used with early microprocessors. In the mid-1970s, DRAMs moved to the asynchronous design, but in the 1990s returned to synchronous operation. In 1992 Samsung released KM48SL2000, which had a capacity of

2313:

Often more addresses are needed than can be provided by a device. In that case, external multiplexors to the device are used to activate the correct device that is being accessed. RAM is often byte addressable, although it is also possible to make RAM that is word-addressable.

2479:. A RAM disk loses the stored data when the computer is shut down, unless memory is arranged to have a standby battery source, or changes to the RAM disk are written out to a nonvolatile disk. The RAM disk is reloaded from the physical disk upon RAM disk initialization. 2309:

Usually several memory cells share the same address. For example, a 4 bit 'wide' RAM chip has 4 memory cells for each address. Often the width of the memory and that of the microprocessor are different, for a 32 bit microprocessor, eight 4 bit RAM chips would be needed.

1976:

bipolar transistors and capacitors. While it offered higher speeds than magnetic-core memory, bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then dominant magnetic-core memory. Capacitors had also been used for earlier memory schemes, such as the drum of the

2193:

of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Its value is maintained/stored until it is changed by the set/reset process. The value in the memory cell can be accessed by reading it.

2387:

or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can be quickly replaced should they become damaged or when changing needs demand more storage capacity. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the

1894:

In 1957, Frosch and Derick were able to manufacture the first silicon dioxide field effect transistors at Bell Labs, the first transistors in which drain and source were adjacent at the surface. Subsequently, a team demonstrated a working

2569:

The RC delays in signal transmission were also noted in "Clock Rate versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures" which projected a maximum of 12.5% average annual CPU performance improvement between 2000 and 2014.

2577:

that reduce the distance between the logic and memory aspects that are further apart in a 2D chip. Memory subsystem design requires a focus on the gap, which is widening over time. The main method of bridging the gap is the use of

7758: 9931:

Robinson, Arthur L. (11 May 1984). "Experimental Memory Chips Reach 1 Megabit: As they become larger, memories become an increasingly important part of the integrated circuit business, technologically and economically".

1655:), where the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement. 10113:

Hanafi, Hussein I.; Lu, Nicky C. C.; Chao, H. H.; Hwang, Wei; Henkels, W. H.; Rajeevakumar, T. V.; Terman, L. M.; Franch, Robert L. (October 1988). "A 20-ns 128-kbit*4 high speed DRAM with 330-Mbit/s data rate".

10152:

Breaking the gigabit barrier, DRAMs at ISSCC portend major system-design impact. (dynamic random access memory; International Solid-State Circuits Conference; Hitachi Ltd. and NEC Corp. research and development)

11247: 2306:, and for each combination of bits that may be applied to these lines, a set of memory cells are activated. Due to this addressing, RAM devices virtually always have a memory capacity that is a power of two. 10008: 2508:

if shadow RAM is used. On some systems the benefit may be hypothetical because the BIOS is not used after booting in favor of direct hardware access. Free memory is reduced by the size of the shadowed ROMs.

2243:

To be useful, memory cells must be readable and writable. Within the RAM device, multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry is used to select memory cells. Typically, a RAM device has a set of address lines

8330:

The i1103 was manufactured on a 6-mask silicon-gate P-MOS process with 8 μm minimum features. The resulting product had a 2,400 μm memory cell size, a die size just under 10 mm, and sold for around $ 21.

11122: 10627: 7721: 9476:

Havemann, Robert H.; Eklund, R. E.; Tran, Hiep V.; Haken, R. A.; Scott, D. B.; Fung, P. K.; Ham, T. E.; Favreau, D. P.; Virkus, R. L. (December 1987). "An 0.8 μm 256K BiCMOS SRAM technology".

8442:

The first commercial synchronous DRAM, the Samsung 16-Mbit KM48SL2000, employs a single-bank architecture that lets system designers easily transition from asynchronous to synchronous systems.

2012:

invented invented modern DRAM architecture for which there's a single MOS transistor per capacitor. While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was capable of building

2101:, typically using six MOSFETs. This form of RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less dynamic power than DRAM. In modern computers, SRAM is often used as 1940:

in 1963. It was followed by the development of MOS SRAM by John Schmidt at Fairchild in 1964. SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory, but required six MOS transistors for each

8178: 2561:), further undercutting any gains that frequency increases might otherwise buy. In addition, partly due to limitations in the means of producing inductance within solid state devices, 10150: 2533:

speed improved at an annual rate of 55% while off-chip memory response time only improved at 10%. Given these trends, it was expected that memory latency would become an overwhelming

2304: 9629: 10451: 8480: 1784:

could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items requires knowledge of the physical layout of the drum to optimize speed. Latches built out of

1647:

or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media (such as

11484: 2457:" portions of RAM to the paging file to make room for new data, as well as to read previously swapped information back into RAM. Excessive use of this mechanism results in 12010: 11215: 10884: 2544:

CPU speed improvements slowed significantly partly due to major physical barriers and partly because current CPU designs have already hit the memory wall in some sense.

1796:. Such registers were relatively large and too costly to use for large amounts of data; generally only a few dozen or few hundred bits of such memory could be provided. 11157: 11258: 9445:

Yoshimoto, M.; Anami, K.; Shinohara, H.; Yoshihara, T.; Takagi, H.; Nagao, S.; Kayano, S.; Nakano, T. (1983). "A 64Kb full CMOS RAM with divided word line structure".

8713: 11373: 9128: 9400:

Isobe, Mitsuo; Uchida, Yukimasa; Maeguchi, Kenji; Mochizuki, T.; Kimura, M.; Hatano, H.; Mizutani, Y.; Tango, H. (October 1981). "An 18 ns CMOS/SOS 4K static RAM".

10659: 10564: 1815:

computer, which first successfully ran a program on 21 June, 1948. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the Baby, the Baby was a

10942: 10414: 8512: 2525:) outside the CPU chip. An important reason for this disparity is the limited communication bandwidth beyond chip boundaries, which is also referred to as 1992: 8691: 8548: 2155:

refers solely to solid-state memory devices (either DRAM or SRAM), and more specifically the main memory in most computers. In optical storage, the term

2359:

on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as "RAM" by many developers, even though the various subsystems can have very different

2124:(ROM) stores data by permanently enabling or disabling selected transistors, such that the memory cannot be altered. Writable variants of ROM (such as 10910: 10198: 8667: 7711: 6806: 5397: 1733: 635: 630: 9824: 11477: 1693:

allow random access for read operations, but either do not allow write operations or have other kinds of limitations. These include most types of

10701: 10329: 7688: 2565:(RC) delays in signal transmission are growing as feature sizes shrink, imposing an additional bottleneck that frequency increases don't address. 8174: 1826:

wires to select and read or write it, access to any memory location in any sequence was possible. Magnetic core memory was the standard form of

6256: 6069: 5915: 2140:(which can be either SRAM or DRAM) includes special circuitry to detect and/or correct random faults (memory errors) in the stored data, using 1524: 9737: 9520: 8887:

Experimental and Efficient Algorithms: Third International Workshop, WEA 2004, Angra Dos Reis, Brazil, May 25-28, 2004, Proceedings, Volume 3

8618: 8591: 8062: 8037: 7772: 2427:

In addition to serving as temporary storage and working space for the operating system and applications, RAM is used in numerous other ways.

1065: 12015: 10116: 9402: 7636: 5540: 2574: 10174: 8315: 11189: 11096: 11067: 11008: 10386: 9852: 9793: 2021: 11400: 9265: 2600:

in 2018, closing the gap between RAM and hard disk speeds, although RAM continues to be an order of magnitude faster, with single-lane

11470: 8809:

Advances in Computer Systems Architecture: 11th Asia-Pacific Conference, ACSAC 2006, Shanghai, China, September 6-8, 2006, Proceedings

2612:

solid state drives have replaced some functions formerly performed by RAM, such as holding certain data for immediate availability in

1903: 226: 9763: 9296: 8885: 8807: 8768: 10741: 10182: 9217: 8895: 8856: 8846: 8817: 8778: 8565: 8406: 8379: 8343: 8323: 7600: 1808: 1728:

invented modern DRAM architecture in which there's a single MOS transistor per capacitor. The first commercial DRAM IC chip, the 1K

1013: 956: 276: 8257: 7958: 7735: 2159:

is somewhat of a misnomer since, it is not random access; it behaves much like a hard disc drive if somewhat slower. Aside, unlike

8212: 6837: 5439: 3993: 2680: 1704:

The use of semiconductor RAM dates back to 1965 when IBM introduced the monolithic (single-chip) 16-bit SP95 SRAM chip for their

124: 10983: 8241: 2881: 2441:

Most modern operating systems employ a method of extending RAM capacity, known as "virtual memory". A portion of the computer's

9977: 9604: 1339: 999: 943: 9788: 8949: 8581: 12041: 7873: 4434: 2145: 2133: 1025: 694: 506: 9233: 8706: 8638: 7924: 2226: 8094: 12005: 10687: 9139: 1811:

in England, the Williams tube provided the medium on which the first electronically stored program was implemented in the

1374: 2205:. This means that SRAM requires very low power when not being accessed, but it is expensive and has low storage density. 1978: 12036: 11873: 11844: 10795: 7661: 4778: 3966: 2475:

Software can "partition" a portion of a computer's RAM, allowing it to act as a much faster hard drive that is called a

2458: 1955: 1838: 1683: 725: 650: 620: 521: 11670: 11612: 3908: 2764: 2717: 2648: 2375:

organization of the components make the access time variable, although not to the extent that access time to rotating

2336: 1933: 1679: 682: 11046: 11315: 11849: 10356: 1674:

types of memory where stored information is lost if power is removed. The two main types of volatile random-access

1652: 1517: 1314: 1213: 1085: 715: 704: 10553: 11663: 3228: 511: 406: 12046: 11980: 11893: 11866: 11837: 11600: 9024: 7683: 7615: 2534: 2333: 1386: 1369: 858: 144: 2504:

increased performance, and may cause incompatibilities. For example, some hardware may be inaccessible to the

1724:, bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then-dominant magnetic-core memory. In 1966, Dr. 11284: 11923: 11918: 11806: 11779: 10978: 9857: 9798: 9749: 9575: 9032: 8283: 8099: 7963: 7929: 4103: 4025: 2727: 2721: 2198: 2176: 2098: 1969: 1937: 1907: 1831: 1777: 1667: 1381: 1198: 921: 326: 161: 139: 119: 72: 11422: 11036: 10206: 8660: 10885:"Samsung Electronics Announces Industry's First 8Gb LPDDR5 DRAM for 5G and AI-powered Mobile Applications" 9518:; Anderson, C. A.; Chappell, B. A.; et al. (December 1994). "A room temperature 0.1 μm CMOS on SOI". 8186: 2558: 2247: 1918: 1254: 471: 341: 281: 38: 10228: 12051: 11813: 11347: 11220: 11127: 10920: 10858: 10769: 10706: 10632: 10488: 10325: 10013: 7795: 7406: 6810: 6285: 5518: 1968:, which was introduced in 1965, used a form of capacitor-bipolar DRAM, storing 180-bit data on discrete 1965: 1713: 1510: 757: 675: 461: 271: 266: 246: 236: 102: 92: 57: 42: 8124:, Robert H. Norman, "Solid State Switching and Memory Apparatus", published 9 February 1971 11374:"Samsung Electronics Starts Producing Industry's First 16-Gigabit GDDR6 for Advanced Graphics Systems" 11123:"Samsung Announces the World's First 222 MHz 32Mbit SGRAM for 3D Graphics and Networking Applications" 10318: 9628:

Cite error: The named reference "hynix90s" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

8121: 2461:

and generally hampers overall system performance, mainly because hard drives are far slower than RAM.

10628:"Samsung Develops the Industry's Fastest DDR3 SRAM for High Performance EDP and Network Applications" 10125: 9529: 9411: 9375: 9041: 7831: 5642: 3878: 2328:

One can read and over-write data in RAM. Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of

1911: 1879: 1842: 1822: 1721: 1675: 1542: 1453: 1321: 1100: 1060: 983: 501: 391: 286: 149: 129: 112: 107: 31: 8731: 8078: 11675: 11254: 11193: 11162: 10524: 10456: 10419: 8517: 8485: 6986: 5630: 5590: 5476: 5202: 5022: 3722: 3637: 2001: 1789: 1748: 1737: 1690: 1359: 1050: 988: 973: 840: 792: 645: 456: 154: 8371:

Microprocessor: Prolegomenes - Calculation and Storage Functions - Calculation Models and Computer

7780: 10681: 9545: 9489: 9458: 9427: 8991: 7849: 7630: 7595: 4288: 4097: 2393: 2372: 2329: 2186: 1929:. MOS memory overtook magnetic core memory as the dominant memory technology in the early 1970s. 1883: 1846: 1785: 1769: 1757: 1753: 1717: 1659: 1575: 1567: 1459: 1424: 1070: 496: 481: 426: 421: 411: 386: 311: 8973: 10289: 8454: 11823: 11687: 11585: 11497: 10915: 10375: 10178: 10166: 9986: 9959: 9951: 9934: 9515: 9213: 9057: 8891: 8852: 8813: 8774: 8685: 8614: 8587: 8561: 8557: 8432: 8402: 8375: 8319: 8309: 8058: 8033: 7605: 7580: 7431: 5393: 5197: 4784: 4623: 4553: 3904: 3604: 3429: 2585: 2579: 2412: 2383:

In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called

1793: 1773: 1582: 1553: 1136: 1131: 1055: 1020: 874: 852: 751: 710: 613: 603: 451: 176: 10853: 10764: 9667: 2620:

of SSD storage can be had for $ 200, while 1 TB of RAM would cost thousands of dollars.

1886:. Although it was faster, it could not compete with the lower price of magnetic core memory. 11658: 11549: 10133: 9943: 9537: 9481: 9450: 9419: 9203: 9049: 8025: 7998: 7885: 7839: 2637: 2633: 2562: 2505: 2493: 2323: 2121: 2055: 2025: 1873: 1853: 1804: 1698: 1632: 1610: 1548: 1471: 1465: 1391: 1354: 1344: 1309: 1121: 1075: 1043: 818: 813: 801: 486: 446: 206: 191: 87: 77: 10519: 8145: 7472: 6640: 2216: 11818: 11796: 11759: 11707: 11527: 11522: 11514: 10733: 10043: 9003: 8245: 8182: 7656: 7620: 5241: 2705: 2553: 2182: 1922: 1869: 1827: 1812: 1671: 1644: 1628: 1556: 1364: 1191: 1178: 869: 864: 720: 587: 541: 401: 321: 251: 221: 196: 82: 53: 10554:"EMOTION ENGINE AND GRAPHICS SYNTHESIZER USED IN THE CORE OF PLAYSTATION BECOME ONE CHIP" 10036: 9568: 8730:

Agarwal, Vikas; Hrishikesh, M. S.; Keckler, Stephen W.; Burger, Doug (June 10–14, 2000).

8347: 4732: 3397: 2557:

architectures are becoming less efficient as processors get faster (due to the so-called

2367:

term in RAM. Even within a hierarchy level such as DRAM, the specific row, column, bank,

1541:

A 64 bit memory chip die, the SP95 Phase 2 Buffer Memory produced at IBM mid 60s, versus

566: 10129: 9533: 9415: 9045: 7835: 2521:

is the growing disparity of speed between CPU and the response time of memory (known as

11883: 11784: 11554: 11537: 10069: 9507: 8204: 7986: 2573:

A different concept is the processor-memory performance gap, which can be addressed by

2522: 2436: 2352: 2009: 1986: 1949: 1725: 1705: 1483: 1401: 1274: 1244: 901: 763: 699: 571: 556: 536: 531: 476: 441: 396: 346: 336: 331: 316: 211: 201: 134: 9682: 9324: 9171: 9084: 8278: 2120:, as their state is lost or reset when power is removed from the system. By contrast, 12030: 11985: 11955: 11771: 11697: 11650: 11595: 11590: 11542: 10970: 10361: 10276: 9683:"Manufacturers in Japan enter the DRAM market and integration densities are improved" 9643: 9549: 9020: 8923: 8238: 7797:

Computer 50: The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer

7756:, Dennard, Robert H., "Field-effect transistor memory", issued 1968-06-04 7548: 6752: 6168: 6163: 5893: 5595: 2384: 2376: 2110: 1982: 1800: 1640: 1489: 1116: 1111: 1080: 835: 745: 561: 551: 546: 526: 361: 351: 231: 216: 9614: 9493: 9462: 9431: 17: 11861: 11749: 11732: 11727: 11505: 10664: 9511: 9447:

1983 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers

8764: 7853: 7716: 7308: 7282: 6596: 6542: 6514: 2629: 2609: 2552:

First of all, as chip geometries shrink and clock frequencies rise, the transistor

1915: 1865: 1636: 1436: 1430: 1396: 1264: 1219: 1203: 1095: 891: 886: 846: 808: 491: 466: 366: 301: 256: 241: 10452:"Samsung Electronics Develops First 128Mb SDRAM with DDR/SDR Manufacturing Option" 9847: 9802: 8481:"Samsung Electronics Develops First 128Mb SDRAM with DDR/SDR Manufacturing Option" 7893: 1914:

was cheaper and consumed less power than magnetic core memory. The development of

10091: 9947: 9903: 9241: 8634: 8608: 8427: 8396: 8369: 11960: 11928: 11831: 11791: 11754: 11722: 11564: 9878: 8732:"Clock Rate versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures" 7589: 2669: 2613: 2397: 2368: 2360: 2087: 1926: 1781: 1571: 1560: 1537: 1495: 1447: 881: 576: 416: 356: 261: 11316:"Samsung Increases Production Volumes of 8 GB HBM2 Chips Due to Growing Demand" 9454: 8739:

Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture

8029: 7753: 11975: 11692: 11622: 11617: 11607: 11216:"Samsung Electronics Develops Industry's First Ultra-Fast GDDR4 Graphics DRAM" 10064: 9730: 9423: 7625: 7610: 7574: 7570: 5999: 4259: 4205: 4164: 4115: 3106: 3016: 2887: 2855: 2589: 2442: 2356: 2141: 2137: 2095: 2083: 2017: 1729: 1090: 916: 670: 436: 431: 306: 171: 97: 9955: 9848:"The Cutting Edge of IC Technology: The First 294,912-Bit (288K) Dynamic RAM" 9485: 9061: 8017: 11970: 11965: 11949: 11878: 11717: 11569: 11532: 11462: 11320: 11289: 8742: 8544: 7874:"Universal High-Speed Digital Computers: A Small-Scale Experimental Machine" 6872: 5745: 5471: 5018: 4220: 4179: 3501: 3120: 2470: 2340: 2129: 2106: 2102: 2051: 2013: 1973: 1648: 1477: 1442: 1279: 1208: 1106: 977: 968: 665: 608: 376: 296: 11342: 11158:"Samsung Electronics Announces JEDEC-Compliant 256Mb GDDR2 for 3D Graphics" 9963: 8707:"Platform 2015: Intel Processor and Platform Evolution for the Next Decade" 7889: 1631:

that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working

11451: 10828: 10602: 11908: 11559: 11494: 11456: 10493: 9609: 9209: 9129:"A chronological list of Intel products. The products are sorted by date" 7822:

Williams, F. C.; Kilburn, T. (Sep 1948), "Electronic Digital Computers",

7363: 3940: 2617: 2476: 1594: 1406: 1349: 1284: 1239: 1224: 994: 963: 936: 911: 769: 655: 381: 291: 186: 181: 11742: 11680: 11634: 11377: 11352: 11225: 11167: 11132: 10948: 10888: 10863: 10774: 10711: 10637: 10529: 10461: 10424: 10293: 10169:. In Tsakalakos, Thomas; Ovid'ko, Ilya A.; Vasudevan, Asuri K. (eds.). 8522: 8490: 8458: 6878: 5932: 5466: 5320: 5026: 4685: 4509: 4170: 4091: 4031: 3835: 3392: 3358: 3139: 3100: 3065: 3023: 2417: 2156: 2070:(synchronous graphics RAM), which was first released by Samsung as a 16 2036: 1997: 1961: 1816: 1709: 1304: 1294: 1289: 1249: 1151: 1146: 1126: 931: 906: 896: 687: 9541: 8057:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. 8002: 7987:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon" 11856: 11629: 10382: 9833: 7844: 7553: 7425: 6883: 6842: 6757: 6632: 6402: 6007: 5937: 5704: 5444: 5367: 5068: 4750: 4470: 4069: 3998: 3771: 2840: 2828: 2789: 2685: 2454: 2401: 2348: 2164: 2136:

without power and to be updated without requiring special equipment.

2125: 1896: 1834: 1663: 1299: 1259: 1141: 1030: 828: 371: 11401:"Samsung fires up its foundries for mass production of GDDR6 memory" 9053: 10137: 8950:"If you're buying or upgrading your PC, expect to pay more for RAM" 10065:"Sense amplifier circuit for switching plural inputs at low power" 9767: 9300: 9274: 7539: 7273: 7233: 7187: 7129: 7058: 6868: 6744: 6270: 6083: 5923: 5513: 4774: 4465: 4143: 4019: 3760: 3114: 2752: 2545: 2411: 2225: 2215: 2160: 2067: 1991: 1765: 1747: 1581: 1547: 1536: 1234: 1171: 1166: 1161: 823: 780: 774: 660: 640: 625: 2209:

greater storage densities and lower unit costs compared to SRAM.

11933: 11827: 11423:"Samsung Begins Producing The Fastest GDDR6 Memory In The World" 10560: 10171:

Nanostructures: Synthesis, Functional Properties and Application

9731:"Impact of Processing Technology on DRAM Sense Amplifier Design" 7464: 6980: 6888: 6588: 6108: 5928: 5488: 5138: 4677: 4628: 4521: 3718: 3703: 3403: 3296: 3196: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2500: 2421: 2344: 2063: 2047: 1803:. It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a 1587: 1563: 1229: 516: 166: 11466: 11285:"Micron Begins to Sample GDDR5X Memory, Unveils Specs of Chips" 9916:

The announcement of 1M DRAM in 1984 began the era of megabytes.

2588:

have continued to increase in speed, from ~400 Mbit/s via

11913: 11737: 11073: 11042: 11014: 10668:. 4 November 2003. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019 10415:"Samsung Electronics Comes Out with Super-Fast 16M DDR SGRAMs" 10235: 8513:"Samsung Electronics Comes Out with Super-Fast 16M DDR SGRAMs" 8153: 7712:"Memory that never forgets: non-volatile DIMMs hit the market" 6914: 6825: 5551: 5427: 4247: 4061: 3981: 2930: 2769: 2663: 2530: 2389: 2202: 2190: 2091: 1945: 1941: 1712:

used bipolar DRAM memory cells for its 180-bit Toscal BC-1411

1694: 1658:

In today's technology, random-access memory takes the form of

1590: 1269: 1156: 926: 7801: 1780:

which could only reproduce data in the order it was written.

8743:

27th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture

1689:

Non-volatile RAM has also been developed and other types of

10489:"Samsung Demonstrates World's First DDR 3 Memory Prototype" 8924:"SSD Prices Continue to Fall, Now Upgrade Your Hard Drive!" 9123: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9025:"Evolution of the MOS transistor-from conception to VLSI" 8258:"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs" 7959:"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs" 7872:

Williams, F. C.; Kilburn, T.; Tootill, G. C. (Feb 1951),

7736:"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs" 2132:) share properties of both ROM and RAM, enabling data to 1799:

The first practical form of random-access memory was the

1616: 8583:

The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture

9789:"One of the Most Successful 16K Dynamic RAMs: The 4116" 5407: 5403: 1776:

for main memory functions. Ultrasonic delay lines were

7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 2000:(Mbit) DRAM chip, one of the last models developed by 10796:"Samsung 50nm 2GB DDR3 chips are industry's smallest" 10702:"Samsung Shows Industry's First 2-Gigabit DDR2 SDRAM" 2250: 2181:

The memory cell is the fundamental building block of

9563: 9561: 9559: 8422: 8420: 8418: 2167:, DVD-RAM does not need to be erased before reuse. 1944:

of data. Commercial use of SRAM began in 1965, when

1792:, were used for smaller and faster memories such as 1613: 11998: 11942: 11901: 11892: 11770: 11706: 11649: 11578: 11513: 11504: 2105:. DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and 1925:at Fairchild in 1968 enabled the production of MOS 1882:began in the 1960s with bipolar memory, which used 1864:) random-access memory was often constructed using 1619: 10514: 10512: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9160: 7925:"1970: Semiconductors compete with magnetic cores" 2404:, and several other parts of the computer system. 2298: 2050:. and mass-produced in 1993. The first commercial 8273: 8271: 8095:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs" 7773:"IBM Archives -- FAQ's for Products and Services" 5415:Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) 10754:ATI engineers by way of Beyond 3D's Dave Baumann 11152: 11150: 9319: 9317: 9260: 9258: 8884:Celso C. Ribeiro and Simone L. Martins (2004). 11309: 11307: 11097:"16M-BIT SYNCHRONOUS GRAPHICS RAM: μPD4811650" 10823: 10821: 10819: 10817: 9138:. Intel Corporation. July 2005. Archived from 2420:stick of laptop RAM, roughly half the size of 1819:to demonstrate the reliability of the memory. 12011:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 11478: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10009:"Famous Graphics Chips: TI TMS34010 and VRAM" 8550:Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology 8303: 8301: 1518: 8: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10409: 10407: 10313: 10311: 10199:"Toshiba's new 32 Mb Pseudo-SRAM is no fake" 9325:"1978: Double-well fast CMOS SRAM (Hitachi)" 8607:Anderson, Alexander John (25 October 2020). 2548:summarized these causes in a 2005 document. 2363:, violating the original concept behind the 2082:The two widely used forms of modern RAM are 2062:Mbit DDR SDRAM chip, released in June 1998. 10548: 10546: 9926: 9924: 9644:"Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003)" 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9478:1987 International Electron Devices Meeting 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 8845:Ahmed Amine Jerraya and Wayne Wolf (2005). 8239:Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator 2116:Both static and dynamic RAM are considered 1936:(SRAM) was invented by Robert H. Norman at 1910:in 1964. In addition to higher speeds, MOS 11898: 11510: 11485: 11471: 11463: 10911:"Samsung Unleashes a Roomy DDR4 256GB RAM" 9197: 9195: 9015: 9013: 8770:Nanoelectronics and Information Technology 8440:(15–21). Hayden Publishing Company. 1993. 8199: 8197: 8195: 6804: 5413: 3964: 2646: 2230:DRAM Cell (1 Transistor and one capacitor) 1525: 1511: 49: 30:"RAM" redirects here. For other uses, see 10255: 10253: 10037:"μPD41264 256K Dual Port Graphics Buffer" 9914:(3–4). University Microfilms: 161. 1987. 9724: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9706: 8205:"Spec Sheet for Toshiba "TOSCAL" BC-1411" 8140: 8138: 8136: 8022:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories 7843: 6807:Synchronous graphics random-access memory 2604:3200 capable of 25 GB/s, and modern 2492:, is fairly common in both computers and 2290: 2268: 2255: 2249: 10102:(3–4). University Microfilms: 161. 1987. 9370: 9368: 8018:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device" 5398:Synchronous dynamic random-access memory 1948:introduced the SP95 memory chip for the 1734:Synchronous dynamic random-access memory 10483: 10481: 10479: 9729:Gealow, Jeffrey Carl (10 August 1990). 9366: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 8586:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2006. 8395:B. Jacob; S. W. Ng; D. T. Wang (2008). 7648: 1852:Prior to the development of integrated 791: 586: 52: 10765:"Our Proud Heritage from 2000 to 2009" 10679: 10092:"Fine CMOS techniques create 1M VSRAM" 9380:STOL (Semiconductor Technology Online) 9085:"Late 1960s: Beginnings of MOS memory" 8999: 8989: 8806:Chris Jesshope and Colin Egan (2006). 8773:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 790. 8690:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 8683: 7991:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2197:In SRAM, the memory cell is a type of 1720:. While it offered higher speeds than 1643:memory device allows data items to be 10854:"Our Proud Heritage from 2010 to Now" 10175:Springer Science & Business Media 9738:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9690:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan 9521:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 9332:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan 9179:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan 9092:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan 8316:Springer Science & Business Media 8234: 8232: 8230: 1066:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus 7: 12016:List of pioneers in computer science 10734:"ソニー、65nm対応の半導体設備を導入。3年間で2,000億円の投資" 10117:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 9826:Memory Data Book And Designers Guide 9403:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 8719:from the original on April 27, 2011. 8311:History of Semiconductor Engineering 8055:History of Semiconductor Engineering 7689:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 7637:Electrochemical random-access memory 6850: 5452: 4006: 2690: 2299:{\displaystyle A_{0},A_{1},...A_{n}} 11101:NEC Device Technology International 10971:"Hitachi HM5283206FP10 8Mbit SGRAM" 9853:National Museum of American History 9836:. March 1979. pp. 9 & 183. 9794:National Museum of American History 9627: 8904:from the original on August 1, 2016 8865:from the original on August 1, 2016 8851:. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 90–91. 8826:from the original on August 1, 2016 8787:from the original on August 1, 2016 2201:circuit, usually implemented using 2094:is stored using the state of a six- 2058:SDRAM) memory chip was Samsung's 64 1566:, primarily used as main memory in 10919:. 6 September 2018. Archived from 9449:. Vol. XXVI. pp. 58–59. 8610:Foundations of Computer Technology 7724:from the original on July 8, 2017. 3799:NEC, Toshiba, Hitachi, Mitsubishi 1736:(SDRAM) was reintroduced with the 1732:, was introduced in October 1970. 1670:. RAM is normally associated with 1559:random-access memory: Synchronous 227:Data validation and reconciliation 25: 9669:The DRAM memory of Robert Dennard 8948:Coppock, Mark (31 January 2017). 8398:Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk 8344:"The Invention of the Intel 1103" 7985:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). 7710:Gallagher, Sean (April 4, 2013). 7601:Multi-channel memory architecture 277:Distributed file system for cloud 11450: 11399:Killian, Zak (18 January 2018). 11283:Shilov, Anton (March 29, 2016). 10744:from the original on 2016-08-13. 9205:Advanced CMOS Process Technology 8401:. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 324. 8215:from the original on 3 July 2017 7860:The Origins of Digital Computers 7573: 2634:Read-only memory § Timeline 2066:(graphics DDR) is a form of DDR 2032:MOS process with a capacity of 1 1906:(MOS) memory by John Schmidt at 1609: 125:Areal density (computer storage) 11314:Shilov, Anton (July 19, 2017). 11264:from the original on 2022-01-24 11038:NEC Application Specific Memory 10989:from the original on 2003-07-16 10660:"Elpida ships 2GB DDR2 modules" 10570:from the original on 2017-02-27 10392:from the original on 2019-06-21 10335:from the original on 2019-06-21 8848:Multiprocessor Systems-on-chips 8673:from the original on 2012-04-06 8641:from the original on 2006-10-29 2592:in 2012 up to ~3 GB/s via 1902:This led to the development of 944:Programmable metallization cell 10229:"A Study of the DRAM industry" 10205:. 24 June 2001. Archived from 9904:"Japanese Technical Abstracts" 2638:Transistor count § Memory 1849:(ICs) during the early 1970s. 507:Persistence (computer science) 1: 12006:History of computing hardware 7616:Memory Interconnect/RAM buses 2400:, as well as in hard-drives, 2109:pair (typically a MOSFET and 1375:Electronic quantum holography 27:Form of computer data storage 11874:Network interface controller 10364:. February 1996. p. 40. 10096:Japanese Technical Abstracts 9948:10.1126/science.224.4649.590 9908:Japanese Technical Abstracts 7662:Cambridge English Dictionary 3967:Dynamic random-access memory 2630:Flash memory § Timeline 2039:, and was released in 1970. 1956:Dynamic random-access memory 1684:dynamic random-access memory 1666:(metal–oxide–semiconductor) 726:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM) 522:Non-RAID drive architectures 11671:Refreshable braille display 11613:Refreshable braille display 11248:"K4W1G1646G-BC08 Datasheet" 9879:"Computer History for 1984" 9569:"Japanese Company Profiles" 8080:Solid State Design – Vol. 6 4922:Texas Instruments, Toshiba 2649:Static random-access memory 1934:static random-access memory 1680:static random-access memory 12068: 10177:. pp. 584–600 (597). 9455:10.1109/ISSCC.1983.1156503 8030:10.1142/9789814503464_0076 7606:Registered/buffered memory 5391: 2627: 2608:even faster. Fast, cheap, 2468: 2434: 2321: 2174: 2074:Mbit memory chip in 1998. 1830:system until displaced by 1629:electronic computer memory 1315:Holographic Versatile Disc 1214:Compact Disc Digital Audio 1086:Magnetic-tape data storage 705:Content-addressable memory 36: 29: 10686:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9424:10.1109/JSSC.1981.1051623 8890:. Springer. p. 529. 8812:. Springer. p. 109. 8209:Old Calculator Web Museum 8175:Toscal BC-1411 calculator 7384: 7377: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7254: 7247: 7244: 7123: 7116: 7113: 7106: 7103: 7097: 7090: 7087: 6733: 6730: 6551: 6548: 6528: 6521: 6518: 6493: 6490: 6452: 6380: 6373: 6370: 6252: 6135: 6132: 6097: 6065: 5954: 5951: 5846: 5843: 5776: 5773: 5503: 5161: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5044: 4917: 4902: 4899: 4892: 4889: 4725: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4635: 4606: 4603: 4455: 4234: 4160: 3890: 3887: 3811: 3808: 3483: 3480: 3473: 3450: 3447: 3376: 3269: 3170: 3054: 2988: 2955: 2952: 2863: 2741: 2737: 2537:in computer performance. 2499:As a common example, the 2220:SRAM Cell (6 Transistors) 1904:metal–oxide–semiconductor 1740:KM48SL2000 chip in 1992. 512:Persistent data structure 407:Digital rights management 10290:"KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet" 10279:based on powers of 1024. 9764:"Silicon Gate MOS 2107A" 9486:10.1109/IEDM.1987.191564 9297:"Silicon Gate MOS 2102A" 9040:(10): 1280–1326 (1303). 8455:"KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet" 5392:Part of this section is 2185:. The memory cell is an 2103:cache memory for the CPU 1979:Atanasoff–Berry Computer 1809:University of Manchester 1756:from the mid-1930s used 1387:DNA digital data storage 1370:Holographic data storage 859:Solid-state hybrid drive 145:Network-attached storage 37:Not to be confused with 11780:Central processing unit 10979:Smithsonian Institution 10354:"Ultra 64 Tech Specs". 9858:Smithsonian Institution 9799:Smithsonian Institution 9576:Smithsonian Institution 9172:"1970s: SRAM evolution" 9033:Proceedings of the IEEE 8978:. IBM Corporation. 1965 8658:The term was coined in 8284:Encyclopedia Britannica 8262:Computer History Museum 8100:Computer History Museum 7964:Computer History Museum 7930:Computer History Museum 7740:Computer History Museum 2586:Solid-state hard drives 2177:Memory cell (computing) 1938:Fairchild Semiconductor 1921:(MOS IC) technology by 1908:Fairchild Semiconductor 1382:5D optical data storage 1199:3D optical data storage 922:Universal Flash Storage 327:Replication (computing) 272:Distributed file system 162:Single-instance storage 140:Direct-attached storage 120:Continuous availability 11190:"K4D553238F Datasheet" 11095:Takeuchi, Kei (1998). 10738:pc.watch.impress.co.jp 10319:"MSM5718C50/MD5764802" 9267:Component Data Catalog 8975:IBM first in IC memory 8187:Science Museum, London 8083:. Horizon House. 1965. 7890:10.1049/pi-2.1951.0004 2575:3D integrated circuits 2567: 2563:resistance-capacitance 2559:von Neumann bottleneck 2424: 2300: 2231: 2221: 2146:error correction codes 2005: 1919:MOS integrated circuit 1761: 1597: 1579: 1545: 1543:memory core iron rings 1255:Nintendo optical discs 472:Storage virtualization 342:Information repository 282:Distributed data store 39:Random Access Memories 12042:Computer architecture 11348:Samsung Semiconductor 11221:Samsung Semiconductor 11128:Samsung Semiconductor 11045:. Fall 1995. p. 10859:Samsung Semiconductor 10770:Samsung Semiconductor 10707:Samsung Semiconductor 10633:Samsung Semiconductor 10167:"Nano-Ferroelectrics" 10014:IEEE Computer Society 9989:. 1984. pp. 4–15 8954:www.digitaltrends.com 8122:US patent 3562721 6818:Date of introduction 6811:High Bandwidth Memory 5420:Date of introduction 3974:Date of introduction 2656:Date of introduction 2550: 2529:. From 1986 to 2000, 2415: 2301: 2229: 2219: 2151:In general, the term 1995: 1966:electronic calculator 1872:, or specially wound 1764:Early computers used 1760:to store information. 1751: 1714:electronic calculator 1691:non-volatile memories 1585: 1551: 1540: 758:Mellon optical memory 746:Williams–Kilburn tube 462:Locality of reference 267:Clustered file system 93:Memory access pattern 58:computer data storage 43:Random-access machine 11459:at Wikimedia Commons 11069:UPD4811650 Datasheet 10165:Scott, J.F. (2003). 9979:MOS Memory Data Book 9672:history-computer.com 9480:. pp. 841–843. 9202:Pimbley, J. (2012). 8318:. pp. 362–363. 3565:Matsushita, Toshiba 2248: 1912:semiconductor memory 1880:Semiconductor memory 1843:semiconductor memory 1823:Magnetic-core memory 1790:discrete transistors 1788:, and later, out of 1722:magnetic-core memory 1676:semiconductor memory 1601:Random-access memory 1454:Magnetic-core memory 1101:Digital Data Storage 1061:Quadruplex videotape 502:In-memory processing 392:Information transfer 287:Distributed database 150:Storage area network 130:Block (data storage) 18:Random Access Memory 12037:American inventions 11255:Samsung Electronics 11194:Samsung Electronics 11163:Samsung Electronics 11010:μPD481850 Datasheet 10944:HM5283206 Datasheet 10802:. 29 September 2008 10714:. 20 September 2004 10525:Samsung Electronics 10457:Samsung Electronics 10427:. 17 September 1998 10420:Samsung Electronics 10130:1988IJSSC..23.1140L 9534:1994ITED...41.2405S 9416:1981IJSSC..16..460I 9046:1988IEEEP..76.1280S 8525:. 17 September 1998 8518:Samsung Electronics 8486:Samsung Electronics 8428:"Electronic Design" 7836:1948Natur.162..487W 6814: 5416: 3970: 2652: 2445:is set aside for a 2330:processor registers 2090:(DRAM). In SRAM, a 2002:VEB Carl Zeiss Jena 1950:System/360 Model 95 1932:Integrated bipolar 1899:at Bell Labs 1960. 1884:bipolar transistors 1847:integrated circuits 1839:metal–oxide–silicon 1786:triode vacuum tubes 1770:mechanical counters 1758:mechanical counters 1754:tabulating machines 1718:bipolar transistors 1706:System/360 Model 95 1593:stick with a white 1051:Phonograph cylinder 989:Electrochemical RAM 841:Solid-state storage 457:Memory segmentation 155:Block-level storage 11380:. January 18, 2018 11228:. October 26, 2005 10951:. 11 November 1994 10563:. April 21, 2003. 10497:. 17 February 2005 10464:. 10 February 1999 9740:. pp. 149–166 9617:on 5 February 2021 9516:Dennard, Robert H. 9508:Shahidi, Ghavam G. 8493:. 10 February 1999 8368:P. Darche (2020). 8308:Lojek, Bo (2007). 8244:2007-05-20 at the 8181:2017-07-29 at the 8053:Lojek, Bo (2007). 8016:KAHNG, D. (1961). 7631:Read-mostly memory 7596:Hybrid Memory Cube 6805: 5414: 4289:General Instrument 3965: 3765:Texas Instruments 3531:Texas Instruments 2647: 2425: 2296: 2232: 2222: 2187:electronic circuit 2006: 1964:'s Toscal BC-1411 1762: 1660:integrated circuit 1598: 1580: 1568:personal computers 1546: 1460:Plated-wire memory 1425:Paper data storage 1071:Magnetic recording 497:In-memory database 482:Memory-mapped file 427:Volume boot record 422:Master boot record 412:Volume (computing) 387:Data communication 312:Data deduplication 12024: 12023: 11994: 11993: 11924:Analog audio jack 11645: 11644: 11455:Media related to 11429:. 18 January 2018 11257:. November 2010. 11017:. 6 December 1994 10640:. 29 January 2003 10385:. 12 March 1998. 10328:. February 1999. 10326:Oki Semiconductor 10155:, January 9, 1995 10017:. 10 January 2019 9987:Texas Instruments 9942:(4649): 590–592. 9542:10.1109/16.337456 9528:(12): 2405–2412. 9277:. 1978. p. 3 9145:on August 9, 2007 8712:. March 2, 2005. 8620:978-1-000-15371-2 8593:978-0-7637-3769-6 8433:Electronic Design 8064:978-3-540-34258-8 8039:978-981-02-0209-5 8003:10.1149/1.2428650 7581:Technology portal 7564: 7563: 6798: 6797: 5385: 5384: 4785:Texas Instruments 3958: 3957: 3471:Hitachi, Toshiba 3430:Texas Instruments 2451:scratch partition 2408:Other uses of RAM 2339:caches, external 2236: 2235: 1535: 1534: 1132:8 mm video format 1056:Phonograph record 875:Flash Core Module 853:Solid-state drive 752:Delay-line memory 711:Computational RAM 614:Scratchpad memory 452:Disk partitioning 177:Unstructured data 103:Secondary storage 16:(Redirected from 12059: 11899: 11550:Optical trackpad 11515:Pointing devices 11511: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11464: 11454: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11311: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11263: 11252: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11170:. 28 August 2003 11154: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11119: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11092: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10988: 10975: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10923:on June 21, 2019 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10829:"History: 2010s" 10825: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10761: 10755: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10685: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10603:"History: 2000s" 10599: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10569: 10558: 10550: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10516: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10485: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10448: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10411: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10391: 10380: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10323: 10315: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10286: 10280: 10257: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10233: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10162: 10156: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10124:(5): 1140–1149. 10110: 10104: 10103: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10041: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9984: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9928: 9919: 9918: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9831: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9801:. Archived from 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9747: 9745: 9735: 9726: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9687: 9679: 9673: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9648: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9613:. Archived from 9605:"History: 1990s" 9601: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9573: 9565: 9554: 9553: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9372: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9329: 9321: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9272: 9262: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9240:. Archived from 9230: 9224: 9223: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9176: 9168: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9144: 9133: 9125: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9089: 9081: 9066: 9065: 9029: 9023:(October 1988). 9017: 9008: 9007: 9001: 8997: 8995: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8736: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8695: 8689: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8672: 8665: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8556:(2nd ed.). 8555: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8424: 8413: 8412: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8346:. Archived from 8339: 8333: 8332: 8305: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8279:"Robert Dennard" 8275: 8266: 8265: 8254: 8248: 8236: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8201: 8190: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8142: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7955: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7921: 7898: 7897: 7892:, archived from 7869: 7863: 7857: 7847: 7845:10.1038/162487a0 7819: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7800:, archived from 7791: 7785: 7784: 7779:. Archived from 7769: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7653: 7583: 7578: 7577: 7529: 7451: 7415: 7173: 7139: 6966: 6902: 6859: 6852: 6834:Manufacturer(s) 6815: 6421: 5732: 5692: 5454: 5436:Manufacturer(s) 5417: 5411: 5348: 5308: 5127: 4970: 4931:100–137 mm 4850: 4812: 4713: 4666: 4008: 3990:Manufacturer(s) 3971: 3848: 3744: 3618: 3546: 2699: 2692: 2677:Manufacturer(s) 2653: 2506:operating system 2494:embedded systems 2380:at the bottom). 2324:Memory hierarchy 2318:Memory hierarchy 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2273: 2272: 2260: 2259: 2212: 2211: 2189:that stores one 2122:read-only memory 2073: 2061: 2056:double data rate 2046: 2035: 2029: 1972:, consisting of 1874:core rope memory 1870:address decoders 1856:(ROM) circuits, 1854:read-only memory 1805:cathode-ray tube 1716:, both based on 1699:NOR flash memory 1662:(IC) chips with 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1472:Thin-film memory 1466:Core rope memory 1392:Universal memory 1355:Millipede memory 1345:Racetrack memory 1310:Ultra HD Blu-ray 1122:Linear Tape-Open 1076:Magnetic storage 1044:Analog recording 487:Software entropy 447:Disk aggregation 207:Data degradation 192:Data compression 88:Memory hierarchy 78:Memory coherence 50: 21: 12067: 12066: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12047:Computer memory 12027: 12026: 12025: 12020: 11990: 11938: 11888: 11766: 11760:USB flash drive 11709: 11702: 11641: 11574: 11528:Game controller 11523:Graphics tablet 11500: 11491: 11447: 11442: 11432: 11430: 11421: 11420: 11416: 11406: 11404: 11398: 11397: 11393: 11383: 11381: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11357: 11355: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11326: 11324: 11313: 11312: 11305: 11295: 11293: 11282: 11281: 11277: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11250: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11199: 11197: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11173: 11171: 11156: 11155: 11148: 11138: 11136: 11121: 11120: 11116: 11106: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11079: 11077: 11076:. December 1997 11066: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11035: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11007: 11006: 11002: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10973: 10969: 10968: 10964: 10954: 10952: 10941: 10940: 10936: 10926: 10924: 10909: 10908: 10904: 10894: 10892: 10891:. July 17, 2018 10883: 10882: 10878: 10868: 10866: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10837: 10835: 10827: 10826: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10794: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10763: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10732: 10731: 10727: 10717: 10715: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10678: 10671: 10669: 10658: 10657: 10653: 10643: 10641: 10626: 10625: 10621: 10611: 10609: 10601: 10600: 10583: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10518: 10517: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10487: 10486: 10477: 10467: 10465: 10450: 10449: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10413: 10412: 10405: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10360:. No. 14. 10357:Next Generation 10353: 10352: 10348: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10309: 10299: 10297: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10277:binary prefixes 10258: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10209:on 29 June 2019 10197: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10149: 10145: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10090: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10048: 10046: 10044:NEC Electronics 10039: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10020: 10018: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9930: 9929: 9922: 9902: 9901: 9897: 9887: 9885: 9877: 9876: 9872: 9862: 9860: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9808: 9806: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9743: 9741: 9733: 9728: 9727: 9704: 9694: 9692: 9685: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9620: 9618: 9603: 9602: 9591: 9581: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9557: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9384: 9382: 9374: 9373: 9346: 9336: 9334: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9315: 9305: 9303: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9256: 9247: 9245: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9201: 9200: 9193: 9183: 9181: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9107: 9097: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9069: 9054:10.1109/5.16328 9027: 9019: 9018: 9011: 8998: 8988: 8981: 8979: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8958: 8956: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8933: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8898: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8868: 8866: 8859: 8844: 8843: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8820: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8790: 8788: 8781: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8746: 8745:. Vancouver, BC 8734: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8716: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8682: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8661:"Archived copy" 8659: 8657: 8653: 8644: 8642: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8560:. p. 214. 8553: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8426: 8425: 8416: 8409: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8353: 8351: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8326: 8307: 8306: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8277: 8276: 8269: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8246:Wayback Machine 8237: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8203: 8202: 8193: 8183:Wayback Machine 8173: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8156:. 9 August 2017 8144: 8143: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8015: 8014: 8010: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7957: 7956: 7945: 7935: 7933: 7923: 7922: 7901: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7807: 7805: 7794:Napper, Brian, 7793: 7792: 7788: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7621:Memory geometry 7579: 7572: 7569: 7527: 7449: 7413: 7171: 7137: 6964: 6900: 6857: 6803: 6419: 5730: 5690: 5412: 5401: 5390: 5346: 5306: 5126:January 9, 1995 5125: 4968: 4848: 4810: 4711: 4665:January 5, 1984 4664: 3963: 3846: 3742: 3616: 3544: 2697: 2645: 2640: 2626: 2554:leakage current 2515: 2485: 2473: 2467: 2439: 2433: 2410: 2326: 2320: 2286: 2264: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2183:computer memory 2179: 2173: 2080: 2071: 2059: 2044: 2033: 2027: 1923:Federico Faggin 1892: 1828:computer memory 1813:Manchester Baby 1746: 1627:) is a form of 1612: 1608: 1531: 1502: 1501: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1365:Patterned media 1335: 1327: 1326: 1194: 1184: 1183: 1179:Hard disk drive 1046: 1036: 1035: 1016: 1005: 1004: 959: 949: 948: 870:IBM FlashSystem 865:USB flash drive 804: 787: 786: 741: 733: 732: 721:Dual-ported RAM 599: 582: 581: 542:Cloud computing 402:Copy protection 322:Data redundancy 252:Shared resource 222:Data validation 197:Data corruption 172:Structured data 83:Cache coherence 68: 54:Computer memory 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12065: 12063: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12029: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11905: 11903: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11884:Expansion card 11881: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11864: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11821: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11794: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11785:Microprocessor 11776: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11757: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11673: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11655: 11653: 11651:Output devices 11647: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11593: 11588: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11555:Pointing stick 11552: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11519: 11517: 11508: 11502: 11501: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11467: 11461: 11460: 11446: 11445:External links 11443: 11441: 11440: 11414: 11391: 11365: 11334: 11303: 11275: 11239: 11207: 11181: 11146: 11135:. 12 July 1999 11114: 11087: 11059: 11028: 11000: 10962: 10934: 10916:Tom's Hardware 10902: 10876: 10845: 10813: 10787: 10756: 10747: 10725: 10693: 10651: 10619: 10581: 10542: 10508: 10475: 10438: 10403: 10376:"Direct RDRAM" 10367: 10346: 10307: 10281: 10249: 10220: 10190: 10183: 10157: 10143: 10138:10.1109/4.5936 10105: 10083: 10070:Google Patents 10056: 10028: 10000: 9969: 9920: 9895: 9870: 9839: 9816: 9780: 9755: 9702: 9674: 9660: 9635: 9589: 9555: 9499: 9468: 9437: 9410:(5): 460–465. 9392: 9344: 9313: 9288: 9254: 9234:"Intel Memory" 9225: 9218: 9191: 9156: 9105: 9067: 9021:Sah, Chih-Tang 9009: 9000:|website= 8965: 8940: 8915: 8896: 8876: 8857: 8837: 8818: 8798: 8779: 8756: 8722: 8698: 8651: 8626: 8619: 8599: 8592: 8573: 8566: 8536: 8504: 8472: 8446: 8414: 8407: 8387: 8380: 8374:. p. 59. 8360: 8342:Bellis, Mary. 8334: 8324: 8297: 8267: 8249: 8226: 8191: 8167: 8132: 8113: 8086: 8070: 8063: 8045: 8038: 8008: 7977: 7943: 7899: 7896:on 2013-11-17. 7864: 7814: 7786: 7783:on 2012-10-23. 7764: 7745: 7727: 7702: 7675: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7543: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7478: 7475: 7470: 7467: 7462: 7459: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7419: 7418:MT58K256M32JA 7416: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7376: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7360:SGRAM (GDDR3) 7358: 7355: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7328: 7325: 7324:SGRAM (GDDR3) 7322: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7303: 7302:SGRAM (GDDR5) 7300: 7297: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7270: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7246: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7230:SGRAM (GDDR4) 7228: 7225: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7204: 7201: 7194: 7191: 7184: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7115: 7112: 7105: 7102: 7101:SGRAM (GDDR2) 7099: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7075: 7072: 7065: 7062: 7055: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7006: 6999: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6977: 6974: 6967: 6965:September 1998 6961: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6822: 6819: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6646: 6643: 6638: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6602: 6599: 6594: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6268: 6267:Sony, Toshiba 6265: 6262: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6204: 6201: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6174: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6150: 6147: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6106: 6103: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6081: 6080:Sony, Toshiba 6078: 6075: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6053: 6050: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6013: 6010: 6005: 6002: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5979: 5976: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5935: 5926: 5921: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5831: 5828: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5798: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5761: 5758: 5751: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5717: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5564: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5373: 5370: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5333: 5330: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5293: 5290: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5215: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5192: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5112: 5109: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4989:1,000 nm 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4925:1,000 nm 4923: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4797: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740:74–76 mm 4738: 4735: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561:34–42 mm 4559: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4483: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3726: 3716: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682:1,200 nm 3680: 3677: 3674: 3667: 3664: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568:2,000 nm 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534:2,500 nm 3532: 3529: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2644: 2641: 2625: 2622: 2527:bandwidth wall 2523:memory latency 2514: 2511: 2484: 2481: 2469:Main article: 2466: 2463: 2437:Virtual memory 2435:Main article: 2432: 2431:Virtual memory 2429: 2409: 2406: 2385:memory modules 2371:, channel, or 2353:virtual memory 2322:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2223: 2175:Main article: 2172: 2169: 2079: 2076: 2010:Robert Dennard 1987:Selectron tube 1891: 1888: 1866:diode matrices 1778:serial devices 1745: 1742: 1726:Robert Dennard 1708:computer, and 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1484:Twistor memory 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1402:Quantum memory 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1334:In development 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245:Super Video CD 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 986: 981: 971: 966: 960: 955: 954: 951: 950: 947: 946: 941: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 902:MultiMediaCard 899: 894: 889: 879: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 856: 850: 838: 833: 832: 831: 826: 816: 811: 805: 800: 799: 796: 795: 789: 788: 785: 784: 778: 772: 767: 764:Selectron tube 761: 755: 749: 742: 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 729: 728: 718: 713: 708: 702: 697: 692: 691: 690: 680: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 618: 617: 616: 611: 604:Hardware cache 600: 595: 594: 591: 590: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 557:Edge computing 554: 549: 544: 539: 537:Grid computing 534: 532:Bank switching 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 477:Virtual memory 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 442:Disk mirroring 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 397:Temporary file 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 347:Knowledge base 344: 339: 337:Storage record 334: 332:Memory refresh 329: 324: 319: 317:Data structure 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 212:Data integrity 209: 204: 202:Data cleansing 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 158: 157: 152: 142: 137: 135:Object storage 132: 127: 122: 117: 116: 115: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 69: 66: 65: 62: 61: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12064: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11956:Parallel port 11954: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11772:Computer case 11769: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11705: 11699: 11698:Graphics card 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11596:Graphics card 11594: 11592: 11591:Image scanner 11589: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506:Input devices 11503: 11499: 11496: 11488: 11483: 11481: 11476: 11474: 11469: 11468: 11465: 11458: 11453: 11449: 11448: 11444: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11415: 11403:. Tech Report 11402: 11395: 11392: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11338: 11335: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11279: 11276: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11243: 11240: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11211: 11208: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11182: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11118: 11115: 11102: 11098: 11091: 11088: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11063: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11039: 11032: 11029: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11004: 11001: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10972: 10966: 10963: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10938: 10935: 10922: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10877: 10865: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10849: 10846: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10788: 10776: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10760: 10757: 10751: 10748: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10726: 10713: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10689: 10683: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10655: 10652: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10608: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10566: 10562: 10555: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10531: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10463: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10388: 10384: 10377: 10371: 10368: 10363: 10362:Imagine Media 10359: 10358: 10350: 10347: 10331: 10327: 10320: 10314: 10312: 10308: 10296:. August 1992 10295: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10275:refer to the 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10238:. 8 June 2010 10237: 10230: 10224: 10221: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10191: 10186: 10184:9789400710191 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10161: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10147: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10109: 10106: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10084: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10045: 10038: 10032: 10029: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10004: 10001: 9988: 9981: 9980: 9973: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9899: 9896: 9884: 9883:Computer Hope 9880: 9874: 9871: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9840: 9835: 9828: 9827: 9820: 9817: 9805:on 2023-05-31 9804: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9784: 9781: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9756: 9751: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9703: 9691: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9649:. Intel. 2003 9645: 9639: 9636: 9631: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9577: 9570: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9512:Davari, Bijan 9509: 9503: 9500: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9472: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9396: 9393: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9333: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9289: 9276: 9269: 9268: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9244:on 2022-03-19 9243: 9239: 9238:Intel Vintage 9235: 9229: 9226: 9221: 9219:9780323156806 9215: 9212:. p. 7. 9211: 9207: 9206: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9180: 9173: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9093: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9005: 8993: 8977: 8976: 8969: 8966: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8941: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8916: 8903: 8899: 8897:9783540220671 8893: 8889: 8888: 8880: 8877: 8864: 8860: 8858:9780123852519 8854: 8850: 8849: 8841: 8838: 8825: 8821: 8819:9783540400561 8815: 8811: 8810: 8802: 8799: 8786: 8782: 8780:9783527409273 8776: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8757: 8744: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8723: 8715: 8708: 8702: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8652: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8627: 8622: 8616: 8613:. CRC Press. 8612: 8611: 8603: 8600: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8577: 8574: 8569: 8567:0-471-33372-7 8563: 8559: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8545:Sze, Simon M. 8540: 8537: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8461:. August 1992 8460: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8408:9780080553849 8404: 8400: 8399: 8391: 8388: 8383: 8381:9781786305633 8377: 8373: 8372: 8364: 8361: 8350:on 2020-03-14 8349: 8345: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8325:9783540342588 8321: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8168: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8090: 8087: 8082: 8081: 8074: 8071: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7978: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7884:(61): 13–28, 7883: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858:Reprinted in 7855: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7830:(4117): 487, 7829: 7825: 7818: 7815: 7804:on 4 May 2012 7803: 7799: 7798: 7790: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7703: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7643: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7372: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7148:SGRAM (GDDR) 7147: 7144: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901:December 1994 6899: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858:November 1994 6856: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801:SGRAM and HBM 6800: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5695:Direct RDRAM 5694: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5347:February 2001 5345: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098:DPRAM (VRAM) 5097: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065:Hitachi, NEC 5064: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821:DPRAM (VRAM) 4820: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729:Hitachi, NEC 4728: 4720: 4719: 4712:February 1984 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3847:December 1994 3845: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3743:December 1987 3741: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3617:February 1983 3615: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2472: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2377:storage media 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:random access 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2238: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2111:MOS capacitor 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008:In 1966, Dr. 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1983:Williams tube 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Williams tube 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1653:magnetic tape 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:random-access 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1490:Bubble memory 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1117:Cassette tape 1115: 1113: 1112:Videocassette 1110: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1081:Magnetic tape 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 990: 987: 985: 982: 979: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 958: 953: 952: 945: 942: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 883: 880: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 844: 842: 839: 837: 836:ROM cartridge 834: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 803: 798: 797: 794: 790: 782: 779: 776: 773: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 743: 737: 736: 727: 724: 723: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 689: 686: 685: 684: 681: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 622: 619: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 593: 592: 589: 585: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 562:Dew computing 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Fog computing 550: 548: 547:Cloud storage 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 527:Memory paging 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 362:File deletion 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Computer file 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 232:Data recovery 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 217:Data security 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 114: 113:floating-gate 111: 110: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 64: 63: 59: 55: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 12052:Types of RAM 11862:Power MOSFET 11845:Power supply 11814:Data storage 11801: 11750:Flash memory 11728:Optical disc 11710:data storage 11431:. Retrieved 11426: 11417: 11405:. Retrieved 11394: 11382:. Retrieved 11368: 11356:. Retrieved 11346: 11337: 11325:. Retrieved 11319: 11294:. Retrieved 11288: 11278: 11266:. Retrieved 11242: 11230:. Retrieved 11219: 11210: 11198:. Retrieved 11196:. March 2005 11184: 11172:. Retrieved 11161: 11137:. Retrieved 11126: 11117: 11105:. Retrieved 11100: 11090: 11078:. Retrieved 11068: 11062: 11050:. Retrieved 11037: 11031: 11019:. Retrieved 11009: 11003: 10991:. Retrieved 10977: 10965: 10953:. Retrieved 10943: 10937: 10925:. Retrieved 10921:the original 10914: 10905: 10893:. Retrieved 10879: 10867:. Retrieved 10857: 10848: 10836:. Retrieved 10832: 10804:. Retrieved 10799: 10790: 10778:. Retrieved 10768: 10759: 10750: 10737: 10728: 10716:. Retrieved 10705: 10696: 10670:. Retrieved 10665:The Inquirer 10663: 10654: 10642:. Retrieved 10631: 10622: 10610:. Retrieved 10606: 10572:. Retrieved 10533:. Retrieved 10523: 10499:. Retrieved 10492: 10466:. Retrieved 10455: 10429:. Retrieved 10418: 10394:. Retrieved 10370: 10355: 10349: 10337:. Retrieved 10298:. Retrieved 10284: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10240:. Retrieved 10223: 10211:. Retrieved 10207:the original 10203:The Engineer 10202: 10193: 10170: 10160: 10151: 10146: 10121: 10115: 10108: 10099: 10095: 10086: 10074:. Retrieved 10068: 10059: 10047:. Retrieved 10031: 10019:. Retrieved 10012: 10003: 9991:. Retrieved 9978: 9972: 9939: 9933: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9898: 9886:. Retrieved 9882: 9873: 9861:. Retrieved 9851: 9842: 9825: 9819: 9807:. Retrieved 9803:the original 9792: 9783: 9771:. Retrieved 9758: 9748:– via 9742:. Retrieved 9693:. Retrieved 9689: 9677: 9668: 9663: 9651:. Retrieved 9638: 9619:. Retrieved 9615:the original 9608: 9580:. Retrieved 9525: 9519: 9502: 9477: 9471: 9446: 9440: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9383:. Retrieved 9379: 9335:. Retrieved 9331: 9304:. Retrieved 9291: 9279:. Retrieved 9266: 9246:. Retrieved 9242:the original 9237: 9228: 9204: 9182:. Retrieved 9178: 9147:. Retrieved 9140:the original 9136:Intel museum 9135: 9096:. Retrieved 9094:. 2019-01-23 9091: 9037: 9031: 8980:. Retrieved 8974: 8968: 8957:. Retrieved 8953: 8943: 8932:. Retrieved 8930:. 2018-09-03 8927: 8918: 8906:. Retrieved 8886: 8879: 8867:. Retrieved 8847: 8840: 8828:. Retrieved 8808: 8801: 8789:. Retrieved 8769: 8765:Rainer Waser 8759: 8747:. Retrieved 8738: 8725: 8701: 8675:. Retrieved 8654: 8643:. Retrieved 8635:"Shadow Ram" 8629: 8609: 8602: 8582: 8576: 8549: 8539: 8527:. Retrieved 8516: 8507: 8495:. Retrieved 8484: 8475: 8463:. Retrieved 8449: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8397: 8390: 8370: 8363: 8352:. Retrieved 8348:the original 8337: 8329: 8310: 8288:. Retrieved 8282: 8261: 8252: 8217:. Retrieved 8208: 8170: 8160:20 September 8158:. Retrieved 8149: 8116: 8104:. Retrieved 8098: 8089: 8079: 8073: 8054: 8048: 8021: 8011: 7994: 7990: 7980: 7968:. Retrieved 7962: 7934:. Retrieved 7928: 7894:the original 7881: 7877: 7867: 7859: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7806:, retrieved 7802:the original 7796: 7789: 7781:the original 7776: 7767: 7748: 7739: 7730: 7717:Ars Technica 7715: 7705: 7693:. Retrieved 7687: 7678: 7666:. Retrieved 7660: 7651: 7558:225 mm 7528:January 2018 7517: 7516: 7495: 7494: 7481: 7480: 7455: 7454: 7442:140 mm 7400: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7379: 7378: 7369: 7368: 7351: 7350: 7340:100 mm 7331: 7330: 7293: 7292: 7263: 7262: 7249: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7221: 7220: 7207: 7206: 7197: 7196: 7177: 7176: 7172:October 2005 7155: 7154: 7118: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7092: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7048: 7047: 7037:280 mm 7028: 7027: 7021:SGRAM (SDR) 7002: 7001: 6992: 6991: 6970: 6969: 6957:280 mm 6951:350 nm 6945:SGRAM (SDR) 6929:280 mm 6920: 6919: 6911:SGRAM (SDR) 6809:(SGRAM) and 6789: 6788: 6763: 6762: 6735: 6734: 6721: 6720: 6699: 6698: 6685: 6684: 6663: 6662: 6649: 6648: 6626: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6605: 6604: 6575: 6574: 6553: 6552: 6523: 6522: 6502: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6483: 6482: 6461: 6460: 6447: 6446: 6425: 6424: 6411: 6410: 6396: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6375: 6374: 6353: 6352: 6339: 6338: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6305: 6243: 6242: 6221: 6220: 6207: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6177: 6176: 6153: 6152: 6143: 6142: 6123: 6122: 6099: 6098: 6056: 6055: 6046: 6045: 6030: 6029: 6016: 6015: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5956: 5955: 5945:279 mm 5902: 5901: 5874: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5848: 5847: 5834: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5804: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5778: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5736: 5735: 5720: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5683:325 mm 5674: 5673: 5648: 5647: 5636: 5635: 5618: 5617: 5604: 5603: 5578: 5577: 5567: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5533:325 mm 5524: 5523: 5494: 5493: 5482: 5481: 5376: 5375: 5352: 5351: 5336: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5311:TC51W3216XB 5296: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5270: 5269: 5256: 5255: 5249:150 nm 5232: 5231: 5218: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5188: 5187: 5176: 5175: 5169:160 nm 5156: 5155: 5149:250 nm 5131: 5130: 5115: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5089: 5088: 5077: 5076: 5053: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5032:400 nm 5006: 5005: 4974: 4973: 4969:October 1988 4961:148 mm 4955:700 nm 4940: 4939: 4909:800 nm 4894: 4893: 4880: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4854: 4853: 4838: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4811:January 1985 4800: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4717: 4716: 4701: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4670: 4669: 4650: 4649: 4608: 4607: 4588: 4587: 4572: 4571: 4537: 4536: 4515: 4514: 4497: 4496: 4486: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4440: 4439: 4422: 4421: 4408: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4366: 4365: 4350: 4349: 4336: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4294: 4293: 4276: 4275: 4265: 4264: 4253: 4252: 4195: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4140:DRAM (cell) 4121: 4120: 4109: 4108: 4085: 4084: 4058:DRAM (cell) 3946: 3945: 3931: 3930: 3917:100 nm 3892: 3891: 3871: 3870: 3852: 3851: 3841:400 nm 3820: 3819: 3803: 3802: 3784: 3783: 3768:800 nm 3748: 3747: 3729: 3728: 3709: 3708: 3696: 3695: 3670: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3643: 3642: 3622: 3621: 3609:NMOS (HMOS) 3592: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3550: 3549: 3545:October 1981 3522: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3492: 3491: 3475: 3474: 3462: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3435: 3434: 3420: 3419: 3364: 3363: 3349: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3328:NMOS (HMOS) 3322: 3321: 3289: 3288: 3257: 3256: 3221: 3220: 3190: 3189: 3158: 3157: 3145: 3144: 3084: 3083: 3071: 3070: 3059: 3058: 3042: 3041: 3029: 3028: 3010: 3009: 2997: 2996: 2980: 2979: 2967: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2921: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2874: 2873: 2849: 2848: 2834: 2833: 2822: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2795: 2794: 2775: 2774: 2758: 2757: 2746: 2745: 2711: 2710: 2614:server farms 2610:non-volatile 2584: 2572: 2568: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2526: 2518: 2516: 2498: 2489: 2486: 2474: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2426: 2382: 2364: 2361:access times 2351:systems and 2327: 2312: 2308: 2242: 2207: 2196: 2180: 2152: 2150: 2117: 2115: 2081: 2041: 2022:manufactured 2020:, which was 2007: 1970:memory cells 1960: 1954: 1931: 1927:memory chips 1916:silicon-gate 1901: 1893: 1878: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1821: 1798: 1763: 1703: 1688: 1668:memory cells 1657: 1637:machine code 1604: 1600: 1599: 1572:workstations 1437:Punched tape 1431:Punched card 1397:Time crystal 1265:Hyper CD-ROM 1204:Optical disc 1096:Tape library 1031:FeFET memory 1012:Early-stage 892:CompactFlash 887:Memory Stick 847:Flash memory 809:Diode matrix 793:Non-volatile 596: 577:Kryder's law 567:Amdahl's law 492:Software rot 467:Logical disk 367:File copying 302:Data storage 257:File sharing 242:Data cluster 47: 11961:Serial port 11952:(IEEE 1394) 11929:DisplayPort 11919:Thunderbolt 11792:Motherboard 11755:Memory card 11723:Floppy disk 11565:Touchscreen 8024:: 583–596. 7590:CAS latency 7532:K4ZAF325BM 7510:20 nm 7436:20 nm 7318:K4W1G1646G 7164:77 mm 7142:K4D553238F 7015:KM4132G112 6939:μPD4811650 6893:58 mm 6831:SDRAM type 6782:10 nm 6714:20 nm 6678:20 nm 6568:40 nm 6559:16384 Mbit 6476:50 nm 6467:16384 Mbit 6440:50 nm 6368:60 nm 6332:80 nm 6299:90 nm 6286:Xenos eDRAM 6278:86 mm 6257:EE+GS eDRAM 6236:80 nm 6116:90 nm 6091:86 mm 6070:EE+GS eDRAM 5596:150 nm 5507:MSM5718C50 5462:KM48SL2000 5433:SDRAM type 5394:transcluded 4995:78 mm 4915:99 mm 4758:53 mm 4659:31 mm 4633:20 mm 4597:25 mm 4526:25 mm 4449:35 mm 4375:19 mm 4303:13 mm 4228:10 mm 3721:, Hitachi, 2670:Access time 2519:memory wall 2513:Memory wall 2447:paging file 2422:desktop RAM 2398:motherboard 2171:Memory cell 2142:parity bits 2099:memory cell 2092:bit of data 2088:dynamic RAM 2086:(SRAM) and 1832:solid-state 1782:Drum memory 1774:delay lines 1682:(SRAM) and 1561:Dynamic RAM 1552:Example of 1496:Floppy disk 1448:Drum memory 882:Memory card 849:is used in: 783:(2002–2010) 748:(1946–1947) 572:Moore's law 417:Boot sector 357:Object file 262:File system 73:Memory cell 12031:Categories 11708:Removable 11693:Sound card 11623:Sound chip 11618:Sound card 11608:Microphone 11498:components 11407:18 January 9248:2019-07-06 8959:2019-03-28 8934:2019-03-28 8677:2011-12-14 8645:2007-07-24 8354:2015-07-11 7997:(9): 547. 7754:US3387286A 7644:References 7626:Chip creep 7611:RAM parity 7473:20 nm 7414:March 2016 7357:4096 Mbit 7321:1024 Mbit 7309:40 nm 7299:2048 Mbit 7283:60 nm 7269:1024 Mbit 7138:March 2005 6905:μPD481850 6862:HM5283206 6824:Capacity ( 6821:Chip name 6741:8192 Mbit 6669:8192 Mbit 6597:30 nm 6585:2048 Mbit 6533:2048 Mbit 6431:8192 Mbit 6420:April 2008 6359:1024 Mbit 6227:2048 Mbit 6187:1024 Mbit 5884:1024 Mbit 5691:March 1998 5661:MD5764802 5624:1024 Mbit 5591:Mitsubishi 5584:1024 Mbit 5426:Capacity ( 5423:Chip name 5029:, Toshiba 5023:Mitsubishi 5019:Matsushita 4175:DRAM (IC) 3987:DRAM type 3980:Capacity ( 3977:Chip name 3725:, Toshiba 3723:Mitsubishi 3638:Mitsubishi 3502:Matsushita 2976:Fairchild 2888:Transitron 2845:Fairchild 2698:March 1963 2674:SRAM type 2662:Capacity ( 2659:Chip name 2628:See also: 2535:bottleneck 2483:Shadow RAM 2443:hard drive 2392:and other 2373:interleave 2357:swap space 2239:Addressing 2138:ECC memory 2096:transistor 2084:static RAM 2018:Intel 1103 2014:capacitors 1868:driven by 1752:These IBM 1730:Intel 1103 1649:hard disks 1419:Historical 1091:Tape drive 917:SmartMedia 740:Historical 437:Disk image 432:Disk array 307:Data store 108:MOS memory 98:Memory map 11971:PS/2 port 11966:Game port 11879:Fax modem 11718:Disk pack 11570:Trackball 11533:Light pen 11321:AnandTech 11290:AnandTech 10800:SlashGear 10682:cite news 10520:"History" 9956:0036-8075 9630:help page 9550:108832941 9062:0018-9219 9002:ignored ( 8992:cite book 8908:March 31, 8869:March 31, 8830:March 31, 8791:March 31, 8106:10 August 7878:Proc. IEE 7450:June 2016 7227:512 Mbit 7183:256 Mbit 7145:256 Mbit 7098:256 Mbit 7054:128 Mbit 6773:128 Gbit 6323:512 Mbit 6133:512 Mbit 6036:256 Mbit 5962:288 Mbit 5854:128 Mbit 5814:128 Mbit 5731:June 1998 5541:N64 RDRAM 5307:June 2001 5059:256 Mbit 4980:512 kbit 4849:June 1986 4818:256 kbit 4815:μPD41264 4640:256 kbit 4578:288 kbit 4549:NEC, NTT 4543:256 kbit 4180:Honeywell 4104:Fairchild 3927:256 Mbit 3909:SyncBurst 3858:512 kbit 3829:12–15 ns 3793:15–23 ns 3754:256 kbit 3666:256 kbit 3404:twin-well 3229:depletion 2880:Bipolar ( 2728:Fairchild 2490:shadowing 2471:RAM drive 2459:thrashing 2199:flip-flop 2130:NOR flash 2107:capacitor 2052:DDR SDRAM 1974:germanium 1862:read-only 1858:permanent 1794:registers 1478:Disk pack 1443:Plugboard 1280:DVD-Video 1209:LaserDisc 1107:Videotape 978:3D XPoint 969:Memristor 609:CPU cache 377:Core dump 297:Data bank 247:Directory 11950:FireWire 11943:Obsolete 11909:Ethernet 11688:Speakers 11586:Keyboard 11560:Touchpad 11495:computer 11427:Wccftech 11259:Archived 10984:Archived 10742:Archived 10565:Archived 10494:Phys.org 10387:Archived 10330:Archived 9964:17838349 9610:SK Hynix 9494:40375699 9463:34837669 9432:12992820 9376:"Memory" 9210:Elsevier 9149:July 31, 8928:MiniTool 8902:Archived 8863:Archived 8824:Archived 8785:Archived 8767:(2012). 8714:Archived 8686:cite web 8668:Archived 8639:Archived 8547:(2002). 8242:Archived 8213:Archived 8179:Archived 7722:Archived 7567:See also 7545:Samsung 7535:16 Gbit 7507:Samsung 7501:64 Gbit 7469:Samsung 7461:32 Gbit 7364:SK Hynix 7327:Samsung 7193:Samsung 7151:Samsung 7104:Samsung 7064:Samsung 7024:Samsung 7018:32 Mbit 6976:16 Mbit 6942:16 Mbit 6779:Samsung 6749:Samsung 6711:Samsung 6705:12 Gbit 6675:Samsung 6637:Samsung 6473:Samsung 6437:Samsung 6329:Samsung 6290:80 Mbit 6261:32 Mbit 6233:Samsung 6113:Samsung 6105:72 Mbit 6074:32 Mbit 6004:Samsung 5920:32 Mbit 5916:GS eDRAM 5890:Samsung 5860:Samsung 5820:Samsung 5790:Hyundai 5784:64 Mbit 5750:Samsung 5742:64 Mbit 5698:72 Mbit 5664:64 Mbit 5545:36 Mbit 5510:18 Mbit 5364:Samsung 5314:32 Mbit 5282:Hyundai 5166:Hitachi 5101:Hitachi 5012:64 Mbit 4946:16 Mbit 4866:Toshiba 4771:64 kbit 4768:TMS4161 4733:1,000 nm 4624:1,500 nm 4614:64 kbit 4554:1,500 nm 4503:64 kbit 4462:16 kbit 4428:64 kbit 4388:16 kbit 3914:Hitachi 3826:16 Mbit 3679:Toshiba 3628:64 kbit 3605:1,500 nm 3588:64 kbit 3518:16 kbit 3488:64 kbit 3458:16 kbit 3416:16 kbit 3413:TMS4016 3398:3,000 nm 3077:Bipolar 2867:TMC3162 2801:Bipolar 2624:Timeline 2618:terabyte 2477:RAM disk 2465:RAM disk 2118:volatile 1985:and the 1876:planes. 1686:(DRAM). 1672:volatile 1595:heatsink 1557:volatile 1554:writable 1407:UltraRAM 1285:DVD card 1240:Video CD 1225:CD Video 995:Nano-RAM 964:Memistor 937:XQD card 912:SIM card 770:Dekatron 656:XDR DRAM 651:EDO DRAM 588:Volatile 382:Hex dump 292:Database 187:Metadata 182:Big data 11999:Related 11902:Current 11743:Blu-ray 11681:Plotter 11676:Printer 11659:Monitor 11635:Softcam 11543:Optical 11433:16 July 11384:15 July 11378:Samsung 11358:16 July 11353:Samsung 11327:29 June 11296:16 July 11268:10 July 11226:Samsung 11200:10 July 11174:26 June 11168:Samsung 11139:10 July 11133:Samsung 11107:10 July 11080:10 July 11052:21 June 11021:10 July 10993:10 July 10955:10 July 10949:Hitachi 10927:4 April 10889:Samsung 10869:25 June 10864:Samsung 10838:4 April 10833:az5miao 10806:25 June 10780:25 June 10775:Samsung 10718:25 June 10712:Samsung 10672:25 June 10644:25 June 10638:Samsung 10612:4 April 10607:az5miao 10574:26 June 10535:19 June 10530:Samsung 10501:23 June 10468:23 June 10462:Samsung 10431:23 June 10425:Samsung 10396:21 June 10339:21 June 10300:19 June 10294:Samsung 10242:29 June 10213:29 June 10126:Bibcode 10076:21 June 10049:21 June 10021:29 June 9993:21 June 9935:Science 9888:25 June 9863:20 June 9809:20 June 9773:27 June 9744:25 June 9695:27 June 9653:26 June 9582:27 June 9530:Bibcode 9412:Bibcode 9385:25 June 9306:27 June 9281:27 June 9184:27 June 9098:27 June 9042:Bibcode 8982:19 June 8749:14 July 8529:23 June 8523:Samsung 8497:23 June 8491:Samsung 8465:19 June 8459:Samsung 7970:19 June 7936:19 June 7854:4110351 7832:Bibcode 7777:ibm.com 7695:11 July 7668:11 July 7538:SGRAM ( 7424:SGRAM ( 7421:8 Gbit 7272:SGRAM ( 7186:SGRAM ( 7128:SGRAM ( 7057:SGRAM ( 6987:Samsung 6979:SGRAM ( 6908:8 Mbit 6879:Hitachi 6865:8 Mbit 6838:Process 6785:FinFET 6708:LPDDR4 6672:LPDDR4 5933:Toshiba 5631:Hyundai 5477:Samsung 5440:Process 5408:history 5406:| 5358:4 Gbit 5321:Toshiba 5276:4 Gbit 5238:4 Gbit 5203:Samsung 5194:4 Mbit 5095:4 Mbit 5027:Fujitsu 4983:HSDRAM 4900:4 Mbit 4860:1 Mbit 4723:1 Mbit 4686:Hitachi 4510:Siemens 4459:MK4816 4356:8 kbit 4316:4 kbit 4282:2 kbit 4241:1 kbit 4238:μPD403 4210:1 kbit 4178:Intel, 4092:256 bit 4032:Toshiba 3994:Process 3969:(DRAM) 3941:Hyundai 3937:MOSFET 3898:4 Mbit 3864:MOSFET 3861:2.5 ns 3836:Fujitsu 3832:MOSFET 3796:MOSFET 3790:4 Mbit 3715:MOSFET 3676:MOSFET 3634:MOSFET 3598:MOSFET 3562:MOSFET 3556:4 kbit 3528:MOSFET 3498:MOSFET 3468:MOSFET 3426:MOSFET 3393:Hitachi 3389:MOSFET 3383:4 kbit 3380:HM6147 3359:Toshiba 3355:MOSFET 3345:4 kbit 3315:MOSFET 3309:4 kbit 3282:MOSFET 3276:1 kbit 3250:MOSFET 3247:450 ns 3244:4 kbit 3214:MOSFET 3211:350 ns 3208:1 kbit 3183:MOSFET 3180:800 ns 3177:1 kbit 3151:MOSFET 3119:12,000 3111:MOSFET 3035:MOSFET 3003:MOSFET 2973:MOSFET 2927:MOSFET 2765:Bipolar 2718:Bipolar 2681:Process 2651:(SRAM) 2418:SO-DIMM 2402:CD-ROMs 2396:on the 2157:DVD-RAM 2134:persist 2004:in 1989 1998:megabit 1996:CMOS 1- 1962:Toshiba 1890:MOS RAM 1817:testbed 1744:History 1738:Samsung 1710:Toshiba 1576:servers 1564:modules 1492:(~1970) 1486:(~1968) 1468:(1960s) 1305:Blu-ray 1295:MiniDVD 1290:DVD-RAM 1250:Mini CD 1192:Optical 1152:U-matic 1147:MicroMV 1127:Betamax 991:(ECRAM) 932:MicroP2 907:SD card 897:PC Card 688:1T-SRAM 646:QDRSRAM 237:Storage 67:General 11857:MOSFET 11797:Memory 11664:Screen 11630:Webcam 11493:Basic 11232:8 July 10895:8 July 10383:Rambus 10259:Here, 10181: 9962: 9954: 9834:Mostek 9621:6 July 9578:. 1996 9548: 9492: 9461: 9430: 9337:5 July 9216: 9060: 8894: 8855: 8816: 8777: 8617: 8590: 8564: 8405: 8378: 8322: 8290:8 July 8150:IBM100 8146:"DRAM" 8128: 8061: 8036: 7852: 7824:Nature 7808:26 May 7760: 7554:FinFET 7432:Micron 7426:GDDR5X 7305:Hynix 7279:Hynix 6884:350 nm 6843:MOSFET 6813:(HBM) 6758:FinFET 6745:LPDDR5 6633:LPDDR4 6593:Hynix 6565:Hynix 6539:Hynix 6511:Hynix 6407:Hynix 6403:LPDDR2 6365:Hynix 6293:eDRAM 6264:eDRAM 6193:Hynix 6169:110 nm 6164:Elpida 6139:Hynix 6077:eDRAM 6042:Hynix 6008:100 nm 5968:Hynix 5965:RDRAM 5938:180 nm 5894:140 nm 5705:Rambus 5701:RDRAM 5667:RDRAM 5548:RDRAM 5445:MOSFET 5368:100 nm 5317:PSRAM 5069:250 nm 4863:PSRAM 4751:800 nm 4620:Intel 4552:1,000– 4471:Mostek 4394:Intel 4322:Intel 4219:8,000 4216:Intel 4137:1 bit 4096:DRAM ( 4055:1 bit 4024:DRAM ( 3999:MOSFET 3877:CMOS ( 3838:, NEC 3772:BiCMOS 3757:10 ns 3631:50 ns 3601:Intel 3559:18 ns 3402:CMOS ( 3386:55 ns 3318:Intel 3312:55 ns 3295:NMOS ( 3285:Intel 3279:70 ns 3253:Intel 3227:NMOS ( 3217:Intel 3205:2102A 3186:Intel 3154:Intel 2841:MOSFET 2686:MOSFET 2636:, and 2580:caches 2349:paging 2341:caches 2165:DVD-RW 2126:EEPROM 2072: 2060: 2045: 2034: 2028: 2024:on an 1981:, the 1897:MOSFET 1766:relays 1574:, and 1498:(1971) 1480:(1962) 1474:(1962) 1462:(1957) 1456:(1949) 1450:(1932) 1439:(1725) 1433:(1725) 1427:(1725) 1300:HD DVD 1260:CD-ROM 1216:(CDDA) 1142:MiniDV 861:(SSHD) 843:(SSS) 829:EEPROM 777:(2009) 766:(1952) 760:(1951) 754:(1947) 372:Backup 11976:eSATA 11894:Ports 11579:Other 11538:Mouse 11343:"HBM" 11262:(PDF) 11251:(PDF) 10987:(PDF) 10974:(PDF) 10568:(PDF) 10557:(PDF) 10390:(PDF) 10379:(PDF) 10333:(PDF) 10322:(PDF) 10271:, or 10232:(PDF) 10040:(PDF) 9983:(PDF) 9830:(PDF) 9768:Intel 9734:(PDF) 9686:(PDF) 9647:(PDF) 9572:(PDF) 9546:S2CID 9490:S2CID 9459:S2CID 9428:S2CID 9328:(PDF) 9301:Intel 9275:Intel 9271:(PDF) 9175:(PDF) 9143:(PDF) 9132:(PDF) 9088:(PDF) 9028:(PDF) 8735:(PDF) 8717:(PDF) 8710:(PDF) 8671:(PDF) 8664:(PDF) 8558:Wiley 8554:(PDF) 8219:8 May 7850:S2CID 7684:"RAM" 7657:"RAM" 7633:(RMM) 7549:10 nm 7540:GDDR6 7513:CMOS 7504:HBM2 7491:2017 7477:CMOS 7439:CMOS 7389:2013 7375:CMOS 7347:2012 7337:CMOS 7315:2010 7289:2009 7274:GDDR5 7259:2007 7245:CMOS 7234:Hynix 7217:2005 7203:CMOS 7188:GDDR4 7161:CMOS 7130:GDDR3 7114:CMOS 7088:2003 7074:CMOS 7059:GDDR2 7044:2002 7034:CMOS 7012:1999 6998:CMOS 6954:CMOS 6936:1997 6926:CMOS 6869:SGRAM 6847:Area 6776:DDR4 6753:10 nm 6731:2018 6717:CMOS 6695:2015 6681:CMOS 6659:2014 6645:CMOS 6641:20 nm 6615:2013 6601:CMOS 6571:CMOS 6562:DDR3 6549:2011 6543:40 nm 6536:DDR3 6519:CMOS 6515:44 nm 6508:DDR3 6491:2009 6479:CMOS 6470:DDR3 6457:2008 6443:CMOS 6434:DDR3 6385:2008 6371:CMOS 6362:DDR2 6349:2006 6335:CMOS 6326:DDR3 6302:CMOS 6275:CMOS 6271:65 nm 6253:2005 6239:CMOS 6230:DDR2 6217:2004 6203:CMOS 6190:DDR2 6173:CMOS 6149:CMOS 6136:DDR2 6119:CMOS 6088:CMOS 6084:90 nm 6066:2003 6052:CMOS 6026:2002 6012:CMOS 5978:CMOS 5952:2001 5942:CMOS 5924:eDRAM 5912:2000 5898:CMOS 5870:CMOS 5844:1999 5830:CMOS 5800:CMOS 5774:1998 5760:CMOS 5716:CMOS 5680:CMOS 5658:1998 5614:1997 5600:CMOS 5563:CMOS 5530:CMOS 5514:RDRAM 5504:1996 5459:1992 5449:Area 5396:from 5388:SDRAM 5372:CMOS 5361:DRAM 5332:CMOS 5292:CMOS 5279:DRAM 5266:1998 5252:CMOS 5228:1997 5214:NMOS 5184:1996 5172:CMOS 5152:CMOS 5143:DRAM 5111:CMOS 5085:1995 5073:CMOS 5062:DRAM 5049:1993 5035:CMOS 5015:DRAM 5002:1991 4992:CMOS 4958:CMOS 4949:DRAM 4936:1987 4928:CMOS 4912:NMOS 4903:DRAM 4890:1986 4876:CMOS 4834:NMOS 4796:NMOS 4775:DPRAM 4765:1984 4755:CMOS 4737:NMOS 4726:DRAM 4682:DRAM 4656:CMOS 4643:DRAM 4617:DRAM 4604:1983 4581:DRAM 4568:1981 4558:NMOS 4546:DRAM 4533:1980 4506:DRAM 4482:NMOS 4466:PSRAM 4456:1979 4446:NMOS 4431:DRAM 4418:1977 4404:NMOS 4391:DRAM 4385:2116 4382:1975 4372:PMOS 4359:DRAM 4346:1973 4332:NMOS 4319:DRAM 4313:2107 4310:1972 4300:PMOS 4285:DRAM 4244:DRAM 4235:1971 4225:PMOS 4213:DRAM 4191:PMOS 4161:1970 4151:PMOS 4144:Intel 4131:1969 4081:1968 4049:1967 4020:1 bit 4013:1965 4003:Area 3952:CMOS 3920:CMOS 3905:Cache 3901:6 ns 3888:1995 3816:1992 3809:CMOS 3780:1990 3761:BiMOS 3735:CMOS 3692:1987 3685:CMOS 3656:1984 3649:CMOS 3578:1982 3571:CMOS 3537:NMOS 3508:1981 3481:CMOS 3448:1980 3441:NMOS 3377:1978 3370:CMOS 3335:1977 3306:2147 3273:2115 3270:1976 3263:NMOS 3241:2114 3238:1975 3174:5101 3171:1974 3164:NMOS 3135:2102 3132:1972 3125:PMOS 3115:Intel 3097:1101 3055:1969 3048:NMOS 2986:PMOS 2953:1968 2864:1966 2786:SP95 2742:1965 2590:SATA3 2546:Intel 2517:The ' 2449:or a 2332:, on- 2161:CD-RW 2078:Types 2068:SGRAM 1360:ECRAM 1340:CBRAM 1275:DVD+R 1235:CD-RW 1172:D-VHS 1167:VHS-C 1162:S-VHS 1103:(DDS) 1026:ReRAM 1021:FeRAM 1014:NVRAM 1000:CBRAM 957:NVRAM 855:(SSD) 824:EPROM 781:Z-RAM 775:T-RAM 707:(CAM) 695:ReRAM 661:RDRAM 641:LPDDR 636:SGRAM 631:SDRAM 626:eDRAM 60:types 11934:HDMI 11850:SMPS 11838:SSHD 11832:NVMe 11828:SATA 11807:BIOS 11435:2019 11409:2018 11386:2019 11360:2019 11329:2019 11298:2019 11270:2019 11234:2019 11202:2019 11176:2019 11141:2019 11109:2019 11103:(48) 11082:2019 11054:2019 11023:2019 10995:2019 10957:2019 10929:2022 10897:2019 10871:2019 10840:2022 10808:2019 10782:2019 10720:2019 10688:link 10674:2019 10646:2019 10614:2022 10576:2019 10561:Sony 10537:2019 10503:2019 10470:2019 10433:2019 10398:2019 10341:2019 10302:2019 10244:2019 10215:2019 10179:ISBN 10078:2019 10051:2019 10023:2019 9995:2019 9960:PMID 9952:ISSN 9890:2019 9865:2019 9811:2019 9775:2019 9750:CORE 9746:2019 9697:2019 9655:2019 9623:2019 9584:2019 9387:2019 9339:2019 9308:2019 9283:2019 9214:ISBN 9186:2019 9151:2007 9100:2019 9058:ISSN 9004:help 8984:2019 8910:2014 8892:ISBN 8871:2014 8853:ISBN 8832:2014 8814:ISBN 8793:2014 8775:ISBN 8751:2018 8692:link 8615:ISBN 8588:ISBN 8562:ISBN 8531:2019 8499:2019 8467:2019 8403:ISBN 8376:ISBN 8320:ISBN 8292:2019 8221:2018 8162:2019 8108:2019 8059:ISBN 8034:ISBN 7972:2019 7938:2019 7810:2012 7697:2019 7670:2019 7592:(CL) 7465:HBM2 6981:GDDR 6948:NEC 6889:CMOS 6826:bits 6589:DDR4 6296:NEC 6109:DDR3 6039:SDR 6000:DDR2 5929:Sony 5887:DDR 5857:DDR 5817:SDR 5787:DDR 5670:Oki 5627:SDR 5587:SDR 5489:CMOS 5467:Mbit 5428:bits 5404:edit 5246:NEC 5198:FRAM 5146:NEC 5139:Gbit 4986:IBM 4952:NTT 4906:NEC 4824:NEC 4779:VRAM 4747:NTT 4697:MOS 4678:Mbit 4646:NTT 4629:CMOS 4594:MOS 4584:IBM 4522:VMOS 4362:IBM 4260:NMOS 4206:1103 4171:kbit 4165:1102 4116:PMOS 4026:cell 3982:bits 3961:DRAM 3867:IBM 3719:Sony 3704:Mbit 3297:HMOS 3197:CMOS 3140:kbit 3105:850 3080:IBM 3038:IBM 3017:NMOS 3006:NEC 2993:144 2856:PMOS 2804:IBM 2722:cell 2664:bits 2643:SRAM 2616:- 1 2606:GDDR 2602:DDR4 2598:PCIe 2594:NVMe 2501:BIOS 2455:swap 2369:rank 2345:DRAM 2337:SRAM 2203:FETs 2128:and 2064:GDDR 2048:Mbit 2037:kbit 1860:(or 1697:and 1678:are 1651:and 1645:read 1639:. A 1635:and 1633:data 1588:DDR3 1586:8GB 1350:NRAM 1322:WORM 1230:CD-R 984:MRAM 819:PROM 814:MROM 716:VRAM 700:QRAM 683:SRAM 671:GDDR 621:DRAM 517:RAID 167:Data 56:and 11986:VGA 11981:DVI 11914:USB 11867:VRM 11824:SSD 11819:HDD 11802:RAM 11738:DVD 11601:GPU 11457:RAM 11074:NEC 11047:359 11043:NEC 11015:NEC 10236:MIT 10134:doi 9944:doi 9940:224 9538:doi 9482:doi 9451:doi 9420:doi 9050:doi 8154:IBM 8026:doi 7999:doi 7995:104 7886:doi 7840:doi 7828:162 7407:HBM 6915:NEC 6873:SDR 6851:Ref 5746:DDR 5643:SOI 5552:NEC 5519:Oki 5472:SDR 5465:16 5453:Ref 5242:QLC 4435:NTT 4248:NEC 4070:MOS 4062:IBM 4007:Ref 3879:SOI 3101:256 3066:128 3024:512 2963:64 2931:NEC 2882:TTL 2870:16 2770:IBM 2691:Ref 2531:CPU 2394:ICs 2390:CPU 2355:or 2334:die 2191:bit 2163:or 2153:RAM 2144:or 1946:IBM 1942:bit 1845:in 1835:MOS 1772:or 1695:ROM 1664:MOS 1605:RAM 1591:RAM 1270:DVD 1157:VHS 974:PCM 927:SxS 802:ROM 676:HBM 666:DDR 597:RAM 41:or 32:Ram 12033:: 11830:/ 11733:CD 11425:. 11376:. 11351:. 11345:. 11318:. 11306:^ 11287:. 11253:. 11224:. 11218:. 11192:. 11166:. 11160:. 11149:^ 11131:. 11125:. 11099:. 11072:. 11041:. 11013:. 10982:. 10976:. 10947:. 10913:. 10887:. 10862:. 10856:. 10831:. 10816:^ 10798:. 10773:. 10767:. 10740:. 10736:. 10710:. 10704:. 10684:}} 10680:{{ 10662:. 10636:. 10630:. 10605:. 10584:^ 10559:. 10545:^ 10528:. 10522:. 10511:^ 10491:. 10478:^ 10460:. 10454:. 10441:^ 10423:. 10417:. 10406:^ 10381:. 10324:. 10310:^ 10292:. 10267:, 10263:, 10252:^ 10234:. 10201:. 10173:. 10132:. 10122:23 10120:. 10098:. 10094:. 10067:. 10042:. 10011:. 9985:. 9958:. 9950:. 9938:. 9923:^ 9910:. 9906:. 9881:. 9856:. 9850:. 9832:. 9797:. 9791:. 9766:. 9736:. 9705:^ 9688:. 9632:). 9607:. 9592:^ 9574:. 9558:^ 9544:. 9536:. 9526:41 9524:. 9514:; 9510:; 9488:. 9457:. 9426:. 9418:. 9408:16 9406:. 9378:. 9347:^ 9330:. 9316:^ 9299:. 9273:. 9257:^ 9236:. 9208:. 9194:^ 9177:. 9159:^ 9134:. 9108:^ 9090:. 9070:^ 9056:. 9048:. 9038:76 9036:. 9030:. 9012:^ 8996:: 8994:}} 8990:{{ 8952:. 8926:. 8900:. 8861:. 8822:. 8783:. 8741:. 8737:. 8688:}} 8684:{{ 8666:. 8637:. 8521:. 8515:. 8489:. 8483:. 8457:. 8438:41 8436:. 8430:. 8417:^ 8328:. 8314:. 8300:^ 8281:. 8270:^ 8260:. 8229:^ 8211:. 8207:. 8194:^ 8185:, 8177:. 8152:. 8148:. 8135:^ 8097:. 8032:. 8020:. 7993:. 7989:. 7961:. 7946:^ 7927:. 7902:^ 7882:98 7880:, 7876:, 7848:, 7838:, 7826:, 7775:. 7738:. 7720:. 7714:. 7686:. 7659:. 7542:) 7428:) 7276:) 7190:) 7132:) 7061:) 6983:) 6875:) 6828:) 5931:, 5430:) 5400:. 5137:1 5025:, 5021:, 4781:) 4676:8 4221:nm 4169:1 4154:— 4148:— 4134:— 4100:) 4098:IC 4074:— 4066:— 4052:— 4042:— 4039:— 4036:— 4028:) 4016:— 3984:) 3911:) 3881:) 3702:1 3406:) 3299:) 3231:) 3138:1 3121:nm 3107:ns 3090:— 2899:— 2884:) 2829:64 2814:— 2790:16 2781:— 2735:— 2732:— 2724:) 2702:— 2666:) 2632:, 2496:. 2416:A 2347:, 2343:, 2148:. 2043:16 2030:μm 1989:. 1952:. 1841:) 1768:, 1701:. 1607:; 1570:, 1220:CD 1137:DV 11834:) 11826:( 11486:e 11479:t 11472:v 11437:. 11411:. 11388:. 11362:. 11331:. 11300:. 11272:. 11236:. 11204:. 11178:. 11143:. 11111:. 11084:. 11056:. 11025:. 10997:. 10959:. 10931:. 10899:. 10873:. 10842:. 10810:. 10784:. 10722:. 10690:) 10676:. 10648:. 10616:. 10578:. 10539:. 10505:. 10472:. 10435:. 10400:. 10343:. 10304:. 10273:T 10269:G 10265:M 10261:K 10246:. 10217:. 10187:. 10140:. 10136:: 10128:: 10100:2 10080:. 10053:. 10025:. 9997:. 9966:. 9946:: 9912:2 9892:. 9867:. 9813:. 9777:. 9752:. 9699:. 9657:. 9625:. 9586:. 9552:. 9540:: 9532:: 9496:. 9484:: 9465:. 9453:: 9434:. 9422:: 9414:: 9389:. 9341:. 9310:. 9285:. 9251:. 9222:. 9188:. 9153:. 9102:. 9064:. 9052:: 9044:: 9006:) 8986:. 8962:. 8937:. 8912:. 8873:. 8834:. 8795:. 8753:. 8696:. 8694:) 8680:. 8648:. 8623:. 8596:. 8570:. 8533:. 8501:. 8469:. 8411:. 8384:. 8357:. 8294:. 8264:. 8223:. 8189:. 8164:. 8110:. 8067:. 8042:. 8028:: 8005:. 8001:: 7974:. 7940:. 7888:: 7862:. 7856:. 7842:: 7834:: 7742:. 7699:. 7672:. 7518:? 7496:? 7482:? 7456:? 7401:? 7394:? 7380:? 7370:? 7352:? 7332:? 7294:? 7264:? 7250:? 7240:? 7222:? 7208:? 7198:? 7178:? 7156:? 7119:? 7109:? 7093:? 7079:? 7069:? 7049:? 7029:? 7003:? 6993:? 6971:? 6921:? 6871:( 6790:? 6764:? 6736:? 6722:? 6700:? 6686:? 6664:? 6650:? 6627:? 6620:? 6606:? 6576:? 6554:? 6524:? 6503:? 6496:? 6484:? 6462:? 6448:? 6426:? 6412:? 6397:? 6390:? 6376:? 6354:? 6340:? 6318:? 6307:? 6244:? 6222:? 6208:? 6198:? 6178:? 6154:? 6144:? 6124:? 6100:? 6057:? 6047:? 6031:? 6017:? 5994:? 5983:? 5973:? 5957:? 5903:? 5875:? 5865:? 5849:? 5835:? 5825:? 5805:? 5795:? 5779:? 5765:? 5755:? 5737:? 5721:? 5711:? 5675:? 5649:? 5637:? 5619:? 5605:? 5579:? 5568:? 5558:? 5525:? 5495:? 5483:? 5410:) 5402:( 5377:? 5353:? 5337:? 5327:? 5297:? 5287:? 5271:? 5257:? 5233:? 5219:? 5209:? 5189:? 5177:? 5157:? 5132:? 5116:? 5106:? 5090:? 5078:? 5054:? 5040:? 5007:? 4975:? 4941:? 4895:? 4881:? 4871:? 4855:? 4839:? 4829:? 4801:? 4791:? 4777:( 4718:? 4702:? 4692:? 4671:? 4651:? 4609:? 4589:? 4573:? 4538:? 4516:? 4498:? 4487:? 4477:? 4441:? 4423:? 4409:? 4399:? 4367:? 4351:? 4337:? 4327:? 4295:? 4277:? 4266:? 4254:? 4196:? 4186:? 4122:? 4110:? 4086:? 3947:? 3932:? 3907:( 3893:? 3872:? 3853:? 3821:? 3804:? 3785:? 3749:? 3730:? 3710:? 3697:? 3671:? 3661:? 3644:? 3623:? 3593:? 3583:? 3551:? 3523:? 3513:? 3493:? 3476:? 3463:? 3453:? 3436:? 3421:? 3365:? 3350:? 3340:? 3323:? 3290:? 3258:? 3222:? 3191:? 3159:? 3146:? 3085:? 3072:? 3060:? 3043:? 3030:? 3011:? 2998:? 2981:? 2968:? 2958:? 2944:? 2937:? 2922:? 2915:? 2908:? 2894:? 2875:? 2850:? 2835:? 2823:? 2809:? 2796:? 2776:? 2759:? 2753:8 2747:? 2720:( 2712:? 2706:1 2596:/ 2292:n 2288:A 2284:. 2281:. 2278:. 2275:, 2270:1 2266:A 2262:, 2257:0 2253:A 2054:( 2026:8 1837:( 1623:/ 1620:m 1617:æ 1614:r 1611:/ 1603:( 1578:. 1526:e 1519:t 1512:v 980:) 976:( 45:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index