Instant-runoff voting - Knowledge (XXG)

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these scenarios, it would have been better for the third party voters if their candidate had not run at all (spoiler effect), or if they had voted dishonestly, ranking their favourite second rather than first (favourite betrayal). This is the same bracketing effect exploited by Robinette and Tideman in their research on strategic campaigning, where a candidate alters their campaign to cause a change in voter honest choice, resulting in the elimination of a candidate who nevertheless remains more preferred by voters.

940: 1786:, which excludes all but the top-two candidates after the first round, rather than gradually eliminating candidates over a series of rounds. Eliminations can occur with or without allowing and applying preference votes to choose the final two candidates. A second round of voting or counting is only necessary if no candidate receives an overall majority of votes. This method is used in Mali, France and the Finnish and Slovenian presidential election. 7828: 1971: 75: 1224:

of the same principles, since that candidate has a much greater chance of being elected and a vote for the marginal candidate will not result in the marginal candidate's election. An IRV method reduces this problem, since the voter can rank the marginal candidate first and the mainstream candidate second; in the likely event that the fringe candidate is eliminated, the vote is not wasted but is transferred to the second preference.

1077: 915: 1992:", and some jurisdictions accept a single box marked with an "X" (as opposed to a numeral "1") as valid for the first preference. This may result in exhausted ballots, where all of a voter's preferences are eliminated before a candidate is elected, such that the "majority" in the final round may only constitute a minority fraction of all ballots cast. Optional preferential voting is used for elections for the 1399:(STV) method is applied to a single-winner election, it becomes IRV; the government of Ireland has called IRV "proportional representation" based on the fact that the same ballot form is used to elect its president by IRV and parliamentary seats by proportional representation (STV), but IRV is a non-proportional winner-take-all (single-winner) election method, while STV elects multiple winners. State law in 3493: 927: 2308: 2133: 1800: 1705: 1259:(50%+1). Like all winner-take-all voting methods, IRV tends to exaggerate the number of seats won by the largest parties; small parties without majority support in any given constituency are unlikely to earn seats in a legislature, although their supporters will be more likely to be part of the final choice between the two strongest candidates. A simulation of IRV in the 1235:, if the Republican candidate who lost in the final instant runoff had not run, the Democratic candidate would have defeated the winning Progressive candidate. In that sense, the Republican candidate was a spoiler—albeit for an opposing Democrat, rather than some political ally—even though leading in first choice support. This also occurred in the 6605:. Anhörung zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Abschaffung der Fünf-Prozent-Sperrklausel bei Landtagswahlen in Schleswig-Holstein [Hearing on the draft law to abolish the five percent threshold in state elections in Schleswig-Holstein (Discussion paper)] (Report) (in German). Piratenfraktion im Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landtag. (Drs. 18/385). 2923: 2895: 2864: 2830: 2793: 2753: 2501: 1868:, also known as "top-two IRV" or the "supplementary vote", is the same as IRV, except that if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of counting, all but the two candidates with the most votes are eliminated, and the second preferences for those ballots are counted. As in IRV, there is only one round of voting. 6030:

In San Francisco, ranked-choice voting is sometimes called 'instant run-off voting.' The Department of Elections generally uses the term ranked-choice voting, because it describes the voting method—voters are directed to rank their first-, second- and third-choice candidates. The Department also uses

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have tended to use the term "ranked-choice voting" in their laws. The San Francisco Department of Elections claimed the word "instant" in the term "instant-runoff voting" could confuse voters into expecting results to be immediately available. As a result of American influence, the term ranked-choice

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However, this is an implementation detail, and does not mean candidates are supported by most voters. Note that without early stopping, IRV eventually reassigns all active votes to the winner, creating the appearance of unanimity (which is clearly impossible). It is possible for a candidate to win an

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criterion states that "if an absolute majority of voters prefer every member of a group of candidates to every candidate not in that group, then one of the preferred group must win". Note that this is satisfied because when all but one candidate that a mutual majority prefer is eliminated, the votes

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elections. The California cities of Oakland, San Francisco and San Leandro in 2010 provide an example; there were a total of four elections in which the plurality-voting leader in first-choice rankings was defeated, and in each case the IRV winner was the Condorcet winner, including a San Francisco

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against every other candidate, then that candidate must not win the overall election". IRV (like all voting methods with a final runoff round) meets this criterion, since the Condorcet loser cannot win a runoff. However, IRV can still elect the "second-worst" candidate when the two worst candidates

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is derived from the name of a class of voting methods called runoff voting. In runoff voting voters do not rank candidates in order of preference on a single ballot. Instead a similar effect is achieved by using multiple rounds of voting. All multi-round runoff voting methods allow voters to change

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However, when the third-party candidate is more competitive, they can still act as a spoiler under IRV, by taking away first-choice votes from the more mainstream candidate until that candidate is eliminated, and then that candidate's second-choice votes helping a more-disliked candidate to win. In

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Proponents of IRV claim that IRV eliminates the spoiler effect, since IRV makes it safe to vote honestly for marginal parties: Under a plurality method, voters who sympathize most strongly with a marginal candidate are strongly encouraged to instead vote for a more popular candidate who shares some

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states that the first- and last-place candidates should switch places if every ballot is reversed. In other words, it should not matter whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst and select the best candidate, or whether they rank them worst-to-best and then select the least-bad candidate.

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says that candidates should not lose as a result of having "too many voters"—a set of ballots that all rank A>B should not switch the election winner from B to A. IRV fails this criterion: about 50 percent of elections where IRV elects a different candidate from plurality involve participation

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Some jurisdictions that hold runoff elections allow absentee (only) voters to submit IRV ballots, because the interval between votes is too short for a second round of absentee voting. IRV ballots enable absentee votes to count in the second (general) election round if their first choice does not

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how they should assign their lower preferences, or provide them with a prepared ballot. This is especially common in Australia, where voters must rank all candidates to cast a valid ballot. Preference deals between parties (where one party's voters agree to place another party's voters second, in

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A 2015 study of four local US elections that used IRV found that inactive ballots occurred often enough in each of them that the winner of each election did not receive a majority of votes cast in the first round. The rate of inactive ballots in each election ranged from a low of 9.6 percent to a

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In instant-runoff voting, as with other ranked election methods, each voter orders candidates from first to last. On their ballot, voters mark a "1" beside their first-round vote; a "2" beside their alternative, who receives their vote if the first candidate is eliminated; a "3" beside their next

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In Highest median, Ranked Pairs, and Schulze voting, there is always a regret-free, semi-honest ballot for any voter, holding all other ballots constant and assuming they know enough about how others will vote. Under such circumstances, there is always at least one way for a voter to participate

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is returned automatically for whichever constituency s/he was elected if they wish to seek re-election, reducing the number of seats contested in that constituency by one. (In that case, should the Ceann Comhairle be from a three-seater, only two seats are contested in the general election from

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for elections by mail and requiring a majority of cast votes to elect a winner. For in-person elections, they recommend repeated balloting until one candidate receives an absolute majority of all votes cast; if candidates drop out as soon as it becomes clear they cannot win, this procedure will

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While similar to "sequential-elimination" IRV, top-two can produce different results. Excluding more than one candidate after the first count might eliminate a candidate who would have won under sequential elimination IRV. Restricting voters to a maximum number of preferences is more likely to

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Because the ballot marking is more complex than X voting, there can be an increase in spoiled ballots. In Australia, voters are required to write a number beside every candidate. Since Australia has compulsory voting, however, it is difficult to tell how many ballots are deliberately spoiled.

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Sometimes, this algorithm is described with an early-stopping rule, which elects a candidate as soon as their score exceeds half the remaining votes. This is because when a candidate has over half the votes, it is no longer mathematically possible for another candidate to defeat them (see

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but recommend against runoff-based rules because they often prevent the emergence of a consensus candidate with broad support. The book instead recommends repeated balloting until some candidate manages to win a majority of votes. Two other books on American parliamentary procedure,

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Although the Democrat was the Condorcet winner (a majority of voters preferred him in all two way contests), he received the fewest first-place votes and so was eliminated ... 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, VT, which illustrates the key features of an upward monotonicity

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IRV is counted in steps. In each step, IRV looks at every ballot's top non-eliminated candidate and eliminates the candidate with the fewest top rankings. It falls into the plurality-with-elimination family of voting systems, alongside first-past-the-post and systems based on

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use IRV to select the state winner. In Maine, 2 electors are allocated to the winner and the others (currently 2) are allocated by congressional district, while in Alaska, the winner gets all electors of the state in the Electoral College system (as Alaska has only one

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based in Washington, D. C., said it may increase turnout by attracting more and more diverse candidates, but the impact would be realized most significantly by getting rid of the need for primaries. The overall impact on diversity of candidates is difficult to detect.

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says that ranking a candidate higher on your ballot should not cause them to lose. The exact probability of a monotonicity failure depends on the circumstances, but with 3 major candidates, the probabilities range from 14.5 percent under the

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All forms of ranked-choice voting reduce to plurality when all ballots rank only one candidate. By extension, ballots for which all candidates ranked are eliminated are equivalent to votes for any non-winner in plurality, and considered

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Britons and New Zealanders generally call IRV the "alternative vote" (AV). Australians, who use IRV for most single winner elections, call IRV "preferential voting". While this term is widely used by Australians, it is somewhat of a

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IRV fails this criterion: it is possible to construct an election where reversing the order of every ballot does not alter the final winner; that is, the first- and last-place finishers, according to IRV, are the same candidate.

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criterion states that "if a voter alters the order of candidates lower in his/her preference (e.g. swapping the second and third preferences), then that does not affect the chances of the most preferred candidate being elected".

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Many of the mathematical criteria by which voting methods are compared were formulated for voters with ordinal preferences. If voters vote according to the same ordinal preferences in both rounds, criteria can be applied to

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use "instant runoff" to describe the practice of having certain categories of absentee voters cast ranked-choice ballots before the first round of an election and counting those ballots in any subsequent runoff elections.

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Most jurisdictions with IRV do not require complete rankings and may use columns to indicate preference instead of numbers. In American elections with IRV, more than 99 percent of voters typically cast a valid ballot.

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We waited to bring in the signatures because we didn't want this to be about Kurt Wright losing after being ahead, or Andy Montroll who had more first and second place votes and didn't win. We wanted this to be about

2428:. After the first count, Lenihan had the largest share of first-choice rankings. Currie had the fewest votes and was eliminated. After this, Robinson received 82 percent of Currie's votes, thereby overtaking Lenihan. 1333:, except that voters do not need to turn out several times to vote. It is also known as the alternative vote, transferable vote, ranked-choice voting (RCV), single-seat ranked-choice voting, or preferential voting. 5658:

With instant runoff voting ... The strategy for the liberal voter is the same as for plurality voting: Her favorite candidate cannot win, so she casts her vote for her favorite candidate with a realistic chance of

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In a full-preferential voting method, voters are required to mark a preference for every candidate standing. Ballots that do not contain a complete ordering of all candidates are in some jurisdictions considered

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or majority winner as one who would defeat any one of their opponents in a one-on-one majority vote. Instant-runoff voting does not always elect the majority-preferred candidate in this sense either (see

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IRV is excellent for preventing classic spoilers-minor candidates who irrationally tip the election from one major candidate to another. It is not so good when the 'spoiler' has a real chance of winning

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A randomly chosen ballot determines winner. This and closely related methods are of mathematical interest and included here to demonstrate that even unreasonable methods can pass voting method criteria.

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can exclude voters outside the mutual majority from the vote, essentially becoming an election between the mutual majority. IRV demonstrates this exclusion of up to 50 percent of voters, notably in the

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A number of IRV methods, varying as to ballot design and as to whether or not voters are obliged to provide a full list of preferences, are in use in different countries and local governments.

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has promoted the terminology "ranked-choice voting" to refer to IRV, a choice that has caused controversy and accusations that the organization is attempting to obscure the existence of other

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Majority Judgment fails the mutual majority criterion, but satisfies the criterion if the majority ranks the mutually favored set above a given absolute grade and all others below that grade.

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in the United Kingdom, voters rank a specified maximum number of candidates. In London, the supplementary vote allowed voters to express first and second preferences only. Sri Lankan voters

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candidate Neil Pharaoh with the help of 31 voters who placed him in 6th place (third-to-last), despite losing the first five rounds of voting. In the 7th round, Hibbins narrowly defeated

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Under Burlington, Vermont's second-ever IRV mayoral election in 2009, the winner, Bob Kiss, was elected over the more popular Andy Montroll as a result of a first-round spoiler effect.

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a majority of voters liked the centrist candidate Montroll better than Kiss, and a majority of voters liked Montroll better than Wright ... yet Montroll was tossed in the first round.

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This format allows a voter to select a first-choice candidate in the first column, a second-choice candidate in the second column, and a third-choice candidate in the third column.

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seats (or 90 percent) were won by the candidate who led on first preferences. The other 15 seats (10 percent) were won by the candidate who placed second on first preferences.

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the term ranked-choice voting because the word 'instant' might create an expectation that final results will be available immediately after the polls close on election night.

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concluded that the election would have altered the balance of seats among the three main parties, but the number of seats won by minor parties would have remained unchanged.

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instant-runoff election despite no support (i.e. complete opposition) from more than half of voters, even when there is an alternative majority-approved candidate, as in the

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Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does

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against every other candidate, then that candidate must win the overall election". It is incompatible with the later-no-harm criterion, so IRV does not meet this criterion.

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Ornstein, Joseph T.; Norman, Robert Z. (1 October 2014). "Frequency of monotonicity failure under Instant Runoff Voting: estimates based on a spatial model of elections".

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successfully prevented the election of the candidate who would likely have won under plurality rules, but would have lost to either of the other top finishers in a runoff

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Majority Judgment may elect a candidate uniquely least-preferred by over half of voters, but it never elects the candidate uniquely bottom-rated by over half of voters.

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if they do not support any of the candidates in the final round. In practice, most close IRV races do not elect a majority-approved candidate because of this effect.

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En effet, lorsqu'il y a plus de trois concurrents, le véritable vœu de la pluralité peut être pour un candidat qui n'ait eu aucune des voix dans le premier scrutin.

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Chamberlin, John R.; Cohen, Michael D. (1978). "Toward Applicable Social Choice Theory: A Comparison of Social Choice Functions under Spatial Model Assumptions".

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IRV elections that require a majority of cast ballots but not that voters rank all candidates may require more than a single IRV ballot due to exhausted ballots.

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Burnett, Craig M.; Kogan, Vladimir (March 2015). "Ballot (and voter) 'exhaustion' under Instant Runoff Voting: An examination of four ranked-choice elections".

1243:, who lost in the final instant runoff, had not run, the more centrist Republican candidate, Nick Begich, would have defeated the winning Democratic candidate, 6113: 8059: 7876: 7866: 7605: 6338: 3603: 1676: 7373: 4932:. For this to hold, in some elections, some voters must use less than their full voting power despite having meaningful preferences among viable candidates. 659: 8252: 8125: 8095: 6740: 6260: 6985:

Bristow-Johnson, Robert (2023). "The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont".

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states that "the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally preferred decides to run". IRV meets this criterion. The

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as they relate to automatic elimination of trailing candidates. Partial results exist for other models of voter behavior in the two-round method: see the

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had the highest proportion of winners who would not have won under first past the post—with only 14 out of 125 seats not won by the plurality candidate.

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advocates branded the election a failure after Kiss was elected, despite 54 percent of voters voting for Montroll over Kiss, violating the principle of

6417: 8315:"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?" 8716: 8706: 7501: 7353: 6803: 1455: 1417: 691: 553: 548: 8711: 8195: 7600: 7378: 6923:

A display of non-monotonicity under the Alternative Vote method was reported recently, for the March 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, Vermont.

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and Representative Bruce Poliquin claimed, ahead of the 2018 primary elections, that IRV would result in "one person, five votes", as opposed to "

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Where a winner is randomly chosen from the candidates, sortition is included to demonstrate that even non-voting methods can pass some criteria.

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touted the 2009 election as one of its major success stories, claiming it helped the city save on costs of a traditional runoff and prevented a

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A variant of Minimax that counts only pairwise opposition, not opposition minus support, fails the Condorcet criterion and meets later-no-harm.

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Felsenthal, Dan S.; Tideman, Nicolaus (2014). "Interacting double monotonicity failure with direction of impact under five voting methods".

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Approval voting, score voting, and majority judgment satisfy IIA if it is assumed that voters rate candidates independently using their own

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or invalid, even if there are only two candidates standing. This can become burdensome in elections with many candidates and can lead to "

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their preferences in each round, incorporating the results of the prior round to influence their decision, which is not possible in IRV.

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there.) As a result, if the Ceann Comhairle wishes to be in the next Dáil, only 165 seats are actually contested in a general election.

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Other methods only allow marking preferences for a maximum of the voter's top three favourites, a form of partial preferential voting.

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exhaust ballots if voters do not anticipate which candidates will finish in the top two. This can encourage voters to vote more

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Lepelley, Dominique; Chantreuil, Frederic; Berg, Sven (1996). "The likelihood of monotonicity paradoxes in run-off elections".

6519: 3482: 2043: 1682: 1580: 577: 102: 5074: 3186:, although later analysis showed that without Wright in the election, Montroll would have defeated Kiss in a one-on-one race. 1296:

Most instant-runoff voting elections are won by the candidate who leads in first-choice rankings, choosing the same winner as

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Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (6 March 2023). "An Examination of Ranked Choice Voting in the United States, 2004-2022".

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Locals argued the system was convoluted, turned the election into a "gambling game" by disqualifying Montroll for having won

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A version of instant-runoff voting applying to the ranking of parties was first proposed for elections in Germany in 2013 as

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where the later rounds became a runoff between the mutual majority of voters favouring Andy Montroll and Bob Kiss. This can

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Compared to a plurality voting system that rewards only the top vote-getter, instant-runoff voting mitigates the problem of

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election where Democratic candidate for mayor was Condorcet winner but finished third behind Republican and 'Progressive

5577:"The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont" 1985: 1945:

by discussion and compromise, or by electing a consensus candidate who might have polled poorly in the initial election.

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Conversely, a practical benefit of 'contingent voting' is expediency and confidence in the result with only two rounds.

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Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (2022). "A Mathematical Analysis of the 2022 Alaska Special Election for US House".

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system, voters can give a preference to as many candidates as they wish. They may make only a single choice, known as "

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in 1788, who quickly rejected it after showing it would often eliminate a candidate preferred by a majority of voters.

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Instant-runoff voting derives its name from the way the ballot count simulates a series of runoffs, similar to an

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states that "if one candidate is preferred by an absolute majority of voters, then that candidate must win". The

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Ray, Depankar (1986). "On the practical possibility of a 'no show paradox' under the single transferable vote".

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Otherwise, reassign votes held by the eliminated candidate to the highest available choice. Return to step 1.

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adopt this approach. Louisiana uses it only for members of the United States Service or who reside overseas.

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Another real-life example of IRV producing results different from first-past-the-post can be seen in the

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Neil Pharaoh, who likely would have defeated Sam Hibbins by a 3:1 ratio if Newton-Brown had not run.

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Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Electronic Voting Technology/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections

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For the proportional electoral system applying ranked ballots to multi-member constituencies, see

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Nonpartisan primary system with IRV in the second round (among top four candidates) in Alaska.

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The complexity of strategy under instant-runoff voting means parties and candidates must often

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Monotonicity criterion § Instant-runoff voting and the two-round system are not monotonic

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criterion states that "the probability of an exact tie must diminish as more votes are cast".

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https://sfgov.org/ccsfgsa/sites/default/files/Voting%20Systems%20Task%20Force/AppendixD__.pdf

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associated with instant-runoff voting, noting that Kiss was elected as a result of 750 votes

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K was elected even though M was a clear Condorcet winner and W was a clear Plurality winner.

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The effect of IRV on voter turnout is difficult to assess. In a 2021 report, researchers at

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A long-established response to the 'wasted vote' problem is the method advocated by Hare...

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provides a simple example of how instant-runoff voting can produce a different result from

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IRV is a single-winner application of the proportional voting system known as STV, with a

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of runoffs, and in that case, each of the criteria failed by IRV is also failed by the

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runoff, using rules to leave the desired number of candidates for further balloting.

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In the United States, the sequential elimination method used by IRV is described in

17: 8604: 8583: 8120: 7313: 7254: 6475: 4657: 4499: 2251: 2247: 1244: 1041: 538: 302: 295: 225: 8415: 6261:"Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked-choice voting" 5543: 5509: 3222:, and "eliminated the most popular moderate candidate and elected an extremist". 8395: 7696: 7459: 7398: 7318: 7214: 5911: 4763: 3868: 3492: 2670: 2569: 2009: 1385: 1353: 1281: 1256: 1240: 1148: 1104: 416: 374: 317: 262: 6998: 5944:. Otago, New Zealand: Otago University Students' Association. 30 September 2017 5595: 5530:

do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely

5180: 8629: 7469: 7405: 6951: 2242:(see below). In the general case, instant-runoff voting can be susceptible to 2214:

election in which the IRV winner was in third place in first choice rankings.

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although Ware's method cannot return the worst, it may return the next worst.

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The method was, however, mentioned by Condorcet, but only to be condemned.

5755:(Court Filing), no. 1:18-cv-00465, Docket 1, D.M.E., 13 November 2018 4965:

without grading any less-preferred candidate above any more-preferred one.

926: 37:"Ranked-choice voting" redirects here. For ranked methods in general, see 7526: 7066: 7057: 6453: 6025: 5276: 3571: 3276: 3179: 3014: 2281:, quickly approaching 100 percent for more than a handful of candidates. 1908: 1404: 1366: 1338: 635: 5964:"Liberal plan to change federal voting laws may have crossbench support" 5637: 5545:

Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)

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In this race, Newton-Brown spoiled the election for Labor candidate and

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Instant-runoff voting is vulnerable to spoiler effects, as it violates

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note that ranked-choice systems (including IRV) are an improvement on

1380:) to differentiate it from other ranked-choice voting methods such as 8555: 7676: 5677: 2966:

Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (round-by-round analysis of votes)

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Stensholt, Eivind (7 October 2015). "What Happened in Burlington?".

5340: 5203:"Understanding the Limited Preferential Voting system – EMTV Online" 2336:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2161:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2115:, where the majority would be treated as separate small groups. The 2111:

of the majority all flow to the remaining candidate, in contrast to

1828:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1733:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5312: 5988:

Appendix D, Instant Runoff Voting, San Francisco Charter § 13.102

5873:. House of Commons Select Committee on Procedure. 15 February 2001 5493: 1969: 1855: 1593: 1357: 1075: 6290: 6136:"South Carolina General Assembly : 116th Session, 2005–2006" 2564:. In this case, it was the candidate who initially placed third ( 1891:, by ranking at least one candidate they think is likely to win. 6213:"On the Constitution and the Functions of Provincial Assemblies" 5511:

Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division

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IRV can quickly eliminate weak candidates in early rounds of an

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List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office

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Lewyn, Michael (2012). "Two Cheers for Instant Runoff Voting".

5265:"Realities Mar Instant Runoff Voting Flaws and Benefits of IRV" 1881:

rank up to three candidates to elect the president of Sri Lanka

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alternative; and so on, until every candidate has been ranked.

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History and use of instant-runoff voting § Use by country

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2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria

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then proposed applying the system to the single-winner case.

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If only one candidate remains, elect this candidate and stop.

5894:"Estimating the Margin of Victory for Instant-runoff Voting" 5396:"Informal Voting – Two Ways of Allowing More Votes to Count" 73: 6804:"Burlington Residents Seek Repeal of Instant Runoff Voting" 5422:"Instant Runoff Voting and Its Impact on Racial Minorities" 2042:

Scholars rate voting methods using mathematically derived

6219:(in French). Vol. 13 (published 1804). p. 243. 5154: 1941:. The use of repeated balloting allows voters to resolve 1773:. In this method—familiar to fans of the television show 6834:"Response to Faulty Analysis of Burlington IRV Election" 5778:"1st Circuit ends Poliquin's efforts to keep House seat" 5049:, voting in mayoral elections now takes place under the 2572:). Hibbins would ultimately go on to defeat center-left 1376:

IRV is occasionally referred to as Hare's method (after

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Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

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How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking

6520:"Are Queenslanders in danger of 'wasting' their votes?" 5427:. New America Foundation. 1 August 2008. Archived from 2325: 2150: 2068:

two-round system article's criterion compliance section

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Endersby, James W.; Towle, Michael J. (1 March 2014).

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candidate Clem Newton-Brown by a margin of 277 votes.

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IRV is more likely to elect the Condorcet winner than

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is generally preferred as it does not run the risk of

6499:. Electoral Commission of Queensland. 28 January 2020 6480:

Preferences, Donkey Votes and the Canning By-Election

6283:"Ranked Choice Voting | Maine Voters Rank Candidates" 4924: 4922: 4920: 3226:

Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (summary analysis)

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criticized the election results as revealing several

1974:

Example of a full preferential ballot paper from the

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voting is often used in Canada as well. American NGO

6102:(Fall 2019 ed.) – via plato.stanford.edu. 8614: 8575: 8568: 8548: 8532: 8525: 8460: 8434: 8343: 8336: 8320: 8310: 8240: 8214: 8144: 8083: 8050: 8016: 7983: 7952: 7895: 7844: 7835: 7793: 7715: 7669: 7573: 7540: 7487: 7452: 7419: 7346: 7337: 7188: 6211:Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat (1788). 5918:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 February 2012 5019:(AV+), or alternative vote top-up, proposed by the 2082:criterion states that "if a candidate would lose a 1016:where the loser of each round is determined by the 7905:Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives 7013: 6370:(11th ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 425–428. 6361: 6359: 5335:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1341–1356. 5103:(11th ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 425–428. 2198:criterion states that "if a candidate would win a 5847:Drutman, Lee; Strano, Maresa (10 November 2021). 4973: 4971: 2400:and prevent some spoiler effects associated with 1902:IRV may also be part of a larger runoff process: 6547:. Electoral Council of Australia. Archived from 2087:are the only ones remaining in the final round. 1151:. However, it does not ensure the election of a 8295:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum 6600:"Alternative II: Einführung einer Ersatzstimme" 5376:. Australian Electoral Commission. 28 June 2016 6004:"Ranked-Choice Voting: A Guide for Candidates" 5570: 5568: 1782:A more practical form of runoff voting is the 1092:Eliminate the candidate with the fewest votes. 8279: 7771: 7149: 1956:Australian federal election in September 2013 1871:Under a variant of contingent voting used in 1198:return for their doing the same) are common. 962: 8: 8060:Chronology of Australian federal parliaments 7606:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 7050:NHH Dept. Of Business and Management Science 6392:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure 1677:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure 1208:Tactical voting § Instant runoff voting 1088:The instant-runoff procedure is as follows: 27:Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system 8253:Members of multiple Australian legislatures 8126:List of acts of the Parliament of Australia 3556:Comparison of single-winner voting systems 3521:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1348:Jurisdictions in the United States such as 1276:Voter confusion and legitimacy of elections 8572: 8529: 8340: 8286: 8272: 8264: 7980: 7841: 7778: 7764: 7756: 7343: 7156: 7142: 7134: 5938:"Opinion: OUSA Needs the Alternative Vote" 3554: 2589: 1464: 1434:IRV was later independently reinvented by 1233:2009 Burlington, Vermont, mayoral election 969: 955: 45: 7065: 5849:"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting" 5830:"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting" 5676: 5311: 4960: 4958: 4956: 3541:Learn how and when to remove this message 2352:Learn how and when to remove this message 2177:Learn how and when to remove this message 1844:Learn how and when to remove this message 1749:Learn how and when to remove this message 1159:Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots 1138:Properties, advantages, and disadvantages 6418:"Initiatives – Pew Center on the States" 5374:"Voting in the House of Representatives" 5183:. International Constitutional Law. 1995 3224: 2964: 2430: 1769:The runoff method closest to IRV is the 1418:History and use of instant-runoff voting 7601:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 7379:Sequential proportional approval voting 6100:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6041: 6039: 5181:"Ireland Constitution, Article 12(2.3)" 5066: 5038: 4871: 4865: 2277:to 8.5 percent in the case of a strict 2240:independence of irrelevant alternatives 1427:This method was first discussed by the 1061:National Parliament of Papua New Guinea 61: 6859: 6857: 6403:Riddick & Butcher (1985). 5871:"Second Report: Election of a Speaker" 2217:Systems which fail Condorcet but pass 1115:. This effect occurs when some voters 7090: 7088: 6933: 6931: 6797: 6795: 6768: 6766: 6716:"Presidential Election November 1990" 6368:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 5101:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 3230: 1658:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 1572: 1510: 1373:methods that could compete with IRV. 7: 6518:Stevens, Bronwyn (27 January 2015). 6187:"Methods of election: Ware's Method" 3519:adding citations to reliable sources 1665:that can be used to elect officers. 8452:Official Monster Raving Loony Party 7411:Indirect single transferable voting 6575:Registrar of Voters, Alameda County 6455:IRV for Louisiana's Overseas Voters 1976:Australian House of Representatives 1601:district, the effect is the same). 8351:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 7125:"Explainer: Instant runoff voting" 6832:Bouricius, Terry (17 March 2009). 6644:"A Survey of Basic Voting Methods" 5805:"Preferential Voting in Australia" 3477:Comparison to other voting systems 2432:Irish presidential election, 1990 2404:. The three major candidates were 1143:Wasted votes and Condorcet winners 1080:Flowchart of instant-runoff voting 25: 7097:"IRV much worse than old runoffs" 7012:Ellenberg, Jordan (29 May 2014). 6598:Breyer, Patrick (November 2013). 5329:American Political Science Review 5155:"Australian Electoral Commission" 2388:Irish presidential election, 1990 1950:Comparison to first-past-the-post 1020:. In academic contexts, the term 8447:Socialist Party of Great Britain 8371:Green Party of England and Wales 7826: 7052:. Discussion Paper No. 2015/26. 6987:Constitutional Political Economy 6911:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2013.08.001 6458:(web page), FairVote IRV America 3491: 3424: 3393: 3362: 3331: 3300: 3267: 2961:2009 Burlington mayoral election 2955:2009 Burlington mayoral election 2921: 2893: 2862: 2828: 2791: 2751: 2552:2014 Prahran election (Victoria) 2499: 2394:1990 Irish presidential election 2382:1990 Irish presidential election 2306: 2224:2009 Burlington mayoral election 2131: 2092:independence of clones criterion 1798: 1703: 938: 925: 913: 861:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 507:Semi-proportional representation 139:First preference plurality (FPP) 8717:Single-winner electoral systems 8707:Non-monotonic electoral systems 6390:Sturgis, Alice (2001). 6287:Maine Uses Ranked Choice Voting 6047:"What is Ranked Choice Voting?" 6002:Arntz, John (2 February 2005). 5467:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.11.006 5242:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.001 3483:Comparison of electoral systems 2558:2014 Victorian general election 8712:Preferential electoral systems 7930:Manager of Opposition Business 7877:Manager of Opposition Business 7867:Manager of Government Business 7522:Mixed ballot transferable vote 6745:Victorian Electoral Commission 6642:Green-Armytage, James (2004). 6312:Russell, Eric (12 June 2018). 6094:Pacuit, Eric (24 June 2019) . 5892:Cary, David (1 January 2011). 5131:. 8 April 2005. Archived from 3204:(ranking Kiss in last place). 1648: 1542:(STV), by-elections using IRV 1113:2022 Alaska's special election 1014:multi-round elimination method 899:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 856:Moulin's impossibility theorem 821:Conflicting majorities paradox 1: 6773:Etnier, Carl (6 March 2009). 6114:"Proportional Representation" 6098:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 5912:"BBC News – Alternative vote" 5803:Green, Antony (11 May 2010). 5548:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2052:Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem 2048:Arrow's impossibility theorem 2018:Australian federal parliament 1996:as well as some elections in 1637:Upper chamber of legislature 1616:Lower chamber of legislature 1586:Head of State and Government 1536:Lower chamber of legislature 1498:Lower chamber of legislature 1131: 725:Frustrated majorities paradox 8493:Green Party Northern Ireland 8075:47th Parliament of Australia 8070:46th Parliament of Australia 8065:45th Parliament of Australia 7723:Comparison of voting systems 7565:Satisfaction approval voting 7550:Single non-transferable vote 7369:Proportional approval voting 7095:Dopp, Kathy (10 June 2009). 6899:Mathematical Social Sciences 6775:"Instant runoff was success" 6702:10.1016/0165-4896(86)90024-7 6690:Mathematical Social Sciences 6675:10.1016/0165-4896(95)00804-7 6663:Mathematical Social Sciences 6405:Riddick's Rules of Procedure 6116:. Citizens Information Board 5692:Travis, Alan (10 May 2010). 5624:O'Neill, Jeffrey C. (2006). 5575:Bristow-Johnson, R. (2023). 5542:Poundstone, William (2009). 1986:optional preferential voting 1683:Riddick's Rules of Procedure 1127:majority-preferred candidate 894:Condorcet dominance theorems 834:Social and collective choice 8222:Parliament House, Melbourne 8106:Matter of public importance 7965:Represented multiple states 7329:Graduated majority judgment 6217:Complete Works of Condorcet 5719:Leary, Mal (12 June 2018). 5508:Borgers, Christoph (2010). 5079:www.electoral-reform.org.uk 2366:reversal symmetry criterion 2332:the claims made and adding 2298:Reversal symmetry criterion 2157:the claims made and adding 1824:the claims made and adding 1729:the claims made and adding 1028:the method with methods of 560:By mechanism of combination 331:Proportional representation 8733: 8508:Traditional Unionist Voice 8361:Christian Peoples Alliance 8232:Parliament House, Canberra 8179:House of Representatives: 7581:Condorcet winner criterion 7272:First-past-the-post voting 6999:10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1 5596:10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1 4869: 3480: 2958: 2398:first-past-the-post voting 2385: 2261: 2190:Condorcet winner criterion 1932:Robert's Rules recommends 1453: 1415: 1216: 1205: 1018:first-past-the-post method 758:Multiple districts paradox 489:Fractional approval voting 477:Interactive representation 36: 29: 8678: 8483:Democratic Unionist Party 8301: 8206:Court of Disputed Returns 7824: 7736: 7728:Voting systems by country 7631:Mutual majority criterion 7586:Condorcet loser criterion 7532:Vote linkage mixed system 7444:Largest remainders method 7171: 6952:10.1007/s11127-013-0118-2 5630:SSRN Working Paper Series 5263:Dopp, Kathy Anne (2011). 5125:"Types of Voting Systems" 4894:is incompatible with the 3453: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3233: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2930: 2902: 2871: 2837: 2800: 2760: 2613: 2595: 2508: 2442: 2439: 1686:, take a similar stance. 1618: 1551: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 705:Paradoxes and pathologies 554:Mixed-member proportional 549:Mixed-member majoritarian 544:By results of combination 435:Approval-based committees 8186:Two-party-preferred vote 8175:Single transferable vote 7925:Leader of the Opposition 7872:Leader of the Opposition 7862:Leader of the Government 7818:House of Representatives 7621:Majority loser criterion 7507:Additional member system 7465:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 7384:Single transferable vote 7309:Positional voting system 7245:Minimax Condorcet method 7203:Combined approval voting 7129:MIT Election Science Lab 2200:head-to-head competition 2084:head-to-head competition 1960:House of Representatives 1875:, and the elections for 1612:House of Representatives 1540:Single transferable vote 1494:House of Representatives 1461:National level elections 1440:single transferable vote 1397:single transferable vote 1331:exhaustive ballot system 1265:Electoral Reform Society 1261:2010 UK general election 1040:. It contrasts with the 884:Condorcet's jury theorem 685:Double simultaneous vote 660:Rural–urban proportional 655:Dual-member proportional 617: 606: 573:Parallel (superposition) 465:Fractional social choice 452:Expanding approvals rule 281: 266: 251: 182: 171: 147: 32:single transferable vote 8533:Advocating a "Yes" vote 8406:Scottish National Party 7852:President of the Senate 7787:Parliament of Australia 7646:Resolvability criterion 7636:Participation criterion 7611:Later-no-harm criterion 7427:Highest averages method 5269:SSRN Electronic Journal 2291:participation criterion 2285:Participation criterion 2275:impartial culture model 1650:Robert's Rules of Order 1560:Unicameral legislature 1474:Type of body or office 1343:positive responsiveness 1292:Similarity to plurality 1123:Social choice theorists 811:Tyranny of the majority 588:Fusion (majority bonus) 405:Quota-remainder methods 8549:Advocating a "No" vote 8468:British National Party 8091:Speech from the throne 7687:First-preference votes 7626:Monotonicity criterion 7596:Independence of clones 7299:Simple majoritarianism 6616:Nanson, E. J. (1882). 6571:"Ranked-Choice Voting" 6366:Robert, Henry (2011). 6185:Nanson, E. J. (1882). 5099:Robert, Henry (2011). 2270:monotonicity criterion 2258:Monotonicity criterion 2070:for more information. 2044:voting method criteria 2038:Voting method criteria 1978: 1861: 1382:majority-choice voting 1184:Resistance to strategy 1180:high of 27.1 percent. 1117:truncate their ballots 1081: 945:Mathematics portal 851:Majority impossibility 840:Impossibility theorems 636:Negative vote transfer 457:Method of equal shares 78: 8702:Instant-runoff voting 8513:Ulster Unionist Party 8181:Instant-runoff voting 7960:Served in both houses 7591:Consistency criterion 7512:Alternative vote plus 7277:Instant-runoff voting 6618:"Methods of election" 6318:Portland Press Herald 5017:Alternative vote plus 4892:Condorcet's criterion 2879:Steve Stefanopoulos ( 2262:Further information: 1973: 1958:, 135 out of the 150 1917:Springfield, Illinois 1898:Larger runoff process 1859: 1763:instant-runoff voting 1302:1972 federal election 1079: 1046:majority-rule methods 1022:instant-runoff voting 982:Instant-runoff voting 748:Best-is-worst paradox 737:Pathological response 472:Direct representation 125:Single-winner methods 77: 8540:YES! To Fairer Votes 8227:Old Parliament House 8201:Caretaker government 7804:(represented by the 7661:Seats-to-votes ratio 7432:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 7058:10.2139/ssrn.2670462 6720:ElectionsIreland.org 6478:(8 September 2015). 6057:on 26 February 2018. 5277:10.2139/ssrn.1858374 3647:No favorite betrayal 3515:improve this section 2244:strategic nomination 1994:President of Ireland 1663:ranked-choice voting 1444:Henry Richmond Droop 1429:Marquis de Condorcet 1300:. In Australia, the 1286:one person, one vote 1231:For example, in the 1057:president of Ireland 990:ranked-choice voting 932:Economics portal 879:Median voter theorem 98:Comparative politics 18:Ranked-choice voting 8651:The Daily Telegraph 8488:England First Party 8311:Referendum question 7920:Leader of the House 7641:Plurality criterion 7240:Kemeny–Young method 7020:. Penguin. p. 6545:"Electoral Systems" 5638:10.2139/ssrn.883058 5051:first-past-the-post 4816:Tideman alternative 3557: 3227: 2967: 2433: 2279:left–right spectrum 1934:preferential voting 1604:7 EVs (out of 538) 1556:National Parliament 1438:in the form of the 1125:generally define a 998:preferential voting 920:Politics portal 631:Vote linkage system 602:Seat linkage system 189:Ranked-choice (RCV) 8478:Conservative Party 8169:Double dissolution 7682:Election threshold 7616:Majority criterion 7292:Supplementary vote 6497:www.ecq.qld.gov.au 6263:. 10 November 2016 6165:Arkleg.state.ar.us 6161:"Bill Information" 6016:on 2 December 2008 5970:. 11 December 2020 5784:. 22 December 2018 5402:. 28 February 2011 5075:"Alternative Vote" 5047:Elections Act 2022 5027:Write-in candidate 5021:Jenkins Commission 3555: 3225: 2965: 2768:Eleonora Gullone ( 2516:Exhausted ballots 2431: 2317:possibly contains 2211:traditional runoff 2142:possibly contains 2123:Pathologies of IRV 2104:majority criterion 2074:Satisfied criteria 1979: 1862: 1809:possibly contains 1714:possibly contains 1189:Party strategizing 1082: 1067:Election procedure 1051:IRV has been used 816:Discursive dilemma 775:Lesser evil voting 650:Supermixed systems 353:Largest remainders 211:Round-robin voting 79: 8689: 8688: 8674: 8673: 8564: 8563: 8521: 8520: 8426:Libertarian Party 8376:Liberal Democrats 8366:English Democrats 8261: 8260: 8111:Readings of bills 8046: 8045: 8034: 7999: 7948: 7947: 7809: 7753: 7752: 7651:Reversal symmetry 7560:Cumulative voting 7542:Semi-proportional 7517:Mixed single vote 7483: 7482: 7359:Mixed single vote 7267:Exhaustive ballot 7230:Copeland's method 7225:Condorcet methods 7165:Electoral systems 6377:978-0-306-82020-5 5942:Critic – Te Arohi 5900:. EVT/WOTE'11: 3. 5782:Bangor Daily News 5455:Electoral Studies 5230:Electoral Studies 5110:978-0-306-82020-5 5003: 5002: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3474: 3473: 3257:First round votes 3174: 3173: 2952: 2951: 2808:Jason Goldsmith ( 2620:Clem Newton-Brown 2549: 2548: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2319:original research 2187: 2186: 2179: 2144:original research 2060:two-round systems 2022:state parliaments 1924:exhaustive ballot 1907:make the runoff. 1854: 1853: 1846: 1811:original research 1771:exhaustive ballot 1759: 1758: 1751: 1716:original research 1661:as an example of 1646: 1645: 1581:Electoral College 1552:Papua New Guinea 1195:explain to voters 1166:exhausted ballots 988:), also known as 979: 978: 866:Gibbard's theorem 806:Dominance paradox 743:Perverse response 447:Phragmen's method 313:Majority judgment 241:Positional voting 199:Condorcet methods 67:electoral systems 16:(Redirected from 8724: 8665:Evening Standard 8576:For a "Yes" vote 8573: 8530: 8344:For a "Yes" vote 8341: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8265: 8028: 7993: 7981: 7842: 7830: 7806:Governor-General 7803: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7757: 7692:Liquid democracy 7344: 7324:Two-round system 7235:Dodgson's method 7158: 7151: 7144: 7135: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7069: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7019: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6861: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6799: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6747:. Archived from 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6646:. Archived from 6639: 6633: 6632: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6524:The Conversation 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6427:. Archived from 6425:Electionline.org 6422: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6289:. Archived from 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6140:Scstatehouse.gov 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6096:"Voting Methods" 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6075:. 17 August 2019 6065: 6059: 6058: 6053:. Archived from 6043: 6034: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6008: 5999: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5750: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5584:Const Polit Econ 5581: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5071: 5054: 5043: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4966: 4962: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4915: 4912:sincere favorite 4889: 4713: 4684: 4640: 4535: 4449: 4328: 4303: 4167: 4157: 4141: 4137: 3759:Approvals 3738: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3620:Cloneproof 3616: 3606: 3600: 3589: 3587:Condorcet winner 3558: 3546: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3495: 3487: 3469: 3466: 3454:Exhausted votes 3448: 3445: 3420: 3417: 3389: 3386: 3358: 3355: 3327: 3324: 3296: 3293: 3261: 3258: 3228: 3209:electoral reform 3202:cast against him 3194:voting theorists 2968: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2590: 2585:Condorcet winner 2574:Australian Labor 2506: 2503: 2502: 2434: 2402:plurality voting 2357: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334:inline citations 2310: 2309: 2302: 2207:plurality voting 2196:Condorcet winner 2182: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159:inline citations 2135: 2134: 2127: 2064:two-round system 1943:Condorcet cycles 1939:Condorcet winner 1849: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826:inline citations 1802: 1801: 1794: 1784:two-round system 1754: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731:inline citations 1707: 1706: 1699: 1671:simple plurality 1478:Electoral system 1465: 1298:plurality voting 1239:. If Republican 1153:Condorcet winner 1038:runoff elections 1006:alternative vote 971: 964: 957: 943: 942: 930: 929: 918: 917: 873:Positive results 768:Strategic voting 665:Majority jackpot 622: 611: 482:Liquid democracy 358:National remnant 348:Highest averages 285: 270: 255: 187: 178:Alternative vote 176: 160:Partisan primary 152: 93:Mechanism design 46: 21: 8732: 8731: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8682:Politics Portal 8670: 8615:For a "No" vote 8610: 8598:Financial Times 8591:The Independent 8560: 8544: 8526:Advocacy groups 8517: 8503:Socialist Party 8473:Communist Party 8461:For a "No" vote 8456: 8430: 8401:Scottish Greens 8391:Pirate Party UK 8356:Christian Party 8332: 8316: 8306: 8297: 8292: 8262: 8257: 8236: 8210: 8140: 8079: 8042: 8019:Representatives 8018: 8012: 7979: 7970:Longest service 7944: 7898:Representatives 7897: 7891: 7837: 7831: 7822: 7789: 7784: 7754: 7749: 7732: 7711: 7665: 7656:Smith criterion 7569: 7536: 7497:Parallel voting 7479: 7475:Imperiali quota 7448: 7415: 7333: 7287:Contingent vote 7250:Nanson's method 7208:Unified primary 7198:Approval voting 7184: 7167: 7162: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7101:The Aspen Times 7094: 7093: 7086: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6937: 6936: 6929: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6863: 6862: 6855: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6812: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6751:on 25 July 2018 6739: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6650:on 3 June 2013. 6641: 6640: 6636: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6579: 6577: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6551:on 9 March 2008 6543: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6493:"Voting system" 6491: 6490: 6486: 6474: 6470: 6461: 6459: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6402: 6398: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6365: 6364: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6293:on 4 April 2018 6281: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6250:electoral votes 6249: 6245: 6234:Ceann Comhairle 6231: 6227: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6069:"How RCV Works" 6067: 6066: 6062: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5758: 5756: 5753:Baber v. Dunlap 5748: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5556: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5522: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5434:on 15 June 2011 5431: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5341:10.2307/1954543 5326: 5325: 5321: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5205:. 10 April 2017 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5161:. 23 April 2014 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4963: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4890: 4873: 3653: 3593:Condorcet loser 3582:Mutual majority 3568: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3512: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3238: 2963: 2957: 2926: 2922: 2898: 2894: 2867: 2863: 2833: 2829: 2796: 2792: 2756: 2752: 2554: 2504: 2500: 2390: 2384: 2379: 2358: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2323: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2287: 2266: 2260: 2236: 2234:Spoiler effects 2219:mutual majority 2192: 2183: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2148: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2108:mutual majority 2080:Condorcet loser 2076: 2040: 1998:New South Wales 1968: 1952: 1937:always elect a 1900: 1877:Mayor of London 1866:contingent vote 1850: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1790:Contingent vote 1755: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1720: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1690:Similar methods 1653: 1640:4 (out of 100) 1625:3 (out of 435) 1471:Body or office 1463: 1458: 1452: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1412:History and use 1327: 1310: 1294: 1278: 1273: 1253: 1251:Proportionality 1221: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1202:Tactical voting 1191: 1186: 1161: 1145: 1140: 1074: 1069: 975: 937: 936: 924: 912: 904: 903: 870: 846:Arrow's theorem 836: 826: 825: 794: 764: 753:No-show paradox 734: 720:Cloning paradox 710:Spoiler effects 707: 697: 696: 671: 558: 541: 531: 530: 503: 494:Maximal lottery 461: 442:Thiele's method 431: 401: 333: 323: 322: 308:Approval voting 296:Cardinal voting 292: 237: 231:Maximal lottery 195: 127: 117: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8730: 8728: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8694: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8579: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8536: 8534: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8347: 8345: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8116:King's Consent 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8096:Joint meetings 8093: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7987: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7915:Prime Minister 7912: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7760: 7751: 7750: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7555:Limited voting 7552: 7546: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7282:Coombs' method 7274: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7260:Schulze method 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7222: 7220:Bucklin voting 7217: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7194: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7120: 7119:External links 7117: 7114: 7113: 7084: 7040: 7030: 7004: 6993:(3): 378–389. 6977: 6927: 6889: 6866:Phoenix L. Rev 6853: 6824: 6802:Totten, Shay. 6791: 6779:Rutland Herald 6762: 6732: 6707: 6696:(2): 183–189. 6680: 6669:(3): 133–146. 6653: 6634: 6608: 6590: 6562: 6536: 6510: 6484: 6468: 6445: 6434:on 16 May 2008 6409: 6396: 6383: 6376: 6355: 6330: 6304: 6274: 6252: 6243: 6236:or Speaker of 6225: 6203: 6177: 6152: 6127: 6105: 6086: 6060: 6051:City of London 6035: 5994: 5981: 5955: 5929: 5903: 5884: 5862: 5839: 5821: 5809:www.abc.net.au 5795: 5769: 5737: 5711: 5684: 5663: 5616: 5590:(3): 378–389. 5564: 5554: 5534: 5520: 5500: 5497:. 20 May 2022. 5480: 5445: 5413: 5387: 5365: 5319: 5298: 5255: 5216: 5194: 5172: 5146: 5135:on 8 July 2006 5116: 5109: 5091: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5045:Following the 5037: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5012: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4967: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4930:absolute scale 4916: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4862:Ranking 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4652:Ranking 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4547:Ranking 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4389:Ranking 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4337:Ranking 4335: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4283:Ranking 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4231:Ranking 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4185:Instant-runoff 4181: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4129:Highest median 4125: 4124: 4123:Ranking 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4071:Ranking 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4019:Ranking 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3967:Ranking 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3915:Ranking 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3863:Ranking 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3811:Ranking 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3660:Anti-plurality 3656: 3655: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3627: 3625:Monotone 3622: 3617: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3579: 3577:Majority loser 3574: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3531:September 2024 3499: 3497: 3490: 3481:Main article: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3402:James Simpson 3400: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3340:Andy Montroll 3338: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3260:Transfer votes 3252: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3220:too many votes 3190:Mathematicians 3184:spoiler effect 3172: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3079:Andy Montroll 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2918: 2915: 2910:Alan Menadue ( 2907: 2906: 2901: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2715:Neil Pharaoh ( 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2360: 2359: 2314: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2286: 2283: 2259: 2256: 2235: 2232: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2167:September 2024 2139: 2137: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2075: 2072: 2039: 2036: 1967: 1964: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1913:South Carolina 1899: 1896: 1852: 1851: 1806: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1757: 1756: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1667:Robert's Rules 1652: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1587: 1584: 1574: 1573:United States 1570: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519:Head of State 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1454:Main article: 1451: 1448: 1424: 1421: 1416:Main article: 1413: 1410: 1401:South Carolina 1326: 1323: 1309: 1306: 1293: 1290: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1252: 1249: 1219:Spoiler effect 1217:Main article: 1214: 1213:Spoiler effect 1211: 1203: 1200: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1160: 1157: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1059:, and for the 1048:of elections. 977: 976: 974: 973: 966: 959: 951: 948: 947: 935: 934: 922: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 837: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 818: 813: 808: 793: 792: 790:Turkey-raising 787: 782: 777: 763: 762: 761: 760: 750: 745: 733: 732: 730:Center squeeze 727: 722: 717: 715:Spoiler effect 708: 703: 702: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 688: 687: 674:By ballot type 670: 669: 668: 667: 662: 657: 647: 646: 645: 644: 643: 638: 628: 627: 626: 615: 592: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 557: 556: 551: 542: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 526:Limited voting 523: 522: 521: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 485: 484: 479: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 400: 399: 398: 397: 395:Localized list 392: 387: 382: 377: 367: 366: 365: 363:Biproportional 360: 355: 350: 334: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 291: 290: 275: 260: 236: 235: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 208: 194: 193: 192: 191: 180: 167:Instant-runoff 164: 163: 162: 154:Jungle primary 141: 130:Single vote - 128: 123: 122: 119: 118: 116: 115: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 81: 80: 70: 69: 59: 58: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8729: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8658:The Economist 8655: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8644:Daily Express 8641: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8498:Respect Party 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435:Neutral/split 8433: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8386:Mebyon Kernow 8384: 8382: 8381:Liberal Party 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8136:House of Reps 8134: | 8133: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8101:Question time 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7836:Parliamentary 7834: 7829: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7190:Single-winner 7187: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7067:11250/2356264 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7031:9780698163843 7027: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7008: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940:Public Choice 6934: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6511: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6457: 6456: 6449: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6305: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6178: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6087: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5885: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5851:. New America 5850: 5843: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5796: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5685: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5617: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5555:9781429957649 5551: 5547: 5546: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5523: 5521:9780898716955 5517: 5513: 5512: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5446: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5401: 5400:ABC Elections 5397: 5391: 5388: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5217: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5134: 5130: 5129:Mtholyoke.edu 5126: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5008: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4908:later-no-help 4905: 4904:later-no-harm 4901: 4900:participation 4897: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447:Random ballot 4445: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641:Later-no-help 3639: 3636: 3635:Later-no-harm 3633: 3631: 3630:Participation 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3560: 3559: 3545: 3542: 3534: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3500:This section 3498: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3254:Maximum votes 3229: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3213:majority rule 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845:Alan Walker ( 2844: 2843: 2840: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2491:Austin Currie 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2472:Brian Lenihan 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2449:Mary Robinson 2447: 2446: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422:Mary Robinson 2419: 2415: 2414:Austin Currie 2411: 2407: 2406:Brian Lenihan 2403: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2356: 2353: 2345: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2315:This section 2313: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2170: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2140:This section 2138: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2117:resolvability 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2096:later-no-harm 2093: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020:and for most 2019: 2015: 2014:donkey voting 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:bullet voting 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1858: 1848: 1845: 1837: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1807:This section 1805: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1776:American Idol 1772: 1767: 1764: 1753: 1750: 1742: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1712:This section 1710: 1701: 1700: 1695:Runoff voting 1694: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619:IRV in Maine 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1422: 1419: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1371:ranked-choice 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:San Francisco 1346: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1308:Participation 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1030:ranked voting 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 972: 967: 965: 960: 958: 953: 952: 950: 949: 946: 941: 933: 928: 923: 921: 916: 911: 910: 908: 907: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 889:May's theorem 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 874: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 841: 835: 830: 829: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 801: 800: 799:majority rule 797:Paradoxes of 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 771: 770: 769: 759: 756: 755: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 739: 738: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 706: 701: 700: 693: 690: 686: 683: 682: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 625: 620: 616: 614: 609: 605: 604: 603: 600: 599: 598: 597: 593: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 568: 563: 562: 561: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 540: 539:Mixed systems 535: 534: 527: 524: 520: 517: 516: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 508: 500: 499:Random ballot 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 470: 469: 468: 467: 466: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 436: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343:Apportionment 341: 340: 339: 338: 332: 327: 326: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 297: 288: 284: 279: 278:Antiplurality 276: 273: 269: 264: 261: 258: 254: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 212: 209: 207: 206:Condorcet-IRV 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 190: 185: 181: 179: 174: 170: 169: 168: 165: 161: 158: 157: 155: 150: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 135: 133: 126: 121: 120: 113: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 88:Social choice 86: 85: 83: 82: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63:Social choice 60: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39:ranked voting 33: 19: 8680: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8605:Daily Mirror 8603: 8596: 8589: 8584:The Guardian 8582: 8442:Labour Party 8196:By-elections 8180: 8130:Committees: 8121:Royal assent 7975:Independents 7744: 7738: 7354:Mixed-member 7339:Proportional 7314:Score voting 7276: 7255:Ranked pairs 7174:Part of the 7173: 7104:. 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Retrieved 5078: 5069: 5041: 5006: 4991: 4982: 4946: 4937: 4867:Table Notes 4599:Single mark 4500:Ranked pairs 4494:Single mark 4441:Single mark 4237:Kemeny–Young 4184: 3706:Single mark 3537: 3528: 3513:Please help 3501: 3309:Kurt Wright 3262: 3217: 3206: 3188: 3178: 3175: 3063: 3055: 3047:Kurt Wright 3037: 3013: 2985: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2903: 2872: 2838: 2801: 2761: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2582: 2555: 2509: 2464: 2459: 2426:Labour Party 2391: 2371: 2363: 2348: 2339: 2316: 2288: 2267: 2252:score voting 2248:ranked pairs 2237: 2216: 2204: 2193: 2173: 2164: 2141: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2056: 2041: 2029: 2026: 2006: 1983: 1980: 1953: 1901: 1893: 1885: 1870: 1863: 1840: 1831: 1808: 1781: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1745: 1736: 1713: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1620: 1598: 1532:Dáil Éireann 1482:Total seats 1433: 1426: 1394: 1375: 1347: 1335: 1328: 1311: 1295: 1279: 1254: 1245:Mary Peltola 1230: 1226: 1222: 1192: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1149:wasted votes 1146: 1121: 1109: 1101: 1087: 1083: 1053:in Australia 1050: 1042:rated voting 1034: 1032:in general. 1021: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980: 872: 871: 838: 796: 795: 780:Exaggeration 766: 765: 736: 735: 709: 673: 672: 641:Mixed ballot 596:Compensatory 594: 567:compensatory 564: 559: 543: 505: 504: 463: 462: 433: 432: 403: 402: 390:List-free PR 335: 303:Score voting 294: 293: 256: 239: 238: 226:Ranked pairs 197: 196: 188: 166: 129: 43: 8569:Print media 8396:Plaid Cymru 8321:Legislation 8191:Electorates 8052:Parliaments 7697:Spoilt vote 7460:Droop quota 7399:Schulze STV 7374:Rural–urban 7319:STAR voting 7215:Borda count 6725:23 November 6628:: 207–208. 6580:15 December 6555:15 February 6529:28 November 6503:17 November 6407:, 1985 ed. 6348:17 November 6343:Ballotpedia 6267:10 November 5974:13 February 5877:18 February 5855:28 February 5834:New America 5746:"Complaint" 5236:: 144–152. 5209:18 February 5187:15 February 4896:consistency 3367:Independent 3272:Progressive 3198:pathologies 3111:Independent 3021:Progressive 2971:Candidates 2671:Sam Hibbins 2570:Sam Hibbins 2410:Fianna Fáil 2342:August 2024 1860:Top-two IRV 1834:August 2024 1739:August 2024 1436:Thomas Hare 1378:Thomas Hare 1354:Minneapolis 1325:Terminology 1314:New America 1282:Paul LePage 1257:Droop quota 1241:Sarah Palin 1105:Droop quota 680:Single vote 583:Conditional 578:Coexistence 427:Quota Borda 417:Schulze STV 375:Closed list 318:STAR voting 263:Borda count 8696:Categories 8630:Daily Mail 8003:Appointees 7794:Components 7716:Comparison 7470:Hare quota 7420:Allocation 7406:Spare vote 7394:Hare-Clark 7364:Party-list 6808:Seven Days 6394:, 4th ed. 6170:28 January 5814:1 November 5759:13 January 5730:14 January 5380:9 December 5313:2301.12075 5159:Aec.gov.au 5061:References 4525:LIIA Only 4262:LIIA Only 3371:Dan Smith 3336:Democratic 3305:Republican 3234:Candidate 3107:Dan Smith 3051:Republican 2980:3rd round 2977:2nd round 2974:1st round 2959:See also: 2932:Eliminated 2904:Eliminated 2873:Eliminated 2839:Eliminated 2802:Eliminated 2762:Eliminated 2593:Candidate 2568:candidate 2542:1,584,095 2536:1,584,095 2510:Eliminated 2437:Candidate 2386:See also: 2326:improve it 2294:failures. 2151:improve it 2032:spare vote 2002:Queensland 1966:Variations 1889:tactically 1818:improve it 1723:improve it 1490:Australia 1450:Global use 1318:think tank 1206:See also: 1055:, for the 1026:conflating 1004:), or the 785:Truncation 514:Cumulative 337:Party-list 112:By country 103:Comparison 8637:The Times 8416:Sinn Féin 8215:Locations 8146:Elections 8084:Procedure 7707:Unseating 7702:Sortition 7304:Plurality 7180:Economics 6960:0048-5829 6919:0165-4896 6905:: 57–66. 6843:1 October 6120:17 August 6079:17 August 6020:25 August 5948:9 October 5922:9 October 5788:17 August 5654:155750146 5646:1556-5068 5609:9 January 5604:255657135 5461:: 41–49. 5438:15 August 5406:15 August 5349:0003-0554 5285:1556-5068 5250:0261-3794 5023:in the UK 4914:criteria. 4711:Sortition 4395:Plurality 3604:Smith-IIA 3562:Criterion 3502:does not 3428:Write-in 3149:Exhausted 2986:Candidate 2578:Coalition 2418:Fine Gael 2330:verifying 2155:verifying 1873:Sri Lanka 1822:verifying 1761:The term 1727:verifying 1577:President 1515:President 1395:When the 1280:Governor 1271:Criticism 1132:#Examples 692:Dual-vote 385:Panachage 380:Open list 370:List type 248:Plurality 144:Two-round 132:plurality 55:Economics 8241:See also 8173:Senate: 8031:previous 8017:House of 7996:previous 7896:House of 7838:officers 7574:Criteria 7527:Scorporo 7176:politics 7106:17 March 6968:30833409 6813:17 March 6784:17 March 6073:FairVote 6026:FairVote 5700:. London 5514:. SIAM. 5475:11159132 5165:30 April 5011:See also 4025:Copeland 3712:Approval 3572:Majority 3277:Bob Kiss 3247:Share in 3207:Several 3180:FairVote 3083:Democrat 3015:Bob Kiss 2495:267,902 2482:731,273 2476:694,484 2453:612,265 2443:Round 2 2440:Round 1 2377:Examples 2050:and the 1909:Arkansas 1599:at-large 1511:Ireland 1468:Country 1405:Arkansas 1367:FairVote 1339:misnomer 1012:), is a 412:Hare STV 51:Politics 49:A joint 8623:The Sun 8337:Parties 8304:Results 8026:Current 7991:Current 7953:Members 7746:Project 7437:D'Hondt 7389:CPO-STV 7347:Systems 7076:2670462 6973:failure 6878:2276015 6872:: 117. 6755:25 July 6462:16 June 6323:13 June 6297:8 April 6197:: 206. 6145:1 March 5916:bbc.com 5704:1 April 5659:winning 5632:: 340. 5357:1954543 5293:1858374 5053:system. 4810:Scores 4705:Scores 4605:Schulze 4289:Minimax 4179:Scores 4077:Dodgson 3921:Bucklin 3765:Baldwin 3652:Ballot 3523:removed 3508:sources 3468: 3465: 3447: 3444: 3419: 3416: 3388: 3385: 3357: 3354: 3326: 3323: 3295: 3292: 3249:maximum 3242:Maximum 3237:Maximum 3129:Others 2662:18,363 2562:Prahran 2525:34,992 2460:817,830 2424:of the 2324:Please 2228:recurse 2149:Please 1954:In the 1816:Please 1721:Please 1423:History 1390:Bucklin 1263:by the 1072:Process 422:CPO-STV 272:Baldwin 221:Schulze 216:Minimax 134:methods 8556:NOtoAV 8132:Senate 7984:Senate 7845:Senate 7813:Senate 7740:Portal 7677:Ballot 7453:Quotas 7182:series 7074: 7028: 6966: 6958: 6917: 6876: 6374: 5652: 5644: 5602: 5552: 5518: 5473: 5355: 5347: 5291: 5283: 5248: 5107: 5084:30 May 4910:, and 4553:Runoff 4343:Nanson 3973:Coombs 3567:Method 3380:14.5% 3377:1,306 3349:28.4% 3346:2,554 3318:45.2% 3315:4,061 3287:48.0% 3284:4,313 3251:round 3244:votes 3239:round 3231:Party 3124:−1306 3118:+1306 3102:−2554 3090:+2063 3060:+2951 3042:+1332 3028:+2585 3005:Votes 2999:Votes 2993:Votes 2990:Party 2947:37,003 2938:Total 2722:25.9% 2704:18,640 2695:9,403 2692:9,310 2689:9,218 2686:9,171 2683:9,160 2680:24.8% 2665:49.6% 2658:17,076 2653:16,843 2648:16,726 2643:16,644 2638:16,592 2633:16,582 2629:44.8% 2533:Total 2519:9,444 2485:46.2% 2479:43.8% 2456:38.9% 2420:, and 2010:spoilt 1984:In an 1633:Senate 1590:Alaska 1485:Notes 1388:, and 1362:Alaska 1360:, and 287:Coombs 57:series 8038:Women 8008:Women 7935:Whips 7910:Clerk 7882:Whips 7857:Clerk 7670:Other 7489:Mixed 6964:S2CID 6884:' 6603:(PDF) 6438:6 May 6432:(PDF) 6421:(PDF) 6014:(PDF) 6007:(PDF) 5765:Recap 5749:(PDF) 5673:arXiv 5650:S2CID 5600:S2CID 5580:(PDF) 5494:9News 5471:S2CID 5432:(PDF) 5425:(PDF) 5353:JSTOR 5308:arXiv 5139:6 May 5033:Notes 4758:None 4658:Score 3869:Borda 3817:Black 3654:type 3598:Smith 3460:6.7% 3439:0.4% 3411:0.4% 3398:Green 3170:+455 3164:+147 3115:1306 3096:+491 3093:2554 3087:2063 3074:+767 3071:4061 3068:+343 3034:+396 3031:2981 3025:2585 2917:0.2% 2886:0.6% 2852:0.8% 2815:0.7% 2775:2.3% 2750:9,948 2746:9,758 2741:9,690 2736:9,639 2731:9,593 2726:9,586 2709:50.4% 2699:9,979 2566:Green 2545:100% 2539:100% 2528:2.2% 2522:0.6% 2498:16.9% 2465:51.6% 1594:Maine 1579:(via 1386:Borda 1358:Maine 624:'MMP' 613:'AMS' 8421:UKIP 8411:SDLP 8164:List 8159:Next 8154:Last 7939:list 7886:list 7801:King 7178:and 7108:2018 7072:SSRN 7026:ISBN 6956:ISSN 6915:ISSN 6874:SSRN 6845:2017 6820:IRV. 6815:2018 6786:2018 6757:2018 6727:2009 6582:2016 6557:2008 6531:2020 6505:2020 6464:2013 6440:2010 6372:ISBN 6350:2020 6325:2018 6299:2018 6269:2016 6232:The 6172:2015 6147:2015 6122:2019 6081:2018 6022:2009 5976:2021 5950:2019 5924:2019 5879:2008 5857:2023 5816:2020 5790:2019 5761:2019 5732:2019 5706:2011 5642:ISSN 5611:2024 5550:ISBN 5516:ISBN 5440:2011 5408:2011 5382:2018 5345:ISSN 5289:SSRN 5281:ISSN 5246:ISSN 5211:2021 5189:2008 5167:2014 5141:2010 5105:ISBN 5086:2019 4844:Yes 4838:Yes 4835:Yes 4832:Yes 4829:Yes 4826:Yes 4823:Yes 4820:Yes 4795:Yes 4780:Yes 4771:Yes 4764:STAR 4755:Yes 4752:Yes 4749:Yes 4746:Yes 4743:Yes 4737:Yes 4702:Yes 4699:Yes 4693:Yes 4690:Yes 4687:Yes 4636:Yes 4633:Yes 4627:Yes 4624:Yes 4621:Yes 4618:Yes 4615:Yes 4612:Yes 4609:Yes 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