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media, there is more rape. Police get more rape reports in locations where rape culture is more popular in the media, but make fewer arrests as a result. Rape culture in the media, in turn, is most widespread during the criminal justice system's arrest and prosecution phases. Because lesser police vigilance or courtroom abuse may dissuade future victims from reporting, while increasing potential perpetrators' sense of impunity, the link between rape culture and crime is more likely to reflect an increase in rape than increased victim reporting. In reaction to the increased concern on rape culture in the United States, Steinberg and Sager (2015) write: "There is no way to inoculate our children from becoming victims or perpetrators of rape. But parents can help their children recognize and avoid the erroneous and harmful attitudes surrounding sex, power, control, and coercion.... Perhaps by doing so, we can shift the dialog and begin to create a culture that fosters healthy boundaries and ends all forms of sexual violence."
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had to be verbal and felt sexual consent was always vague and hard to pinpoint. Along with this were people believing women who had "allegedly been raped" were "asking for it" because of how they were dressed or their flirtatious behavior. Women in the study also assumed that men expected sex in exchange for drinks or dinner bought earlier for the woman. Because of their lack of awareness of what rape was and because of how they were acting/what they were wearing, women believed they had in some way provoked the rape to happen. Some women also did not report the rape if it did not fit the stereotypical definition of rape, i.e., physical injury and force committed by a stranger. When raped by someone the individual knew, women felt less inclined to label the assault as rape. They could not, therefore, report the incident or rape because they were either confused about what had happened or believed it to be their own fault.
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American society as a whole. In addition to the law as written not being put into effect in practice, legal definitions of rape have been criticized for placing a high burden of proof on victims to demonstrate non-consent. Individuals likely use legal definitions and jury convictions in their conceptualization of "real rape". Laws, which are passed by (mostly male) lawmakers, tend to represent dominant groups' interests. Larcombe et al. posit "a legal definition of rape as non-consensual penetration achieved through unlawful force, coercion, fraud or exploitationâthat is, containing a fault element that describes the tactic the perpetrator used to effect the assaultâmay conform more closely to social and social science definitions of rape." In contrast, in some jurisdictions (e.g. Kentucky, Connecticut, Arkansas, Alaska, Alabama) words alone are still not sufficient to legally prove non-consent.
1496:) rapes. Beyond the typical type of assault for dominance and control, comes rape with the intention of revenge. Because women are not seen as individuals but rather as objects or possessions, rape is sometimes a political move to seek revenge against an enemy. Fights and feuds are settled by raping the rival's mother, wife, daughter or sister. Honor rapes are used as a tactic to take away sometime of value belonging to the woman. Because women are seen as objects for men to possess, taking away her honor through rape diminishes her worth. The societal attitude of linking a woman's celibacy with family honor compels her to safeguard the family's honor in India. However, in the case of rape, instead of endeavoring to transform male-dominated, socially constructed, biased attitudes, people expect women to change by demanding that they dress properly or restrict their activities.
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reactions to rape reports and desire to suppress bad news. Victims may not want to risk stigmatization and scrutiny in their lives, especially in campus society. Victim-hood is a social creation, and is associated with stigma. Definitions of what counts as "rape" and who is treated as a "genuine victim" are constructed in discourse and practices that reflect the social, political, and cultural conditions of society. For instance, rape victims may not be considered as such if it appears they did not struggle or put up a fight. Their emotional responses are observed and reported during investigations to aid in deciding if the victim is lying or not. In addition, college administration officials have sometimes questioned accounts of victims, further complicating documentation and policing of student assaults, despite such preventive legislation as the
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the home, schools, or government agencies, such conversations may perpetuate rape culture by focusing on techniques of "how not to be raped" (as if it were provoked), vs "how not to rape." This is problematic due to the stigma created and transgressed against the already victimized individuals rather than stigmatizing the aggressive actions of rape and the rapists. It is also commonly viewed that prisoners in prison deserve to be raped and is a reasonable form of punishment for the crimes they committed. Another factor of victim blaming involves racism and racial stereotypes. Victim blaming has serious consequences as it helps further perpetuate a pervasive rape culture. Victims who receive negative responses when disclosing sexual violence tend to experience greater distress and are therefore less likely to report future incidents if they occur.
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psychologically, they did not want to have to remember what had happened to them; and they did not want people to find out or they would gain a negative reputation. Because of the existing rape myths mentioned above, women knew that reporting rape could potentially make them out to be "a slut" or "easy", and garnish a reputation that would affect how others perceived them. Many women noted that they felt that they could not even admit the rape to friends and family they trusted most, because they were so afraid of repercussions. Women felt that they would not be supported, would have their validity questioned or be blamed for the incidents that happened. As a result, rape can lessen women's trust in others and make them feel isolated.
758:, primarily in the United States, beginning in the 1960s. Critics of the concept dispute its existence or extent, arguing that the concept is too narrow or that although there are cultures where rape is pervasive, the very idea of rape culture can imply that it is not the rapist who is somehow at fault, but rather society as a whole that enables rape. Critics of that line of criticism have disputed the notion that only one party needs to be at fault, noting that the perpetrator can be the primary wrongdoer, those who help cover it up or harass the victim acting as accomplices, and that thus, also according to them, the wider society and culture can still be blamed for its collective influence on these individuals.
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revealing clothing they are condemned for being coerced or physically forced into being involved in a sexual event), and slut shaming is based upon the person being condemned for their willing participation in a sexual event. Slut shaming describes the way people are made to feel guilty or inferior for certain sexual behaviors or desires that deviate from traditional or orthodox gender expectations. A study of college women from sociologists at the
University of Michigan and the University of California found that slut-shaming had more to do with a woman's social class than it did with their activity. Slut shaming can create a double standard between men and women and discrimination. The
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tolerant and emotionally resilient to these kinds of actions. Male victims of rape are often blamed and told that they allowed it to happen because they did not fight hard enough. This concept of how men are supposed to act has created strict notions of how men are supposed to present themselves. When men come forward and report the assault, they are often met with dismissal, and rejection by authority figures and medical practitioners. Often men have trouble when it comes to vulnerability and when men come forward with their assault, authority figures will often treat them with little respect as their masculinity has been questioned.
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perpetrator and want to create a type of backlash. A theory on why rape myths are so common is because they are perpetuated by norms already present in society. Researchers claim that communication and language is created by the dominant patriarchy. In positions of power, men control how women are portrayed in the media, their bodies and voices are subject to censorship, etc. which forces women to submit to the gender stereotypes formed by the dominant culture. The dominance of the male voice in society creates the concept of a "slutty woman" and forces women to monitor their own behavior in fear of how they will be perceived.
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male sexual assault, gay men are more likely to be rape victims and will not be treated as fairly as a lesbian in the judicial system. Rumney (2009) mentions how homosexuals and the gay community are at risk of becoming rape and sexual assault victims. In addition, Rumney suggests that being labeled as homosexual increases their risk of being a victim of sexual assault. When a male is sexually assaulted and labeled as homosexual it can create negative attributes and unjust treatment in the criminal justice system. Rumney also found that homosexual males are more willing to report a rape rather than heterosexual males.
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rape taken seriously by men. Men were also more likely to victim-blame the woman for the rape, especially if the case was not reported. Women who chose not to tell or chose to tell only people who were close to them were often deemed liars or exaggerators when others found out about the incident. Because no legal action was attempted, other parties often believed that the rape was "not a big deal" or "must not have happened". Without some kind of validation from a person in authority, rape (according to college students in the study) was believed to not be as prominent or to affect as many women as was the reality.
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1174:, victims in rape cultures live in fear of random acts of oppressive sexual violence that are intended to damage or humiliate the victim. Others link rape culture to modernisation and industrialisation, arguing that pre-industrial societies tend to be "rape free" cultures, since the lower status of women in these societies give them some immunity from sexual violence. In industrial rape cultures, women emerge from their homebound roles and become visible in the workplace and other areas traditionally dominated by men, increasing male insecurities that result in their using rape to suppress women.
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Drinking and peer pressure were also common reasons for raping. A majority claimed they had raped because they were punishing the women, either acquaintances or girlfriends, for having made them angry. Sub-areas and communities saw rape as a legitimate punishment for women and reasonable under certain circumstances. Some men also had sex with very young women or virgins in order to "cleanse themselves of diseases". Young women were often targeted because they were virgins and because the men believed they were easy to overpower and would not report it. Men were not afraid of repercussions.
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belief that adultery must be punished with adultery. Mai was called to the council to apologize to the Mastoi tribe for her brother's actions. When she arrived, she was dragged to a nearby hut where she was gang raped in retaliation by 4 Mastoi men while an additional 10 people watched. Following the rape, she was paraded nude through the village. Although custom would expect her to commit suicide after being raped, Mukhtaran spoke up, and pursued the case, which was picked up by both domestic and international media. On 1 September 2002, an
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one billion women and girls. Many
African countries were involved in the campaign, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Gambia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland (now Eswatini) and Zimbabwe. Often cited as one of the most dangerous places in the world to be a woman, South Africa's statistics for rape and gender-based violence galvanized thousands of South Africans to rise in support of the campaign at a range of events and through various media since the campaign's inception.
793:, most Americans assumed that rape, incest, and wife-beating were rare. The concept of rape culture posited that rape was common and normal in American culture and that it was an extreme manifestation of pervasive societal misogyny and sexism. Rape was redefined as a violent crime rather than a sex crime, and its motive redefined from desire for sexual pleasure to male domination, intimidation and control. Rape also began to be reexamined through the eyes of the victims rather than the perpetrators.
1386:, are not surprising and are a reflection of ideas of masculinity and femininity in contemporary South Africa. The high rate of rape in South Africa, combined with the inability of the criminal justice system and the healthcare system to contain the crisis, have been compared to a 'gender civil war'. The majority of women in South Africa are raped by people they know. It is argued that rape in democratic South Africa has become socially acceptable and maintains patriarchal order.
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subjects of Koss's study disagreed with her characterization that they had been raped, while others have pointed out that Koss's study focused on the victimization of women, downplaying the significance of sexual victimization of men, even though its own data indicated one in seven college men had been victims of unwanted sex. Sommers points out that Koss had deliberately narrowed the definition of unwanted sexual encounters for men to instances where men were penetrated.
1045:, in which rape victims are considered at fault for being raped. Scholars argue that this connection is made due to a culture that shames all female sexuality that is not for the purpose of reproduction in a hetero-normative married household. That some victims do not report rapes to the police due to fear of not being believed is often cited as a symptom of a rape culture. 6% of women who did not report rape said it was because of fear of not being believed by police.
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that no event is random. This promotes the idea that the women who are raped were not raped for no reason, but that they deserved it. If women believe that they were the cause of the rape, they may not go to authorities. Society also uses the stereotype of men being aggressive as an excuse for their actions. This justifies and normalizes rape. Society creates these myths, scaring women before they are even raped. Another reason for the acceptance of rape culture is the
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taken to a sugar field where he was gang raped and sodomized repeatedly. When the boy refused to stay silent about the incident, he was kept imprisoned in the home of Abdul Khaliq, a Mastoi man. When police came to investigate, Shakoor was instead accused of having an affair with Khaliq's sister, Salma Naseen, who was in her late 20s at the time. Shakoor was then arrested on charges of adultery but later released. In later trials, Shakoor's rapists were convicted of
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that took place in London promoted several different kinds of attire including lingerie, nipple tassels, and T-shirts with slogans to demonstrate what women wear is not a form of consent for sex. The SlutWalk of
Philadelphia was rebranded as The March to End Rape Culture. The idea behind the name change is so the walk can be more inclusive and promotes more diversity in its participants, volunteers, and sponsors. The original SlutWalk took place in the city of
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and social roles that contribute to sexual aggression, and looks at "frat life" and brotherhood ideals of competition and camaraderie. In these groups, sex is viewed by young men as a tool of gaining acceptance and bonding with fellow "brothers", as they engage in contests over sex with women. In O'Sullivan's article, sexualized violence towards women is regarded as part of a continuum in a society that regards women's bodies as sexually available by default.
976:, discusses three ideas that helped bring awareness to some clearly defined rape myths of the early to mid 20th century. First, any woman can be a rape victim regardless of age, size, shape, ethnicity, or status. Second, any man can be a rapist, not just "evil" or "mentally ill" men as thought in previous decades. Finally, rape can occur in many different forms besides the stereotype of a violent, forceful rape done by a stranger.
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about high levels of rape have been recognized as reliable; however, questions about its accuracy perpetuate the debate about how societies perceive rape and social norms. A closer look at the study's methodology reveals questions about cultural definitions of rape, the study's sample size, survey design, and linguistic accuracy, all of which highlights ongoing challenges in trying to quantify the prevalence of rape.
851:, the film, Williams said, "takes credit for first defining the concept". The film discusses rape of both men and women in the context of a larger cultural normalization of rape. The film featured the work of the DC Rape Crisis Center in cooperation with Prisoners Against Rape, Inc., and includes interviews with rapists and victims, as well as prominent anti-rape activists such as feminist philosopher and theologian
969:, the cognitive bias that leads some people to believe that what happens to an individual in life is inherently tied to their actions and thus seen as justly deserved. People who believe in this theory would also be more likely to believe women who are raped deserve it in some way. Finally, rape can be attributed to ways women were treated historically, as a factor used to oppress and create control over women.
1775:". They are protesting the idea that women dressed in revealing clothing are asking to get raped. They held the walk in the South American capitol of Buenos Aires on 28 September 1990, a day that was named the Day for the Decriminalization of Abortion in Latin America. Due to the overwhelming Catholic influence, some SlutWalks have taken on an anti-Catholic tone in response to sermons, such as the one in
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disproportionately harm these specific demographics, because they make up a large portion of people afflicted with income poverty and asset poverty. Simply being from one of these impoverished backgrounds increases the risk of sexual violence and discourages victims from reporting a rape crime, as there is less confidence in the police and a higher crime rate in poor areas.
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understanding of what constitutes rape in the scenario of a victim wanting to have sex with the perpetrator. If a victim wants to have sex but refuses to consent to sex and the perpetrator continues, the situation would be considered rape; however, it becomes easier for others to blame the victim for the situation because he or she did "want to have sex".
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that is socially produced and socially legitimated, so throughout time and place its definitions will change. Reasoning about rape and rape culture is also influenced by gender and heterosexuality norms. For example, in South Africa the overriding "war culture", which emphasized masculinity and violence, led to a culture in which rape was normalized. A
1417:. The post gave no descriptions or made any allegations. However, within a matter of time, students were able to connect what these students had in common which were rape allegations. The students demanded a suspension and investigation of the individuals on the list. The police were called to intervene in order to neutralize the protests at
1293:, there are a number of other countries that have been described as "rape supportive" societies. These places have similarities in terms of beliefs and gender stereotyping, but there are some significant differences that explain the high rate of rape and sexual assault in these countries. Rape culture can form in some
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were ideas that the victim was always "young, careless beautiful" or they are "loose" women who "invite rape" by provoking men." Although
Brownmiller's idea about victim blaming was supposed to expose rape myths thus eradicating victim-blaming, blaming the victim in rape circumstances is still a common practice.
1664:, have criticized the rape culture paradigm on the grounds that it is too narrowly focused; in 1984, she wrote that it ignores rape's place in an overarching "culture of violence". In 1993 she contributed a chapter to a book on rape culture, focusing on rape culture in the context of patriarchy in black culture.
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powerful caste or is wealthier than the person who was raped, there is often a failure to properly gather evidence from rape victims and to care for them afterwards, and there is little legal assistance for them. Two main types of rape that are prevalent in Indian
Society which are political rapes and honor (
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The SlutWalk movement are credited with popularizing the term via mass media reports about the protesters in the
English-speaking Western media. The rallies aim to raise awareness of rape cultureâwhich they define as a culture in which "sexual violence is both made to be invisible and inevitable"âand
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In the report, RAINN cites a study by David Lisak, which estimated that 3% of college men were responsible for 90% of campus rapes. RAINN argues that rape is the product of individuals who have decided to disregard the overwhelming cultural message that rape is wrong. The report argues that the trend
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Rape is not often reported in
Pakistan due to the inequality between the two genders. Some women do not come out because they want to uphold their family's honor. Victims of rape that are discovered might lose their families, their husbands and their homes. They think of themselves as "beghairat", a
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Researchers have attempted to explain the high rate of rape in South Africa and have connected it to the traditional and cultural norms embedded within the society. Certain norms like the belief of rape myths, the inequality between men and women, and the need to express their dominance made the rape
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One effect rape culture has on women is their lack of understanding or a feeling of ambiguity surrounding the idea of consent and rape. Burnett's study, following college women's experiences of rape, revealed that many students could not define what the term rape really meant, did not believe consent
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Victim blaming may also occur among a victim's peers, and college students have reported being ostracized if they report a rape against them, particularly if the alleged perpetrator is a popular figure or noted athlete. Also, while there is generally not much general discussion of rape facilitated in
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To some, the root cause of rape culture is the "domination and objectification of women". However, academic theory holds that rape culture does not necessarily have a single cause, and causes may be localized based on other social aspects of culture. Rape culture is a fluid and always-changing entity
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were among the earliest to include first-person accounts of rape. Their authors intended to demonstrate that rape was much more common than previously believed. In the book, Brownmiller comments that women never talk about rape because they do not want to be open about a "crime against their physical
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ideologies that people are essentially good and that all social problems can be remedied with education. This rape culture concept is much to the detriment of young college-educated women, she says. Paglia argues that said individuals are ill-prepared to anticipate or cope with the small minority of
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In the last few years, there has been an unfortunate trend towards blaming "rape culture" for the extensive problem of sexual violence on campuses. While it is helpful to point out the systemic barriers to addressing the problem, it is important to not lose sight of a simple fact: Rape is caused not
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and sentenced to five years of imprisonment. The Mastoi tribal council (jirga) convened separately regarding
Shakoor's alleged affair with Naseen. They concluded that Shakoor should marry Naseen while Mai (a Gujar tribeswoman) be married to a Mastoi man. Villagers rejected this conclusion due to the
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society and gender roles that expect men to be violent and women to be fragile. Cultural norms also embrace violence and discrimination towards women, emphasizing that women would not be able to live alone without men. Normalization of violence against women continues to be reflected in the rates of
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reports that In the United States, rape occurs every 107 seconds; 68% of those assaults are not reported, and two-thirds of them are committed by someone the victim knows (RAINN, 2014). A survey conducted between 2000 and 2013 in the United States suggests that where rape culture is prevalent in the
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Rape culture is a term that was coined in the 1970s during the second-wave feminist movement and is often used to describe contemporary
American culture as a whole. In the United States, rape is a criminal offense. However, rape is one of America's most underreported crimes, with low prosecution and
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After a male has experienced a sexual assault, there have been many reported incidences of negative effectsâsuch as suicidal thoughts, depressive episodes, sexual dysfunction, feelings of worthlessness, extreme anxiety and guiltâwhich end up putting a strain on their future relationships. This shows
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If women do choose to discuss their rape with others, many still remain under scrutiny unless it is proven that they are telling the truth. Men belonging to the college study reported that they felt the rape was validated if the woman had taken the accusation to court and then won. Only then was the
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One concern is that the rape culture in the United States can influence juror decision-making in sexual assault trials. The result is that men who have committed sexual assault crimes may receive little to no punishment, which serves to strengthen the rape culture in the
American judicial system and
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The idea any women could be raped was a new proposition that called attention to the notion of victim blaming. Now that rape could affect anyone, there would not be a proper way for men and women to avoid it. Some rape myths that were widely accepted on the basis of what kind of women would be raped
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One explanation for the commonality of these myths is that only certain "bad" or "misbehaved" women are raped. This creates a category of women separated from the general population which encourages an "otherness" and reduces the idea that anyone is vulnerable to being raped. One common rape myth is
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has disputed the existence of rape culture, arguing that the common "one in four women will be raped in her lifetime" claim is based on a flawed study, but frequently cited because it leads to campus anti-rape groups receiving public funding. Sommers has also examined and criticized many other rape
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campaign was launched globally. Its aims were to raise awareness of violence against women, to inspire action for justice and to promote gender equality. The âbillionâ in the campaign's title refers to the UN statistic that one in three women will be raped or beaten in their lifetime: approximately
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While sexual assault upon men by other men has been seen as mainly existing in prisons; it does not take place only among incarcerated men. Mitchell et al. (1999) presented that male rape takes place among male college students who were either forced or pressured into sexual acts. When it comes to
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Society has strict notions regarding males and how they are supposed to act. However, when males are the victims of sexual assault people often do not believe them. Many people do not believe that men can be victims, as they are often the perpetrators of sexual assault. Men are portrayed as strong,
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of widespread rape, labeling an accuser as a liar, stating that most rape accusations are false, refusing to acknowledge the harm caused by some forms of sexual violence, or accepting that the victim "deserved it" because she was defined as a slut. Another cause of victim blaming has been the vague
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public document alleged that major causes of rape were the enforcement of women having to follow social rules and the conditioning of gender roles. Others say in a rape culture women are conditioned to assume responsibility for male sexuality, and gender roles are socially constructed and enforced
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practices. For instance, sexist jokes may be told to foster disrespect for women and an accompanying disregard for their well-being, or a rape victim might be blamed for being raped because of how she dressed or acted. O'Sullivan examines rape culture and fraternities, identifying the socialization
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and victim blaming. One primary goal of this organization is to deconstruct the stigma that often comes with being a victim of rape or sexual assault. Ringrose and Renold said that "the stigma relates to the way women dress and behave, but in fact male sexual aggression is the problem". A SlutWalk
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of rape, is sympathetic to perpetrators, and treats women who have been raped as "damaged goods" who then suffer further social discrimination afterwards. While there are laws on the books to protect victims of rape, these laws are often not enforced, especially when the perpetrator is from a more
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is a hate crime committed for the purpose of converting a gay person to heterosexuality. The term was first used in the early 2000s when an influx of these attacks were noted by charity workers in South Africa. This homophobic phenomenon and other ignorances perpetuate rape culture and put lesbian
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Men said they had committed rape for a number of different reasons. Many raped women and young girls for "fun" or out of boredom. Gang rapes were also quite common amongst the men, about 1 in 5 men had participated in one, which reflected the society's belief that it was common and "what boys do".
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Another effect rape culture has on young women is a victim's self-reflection. After a rape, women reported feeling dirty, thought of themselves as slutty, and believed that they had been "used" or were "damaged goods". Women felt ashamed about what had happened and felt that they no longer fit the
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media is often attributed with perpetuating aggressive behaviors and attitudes supporting violence against women. Media depictions of violent sexual activity are also noted to increase behavioral aggression. Sexualizing imagery surfaces and reinforces misogynistic beliefs in some instances. This
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Rape culture can manifest when third parties separate the sexual violence of select individuals and cast them off as deviant perverts rather than acknowledging that anyone can be capable of rape. In the 1960s, rapists were often seen as mentally ill or deviants in society, and this view persisted
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safety forum, Sanguinetti said that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized". In addition, it also happened in India created by a group of college students to help address the violence enacted upon women. The SlutWalk happening in India shows that it is intended for
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The UN conducted its 'Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific' in 2008 in six countries across Asia. Its conclusions, published in 2013, seemed to indicate a substantial number of men in Asian countries admit to committing some form of rape. The study's general conclusion
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as an "honor rape" after allegations that her 12-year-old brother had sexual relations with a woman from a higher caste. In reality, he was kidnapped and sodomized by three men. Mukhar Maiai's 12-year-old brother, Abdul Shakoor (or Shakur), was abducted by three men from the Mastoi tribe, he was
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may be considered as similar to victim blaming in that there is condemnation of someone who has been involved in a sexual event or events. The key difference is that victim blaming involves the person being condemned for being a victim who has provoked their attacker (e.g. because they wore more
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is the phenomenon in which a victim of a crime is partially or entirely attributed as responsible for the transgressions committed against them. For instance, a victim of a crime (in this case rape or sexual assault) is asked questions by the police, in an emergency room, or in a court room that
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Since the late 20th century, researchers and activists have repeatedly returned to the issue of rape culture on university campuses, especially in the United States, Canada, and the U.K. Often, victims are dissuaded from reporting sexual assaults because of universities' and colleges' ambivalent
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Historically in India, journalistic coverage of rape and sexual abuse has been limited and typically prejudiced against the victim. Women victims who reported rape were seen as people who do not believe in preserving the honor of their family. The victim often fights a lonely battle against her
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Sommers and others have specifically questioned Mary Koss's oft-cited 1984 study that claimed 1 in 4 college women have been victims of rape, charging it overstated rape of women and downplayed the incidence of men being the victims of unwanted sex. According to Sommers, as many as 73% of the
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titled "It's Time to End 'Rape Culture' Hysteria" suggested that "Though rape is certainly a serious problem, there's no evidence that it's considered a cultural norm. ...On college campuses, obsession with eliminating 'rape culture' has led to censorship and hysteria." According to Joyce E.
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Rape and sexual violence are also prevalent in South Africa because of confusion about what is to be regarded as rape. Certain acts of sexual coercion may not be legally distinguishable. While the criminal offense of rape is condemned by the society, many rapes or sexual assaults might not be
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Chapleau, Oswald, & Russel (2008) address how we need to break down the gender differences in rape myths and learn to accept that it happens to both sexes. When it comes to how societies function on a social and ideological basis, due to the fact that males and females experience the same
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After a rape has already occurred or after the victim acknowledged that she has been raped, women still did not report the incident because they felt it would ultimately hurt or punish them. Some reasons that women did not report their rape: they did not want to bring attention to themselves;
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for their institutions than with the welfare of their students, according to the film. The documentary includes interviews with college administrators who claim that they were pressured to keep rape incidents hidden. Experts interviewed by the filmmakers assert that the majority of rapes are
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Although there is a wide range of research on the consequences of sexual violence on victims, there is little information on its economic effects, especially for marginalized and economically disadvantaged victims such as black and Latina women and girls. The consequences of sexual violence
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are held in society, including "'no' means 'yes'"; that women can resist rape if they really wanted to; that women who are raped are promiscuous, therefore "asking to be raped"; and that many women falsely report rape to protect their own reputations or because they are angry at the accused
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integrity", which explains public ignorance of rape's prevalence. Brownmiller, a member of the New York Radical Feminists, argued that both academia and the public ignore incidents of rape. She helped psychologists begin observing and studying what sparked this "rape supportive culture".
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Others also link rape culture to environmental insecurities, where men objectify women as part of their struggle to control their immediate environment. It is also linked to gender segregation, and the belief that rape proves masculinity. Other manifestations of rape culture include
1598:(RAINN), an anti-sexual violence organization, in a report detailing recommendations to the U.S. White House on combating rape on college campuses, identified problems with an overemphasis on the concept of rape culture as a means of preventing rape and as a cause for rape, saying,
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towards focusing on cultural factors that supposedly condone rape "has the paradoxical effect of making it harder to stop sexual violence, since it removes the focus from the individual at fault, and seemingly mitigates personal responsibility for his or her own actions".
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Victim blaming is part of a phenomenon known as 'Rape Myth Acceptance', a term coined by researcher Martha Burt in the 1980s. It is defined as prejudicial, stereotyped or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists which can range from trivializing rape,
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person without honor or someone who has lost self-respect, because of what has happened to them and they do not want to be stigmatized or humiliated by society. Women often feel discouraged from talking or reporting about their rape because of these reasons.
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Burnett, Ann; Mattern, Jody L.; Herakova, Liliana L.; Kahl, David H.; Tobola, Cloy; Bornsen, Susan E. (November 2009). "Communicating/Muting Date Rape: A Co-Cultural Theoretical Analysis of Communication Factors Related to Rape Culture on a College Campus".
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of widespread rape, institutional apathy toward the problem of rape, minimization of rape cases by government officials, and excusing rapists as social anomalies. Studies have also shown that hypermasculinity is connected to sexual assault and rape culture.
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1670:, a Canadian journalist, has been critical of feminist Mary Koss's discussion of rape culture, describing the notion that "rape represents an extreme behavior but one that is on a continuum with normal male behavior within the culture" as "remarkably
938:
Feminists and gender activists conceptualize rape culture as a cultural environment that encourages gender violence, as well as perpetuating "rape myths", ranging from treating rape as merely "rough sex" to blaming the victim for inviting rape.
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of Indonesia. According to anthropologist Peggy Sanday, rape is less likely to occur within cultures that are peaceful (have low rates of interpersonal violence), promote mutual respect between the sexes, and lack an ideology of male toughness
4496:
Bell, Susan T.; Kuriloff, Peter J.; Lottes, Ilsa (1994). "Understanding attributions of blame in stranger rape and date rape situations: An examination of gender, race, identification, and students social perceptions of rape victims".
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Helen Moffett. Journal of Southern African Studies âThese Women, They Force Us to Rape Themâ: Rape as Narrative of Social Control in Post-Apartheid South Africa.Volume 32, 2006 - Issue 1: WOMEN AND THE POLITICS OF GENDER IN SOUTHERN
1122:, 'It's extremely typical to criminalise the victim. To investigate a very organised gang of perhaps 20 men is very labour-intensive. It's far easier to dismiss the victims as being drunk or as being guilty of public order offences.'
769:. Though their rationale for claiming and including that the role of rape culture as being party to the particular social blights and crimes that they are fighting can vary, these movements have helped spread people's stories through
1590:
Some writers, academics and groups have disputed the existence or prevalence of rape culture or described the concept as harmful. Others believe that rape culture exists, but disagree with certain interpretations or analyses of it.
1330:, in which college girls from all around the country speak out about being raped on their campuses and how various officials covered up their assault. Multiple students who were sexually attacked on college campuses are featured in
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have taken place in some conservative Catholic countries such as Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guatemala. According to "Sex and the Barrio" writers Edgerton and Sotirova, SlutWalk protests began in South America taking on the name
6916:
1703:, in which many Western media outlets reporting on the incident depicted Indian men as "culturally lacking and barbaric". The report claimed Western orientalists have reduced "India's rape crisis to a cultural problem".
1461:, is the idea that having sex cleans the body, specifically from illnesses. A more specific type cleaning would be virgin cleansing, which is the belief that having sex with a virgin will eliminate deadly diseases such
1324:", highlighted the existence of rape culture in the United States and around the world, and urged listeners to consider how sexual violence against women is ignored in society. The song was composed for the documentary
1457:, also known as "wife abduction", is a traditional marriage practice in which a man kidnaps a young woman with the intent of convincing the girl and her family to agree to the marriage.Another belief, kusasa fumbi or
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ideal "pure and virginal" stereotype that men want. Women's belief that they were somehow rotten and that no one would want to be with them after the rape created feelings of depression and anxiety amongst victims.
1334:, who claim that college authorities either ignored them or required them to traverse a convoluted academic bureaucracy to get their allegations addressed. Many college officials were more concerned with reducing
1272:
In sociological studies, the phrase "rape culture" is used to distinguish so-called rape-prone countries (such as the United States) from countries where rape is a relatively rare crime ("rape-free" countries).
452:
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Amanda Lock Swarr, Richa Nagar. Signs. Journal of Women in Culture and Society.Dismantling Assumptions: Interrogating "Lesbian" Struggles for Identity and Survival in India and South Africa.Volume 29(2)2004.
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negative effects of rape, we need to start addressing and breaking down rape myths. Whatley and Riggio (1993) also found that males more than females tend to blame the victim, even when victims are male.
4242:
Larcombe, W; Fileborn, B; Powell, A; Hanley, N; Henry, N (2016). "'I think it's rape and I think he would be found not guilty' focus group perceptions of (un) reasonable belief in consent in rape law".
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is a topic about which jokes are abundant. Linda McFarlane, director of Just Detention International, states "Humor is part of the cultural attitude that (prison) is the one place where rape is okay."
5497:
Deborah Seddon. The Daily Maverick. âWe will not be Silencedâ: Rape Culture, #RUReferencelist, and the University Currently Known as Rhodes. With malice aforethought. 19 June 2017 14:10 (South Africa)
4916:
Ingemann-Hansen, Ole; Sabroe, Svend; Brink, Ole; Knudsen, Maiken; Charles, Annie Vesterbye (2009). "Characteristics of victims and assaults of sexual violence â Improving inquiries and prevention".
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suggest that the victim was doing something, acting a certain way, or wearing clothes that may have provoked the perpetrator, therefore making the transgressions against the victim their own fault.
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believes that rape culture manifests through the acceptance of rapes as an everyday occurrence and even a male prerogative. It can be exacerbated by police apathy in handling rape cases, as well as
1118:'. These gangs typically repeatedly abuse and rape the same person over a prolonged period of time, and often over years. According to former detective, and child and women's safety campaigner
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paper "A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault: Historical Foundations and Change", Patricia Donat and John D'Emilio suggest that the term originated as "rape-supportive culture" in
3656:
Cole, Jennifer; Logan, T.K. (February 2008). "Negotiating the challenges of multidisciplinary responses to sexual assault victims: sexual assault nurse examiner and victim advocacy programs".
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suffered by rape victims and their families. Other sociologists posit that rape culture links non-consensual sex to the cultural fabric of a society, where patriarchial worldviews, laced with
2508:
3523:
Hald, Gert Martin; Malamuth, Neil M.; Yuen, Carlin (1 January 2010). "Pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women: revisiting the relationship in nonexperimental studies".
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is also a figure in the United States where she holds her annual Amber Rose SlutWalk in Los Angeles, California while also raising awareness for empowerment and the Amber Rose Foundation.
178:
1061:, which is seen as an expression of a culture that objectifies women, reducing the female body to a commodity. Accounts of rapists often feature fusion of several pornographic motifs.
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According to a study by Acta Obstetrecia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, of a set of "nearly 300 women who visited ," it was found that "70 percent experienced at least 'significant'
5986:
1582:, so inheritance and proprietorship pass from mother to daughter. The society of Minangkabau exhibits the ability of societies to eradicate rape without social equity of genders.
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said that "our failure as a society to apprehend perpetrators leaves criminals at large who are savvy and experienced, and able to continue to commit these crimes with impunity."
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Williams, "the major criticism of rape culture and the feminist theory from which it emanates is the monolithic implication that ultimately all women are victimized by all men".
4220:
Hildebrand, Meagen; Najdowski, Cynthia (2015). "The Potential Impact of Rape Culture on Juror Decision Making: Implications For Wrongful Acquittals in Sexual Assault Trials".
810:. In the book, the group wrote, "our ultimate goal is to eliminate rape and that goal cannot be achieved without a revolutionary transformation of our society". This book and
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appear justified to the assailants. Many began raping when they were young teenagers for entertainment, reflecting the notion that rape is a pastime for young men and boys.
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6195:
444:
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Fehler-Cabral, Giannina; Campbell, Rebecca; Patterson, Debra (December 2011). "Adult sexual assault survivors' experiences with sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs)".
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Lynch, KR; Jewell, JA; Golding, JM; Kembel, HB (5 May 2016). "Associations Between Sexual Behavior Norm Beliefs in Relationships and Intimate Partner Rape Judgments".
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conviction rates compared to other violent crimes, and the societal stigma linked to it is rarely reflected in the official punishments enforced for its perpetration.
203:
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Kilpatrick, Dean G., Heidi S. Resnick, Benjamin E. Saunders, and Connie L. Best. "Chapter 10 Rape, Other Violence Against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder."
4321:
Muehlenhard, CL; Peterson, CD; Humphreys, TP; Jozkowski, KN (4 April 2017). "Evaluating the One-in-Five Statistic: Women's Risk of Sexual Assault While in College".
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According to Ann Burnett, the concept of rape culture explains how society perceives and behaves toward both rape victims and perpetrators. For example, a number of
5895:
Dissertation: Evaluating Theories of Sexual Violence Using Rape Offenses in the National Crime Victimization Survey and the National Incident Based Reporting System
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was published in 1988 which provided the first in depth discussion on the subject. The term has subsequently been used by prominent academics such as Mary P. Koss.
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5670:
3896:
George, William H.; MartĂnez, Lorraine J. (23 June 2016). "Victim Blaming in Rape: Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Race, Type of Rape, and Participant Racism".
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results announcement ceremony. The protesters said that they could not be silent given the rape and gender-based violence in South Africa. Even though President
5376:
Gqola, Pumla Dineo (1 April 2007). "How the 'cult of femininity' and violent masculinities support endemic gender based violence in contemporary South Africa".
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studies for their methodology, and states, "There are many researchers who study rape victimization, but their relatively low figures generate no headlines."
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4686:
Mitchell, Damon; Hirschman, Richard; Hall, Gordon C. Nagayama (1 November 1999). "Attributions of victim responsibility, pleasure, and trauma in male rape".
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Raine, Susan; Kent, Stephen A. (2019). "The grooming of children for sexual abuse in religious settings: Unique characteristics and select case studies".
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was acquitted of the charges, the young protesters says that an acquittal does not mean the president is innocent due to the failure of the legal system.
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provinces of South Africa were surveyed about rape. The prevalence among the men was high; about 1 in 4 men had raped another person, mostly young women.
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4366:"Sexual Assault May Trigger Involuntary Paralysis: "Tonic immobility" hinders the ability to fight and is linked to high rates of depression and PTSD"
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Allen, Mike; D'alessio, Dave; Brezgel, Keri (1 December 1995). "A Meta-Analysis Summarizing the Effects of Pornography II Aggression After Exposure".
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The legal process can be so traumatizing for victims that even professionals in the area would warn someone they care about against participating.
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are practices that contribute to the normalization of hyper-sexualized perceptions of women, which is a theme in rape culture. Hyper-sexualized or
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Violence against women is seen as a private matter not believed to be "appropriate for intervention or policy changes". This is due to Pakistan's
429:
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Patrick Strudwick. UK Independent. Crisis in South Africa: The shocking practice of 'corrective rape'âaimed at 'curing' lesbians. 4 January 2014.
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6363:
1248:"âa concept first posited by some feminist scholarsâis a term describing a number of negative traits and expectations burdening men in society.
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3308:
Backman, Ronet (1988). "The factors related to rape reporting behavior and arrest: new evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey".
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For example, he refers to wife rape as involving 'acts of a less egregious kind'âless egregious presumably than stranger and acquaintance rape
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Two movements have addressed what they either fully or partially perceive as being rape culture or a role being played by rape culture, i.e.
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Buchwald, Emilie; Fletcher, Pamela; Roth, Martha (1993). "Editor's Preface". In Buchwald, Emilie; Fletcher, Pamela; Roth, Martha (eds.).
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Loya, Rebecca M. (2014). "The Role of Sexual Violence in Creating and Maintaining Economic Insecurity Among Asset-Poor Women of Color".
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6021:"White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault United States Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women"
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3832:"Report from the CDC: evaluability assessment of the rape prevention and education program: summary of findings and recommendations"
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1783:", adding that the purpose of sex is "fertilization". The march even reached the Cathedral of San Jose just as mass was concluding.
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and gender inequality, are passed from generation to generation, leading to widespread social and institutional acceptance of rape.
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439:
337:
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1935:
Attenborough, Frederick (2014). "Rape is rape (except when it's not): the media, recontextualisation and violence against women".
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Activist Pumla Dineo Gqola says that events like the rape trial of then Vice President and also former President of South Africa,
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in the United States and applied to contemporary American culture as a whole. During the 1970s, feminists had begun to engage in
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1963:
1680:, an academic initiative by the Arab Studies Institute, published a report critiquing the concept of rape culture, stating that
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28:
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4365:
1990:
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790:
424:
304:
87:
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Fadnis, Deepa (10 September 2018). "Uncovering Rape Culture: Patriarchal values guide Indian media's rape-related reporting".
5235:"Gender Inequitable Masculinity and Sexual Entitlement in Rape Perpetration South Africa: Findings of a Cross-Sectional Study"
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7115:
6465:
6152:
2276:
Chasteen, Amy L. (April 2001). "Constructing rape: Feminism, change, and women's everyday understandings of sexual assault".
75:
6622:"Slut-shaming, girl power and 'sexualisation': thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls"
4728:
Rumney, Philip N. S. (1 June 2009). "Gay male rape victims: law enforcement, social attitudes and barriers to recognition".
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efforts designed to educate the public about the prevalence of rape. Previously, according to Canadian psychology professor
5918:
Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2003). "Rape-Free versus Rape-Prone: How Culture Makes a Difference". In Travis, Cheryl Brown (ed.).
2650:
Patricia Donat and John D'Emilio, "A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault: Historical Foundations and Change",
1405:
7360:
7335:
7187:
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WHATLEY, MARK A.; RIGGIO, RONALD E. (December 1993). "Gender Differences in Attributions of Blame for Male Rape Victims".
2654:, vol. 48, n. 1, 1992; published in Di Karen J. Maschke, "The legal response to violence against women", Routledge 1997,
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1635:. Moreover, Paglia says, feminist proponents of rape culture tend to completely ignore male victims of sexual assault.
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by cultural factors but by the conscious decisions, of a small percentage of the community, to commit a violent crime.
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Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1986). "Rape and the Silencing of the Feminine". In Tomaselli, Sylvana; Porter, Roy (eds.).
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739:, or some combination of these. It has been used to describe and explain behavior within social groups, including
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and places a greater number of men than women in positions of religious and political power. The culture is also
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712:
319:
198:
5072:"Feminist Agency, Sexual Scripts, and Sexual Violence: Developing a Model for Postgendered Family Communication"
3477:
Suarez, Eliana; Gadalla, Tahany M. (11 January 2010). "Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths".
832:
Sociology professor Joyce E. Williams traces the first usage of the term "rape culture" to the documentary film
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Stern, Danielle M. (3 April 2018). "Embodied Interventions: Feminist Communication Pedagogy and Rape Culture".
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Patil, Vrushali; Purkayastha, Bandana (19 May 2017). "The transnational assemblage of Indian rape culture".
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Whatley, M. A.; Riggio, R. E. (1993). "Gender Differences in Attributions of Blame for Male Rape Victims".
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and provide an online space where victims of different types of sexual violence can confide in each other.
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6238:
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Leclerc-Madlala, Suzanne (2002). "On the Virgin Cleansing Myth: Gendered Bodies, AIDS and Ethnomedicine".
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4592:; Struckman-Johnson, David (1 August 1992). "Acceptance of male rape myths among college men and women".
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Flintoft, Rebecca (October 2001). John Nicoletti; Sally Spencer-Thomas; Christopher M. Bollinger (eds.).
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Rape culture has been described as detrimental to both women and men. Some writers and speakers, such as
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5174:"Scheer Intelligence: Discussing 'The Hunting Ground' With Director Kirby Dick and Producer Amy Ziering"
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60:
4638:; Struckman-Johnson, David (August 1992). "Acceptance of male rape myths among college men and women".
5610:""Everyone Blames Me": Barriers to Justice and Support Services for Sexual Assault Survivors in India"
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2630:
Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063
2407:
Rutherford, Alexandra (June 2011). "Sexual Violence Against Women: Putting Rape Research in Context".
2170:
Rutherford, Alexandra (June 2011). "Sexual Violence Against Women: Putting Rape Research in Context".
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On 17 April 2016, a list of the names of 11 men and titled 'Reference List' was posted anonymously on
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that limit male self-expression and cause psychological harm to men. According to political scientist
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Murphy-Oikonen, Jodie; McQueen, Karen; Miller, Ainsley; Chambers, Lori; Hiebert, Alexa (June 2022).
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Chapleau, Kristine M.; Oswald, Debra L.; Russell, Brenda L. (13 February 2008). "Male Rape Myths".
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Basile, Kathleen C.; Lang, Karen S.; Bartenfeld, Thomas A.; Clinton-Sherrod, Monique (April 2005).
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as a tool of analysis identifies that black lesbians face homophobia, sexism, racism and classism.
1343:, less than 8% of the population is responsible for more than 90% of all sexual assaults. Producer
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4204:"Uprooting the Culture of Sexual Assault of the Armed Forces through a Gender Aware Perspective"
2016:
Maitse, Teboho (1998). "Political change, rape, and pornography in postapartheid South Africa".
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Cultural values stemming from traditional practices still influence South African rape culture.
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5652:"India's rape crisis is worsening, and there still isn't a national registry for sex offenders"
5440:""Corrective rape" of lesbians in the era of transformative constitutionalism in South Africa""
3948:"Grooming gangs continuing to abuse children in northern England, victims and campaigners warn"
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859:. The film explored how mass media and popular culture have perpetuated attitudes toward rape.
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5733:"NCRB data shows 95% rape victims in India known to offenders; Madhya Pradesh tops the list"
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case helped to draw attention to the prevalence of sexual brutality towards women in India.
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Reading Rape: The Rhetoric of Sexual Violence in American Literature and Culture, 1790-1990
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that females and males have similar reactions to the trauma associated with rape victims.
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forces. This is especially apparent in regard to failing to properly protect victims of '
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4182:"A Review of the Literature on Sexual Assault Perpetrator Characteristics and Behaviors"
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tormentor where justice is not delivered timely. The increase in media coverage of the
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Jewkes, Rachel; Sikweyiya, Yandisa; Morrell, Robert; Dunkle, Kristin (8 March 2016).
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police officer Michael Sanguinetti on 24 January 2011. While addressing the issue of
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1356:
1163:
1075:
600:
563:
355:
279:
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46:
5561:"Four women, the president and the protest that shook the election results ceremony"
5362:
5057:
4560:
4307:
3722:
3506:
1994:
7085:
7053:
6962:
4811:
4350:
2789:"Unfounded Sexual Assault: Women's Experiences of Not Being Believed by the Police"
2522:
1752:
1484:
1360:
1155:
1130:
1038:
950:
728:
704:
595:
350:
137:
117:
6156:
5762:"NCRB Report: These 6 Indian cities have the highest rate of crimes against women"
5701:
5587:
5346:
4334:
2102:
1734:
is a feminist organization that formed in response to a public statement made by
1479:
Several scholars have described India as having a rape culture rooted in both its
6875:
6637:
6508:
6243:
5259:
5146:"Jameis Winston's accuser speaks out in campus rape documentary 'Hunting Ground'"
4971:
2994:
2967:
1194:
and 48 percent met the criteria for 'extreme' tonic immobility during the rape."
987:
Rape cases in which both parties previously knew one another has been coined as "
7279:
7058:
3321:
3059:. Raven Press Ltd (book); National Criminal Justice Reference Service (abstract)
2349:"Book Review: Rape: The First Sourcebook for Women (New York Radical Feminists)"
2311:
New York Radical Feminists; Noreen Connell; Cassandra Wilson (31 October 1974).
1888:
Violence Goes to College: The Authoritative Guide to Prevention and Intervention
1739:
1681:
1667:
1616:
1579:
1344:
1167:
1083:
1064:
1058:
872:
By the mid-1970s, the phrase began to be used more widely across various media.
740:
656:
610:
122:
6825:
6421:
4929:
4838:
2914:
1715:
1465:. Kusasa fumbi is a reflection of the indigenous medical views of the country.
7284:
7177:
6895:
6297:
6118:
Williams, Joyce E. (31 December 2010). George Ritzer; J. Michael Ryan (eds.).
5836:
Hermeneutics and honor: negotiating female "public" space in Pakistani society
5389:
4956:
4741:
4699:
4458:
3738:
Sexual assault: the victims, the perpetrators, and the criminal justice system
1812:
1776:
1761:
1661:
1524:
1442:
1383:
1340:
1206:
661:
127:
6645:
6516:
5709:
5475:
5397:
5303:"Why, when and how men rape: Understanding rape perpetration in South Africa"
5233:
Jewkes, Rachel; Sikweyiya, Yandisa; Morrell, Robert; Dunkle, Kristin (2011).
5000:
The United States of Rape: A Theory of Rape Culture in American Public Policy
4846:
4795:
4787:
4749:
4707:
4659:
4613:
4544:
4291:
4256:
3787:
3706:
3590:
3544:
3490:
3105:
3096:
2804:
2718:
Lonsway, Kimberly A.; Fitzgerald, Louise F. (1994). "Rape Myths: In Review".
2420:
2183:
2110:
2037:
1087:
media can come in forms of movies, music, advertising, video games and more.
7048:
7043:
5987:"RAINN Urges White House Task Force to Overhaul Colleges' Treatment of Rape"
5964:
5737:
5202:"Producer Amy Ziering on Investigating College Rape in 'The Hunting Ground'"
4887:
4055:
Jackson Katz, "Tough Guise" videorecording, Media Education Foundation, 2002
3909:
3849:
3606:
Asking For It: The Alarming Rise of Rape Culture-and What We Can Do About It
1677:
1631:
people in the world, who simply do not care about following laws or obeying
1620:
1454:
1031:
852:
580:
107:
97:
92:
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5354:
5278:
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4552:
4342:
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3857:
3813:
3714:
3677:
3552:
3498:
3123:
3080:"Sexual violence against women: Understanding cross-cultural intersections"
2822:
2289:
2045:
1948:
6833:
5795:
5456:
5444:
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
5034:"Does Rape Culture Predict Rape? Evidence from U.S. Newspapers, 2000â2013"
2610:
1138:
movement aims to challenge victim blaming, slut shaming and rape culture.
19:
This article is about the concept of rape culture. For the 1975 film, see
7197:
7192:
6763:
5049:
1851:
See Peggy Reeves Sanday's essay "Rape and the Silencing of the Feminine".
1731:
1671:
1571:
1462:
1414:
1379:
recognized as such and thus are not thought to be unacceptable behavior.
1339:
committed by a tiny number of repeat perpetrators. According to Director
1135:
1057:
Feminists frequently link rape culture to the widespread distribution of
1013:
958:
826:
762:
744:
502:
2531:
2057:
2055:
5972:
5526:
Matchett, Sara; Cloete, Nicola (2015). "Performativities as Activism".
5466:
4651:
4605:
2075:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1512:
770:
6621:
6495:(1 September 2012). "Reclaiming the Feminist Politics of 'SlutWalk'".
5671:"Men blame women in western clothes: India's rape culture is thriving"
3669:
3632:
Boxelder bug variations: a meditation on an idea in language and music
3242:"Feds launch investigation into Swarthmore's handling of sex assaults"
2029:
1565:
There are societies in which rape is almost non-existent, such as the
1511:
has the highest raw number of rape reports among Indian states, while
991:", a term first used in print in 1982 by feminist writer and activist
7080:
5951:
Peletz, Michael G. (2005). "The King Is Dead; Long Live the Queen!".
3536:
3372:
Moore, Newlyn B.; Davidson, J. Kenneth Sr.; Fisher, Terri D. (2010).
3262:"Annual campus crime report may not tell true story of student crime"
1685:
1574:). The society of Minangkabau has an Islamic religious background of
1549:
1179:
1050:
1005:
716:
4084:. London: Sage Studies in International Sociology. pp. 113â142.
3831:
3786:
Schwartz, Richard H.; Milteer, Regina; LeBeau, Marc A. (June 2000).
2762:
Herman, Dianne F. (1989). "The Rape Culture". In Freeman, Jo (ed.).
796:
The first published use of the term appears to have been in 1974 in
6180:
Gilbert, Neil (JanâFeb 1998). "Realities and mythologies of rape".
3282:
1747:
women everywhere and that it should not only focus on urban women.
829:
and sexual violence and one of the pillars of modern rape studies.
6779:
Buchwald, Emilie; Fletcher, Pamela R.; Roth, Martha, eds. (1993).
6442:
5897:. The University of Oklahoma. Department of Sociology. pp. 26â28.
4483:. Ed. Bruce P. Dohrenwend. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. N. pag. Print.
2838:"Why many sexual assault survivors may not come forward for years"
1714:
1557:
sentenced six men (including the four rapists) to death for rape.
1404:
1145:
6405:"Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific"
5881:"Pakistani rape survivor turned education crusader honored at UN"
1289:. While research about rape culture has been mostly conducted in
7033:
4003:"Good Girls: Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on Campus"
1628:
708:
39:
6935:
6931:
6693:
3763:
Fraternity gang rape: sex, brotherhood, and privilege on campus
2597:
Norsigian, Judy (20 January 1975). "Women, Health, and Films".
2062:
Baxi, Upendra (August 2002). "The Second Gujarat Catastrophe".
1925:(ed. Jo Freeman). McGraw Hill, 1994. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
1615:
has described concerns about rape culture as "ridiculous" and "
6329:. In Buchwald, Emilie; Fletcher, Pamela; Roth, Martha (eds.).
5796:"Violence against women in Pakistan: a framework for analysis"
4129:"America's Rape Problem: We Refuse to Admit That There Is One"
3027:. In Buchwald, Emilie; Fletcher, Pamela; Roth, Martha (eds.).
879:
32:
Rape rates (police reported) per 100,000 population, 2010â2012
6906:"PFOP: Courts Offered Women Few Protections in Cases of Rape"
6843:"Rape Myths, Rape Definitions, and Probability of Conviction"
6595:
1320:
In the realm of the arts, Lady Gaga's award-nominated song, "
6800:
Burt, M. R. (1980). "Cultural Myths and Supports for Rape".
3736:
Reddington, Frances P.; Kreisel, Betsy Wright, eds. (2005).
1437:
On 6 August 2016, four women staged a silent protest at the
1793:
Campaign against the Lebanese rape-marriage law Article 522
1515:
has the highest per capita rate of rape reports in cities.
1107:
6095:", Macleans, 16 November 2013; URL accessed 16 August 2015
5863:"Pakistani Woman Who Shattered Stigma of Rape got Married"
2140:(1st ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p.
751:. Entire societies have been alleged to be rape cultures.
723:. Behaviors commonly associated with rape culture include
5032:
Baum, Matthew A.; Dara Kay Cohen; Yuri M. Zhukov (2018).
2766:(4th ed.). Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield Pub. Co.
1110:, victim blaming is a systemic problem in many regional
6726:"Sex and the Barrio: A Clash of Faith in Latin America"
3460:"Why Does Popular Culture Treat Prison Rape As a Joke?"
3376:. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 358.
1699:
media and academia. The report came in response to the
903:
781:
The term "rape culture" was first used in the 1970s by
6356:"'Rape culture' fanatics don't know what a culture is"
6176:
6174:
3825:
3823:
6540:"Will SlutWalks Change the Meaning of the Word Slut?"
3977:"Slut-shaming has little to do with sex, study finds"
3765:(2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press.
3057:"Sexual Face of Violence: Rapists on Rape (abstract)"
3018:
3016:
6872:"Chapter 10 Foodball Stadiums as Patriarchal Spaces"
6437:
6435:
6093:
Camille Paglia on Rob Ford, Rihanna and rape culture
3184:
Ritzer, George; Ryan, J. Michael (3 December 2010).
7252:
7226:
7168:
6969:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
4769:
4767:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4037:. Women Against Violence Against Women. 29 May 2013
3740:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
6904:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5824:
2592:
2590:
2479:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.
1421:. This put rape in universities in the spotlight.
6880:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 169â182.
6841:Burt, Martha R. & Albin, Rochelle S. (1981).
6466:"Cop apologizes for 'sluts' remark at law school"
6258:Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women
6196:Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women
5118:"An Unblinking Look at Sexual Assaults on Campus"
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4031:"SlutWalk Vancouver: A march to end rape culture"
3374:Speaking of Sexuality: Interdisciplinary Readings
16:Society in which rape is pervasive and normalised
5926:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp.
4237:
4235:
4160:"Steubenville case highlights U.S. rape culture"
3158:. University of California Davis. Archived from
1808:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
204:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
5840:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. 1999.
5803:The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
5328:
5326:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4080:Lippmann-Blumen, Jean; Bernard, Jessie (1979).
3933:Reshaping Responses to Victims of Violent Crime
3788:"Drug-facilitated sexual assault ('date rape')"
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
1166:, have said that it is intrinsically linked to
1034:, which requires colleges to report on crimes.
6620:Ringrose, Jessica; Renold, Emma (1 May 2012).
6379:"Orientalist Feminism Rears its Head in India"
5629:"Rape Culture and Sexism in Globalising India"
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5228:
5226:
5224:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4098:Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
1561:Societies in which rape is almost non-existent
6947:
4393:"Study to assess sexual violence court pilot"
3608:. Boston, MA: Da Capo Press. pp. 11â13.
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2571:. Cambridge Documentary Films. Archived from
1535:A notable case occurred in 2002. 30-year-old
893:The examples and perspective in this article
681:
8:
6803:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4872:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 84â101.
2250:The Legal Response to Violence against Women
754:The notion of rape culture was developed by
6153:"Researching the "Rape Culture" of America"
5789:
5787:
5785:
5633:Sur - International Journal on Human Rights
4976:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 175.
4524:
4522:
4491:
4489:
2969:A Woman Scorned: Acquaintance Rape on Trial
1937:Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
1828:Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal
839:released in 1975. Produced and directed by
6954:
6940:
6932:
6497:International Feminist Journal of Politics
5913:
5911:
4905:. Princeton University Press. p. 190.
2872:Gordon, Margaret T., and Stephanie Riger.
1150:A protester's sign refers to rape culture.
949:, reluctance by authorities to go against
688:
674:
35:
7260:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
6815:
6728:. World Policy Institute. 7 December 2010
6066:. RAINN. 28 February 2014. Archived from
5465:
5455:
5438:Koraan, R.; Geduld, A. (1 January 2015).
5314:
5268:
5258:
4730:The International Journal of Human Rights
4447:Journal of Applied Communication Research
4122:
4120:
4118:
3635:. Minneapolis, Minn.: Milkweed Editions.
3437:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 111.
3431:Odem, Mary E.; Clay-Warner, Jody (1998).
3113:
3095:
3078:Kalra, Gurvinder; Bhugra, Dinesh (2013).
2942:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2812:
2530:
2353:Feminist Alliance Against Rape Newsletter
1596:Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network
1409:2004 anti-rape march at Rhodes University
1314:Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network
926:Learn how and when to remove this message
6106:It's Time to End 'Rape Culture' Hysteria
4870:Rape: An Historical and Cultural Enquiry
3226:Anderson, Irina; Doherty, Kathy (2008).
3211:Anderson, Irina; Doherty, Kathy (2008).
3137:anderson, irina; doherty, kathy (2008).
2874:The Female Fear: The Social Cost of Rape
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1638:Caroline Kitchens, in a 2014 article in
27:
6333:. Milkweed Editions. pp. 351â357.
4067:Oppression, Privilege, & Resistance
3426:
3424:
2836:Ordway, Denise-Marie (5 October 2018).
2685:: Seven Stories Press. pp. 71â79.
2347:Freada Klein (NovemberâDecember 1974).
1863:
1844:
515:
467:
327:
231:
165:
45:
38:
7265:False allegation of child sexual abuse
6785:. Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions.
6615:
6613:
6566:"Slutwalk Joburg takes to the streets"
6302:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
5530:. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 17â29.
5528:African Theatre 14: Contemporary Women
5038:Quarterly Journal of Political Science
4918:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
4153:
4151:
4149:
3281:Ketterling, Jean (23 September 2011).
3190:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 493.
2166:Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape
1684:have appropriated the term to promote
1543:) was gang raped on the orders of the
1008:are commonly employed to validate and
1004:Chris O'Sullivan asserts that acts of
715:due to that setting's attitudes about
6422:"How many men in Asia admit to rape?"
6122:The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
3970:
3968:
3564:
3562:
3518:
3516:
3399:"Feminism, Moralism, and Pornography"
3187:The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology
3050:
3048:
3031:. Milkweed Editions. pp. 23â30.
2383:"Letters to the Editor: Speaking Out"
2319:. New American Library. p. 105.
2215:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
817:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
806:and Cassandra Wilson as a project of
7:
6865:from the original on 5 January 2013.
6847:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
5627:Krishnan, Kavita (3 December 2015).
4500:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
4481:Adversity, Stress, and Psychotherapy
4065:Heldke, Lisa; O'Connor, Peg (2004).
2317:Rape: the first sourcebook for women
1993:. High Plains Reader. Archived from
953:cultural norms, as well as fears of
799:Rape: The First Sourcebook for Women
7024:Genital modification and mutilation
5172:Scheer, Robert (26 December 2015).
4162:. The Massachusetts Daily Collegian
4127:Valenti, Jessica (4 January 2013).
3434:Confronting Rape and Sexual Assault
3025:"Fraternities and The Rape Culture"
2514:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
2450:. Milkweed Editions. pp. 1â4.
1798:Exploitation of women in mass media
1507:According to NCRB 2015 statistics,
1037:Rape culture is closely related to
703:is a setting, as described by some
6859:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00739.x
5794:Ali, PA; Gavino, MI (April 2008).
5669:Dhillon, Amrit (8 December 2017).
5650:Sharma, Smita (28 February 2017).
5116:Barnes, Brooks (25 January 2015).
4513:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01571.x
4158:Sparks, Hannah (22 January 2013).
3583:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00368.x
2972:. University of California Press.
2732:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x
984:among some people into the 1990s.
897:include all significant viewpoints
14:
7234:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
7121:in education in the United States
6919:from the original on 21 June 2016
6874:. In Bruey, Veronica Fynn (ed.).
6464:Rush, Curtis (18 February 2011).
5760:Staff writer (1 September 2016).
5559:Pather, Ra'eesa (6 August 2016).
5316:10.17159/2413-3108/2010/v0i34a874
5200:Keslassy, Elsa (8 January 2016).
4827:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
4776:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
4010:American Sociological Association
3694:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
3479:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
2903:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
2793:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1966:. Rape Resistance. Archived from
1890:. Charles C Thomas. p. 134.
825:is considered a landmark work on
7278:
7213:Sociobiological theories of rape
6870:Chiweshe, Manase Kudzai (2021).
6538:Gibson, Megan (12 August 2011).
5893:Spivak, Andrew Lawrence (2007).
5861:Masood, Salman (17 March 2009).
5335:African Journal of AIDS Research
5144:Lowman, Rob (25 February 2015).
5021:. North Dakota State University.
3806:10.1097/00007611-200093060-00002
2993:Warshaw, Robin (1 August 1988).
2252:. New York: Garland Pub., 1997.
2091:Women's Studies in Communication
1393:women at greater risk of rape.
884:
655:
255:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6877:Patriarchy and Gender in Africa
6674:. generocity. 19 September 2014
6542:. TIME Magazine. Archived from
6377:Gupta, Amith (2 January 2013).
6108:. Time Magazine, 20 March 2014.
6057:"WH Task Force Recommendations"
4945:Aggression and Violent Behavior
2876:. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1991.
1989:Steffes, Micah (January 2008).
7244:Sexually violent predator laws
6594:. Slutwalk NYC. Archived from
5997:. 6 March 2014. Archived from
4372:. Springer Nature America, Inc
3975:Taylor, Marisa (29 May 2014).
3658:Research in Nursing and Health
3403:New York Law School Law Review
2523:10.1111/b.9781405124331.2007.x
1873:The Sexualization of Childhood
1689:stereotypes of South Asian men
1023:University of California Davis
1:
7188:Effects and aftermath of rape
6327:"Seduced By Violence No More"
5702:10.1080/1461670X.2017.1301781
5588:10.1080/01419870.2017.1322707
5347:10.2989/16085906.2002.9626548
5307:South African Crime Quarterly
4335:10.1080/00224499.2017.1295014
4001:Armstrong, Elizabeth (2014).
3898:Psychology of Women Quarterly
3761:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2007).
3458:Anna Clark (16 August 2009).
3310:Criminal Justice and Behavior
2966:Reeves Sanday, Peggy (1997).
2936:Diana E. H. Russell (1990) .
2764:Women: a feminist perspective
2720:Psychology of Women Quarterly
2409:Psychology of Women Quarterly
2172:Psychology of Women Quarterly
2103:10.1080/07491409.2018.1463769
2064:Economic and Political Weekly
1923:Women: A Feminist Perspective
1355:In a 2011 study conducted by
6769:Resources in other libraries
6638:10.1080/09540253.2011.645023
6509:10.1080/14616742.2012.699776
5260:10.1371/journal.pone.0029590
3876:Just Detention International
3571:Human Communication Research
3343:Anderson, Janet (May 2001).
3084:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
2517:. Blackwell Publishing Inc.
1695:) as being prone to rape in
1283:estimates of sexual violence
743:and in conflict areas where
478:Marital rape laws by country
6903:Kemp, Bill (19 June 2016).
6782:Transforming a Rape Culture
6668:"March to end rape culture"
6331:Transforming a Rape Culture
6126:. Wiley-Blackwell. p.
6030:. p. 2. Archived from
5922:Evolution, Gender, and Rape
5731:Staff writer (9 May 2017).
4688:The Journal of Sex Research
4082:Sex roles and social policy
3322:10.1177/0093854898025001002
3289:. Canadian University Press
3029:Transforming a Rape Culture
2624:Follet, Joyce (2004â2005).
2511:. In Ritzer, George (ed.).
2446:Transforming a Rape Culture
1991:"The American Rape Culture"
995:. A book by Robin Warshaw,
849:Cambridge Documentary Films
445:Russian invasion of Ukraine
7387:
6826:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
6242:, Harper & Row, 1988 (
4930:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.004
4839:10.1177/088626093008004005
3023:O'Sullivan, Chris (1993).
2915:10.1177/088626093008004005
2507:Wiliams, Joyce E. (2007).
2217:. Ballantine, 1975. Print
1964:"Resisting a Rape Culture"
1472:
1304:
1237:
808:New York Radical Feminists
539:Sexual violence statistics
18:
7273:
7183:Causes of sexual violence
6915:. Bloomington, Illinois.
6764:Resources in your library
6306:Feminism is for Everybody
6151:Sommers, Christina Hoff.
5675:The Sydney Morning Herald
5576:Ethnic and Racial Studies
5390:10.1080/14725840701253894
4970:Merril, D. Smith (2004).
4957:10.1016/j.avb.2019.08.017
4742:10.1080/13642980902758135
4700:10.1080/00224499909552009
4459:10.1080/00909880903233150
3837:Journal of Women's Health
3629:Buchwald, Emilie (1985).
3153:"Defining a Rape Culture"
2842:The Journalist's Resource
2471:Smith, Merril D. (2004).
2132:Smith, Merril D. (2004).
1818:Rape in the United States
1307:Rape in the United States
400:Bangladesh Liberation War
6909:. A Page from Our Past.
6385:. Arab Studies Institute
6255:Christina Hoff Sommers,
6193:Christina Hoff Sommers,
4788:10.1177/0886260507313529
4636:Struckman-Johnson, Cindy
4590:Struckman-Johnson, Cindy
4545:10.1177/1077801214552912
4292:10.1177/1077801216642871
4257:10.1177/0964663916647442
4245:Social and Legal Studies
3793:Southern Medical Journal
3707:10.1177/0886260511403761
3491:10.1177/0886260509354503
3215:. Routledge. p. 13.
3097:10.4103/0019-5545.117139
2805:10.1177/0886260520978190
2799:(11â12): NP8916âNP8940.
2652:Journal of Social Issues
2421:10.1177/0361684311404307
2184:10.1177/0361684311404307
2018:Gender & Development
1429:On 14 February 2012 the
1279:law enforcement agencies
865:Journal of Social Issues
493:False accusation of rape
219:Sociobiological theories
6428:. BBC. 1 November 2013.
5965:10.1525/ae.2005.32.1.39
5089:Marriott, Emma (2016).
4901:Sielke, Sabine (2002).
4397:New Zealand Law Society
4323:Journal of Sex Research
3910:10.1111/1471-6402.00049
3872:"Prisoner Rape Culture"
3850:10.1089/jwh.2005.14.201
3230:. Routledge. p. 5.
3141:. Routledge. p. 4.
1871:Olfman, Sharna (2009).
1803:Misogyny and mass media
1660:Other writers, such as
1026:on women through fear.
214:Secondary victimisation
166:Effects and motivations
7366:Violence against women
7331:Feminism and sexuality
6239:I Never Called It Rape
6091:Teitel, Emma (2013). "
5546:10.7722/j.ctt1814gk2.7
5151:Los Angeles Daily News
5092:Violence Against Women
4532:Violence Against Women
4280:Violence Against Women
4069:. Boston: McGraw Hill.
3604:Harding, Kate (2015).
3397:Willis, Ellen (1993).
3283:"Rape culture is real"
2996:I Never Called It Rape
2290:10.1080/02732170121403
1949:10.1075/jlac.2.2.01att
1875:. ABC-CLIO. p. 9.
1728:
1719:The first SlutWalk in
1650:Christina Hoff Sommers
1605:
1410:
1151:
1080:sexual objectification
998:I Never Called It Rape
855:and author and artist
733:sexual objectification
591:Rape and revenge films
549:Military sexual trauma
405:Sierra Leone Civil War
33:
6694:"Amber Rose SlutWalk"
6287:HQ1154.S613 1994
6225:HQ1154.S613 1994
6104:Kitchens, C. (2014).
5457:10.4314/pelj.v18i5.23
5450:(5): 1930â1952â1952.
3247:Philadelphia Inquirer
2611:10.1300/J013v01n01_07
2278:Sociological Spectrum
1839:Explanatory footnotes
1718:
1600:
1408:
1322:Til It Happens to You
1149:
787:consciousness-raising
783:second-wave feminists
756:second-wave feminists
749:psychological warfare
636:Sexual trauma therapy
508:Sexual consent in law
483:Marry-your-rapist law
363:Occupation of Germany
174:Effects and aftermath
88:Drug-facilitated rape
31:
7361:Violence against men
7336:Feminist terminology
7208:Rape trauma syndrome
7014:Cybersex trafficking
6626:Gender and Education
6354:Barbara Kay (2014).
6325:hooks, bell (1993).
6263:Simon & Schuster
6201:Simon & Schuster
6073:on 20 September 2016
5953:American Ethnologist
5050:10.1561/100.00016124
4973:Encyclopedia of Rape
4101:. Pine Forge Press.
4095:Ryle, Robyn (2011).
3361:on 20 November 2011.
3165:on 27 September 2013
2999:. Harper & Row.
2678:The Culture Struggle
2475:Encyclopedia of Rape
2213:Brownmiller, Susan.
2136:Encyclopedia of Rape
1701:2012 Delhi gang rape
1555:anti-terrorism court
1502:2012 Delhi gang rape
1301:In the United States
1287:dark figure of crime
967:"just-world" fallacy
791:Alexandra Rutherford
449:Israeli-Palestinian
395:Sri Lankan Civil War
376:Liberation of France
194:Rape trauma syndrome
189:Rape crisis movement
83:Cybersex trafficking
7346:Human rights abuses
7239:Laws regarding rape
7019:Forced prostitution
6698:Amber Rose SlutWalk
6572:. 23 September 2011
6493:Nandi, Subhalakshmi
5509:"Rhodes University"
5251:2011PLoSO...629590J
4997:Kelner, Alexandra.
4370:Scientific American
3931:Coates, L. (2006).
3525:Aggressive Behavior
3287:The Xaverian Weekly
3228:Accounting for Rape
3213:Accounting for Rape
3139:Accounting for Rape
2381:(11 October 1998).
2359:on 21 November 2017
1997:on 24 November 2012
1917:Herman, Dianne F. "
1833:Separatist feminism
1773:Marcha de las Putas
1528:rapes in Pakistan.
1291:developed countries
904:improve the article
707:theories, in which
554:Preventive measures
184:Pregnancy from rape
153:Unacknowledged rape
113:Live streaming rape
21:Rape Culture (film)
7002:Child prostitution
6992:Child exploitation
6491:Borah, Rituparna;
6443:"SlutWalk Toronto"
6184:, v35, n2, p356(7)
6159:on 9 February 2014
5867:The New York Times
5767:The Indian Express
5690:Journalism Studies
5616:. 8 November 2017.
5614:Human Rights Watch
5378:African Identities
5123:The New York Times
4652:10.1007/BF00290011
4606:10.1007/BF00290011
3981:Al Jazeera America
2599:Women & Health
2575:on 18 January 2012
2248:Maschke, Karen J.
1970:on 13 January 2013
1729:
1619:", an artifact of
1576:complementarianism
1431:One Billion Rising
1411:
1332:The Hunting Ground
1327:The Hunting Ground
1295:religious settings
1152:
576:Rape crisis centre
524:Anti-rape movement
498:Rape investigation
66:Child sexual abuse
34:
7293:
7292:
7133:Sexual misconduct
7111:Sexual harassment
7007:Child sex tourism
6997:Child pornography
6792:978-1-57131-204-4
6750:Library resources
6672:Generocity Philly
6598:on 7 October 2011
6546:on 13 August 2011
5696:(12): 1750â1766.
5582:(11): 1952â1970.
4539:(11): 1299â1320.
4507:(19): 1719â1734.
4364:Russo, Francine.
4222:Albany Law Review
4108:978-1-4129-6594-1
3701:(18): 3618â3639.
3670:10.1002/nur.20234
3615:978-0-7382-1702-4
3485:(11): 2010â2035.
3444:978-0-8420-2599-7
3197:978-1-4443-9264-7
2660:978-0-8153-2519-2
2151:978-0-313-32687-5
2070:(34): 3519â3531.
2030:10.1080/741922834
1962:Rozee, Patricia.
1693:Arabs and Muslims
1633:social convention
1419:Rhodes University
1395:Intersectionality
1246:Toxic masculinity
1240:Toxic masculinity
1172:Iris Marion Young
989:acquaintance rape
936:
935:
928:
908:discuss the issue
870:Against Our Will.
845:Renner Wunderlich
812:Susan Brownmiller
777:Origins and usage
711:is pervasive and
698:
697:
626:Sexual harassment
338:Armenian genocide
158:Rape by deception
56:Acquaintance rape
7378:
7351:Radical feminism
7326:Cultural studies
7311:1970s neologisms
7306:1960s neologisms
7283:
7282:
6977:Bride kidnapping
6956:
6949:
6942:
6933:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6908:
6899:
6866:
6837:
6819:
6796:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6722:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6617:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6439:
6430:
6429:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6366:on 9 March 2014.
6362:. Archived from
6351:
6345:
6344:
6322:
6316:
6295:
6289:
6253:
6247:
6234:
6228:
6191:
6185:
6178:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6155:. Archived from
6148:
6142:
6141:
6125:
6115:
6109:
6102:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6061:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6025:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5925:
5915:
5906:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5839:
5830:
5819:
5818:
5800:
5791:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5770:. Chennai, India
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5741:. Chennai, India
5728:
5722:
5721:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5298:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5262:
5230:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5076:Family Relations
5068:
5062:
5061:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4736:(2â3): 233â250.
4725:
4712:
4711:
4683:
4672:
4671:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4586:
4565:
4564:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4493:
4484:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4441:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4329:(4â5): 549â576.
4318:
4312:
4311:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4202:Abbate, Cheryl.
4199:
4193:
4192:
4189:RAND Corporation
4186:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4155:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4124:
4113:
4112:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3946:Farrell, Jason.
3943:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3537:10.1002/ab.20328
3520:
3511:
3510:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3354:. Archived from
3349:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3099:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3020:
3011:
3010:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2939:Rape in marriage
2933:
2927:
2926:
2898:
2885:
2870:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2673:Parenti, Michael
2669:
2663:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2545:. Archived from
2534:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2355:. Archived from
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2273:
2260:
2246:
2225:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1932:
1926:
1919:The Rape Culture
1915:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1852:
1849:
1782:
1758:Toronto, Ontario
1459:sexual cleansing
1425:National protest
1281:can differ from
1201:Effects on women
1192:tonic immobility
974:Against Our Will
972:Brownmiller, in
931:
924:
920:
917:
911:
888:
887:
880:
841:Margaret Lazarus
823:Against Our Will
690:
683:
676:
660:
659:
586:Rape pornography
571:Anti-rape device
529:Bodily integrity
516:Related articles
435:Syrian civil war
415:Rwandan genocide
385:Kashmir conflict
351:Italian campaign
329:During conflicts
290:Papua New Guinea
209:Weinstein effect
179:Factors involved
36:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7341:Feminist theory
7296:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7277:
7269:
7248:
7222:
7170:
7164:
7148:Sexual violence
7138:Sexual predator
7126:in the military
7106:Sexual grooming
7101:Sexual bullying
7091:Sex trafficking
6965:
6960:
6922:
6920:
6902:
6888:
6869:
6840:
6817:10.1.1.474.5745
6799:
6793:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6744:Further reading
6741:
6731:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6677:
6675:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6619:
6618:
6611:
6601:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6549:
6547:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6433:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6308:by bell hooks,
6296:
6292:
6254:
6250:
6236:Robin Warshaw,
6235:
6231:
6192:
6188:
6179:
6172:
6162:
6160:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6103:
6099:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5917:
5916:
5909:
5892:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5832:
5831:
5822:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5538:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5413:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5300:
5299:
5286:
5232:
5231:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5179:Huffington Post
5171:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4880:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4727:
4726:
4715:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4646:(3â4): 85â100.
4634:
4633:
4629:
4588:
4587:
4568:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4443:
4442:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4228:(3): 1059â1086.
4219:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4116:
4109:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:. 16 July 2013.
3267:Daily Nebraskan
3260:
3259:
3255:
3250:. 16 July 2013.
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
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3155:
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3146:
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3131:
3077:
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3014:
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2991:
2987:
2980:
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2964:
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2934:
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2899:
2888:
2871:
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2830:
2786:
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2697:
2695:
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2671:
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2649:
2645:
2635:
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2623:
2622:
2618:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
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2543:
2506:
2505:
2498:
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2470:
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2329:
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2310:
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2212:
2199:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1905:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1789:
1780:
1744:York University
1713:
1588:
1563:
1545:village council
1521:
1477:
1471:
1451:
1449:Cultural values
1427:
1403:
1390:Corrective rape
1353:
1351:In South Africa
1336:rape statistics
1309:
1303:
1275:Rape statistics
1270:
1242:
1236:
1203:
1144:
1128:
1093:
1073:
943:Michael Parenti
932:
921:
915:
912:
901:
889:
885:
878:
857:Emily Culpepper
779:
737:sexual violence
694:
654:
641:Sexual violence
631:Sexual predator
621:Sex trafficking
616:Sex and the law
606:Rape statistics
544:History of rape
488:Rape shield law
425:Darfur genocide
71:Corrective rape
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7384:
7382:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7298:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7285:Law portal
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7254:
7253:Related topics
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7218:Victim blaming
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7145:
7143:Sexual slavery
7140:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7096:Sexual assault
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7031:
7029:Money marriage
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6987:Child-on-child
6979:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6912:The Pantagraph
6900:
6886:
6867:
6853:(3): 212â230.
6838:
6810:(2): 217â230.
6797:
6791:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6710:
6685:
6659:
6632:(3): 333â343.
6609:
6583:
6557:
6530:
6503:(3): 415â421.
6483:
6456:
6431:
6413:
6396:
6369:
6346:
6340:978-0915943067
6339:
6317:
6290:
6248:
6229:
6186:
6170:
6143:
6137:978-1405183529
6136:
6110:
6097:
6084:
6048:
6012:
6001:on 6 June 2016
5978:
5943:
5937:978-0262201438
5936:
5907:
5886:
5872:
5853:
5846:
5820:
5809:(4): 198â203.
5781:
5752:
5723:
5680:
5661:
5642:
5639:(22): 255â259.
5619:
5601:
5566:
5551:
5536:
5518:
5499:
5490:
5481:
5430:
5421:
5411:
5384:(1): 111â124.
5368:
5322:
5284:
5245:(12): e29590.
5220:
5192:
5164:
5136:
5108:
5101:
5095:. p. 42.
5081:
5063:
5044:(3): 264â265.
5024:
5017:Burnett, Ann.
5009:
4989:
4982:
4962:
4935:
4924:(4): 182â188.
4908:
4893:
4878:
4860:
4833:(4): 502â511.
4817:
4782:(5): 600â615.
4763:
4713:
4694:(4): 369â373.
4673:
4627:
4566:
4518:
4485:
4472:
4453:(4): 465â485.
4409:
4391:Hagan, Linda.
4383:
4356:
4313:
4270:
4251:(5): 611â629.
4231:
4212:
4194:
4173:
4145:
4114:
4107:
4087:
4072:
4057:
4048:
4022:
3993:
3964:
3938:
3923:
3904:(2): 110â119.
3888:
3863:
3844:(3): 201â207.
3819:
3800:(6): 558â561.
3778:
3771:
3753:
3746:
3728:
3683:
3648:
3642:978-0915943067
3641:
3621:
3614:
3596:
3577:(2): 258â283.
3558:
3512:
3469:
3450:
3443:
3420:
3389:
3382:
3364:
3335:
3300:
3273:
3253:
3233:
3218:
3203:
3196:
3176:
3144:
3129:
3090:(3): 244â249.
3070:
3044:
3038:978-0915943067
3037:
3012:
3005:
2985:
2979:978-0520210929
2978:
2958:
2948:
2928:
2886:
2882:978-0029124901
2854:
2828:
2779:
2772:
2745:
2726:(2): 133â164.
2705:
2691:
2664:
2643:
2626:"LORETTA ROSS"
2616:
2586:
2569:"Rape Culture"
2560:
2549:on 9 June 2013
2541:
2509:"Rape Culture"
2496:
2490:978-0313326875
2489:
2463:
2457:978-0915943067
2456:
2434:
2415:(2): 342â347.
2399:
2387:New York Times
2379:Helen Benedict
2370:
2339:
2325:
2303:
2284:(2): 101â139.
2261:
2226:
2223:978-0449908204
2197:
2178:(2): 342â347.
2157:
2150:
2124:
2097:(2): 108â112.
2081:
2051:
2008:
1981:
1954:
1943:(2): 183â203.
1927:
1921:". Printed in
1903:
1897:978-0398071912
1896:
1878:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1727:, 3 April 2011
1712:
1709:
1613:Camille Paglia
1587:
1584:
1562:
1559:
1537:Mukhtaran Bibi
1520:
1517:
1509:Madhya Pradesh
1489:blames victims
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1450:
1447:
1426:
1423:
1402:
1399:
1352:
1349:
1302:
1299:
1269:
1266:
1238:Main article:
1235:
1234:Effects on men
1232:
1202:
1199:
1160:Michael Kimmel
1143:
1140:
1127:
1124:
1116:grooming gangs
1096:Victim blaming
1092:
1091:Victim blaming
1089:
1072:
1069:
1043:victim blaming
955:stigmatization
947:victim blaming
934:
933:
892:
890:
883:
877:
874:
862:In their 1992
804:Noreen Connell
778:
775:
725:victim blaming
696:
695:
693:
692:
685:
678:
670:
667:
666:
665:
664:
662:Law portal
652:
646:
645:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
567:
566:
559:Rape by gender
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
534:Date rape drug
531:
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315:United Kingdom
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201:
196:
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155:
150:
148:Statutory rape
145:
143:Sexual assault
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
103:Genocidal rape
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
79:
78:
68:
63:
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
15:
13:
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9:
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7372:
7371:Violent crime
7369:
7367:
7364:
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7319:
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7079:
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7067:
7065:
7062:
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7055:
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6380:
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6365:
6361:
6360:National Post
6357:
6350:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6314:0-89608-628-3
6311:
6307:
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6299:
6294:
6291:
6288:
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6280:
6279:0-684-80156-6
6276:
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6271:0-671-79424-8
6268:
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6218:
6217:0-684-80156-6
6214:
6210:
6209:0-671-79424-8
6206:
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6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6037:on 9 May 2019
6033:
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6013:
6000:
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5923:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5903:9780549397175
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5883:. 2 May 2006.
5882:
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5847:9780932885210
5843:
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5537:9781847011312
5533:
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5514:
5510:
5507:Terry, Gary.
5503:
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4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:(4): 426â51.
4285:
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4274:
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4262:
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4254:
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4232:
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3772:9780814740385
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3747:9780890893340
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3393:
3390:
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3383:9780195389494
3379:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3352:www.wcsap.org
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3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3058:
3055:Vogelman, L.
3051:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3006:9780060551261
3002:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2949:9780026061902
2945:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:(4): 502â11.
2908:
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2897:
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2883:
2879:
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2865:
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2798:
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2780:
2775:
2773:9780874848014
2769:
2765:
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2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2694:
2692:9781583227046
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2548:
2544:
2542:9781405124331
2538:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
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2510:
2503:
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2497:
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2328:
2326:9780452250864
2322:
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2307:
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2299:
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2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:9780815325192
2255:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Rape schedule
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1475:Rape in India
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:KwaZulu-Natal
1362:
1358:
1357:Rachel Jewkes
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:Don McPherson
1161:
1157:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:Maggie Oliver
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Sexualization
1071:Sexualization
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
993:Diana Russell
990:
985:
981:
977:
975:
970:
968:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
930:
927:
919:
909:
905:
899:
898:
891:
882:
881:
875:
873:
871:
867:
866:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
836:
830:
828:
824:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
794:
792:
788:
784:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
672:
671:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Rape schedule
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
565:
564:Rape of males
562:
561:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
514:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
470:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
377:
374:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Eastern Front
344:
343:
342:World War II
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
330:
326:
321:
320:United States
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
236:
235:
230:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
7203:Rape culture
7202:
7169:Sociological
7116:in education
7086:Revenge porn
6963:Sexual abuse
6921:. Retrieved
6910:
6876:
6850:
6846:
6807:
6801:
6781:
6755:Rape culture
6754:
6730:. Retrieved
6701:. Retrieved
6697:
6688:
6676:. Retrieved
6671:
6662:
6629:
6625:
6600:. Retrieved
6596:the original
6586:
6574:. Retrieved
6569:
6560:
6548:. Retrieved
6544:the original
6533:
6500:
6496:
6486:
6474:. Retrieved
6470:Toronto Star
6469:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6425:
6416:
6399:
6387:. Retrieved
6382:
6372:
6364:the original
6359:
6349:
6330:
6320:
6305:
6304:, quoted in
6301:
6293:
6265:, 1994, 22.
6256:
6251:
6237:
6232:
6203:, 1994, 22.
6194:
6189:
6181:
6161:. Retrieved
6157:the original
6146:
6121:
6113:
6100:
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6068:the original
6063:
6051:
6039:. Retrieved
6032:the original
6027:
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
5999:the original
5990:
5981:
5959:(1): 39â41.
5956:
5952:
5946:
5921:
5889:
5875:
5866:
5856:
5835:
5806:
5802:
5772:. Retrieved
5765:
5755:
5743:. Retrieved
5736:
5726:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5674:
5664:
5655:
5645:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5554:
5527:
5521:
5513:www.ru.ac.za
5512:
5502:
5493:
5484:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5424:
5414:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5341:(2): 87â95.
5338:
5334:
5306:
5242:
5238:
5211:. Retrieved
5205:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5177:
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5149:
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5121:
5111:
5091:
5084:
5075:
5066:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5019:Rape Culture
5018:
5012:
5006:. p. i.
4999:
4992:
4972:
4965:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4896:
4869:
4863:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4779:
4775:
4733:
4729:
4691:
4687:
4643:
4639:
4630:
4597:
4593:
4536:
4530:
4504:
4498:
4480:
4475:
4450:
4446:
4400:. Retrieved
4396:
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4369:
4359:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4248:
4244:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4197:
4188:
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4136:. Retrieved
4132:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4075:
4066:
4060:
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4034:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3955:. Retrieved
3951:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3875:
3866:
3841:
3835:
3797:
3791:
3781:
3762:
3756:
3737:
3731:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3664:(1): 76â85.
3661:
3657:
3651:
3631:
3624:
3605:
3599:
3574:
3570:
3531:(1): 14â20.
3528:
3524:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3463:
3453:
3433:
3411:. Retrieved
3406:
3402:
3392:
3373:
3367:
3356:the original
3351:
3345:"RAPE MYTHS"
3338:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3286:
3276:
3265:
3256:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3186:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3160:the original
3147:
3138:
3132:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3028:
2995:
2988:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2938:
2931:
2906:
2902:
2873:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2763:
2723:
2719:
2696:. Retrieved
2677:
2667:
2651:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2619:
2605:(1): 29â30.
2602:
2598:
2577:. Retrieved
2573:the original
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2532:10138/224218
2512:
2474:
2466:
2445:
2437:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2352:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2316:
2306:
2281:
2277:
2249:
2214:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2135:
2127:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2067:
2063:
2024:(3): 55â59.
2021:
2017:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1957:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1847:
1766:
1753:slut-shaming
1749:
1730:
1705:
1691:(as well as
1682:orientalists
1676:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1564:
1541:MukhtÄr MÄ'Ä«
1534:
1530:
1522:
1506:
1498:
1485:legal system
1478:
1452:
1436:
1428:
1412:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1361:Eastern Cape
1354:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1277:reported by
1271:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1168:gender roles
1156:Jackson Katz
1153:
1131:Slut shaming
1129:
1126:Slut shaming
1105:
1101:
1094:
1084:pornographic
1074:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1039:slut-shaming
1036:
1028:
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1014:misogynistic
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300:Saudi Arabia
224:Rape culture
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118:Marital rape
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5157:16 December
5078:: 66. 1980.
4951:: 180â189.
1740:campus rape
1668:Barbara Kay
1580:matrilineal
1567:Minangkabau
1525:patriarchal
1519:In Pakistan
1345:Amy Ziering
1285:due to the
1065:Prison rape
1059:pornography
1010:rationalize
747:is used as
741:prison rape
611:Rape threat
410:Bosnian War
390:Vietnam War
295:Philippines
240:Afghanistan
133:Serial rape
123:Prison rape
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7316:Corruption
7300:Categories
7178:Aggression
7153:Statistics
6896:1231547964
6703:18 October
6678:6 November
6602:18 October
6576:18 October
6570:Times LIVE
6550:18 October
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3169:18 October
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2847:16 January
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2168:quoted in
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6064:RAINN.org
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