839:
negative attention to various actors who committed disservices to rape survivors. Among their primary targets were law enforcement and hospitals. They criticized police officers for being unresponsive to rape survivors and perpetrating what they called a "second rape". For example, it was not uncommon at the time for police officers to question rape survivors about their sexual history or accuse them of provoking their attack. Hospitals received criticism for their treatment of rape survivors, as they had no infrastructure to appropriately treat them and physicians often minimized the seriousness of rape survivors' injuries. Seen as a threat rather than a resource, RCCs largely had a combative relationship with mainstream organizations, a trend that has since changed. Poor relations between RCCs and mainstream organizations eventually became unproductive as law enforcement and physicians would refuse RCC advocates access to rape survivors. Now most RCCs coordinate their activities with law enforcement, hospitals, the criminal justice system, and other mainstream organizations. RCCs also provide mainstream organizations with training and education and work to develop protocols for them to follow. The level of cooperation between RCCs and mainstream organizations and how responsibilities are allocated among them vary from community to community.
1009:
situated in mental health centers, battered women's shelters, and legal-justice organizations. The funding situation today has changed a great deal from that of the early 1970s when RCCs were just beginning to start up. Operating on small budgets, membership fees and donations from the community made up the majority of early RCC funds. Federal funding sources for sexual assault started to become available from the mid-1970s through the 1990s, which has had implications for how RCCs are organized. To be eligible for federal funding, RCCs have to demonstrate that they had support from the community, organizational stability, as well as the ability to maintain programs beyond initial funding. These funding requirements have been a major force pushing RCCs to become more professionalized and to model themselves on a social service agency structure.
858:
providing emotional support and assistance to survivors distinguishes them from physicians who are primarily concerned with treating injuries, law enforcement officers who are primarily concerned with ascertaining facts, or prosecutors who primarily concerned with building a case. RCCs are further separated from mainstream organizations by their consistent efforts to reform how these organizations respond to rape, primarily through the provision of training in appropriate rape definitions and responses. This cooperation between RCCs and mainstream organizations represents a shift in RCC strategies; they have moved from being outside critics of mainstream organizations to indoctrinating allies with them.
879:. The most effective networks for fostering a community's responsiveness are those that are coordinated either by the RCC or the RCC in conjunction with the police. Coordination by the RCC entails establishing the linkages between the various organizations in order to streamline the delivery of services to the rape survivor. Overly centralized networks are generally not as responsive as those that have more interaction between all members of the network. Overall, RCCs provide a central role in managing a community's response to rape and foster increased communication among the various factions that deal with rape survivors.
950:), but nowadays it is recognized that physicians and physician assistants may perform the services. Not all, but many SAFE/SANE programs are coordinated by RCCs rather than hospitals. SAFE/SANEs are on call 24-hours a day and will arrive at the hospital emergency room within an hour of the rape survivor's arrival. In addition to the collection of forensic evidence, they also provide crisis intervention counseling, STI testing, drug testing if drug-facilitated rape is suspected, and emergency contraception.
2079:
655:
1032:. VOCA, also administered by the Department of Justice, established a fund made up of fines paid by offenders. These funds are then allocated to organizations providing services to survivors, with priority going to those addressing sexual assault, spousal abuse, and child abuse. VOCA funds are also available for statewide programs that provide compensation to survivors. The PHHSBG is administered by the
808:, and were largely staffed by volunteers. In addition to providing services for rape survivors, such as 24-hour crisis hotlines, legal and medical assistance, referrals, emotional support, and counseling, many early RCCs focused their efforts on raising awareness about rape in their communities by organizing public demonstrations and inviting the media to attend. Such an example is the annual
775:, which allowed groups of women to speak openly about their experiences with sexual violence and the shortcomings of law enforcement, health care providers, and the criminal justice system to effectively and constructively respond to survivors. Prior to the 1970s and 1980s several barriers existed for rape survivors seeking justice, such as the fact that the concept of
824:), repealing the requirement for corroboration in rape cases, and eliminating the requirement that survivors must have physically resisted the attack in order to prosecute. Another important development was expanding the legal definition of rape to include forced oral and anal sex, penetration by a finger or object, and a number of other acts and situations.
748:, particularly in terms of how rape is understood by medical and legal entities and society at large. In the United States, there is a great deal of diversity in terms of how RCCs are organized, which has implications for their ideological foundations, roles in their communities, and the services they offer.
1061:
was among the most visible corporate donors for the women's movement in the mid- to late-1970s, but many groups refused this funding for political and ideological reasons. RCCs also rely on the funds that they can generate themselves, through soliciting donations and fundraising efforts. As with many
924:
against their assailant, and accompany survivors to meetings with the prosecutor or to their court date. The criminal justice system can be traumatic for some rape survivors and so legal advocates are present as a source of support. RCCs are generally neutral in terms of encouraging survivors to take
1052:
In addition to federal funding, state or county funding, funding from other non-profit organizations, corporate funding, and private donations represent possible avenues for RCC financial support. Some states and counties have, for example, set up sexual assault funds through tax revenues as a means
887:
Each RCC is unique in the range of services it provides to both survivors and the community. Professionals employed by the RCC, many of whom hold an academic degree in women's studies, psychology, public health, social work, or another relevant discipline, provide these services. Volunteers are also
792:
social interactions. This redefinition effectively politicized rape, framing it as a larger pattern stemming from women's oppression rather than a series of random, unexplainable criminal acts. From a feminist standpoint, the only way to eliminate rape is to create a society where women and men have
1036:
to fund a number of preventive health services and programs, such as those involving rape education and prevention. While the bulk of PHHS funds go to chronic disease, sex offense represented 8.5% of the designated funds in 2010, totaling over $ 7 million. Other federal sources that provide or have
977:
programs undertaken by RCCs may be part of their educational programs, including teaching definitions of sexual violence, attempts to change survivor-blaming attitudes, engaging in role plays, fostering problem solving strategies, and even teaching self-defense to women so that they may fight off a
819:
identified rape as a priority focus, the anti-rape movement gained an even larger organizational base that could mobilize larger numbers of people and lobby for legal reform. Because of efforts by anti-rape activists and RCCs on local, state, and federal levels, the 1970s and 80s saw many important
866:
to mainstream views, a shift of the focus toward survivors and away from social and political change, and a greater tolerance for mainstream unresponsiveness. Depending on the particular RCC, the community in which is works, and its relationship to mainstream organizations, there will be different
857:
and also the availability of government money to fund their activities. Despite the fact that RCCs now more closely resemble mainstream organizations, they still occupy an important place in the anti-rape movement. When dealing with rape survivors, the fact that RCCs have no interest other than in
1008:
RCCs may receive funding from a number of sources and funding can vary greatly for each RCC depending on its location, if it is affiliated with a host agency, and the type of host agency. RCCs housed in hospitals and county social service and health agencies generally have more funding than those
874:
Communities with RCCs that are integrated into a network with mainstream organizations are the most responsive to rape survivors. Each community has different resources, but some relevant mainstream organizations for such a network include hospitals, law enforcement, prosecutors, feminist groups,
791:
and an illustration of women's subordinate status in society relative to men. Rather than relying on traditional notions of rape as a primarily sexual act committed by deviants who are unknown to their survivors, feminists have emphasized the violence of rape, as well how it is embedded in normal
998:
programs advertise a Center's existence in the surrounding community. Fundraising and awareness campaigns aid communities in coming together to end sexual violence. In recent years RCCs have begun working on outreach projects with faith based communities, LGBTQ communities, and other groups of
970:
of law enforcement, health care providers, and attorneys has been an essential part of improving mainstream responsiveness to rape. RCCs use their expertise to develop programs that improve how rape survivors are treated in legal and medical settings. RCCs also often develop and train mainstream
852:
and hierarchy and away from the radical activism that defines their roots. Many RCCs, rather than being freestanding collectives, are incorporated into the mainstream organizations that they once worked against, such as hospitals or other social services agencies. These trends are related to the
861:
A close relationship between RCCs and mainstream organizations leads to various opportunities and constraints that affect the quality of a community's responsiveness to rape. Among the opportunities are access to rape survivors that first approach mainstream organizations, the ability to teach
838:
Early RCCs also sought to publicize the problematic manner in which law enforcement, health care providers, the criminal justice system, and the media responded to rape. RCCs would write letters to newspapers, hold press conferences, buy radio and television ads, and distribute flyers to draw
963:
programs targeting various members of the community is commonplace among RCC activities. RCCs regularly go into schools, faith-based organizations, neighborhood associations, universities, and other places of social gathering to inform people about rape in their community, foster a feminist
867:
situations in terms of which opportunities or constraints present themselves. Nonetheless, this situation suggests a much-changed picture from the radical origins of the RCC. While RCCs still employ feminist discourse and engage in political activities, such as demonstrations and
888:
essential to the provision of RCC services and are heavily utilized for a number of essential tasks. Both RCC employees and volunteers are required to undergo a 40-hour training during which they learn a great deal about societal, legal, and cultural aspects of rape.
991:
is a way that RCCs can spearhead efforts to get more resources in their communities. RCCs are often seen as ideal candidates to undertake the process of mobilizing support for a particular issue, delegating tasks to various community stakeholders, and applying for
455:
935:. While RCCs are generally neutral in terms of whether or not to proceed with the legal process, they often encourage all survivors to get this examination so that if they later decide to prosecute, they will have evidence to help build their case.
796:. Working from this new feminist definition of rape, anti-rape activists began organizing at the grassroots level, forming the first RCCs. Among the first was the Washington D.C. Rape Crisis Center, founded in 1972 by women identifying with the
984:
for lawmakers is a means by which RCCs have been able to make important reforms and infuse rape laws with a feminist perspective. RCCs are in a better position to write such laws because lawmakers often lack experience with and knowledge of
862:
mainstream organizations about rape, and the ability to develop responsive interorganizational protocols. Constraints include the inability to publicly criticize the unresponsiveness of mainstream organizations, an increased likelihood of
820:
legislative changes that greatly improved the situation for rape survivors. Among these achievements are the criminalization of marital rape, rendering a rape survivor's prior sexual history inadmissible as evidence in court (
450:
835:, which ruled in favour of PAAR. This forced the issue of RC counsellors and confidentiality on the political and legislative agenda. By 1983 there was no legal doubt that RC record would remain confidential.
847:
While the goals of RCCs have remained largely unchanged since their creation in the 1970s, they have undergone a number of structural changes. Among these changes is the phenomenon of RCCs moving toward more
1057:, may fund RCCs or other organizations providing services for survivors of physical and sexual violence. Corporations have also stepped up to fund, or attempt to fund, RCCs. For example, the
946:
are medical providers who have received special training to conduct sexual assault evidentiary exams for rape survivors. Historically these providers were nurses and referred to as SANEs (
176:
831:(PAAR) was held in contempt of court for refusing to submit the records of a client to the defence attorney. When the case came to court a mistrial was ruled and the case went to the
252:
1919:
1053:
to express local support for the important services that RCCs provide to their communities. Non-profits that administer grants for a number of social programs, such as the
914:
services, either short-term or long-term may be provided by RCCs to rape survivors in order to promote their psychological well-being in the aftermath of a traumatic event.
442:
804:, which provided a model for other early RCCs to follow. In line with the prevailing values of the women's movement at that time, early RCCs were nonhierarchical, fairly
2114:
1539:
Rebecca
Campbell, Stephanie M. Townsend, Susan M. Long, Kelly E. Kinnison, Emily M. Pulley, S. Bibiana Adams, and Sharon M. Wasco, "Services Provided by SANE Programs,"
1024:(PHHSBG). VAWA allocated $ 1.6 billion to states from 1994 to 2000, with about one third designated for survivors of sexual assault. These funds are administered by the
201:
978:
potential assailant. Part of RCC efforts at prevention entail teaching women rape avoidance, i.e. behavioral strategies to reduce one's chances of getting raped.
779:
did not exist, juries were instructed to be suspicious of the validity of the survivor's accusations, eyewitnesses were required to bring cases to court, and
815:
The efforts of local anti-rape activists and RCCs to redefine and politicize rape were instrumental in getting rape put onto the national agenda. Once the
417:
392:
368:
1790:
1033:
2058:
1042:
397:
827:
Individual activists working with RCCs were often responsible for bringing about these legal successes. For example, in 1980 Anne Pride, director of
1364:
1088:
756:
999:
individuals who share a cultural identity. Some outreach projects specifically serve non-English speaking people in their respective communities.
427:
1062:
social service agencies, RCCs are virtually in a constant state of trying to secure funding so that they can maintain their program activities.
908:, explaining legal and medical options, or providing referrals for other useful resources. Volunteers often serve as crisis counselors for RCCs.
2109:
2063:
1752:
685:
551:
402:
812:
march, which has become a mainstay in many communities and a means for women to express uncensored anger about sexual violence against women.
1221:
1178:
1144:
360:
312:
377:
373:
1822:
1038:
1029:
364:
287:
767:
The first
American RCCs were formed in several states throughout the country in the early 1970s, largely by women associated with the
2032:
1924:
1046:
437:
335:
2011:
1025:
432:
412:
382:
216:
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302:
85:
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73:
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832:
809:
171:
1017:
741:
475:
1785:
939:
407:
387:
343:
110:
1583:
Stephanie
Townsend and Rebecca Campbell, "Identifying Common Practices in Community-Based Rape Prevention Programs,"
717:
in other countries offer similar services, but have different histories and vary in their organizational structure.
1951:
1745:
1013:
678:
536:
262:
964:
understanding of rape, dispel common myths about rape, and raise awareness about available services and resources.
1981:
317:
196:
900:
are 24-hour, 7-day-a-week phone lines that are offered by almost every RCC. Rape survivors can call and receive
490:
1552:
Linda Ledray, "Forensic
Medical Evidence: The Contributions of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)," in
1956:
1082:
326:
292:
211:
1108:
546:
1837:
1738:
1054:
772:
671:
633:
505:
480:
58:
17:
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may educate survivors about forensic medical options and accompany survivors to the hospital to have a
1398:
1012:
Some of the current major sources of federal funding available to support rape crisis centers are the
2006:
1812:
1093:
768:
297:
191:
186:
80:
2037:
1817:
901:
849:
745:
466:
237:
181:
150:
1800:
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1389:
1058:
805:
714:
710:
573:
521:
495:
63:
1360:"Remaining Radical? Organizational Predictors of Rape Crisis Centers' Social Change Initiatives"
876:
1931:
1909:
1805:
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1660:
1381:
1217:
1174:
1140:
1103:
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921:
854:
623:
155:
53:
1775:
1373:
797:
588:
583:
568:
526:
282:
206:
1946:
1936:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1098:
821:
793:
784:
733:
729:
638:
628:
618:
613:
603:
541:
485:
272:
242:
68:
1706:
787:, second-wave anti-rape activists began working to redefine rape as a direct outcome of
2016:
1941:
1894:
1867:
1827:
904:
counseling free of charge, which may entail comforting the survivor, dispelling common
780:
737:
556:
531:
307:
267:
145:
140:
100:
2104:
2098:
1872:
1862:
1114:
732:. Central to a community's rape response, RCCs provide a number of services, such as
598:
561:
353:
277:
257:
247:
130:
44:
1393:
2001:
1884:
1852:
1761:
776:
725:
593:
348:
221:
135:
115:
1659:
CDC , 2010 Overview - Preventive Health and Health
Services Block Grant (PHHSBG),
1211:
1168:
1134:
2078:
1857:
1701:
1021:
654:
608:
120:
2083:
1976:
1377:
788:
659:
125:
1213:
Rape Work: Victims, Gender and
Emotions in Organization and Community Context
1847:
1842:
905:
863:
578:
105:
95:
90:
800:
branch of the women's movement. The D.C. RCC published a pamphlet entitled
1385:
1359:
971:
organizations in protocols that create a standard for their collaboration.
1996:
1991:
932:
868:
500:
920:
may educate survivors about the legal process, assist them with getting
1556:
edited by John O. Savino and Brent E. Turvey (Elsevier, 2005), 119-146.
1136:
Rape On The Public Agenda: Feminism and the
Politics of Sexual Assault
1879:
1710:
1173:. SAGE Library of Social Research. SAGE Publications. p. 131.
871:, they have largely lost the radical edge that once defined them.
1832:
721:
37:
1734:
1730:
1310:
Confronting Rape: The
Feminist Anti-Rape Movement and the State
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university rape awareness programs, mental health centers, and
1661:
https://www.cdc.gov/phhsblockgrant/funding/blockgrant10.htm
1721:
National Online
Resource Center on Violence Against Women
1720:
1585:
Journal of
Prevention & Intervention in the Community
1725:
1715:
709:, are community-based organizations affiliated with the
1358:
Campbell, R.; Baker, C.K.; Mazurek, T.L. (June 1998).
771:. Central to second-wave feminism was the practice of
759:) is a partnership by over 1,100 rape crisis centers.
1170:
The Rape Victim: Clinical and Community Interventions
1020:(VOCA) and the Preventive Health and Health Services
1483:
Emotionally Involved: The Impact of Researching Rape
2051:
2025:
1967:
1768:
1041:'s National Center for the Prevention of Rape, the
1216:. Perspectives on gender. Routledge. p. 98.
1139:. Northeastern University Press. pp. 29–30.
740:, community outreach, and education programs. As
202:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
1049:'s Comprehensive Employment and Training Act.
1746:
679:
8:
1312:(London and New York: Routledge, 1994), 11.
1753:
1739:
1731:
686:
672:
33:
2059:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
1043:Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
744:, they seek to change social beliefs and
2115:Sexual abuse advocacy and support groups
1716:National Sexual Violence Resource Center
1365:American Journal of Community Psychology
1089:International Violence Against Women Act
1085:, also known as "the morning after pill"
699:Rape crisis centers in the United States
18:Rape Crisis Centers in the United States
1167:Koss, Mary P.; Harvey, Mary R. (1991).
1125:
513:
465:
325:
229:
163:
43:
36:
2064:False allegation of child sexual abuse
933:sexual assault evidentiary examination
925:legal action against their assailants.
751:The National Sexual Assault Hotline (
7:
1823:Genital modification and mutilation
1039:National Institute of Mental Health
1030:United States Department of Justice
25:
2033:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
1920:in education in the United States
1485:(New York: Routledge, 2002), 153.
1037:provided funding to RCCs are the
940:Sexual Assault Forensic Examiners
802:How to Start a Rape Crisis Center
2077:
2012:Sociobiological theories of rape
1541:Research in Nursing & Health
1210:Martin, Patricia Yancey (2005).
1026:Office on Violence Against Women
653:
253:Democratic Republic of the Congo
27:Сharitable organizations network
817:National Organization for Women
2043:Sexually violent predator laws
1111:, a model used in South Africa
1072:Centres Against Sexual Assault
948:Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners
829:Pittsburgh Action Against Rape
1:
2110:Sexual abuse victims advocacy
1987:Effects and aftermath of rape
833:Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
769:second-wave feminist movement
742:social movement organizations
720:RCCs work to help victims of
1018:Victims of Crime Act of 1984
476:Marital rape laws by country
1707:Sexual abuse support groups
1554:Rape Investigation Handbook
443:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2131:
1396:– via Springer Link.
1014:Violence Against Women Act
843:Structure and organization
783:was the norm. Employing a
537:Sexual violence statistics
2072:
1982:Causes of sexual violence
1702:U.S. Rape Crisis Centers
877:battered women's shelters
705:and often abbreviated as
701:, usually capitalized as
398:Bangladesh Liberation War
1587:36, no. 1/2 (2008): 123.
1133:Bevacqua, Maria (2000).
883:Typical services offered
491:False accusation of rape
217:Sociobiological theories
1378:10.1023/A:1022115322289
1083:Emergency contraception
212:Secondary victimisation
164:Effects and motivations
1109:Thuthuzela Care Centre
589:Rape and revenge films
547:Military sexual trauma
403:Sierra Leone Civil War
1671:Koss and Harvey, 138.
1623:Koss and Harvey, 138.
1614:Koss and Harvey, 138.
1503:Campbell et al., 459.
1436:Campbell et al., 477.
1330:Koss and Harvey, 128.
1272:Koss and Harvey, 131.
1074:(Victoria, Australia)
1055:United Way of America
773:consciousness raising
634:Sexual trauma therapy
506:Sexual consent in law
481:Marry-your-rapist law
361:Occupation of Germany
172:Effects and aftermath
86:Drug-facilitated rape
2007:Rape trauma syndrome
1813:Cybersex trafficking
1372:(3): 457–483 (477).
1094:Rape crisis movement
1016:of 1994 (VAWA), the
447:Israeli–Palestinian
393:Sri Lankan Civil War
374:Liberation of France
192:Rape trauma syndrome
187:Rape crisis movement
81:Cybersex trafficking
2038:Laws regarding rape
1818:Forced prostitution
1543:29 (2006): 385-386.
1308:Nancy A. Matthews,
1047:Department of Labor
989:Initiating projects
982:Writing legislation
902:crisis intervention
850:professionalization
810:Take Back the Night
715:Rape crisis centers
552:Preventive measures
182:Pregnancy from rape
151:Unacknowledged rape
111:Live streaming rape
1801:Child prostitution
1791:Child exploitation
1530:Campbell, 152-153.
1481:Rebecca Campbell,
1059:Playboy Foundation
955:Community Services
806:anti-establishment
711:anti-rape movement
703:Rape Crisis Center
574:Rape crisis centre
522:Anti-rape movement
496:Rape investigation
64:Child sexual abuse
2092:
2091:
1932:Sexual misconduct
1910:Sexual harassment
1806:Child sex tourism
1796:Child pornography
1641:Bevacqua 168-169.
1223:978-0-415-92774-1
1180:978-0-8039-3895-3
1146:978-1-55553-446-2
1104:Sexual harassment
1078:Domestic violence
929:Medical advocates
922:protective orders
892:Survivor services
855:political climate
785:feminist analysis
696:
695:
624:Sexual harassment
336:Armenian genocide
156:Rape by deception
54:Acquaintance rape
16:(Redirected from
2122:
2082:
2081:
1776:Bride kidnapping
1755:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1690:
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1501:
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1472:Martin, 114-115.
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
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1446:
1445:Martin, 144-145.
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:Martin, 111-112.
1416:
1410:
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1401:
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1346:
1340:
1337:
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1313:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
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1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:Bevacqua, 96-97.
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:Bevacqua, 74-75.
1234:
1228:
1227:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1130:
781:survivor blaming
688:
681:
674:
658:
657:
584:Rape pornography
569:Anti-rape device
527:Bodily integrity
514:Related articles
433:Syrian civil war
413:Rwandan genocide
383:Kashmir conflict
349:Italian campaign
327:During conflicts
288:Papua New Guinea
207:Weinstein effect
177:Factors involved
34:
21:
2130:
2129:
2125:
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2119:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2076:
2068:
2047:
2021:
1969:
1963:
1947:Sexual violence
1937:Sexual predator
1925:in the military
1905:Sexual grooming
1900:Sexual bullying
1890:Sex trafficking
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614:Sex and the law
604:Rape statistics
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2002:Rape culture
1968:Sociological
1915:in education
1885:Revenge porn
1762:Sexual abuse
1685:
1680:Martin, 152.
1676:
1667:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1632:Martin, 100.
1628:
1619:
1610:
1605:Martin, 112.
1601:
1596:Martin, 105.
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1574:Martin, 102.
1570:
1565:Martin, 105.
1561:
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1535:
1526:
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1463:Martin, 159.
1459:
1454:Martin, 161.
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1441:
1432:
1427:Martin, 103.
1423:
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1409:Martin, 112.
1405:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1348:Martin, 161.
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1290:Martin, 100.
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
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1212:
1205:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1169:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1135:
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1007:
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988:
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794:equal status
777:marital rape
766:
752:
750:
746:institutions
726:sexual abuse
719:
713:in the U.S.
706:
702:
698:
697:
594:Rape fantasy
451:By Palestine
376: /
367: /
363: /
303:South Africa
298:Saudi Arabia
222:Rape culture
136:Sexual abuse
116:Marital rape
74:LGBT victims
31:
29:
1650:Martin, 99.
1521:Martin, 72.
1339:Martin, 98.
1299:Martin, 98.
1022:Block Grant
609:Rape threat
408:Bosnian War
388:Vietnam War
293:Philippines
238:Afghanistan
131:Serial rape
121:Prison rape
59:Campus rape
2099:Categories
1977:Aggression
1952:Statistics
1121:References
1045:, and the
975:Prevention
912:Counseling
906:rape myths
864:cooptation
789:patriarchy
438:Tigray war
418:Congo Wars
230:By country
126:Rape chant
1868:Statutory
1186:August 8,
1152:August 8,
961:Education
579:Rape myth
456:By Israel
106:Gray rape
96:Gang rape
91:Date rape
1997:Misogyny
1992:Misandry
1970:theories
1873:Of males
1863:By proxy
1394:12627339
1066:See also
996:Outreach
992:funding.
968:Training
869:lobbying
501:Rape kit
283:Pakistan
1853:Marital
1386:9726118
1028:in the
1004:Funding
798:radical
763:History
649:Portals
273:Germany
263:Finland
243:Belgium
1880:Raptio
1858:Prison
1838:Campus
1711:Curlie
1392:
1384:
1220:
1177:
1143:
944:(SAFE)
728:, and
378:Serbia
369:Poland
308:Sweden
268:France
197:Causes
1781:Child
1769:Forms
1726:RAINN
1390:S2CID
985:rape.
757:RAINN
365:Japan
278:India
258:Egypt
248:China
45:Types
2105:Rape
2026:Laws
1848:Gray
1843:Date
1833:Rape
1382:PMID
1218:ISBN
1188:2023
1175:ISBN
1154:2023
1141:ISBN
722:rape
467:Laws
428:ISIL
38:Rape
1957:War
1709:at
1399:PDF
1374:doi
1034:CDC
707:RCC
2101::
1388:.
1380:.
1370:26
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