135:. It illustrates several uniting themes of hero stories that hold similar ideas of what a hero represents, despite vastly different cultures and beliefs. The monomyth or Hero's Journey consists of three separate stages including the Departure, Initiation, and Return. Within these stages there are several archetypes that the hero or heroine may follow including the call to adventure (which they may initially refuse), supernatural aid, proceeding down a road of trials, achieving a realization about themselves (or an
464:
for instance, Czar
Nicholas II was historical and scored high and Harry Potter was clearly fictional and yet scored lower. Since the Rank and Raglan scales depend on the narratives about individuals, there is also an inherent problem in that sources will depict the same individual in a contradictory light as in the case of political figures who have supporters and opponents who wish to push contradictory narratives.
98:. It is a set of 22 common traits that he said were shared by many heroes in various cultures, myths and religions throughout history and around the world. Raglan argued that the higher the score, the more likely the figure's biography is mythical. Raglan did not categorically deny the historicity of the Heroes he looked at, rather it was their common biographies he considered as nonhistorical.
31:
421:. He states that the criteria are so flexible and arbitrary that Lincoln fit all of Lord Raglan's 22 points and that using Raglan's ideas would lead one to conclude that Lincoln was a mythical figure. In their criticism of the hero pattern, other historical figures that have been argued to fit the hero pattern quite well were
482:
According to
Northup (2006), mainstream scholarship of comparative mythology since Campbell has moved away from "highly general and universal" categories in general. This attitude is illustrated by e.g. Consentino (1998), who remarks "It is just as important to stress differences as similarities, to
463:
New
Testament researcher James McGrath argues that fictional non-royal figures will score low on the scale and thus would be misclassified as "historical", while historical rulers will start off with a number of points automatically which would make them more likely to be misclassified as "mythical",
409:
has noted that Raglan did not categorically deny the historicity of the Heroes he looked at, rather it was their common biographies he considered as potentially nonhistorical. Furthermore, Dundes noted that Raglan himself had admitted that his choice of 22 incidents, as opposed to any other number of
391:
observed that Raglan never categorically denied the historical existence of any of the heroes, instead he was gauging the biographical pattern which he believed stemmed from ritual regicide. Raglan considered others like Jesus but avoided assessing him due to sensibilities. However, he did not deny
142:
These theories have been criticized by scholars as being very flawed and loose to the point that historical persons such as
Abraham Lincoln would fit the mythotypes. Furthermore, "one should make obvious that many fictional non-royal figures will score low on the scale, while historical rulers will
478:
According to Robert Segal, "The theories of Rank, Campbell, and Raglan typify the array of analyses of hero myths." For Otto Rank, the true subject of any hero myth was family relations, for Lord Raglan it was the physical world and the gods that controlled it, and for Joseph
Campbell it was the
489:
Others have found the categories
Campbell works with so vague as to be meaningless, and lacking the support required of scholarly argument: Crespi (1990), writing in response to Campbell's filmed presentation of his model characterized it as "... unsatisfying from a social science perspective.
121:'s observations of common patterns in plots of hero's journeys. Later on, others introduced various theories on hero myths such Otto Rank and his Freudian psychoanalytic approach to myth, Lord Raglan's unification of myth and rituals, and eventually hero myth pattern studies were popularized by
498:
dismisses
Campbell's work, characterizing him as a popularizer: "like most universalists, he is content to merely assert universality rather than bother to document it. If Campbell's generalizations about myth are not substantiated, why should students consider his work?"
299:
When Raglan's 22 point outline is used, a Hero's tradition is considered more likely to be mythical the more of these traits they hold (a point is added per trait). Raglan himself scored the following Heroes:
490:
Campbell's ethnocentrism will raise objections, and his analytic level is so abstract and devoid of ethnographic context that myth loses the very meanings supposed to be embedded in the 'hero.'" In
215:
Lord Raglan, in 1936, developed a 22-point myth-ritualist Hero archetype to account for common patterns across Indo-European cultures for Hero traditions, following myth-ritualists like
712:
Francis Lee Utley, “Lincoln Wasn't There, or Lord Raglan's Hero,” CEA Chap Book (Washington, DC: College
English Association, 1965;, supplement to The CEA Critic 22, June 1965)
679:
Francis Lee Utley, “Lincoln Wasn't There, or Lord Raglan's Hero,” CEA Chap Book (Washington, DC: College
English Association, 1965;, supplement to The CEA Critic 22, June 1965)
830:
410:
incidents, was arbitrarily chosen. Though Lord Raglan took stories about heroes as literal and even equated heroes with gods, Otto Rank took stories as symbolic.
748:
486:
Similarly, Ellwood (1999) stated "A tendency to think in generic terms of people, races ... is undoubtedly the profoundest flaw in mythological thinking."
86:
that was based on
Freudian ideas. It includes a set of 12 traits that are commonly found in hero myth narratives. Lord Raglan developed his concept of the "
860:
440:
Classicist Thomas J. Sienkewicz did other rankings of numerous Heroes and among those that scored quite high were actual historical persons like
644:
167:
thought in that the pattern lingered on the Hero's relations with the parents and was limited to the first half of the life of the Hero:
796:"African Oral Narrative Traditions" in Foley, John Miles, ed., "Teaching Oral Traditions." NY: Modern Language Association, 1998, p. 183
731:
70:
117:" that was reputed to be pervasive across all cultures is controversial. The study of hero myths started in 1871 with anthropologist
668:
82:
617:
581:
549:
131:
844:
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mind. Both Rank and Campbell overlapped in views of myths as serving psychological functions and being primarily symbolic.
756:
143:
start off with a number of points automatically" which would lead to false mythotyping of historical persons.
457:
445:
73:
that lists different cross-cultural traits often found in the accounts of heroes, including mythical heroes.
110:
48:
118:
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36:
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426:
724:
The Jesus Legend : A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition
695:
779:
441:
345:
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422:
418:
369:
122:
164:
67:
608:
Segal, Robert; Raglan, Lord; Rank, Otto (1990). "Introduction: In Quest of the Hero".
854:
783:
696:"Rankled by Wrangling over Rank-Raglan Rankings: Jesus and the Mythic Hero Archetype"
414:
60:
17:
216:
106:
770:
Northup, Lesley (2006). "Myth-Placed Priorities: Religion and the Study of Myth".
806:
807:"The Politics of Myth: A Study of C.G. Jung, Mircea Eliade, and Joseph Campbell"
495:
483:
avoid creating a (Joseph) Campbell soup of myths that loses all local flavor."
406:
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373:
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220:
44:
30:
377:
241:
136:
126:
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63:
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Attempt to kill hero as an infant, often by father or maternal grandfather
113:. The concept of a standard narrative archetype of a monomythical "hero's
449:
430:
333:
313:
161:
156:
Otto Rank, in 1909, developed a Hero pattern that was very much based on
102:
361:
317:
309:
305:
301:
157:
453:
365:
353:
337:
329:
139:), and attaining the freedom to live through their quest or journey.
636:
Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art
576:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 180,189-190.
94:, based on a ritualistic interpretation of myth, in his 1936 book,
349:
321:
114:
29:
437:, which bring into question its usability on historical matters.
341:
87:
77:
572:
Segal, Robert; Dundes, Alan; Raglan, Lord; Rank, Otto (1990).
540:
Segal, Robert; Dundes, Alan; Raglan, Lord; Rank, Otto (1990).
519:
The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama by Lord Raglan
417:
applied Raglan's list on definite historical people such as
603:
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821:
American Anthropologist, 92:4 (December 1990), p. 1104
34:
The four heroes from the 16th-century Chinese novel
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
264:Marries a princess (often daughter of predecessor)
492:Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth
261:Is victor over king, giant, dragon or wild beast
612:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
544:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
96:The Hero, A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama
726:. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. p. 149.
59:) is a set of narrative patterns proposed by
8:
722:Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007).
567:
565:
563:
561:
513:
511:
276:Later loses favor with gods or his subjects
105:) is a common story structure explored by
689:
687:
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252:Reared by foster parents in a far country
663:Princeton University Press, 2004 , 140,
294:Has one or more holy sepulchers or tombs
288:His children, if any, do not succeed him
190:Suckled by female animal or humble woman
76:Otto Rank developed his concept of the "
507:
234:Father often a near relative to mother
184:Hero surrendered to the water in a box
7:
456:(15). Fictional characters such as
809:, SUNY Press, September 1999. Cf.
467:
129:'s view of myth, in his 1949 work
25:
270:For a time he reigns uneventfully
258:Returns or goes to future kingdom
83:The Myth of the Birth of the Hero
784:10.1111/j.1748-0922.2006.00018.x
199:Hero takes revenge on the father
196:Hero finds distinguished parents
187:Saved by animals or lowly people
861:Heroes in mythology and legend
661:The Hero With a Thousand Faces
181:Prophecy warning against birth
172:Child of distinguished parents
132:The Hero with a Thousand Faces
1:
249:Hero spirited away as a child
749:"Lord Raglan's Hero Pattern"
700:The Bible and Interpretation
396:Interpretation and criticism
845:Lord' Raglan's Hero Pattern
282:Meets with mysterious death
279:Driven from throne and city
877:
521:, Dover Publications, 1936
471:
285:Often at the top of a hill
639:. ABC-CLIO. p. 165.
633:Green, Thomas A. (1997).
468:Hero's Journey (Monomyth)
101:The "Hero's Journey" (or
772:Religious Studies Review
702:. University of Arizona.
446:Mithridates VI of Pontus
228:Mother is a royal virgin
205:Achieves rank and honors
178:Difficulty in conception
125:, who was influenced by
255:No details of childhood
753:Department of Classics
392:his existence either.
291:His body is not buried
202:Acknowledged by people
55:(sometimes called the
40:
66:and later on amateur
53:Rank–Raglan mythotype
49:comparative mythology
33:
18:Rank-Raglan mythotype
747:Sienkewicz, Thomas.
610:In Quest of the Hero
574:In Quest of the Hero
542:In Quest of the Hero
119:Edward Burnett Tylor
80:" in his 1909 text,
759:on 23 January 2022.
659:Joseph Campbell in
382:Alexander the Great
304:(21 or 22 points),
240:Hero reputed to be
160:' legend, followed
37:Journey to the West
847:, Monmouth College
460:(8) scored lower.
273:He prescribes laws
237:Unusual conception
41:
805:Ellwood, Robert,
646:978-0-87436-986-1
427:Winston Churchill
380:(13 points), and
16:(Redirected from
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442:Tsar Nicholas II
231:Father is a king
175:Father is a king
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494:(1984), editor
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435:William Wallace
423:John F. Kennedy
419:Abraham Lincoln
403:
401:Raglan and Rank
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370:Llew Llawgyffes
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213:
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123:Joseph Campbell
107:anthropologists
57:hero archetypes
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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839:External links
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474:Hero's journey
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477:
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458:Harry Potter
439:
412:
404:
386:
384:(7 points).
356:(9 points),
298:
267:Becomes king
217:James Frazer
214:
155:
141:
130:
111:mythologists
100:
95:
81:
75:
56:
52:
42:
35:
778:(1): 5–10.
496:Alan Dundes
413:Folklorist
407:Alan Dundes
405:Folklorist
389:Alan Dundes
387:Folklorist
374:King Arthur
358:Watu Gunung
326:Bellerophon
221:S. H. Hooke
211:Lord Raglan
88:Mythic Hero
78:Mythic Hero
71:Lord Raglan
45:narratology
619:0691020620
583:0691020620
551:0691020620
503:References
452:(17), and
378:Robin Hood
242:son of god
137:apotheosis
152:Otto Rank
127:Carl Jung
92:archetype
64:Otto Rank
855:Category
450:Muhammad
431:Napoleon
334:Dionysos
314:Heracles
162:Freudian
103:monomyth
90:" as an
362:Nyikang
318:Perseus
310:Romulus
306:Theseus
302:Oedipus
158:Oedipus
147:History
730:
667:
643:
616:
580:
548:
454:Buddha
448:(22),
444:(14),
366:Sigurd
354:Elijah
346:Joseph
338:Apollo
330:Pelops
51:, the
350:Moses
322:Jason
115:quest
728:ISBN
665:ISBN
641:ISBN
614:ISBN
578:ISBN
546:ISBN
433:and
342:Zeus
219:and
109:and
47:and
811:p.x
780:doi
43:In
857::
776:32
774:.
751:.
698:.
684:^
592:^
560:^
526:^
510:^
429:,
425:,
223::
786:.
782::
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649:.
622:.
586:.
554:.
20:)
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