Rape kit - Knowledge

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backlogs residing at police crime labs. These backlogs consist of both kits stored in evidence storage facilities, for which DNA analysis is not requested by investigating detectives, and those submitted for testing at crime lab facilities, but which have not been tested in a timely manner. Although authorities have struggled to address the backlog problem, their attempts have reportedly been hampered by funding issues and politics. As a consequence of these backlogs, assault survivors are often not informed of the status of their rape kit or their case.

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provide a right for the prompt testing of a kit. By contrast, the shortest statute of limitations in the US is three years, though many states do not have a statute of limitations for rape. Some states, including Washington and Idaho, have legislation in place that requires a tracking system allowing law enforcement, medical facilities, and survivors to check the status of kits throughout the entire process, from collection to analysis and final disposition, and for survivors to be notified if a decision is made not to test a kit or to its destruction.

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state as well as local governments to increase the ability of their DNA laboratories and decrease backlogs. The actual number of untested rape kits is undefined as of 2015 because there is no nationwide system set up to keep track of the cases. This can be attributed to the lack of a common definition of backlog, which can relate to cases not worked within a month of submission, or cases that have not been submitted to the forensic labs for analysis.

1659:, who has been raped multiple times by the same man over the course of fifteen years. Their investigation leads them to discover that the perpetrator has raped women all over the United States. The detectives attempt to contact the Special Victims Units in other cities, only to discover that most of them have never tested the majority of their collected rape kits. The episode was based on the real-life story of advocate and survivor Helena Lazaro. 1394: 1246: 1156: 1377:, which took effect in March 2015, victims also cannot be required to pay the upfront cost of the exam. States may still require victims to submit claims for the rape kit exams to their personal insurance providers, as long as they are not billed for a deductible or a copay. In the United States, several organizations have pledged millions of dollars in grants to help fund the analysis of rape kits in forensic laboratories. 653: 793:

such crimes meant that such evidence, when it was collected, was not preserved in a way that maintained its integrity. Goddard founded the Chicago-based Citizens Committee for Victim Assistance to address the issue, researching the process by consulting with medical professionals, law enforcement officials, members of the justice system, and scholars. Through her friendship with businesswoman

836:, the Chicago crime lab's chief microanalyst who worked on high-profile cases. This designation came about at Vitullo's insistence because, according to Vitullo's colleague, Marian Caporusso, forensic experts had "the final say-so for a lot of the design features." As a result, the press described the effort to create and implement the kits as a collaboration between Vitullo and Goddard. 1555:'s Sexual Assault Submissions Act (Senate Bill 3269) requires law enforcement agencies to submit all evidence collected by rape kits for laboratory analysis within 180 days after the effective date of October 15, 2010, with a written notice to the State Police. Illinois was the first state to adopt such a law, setting a precedent for other states to follow. As of January 1, 2011, the 1488:, providing an overview of deep problems nationwide and the contributing factors to ongoing bureaucratic difficulties. These backlogs and delays may lead to a lack of justice for victims, the report notes, and "in worst-case scenarios...lead to additional victimization by serial offenders or the incarceration of people wrongly convicted of a crime". Findings include: 1084:, which research suggests may help lead to an arrest. For example, a 2009 study examining sexual assault cases from two of 389 crime laboratories in the United States found that stranger-rape cases with forensic evidence were 24 times more likely to produce an arrest than stranger-rape cases without forensic evidence. 1623:

in order to address this concerns, after a decade of attempts by Denise Snyder, executive director of the D.C. Rape Crisis Center (DCRCC), to find a major hospital willing to host the program, most of whom either cited economic concerns or declined to respond to her inquiries. After Howard University

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In many acquaintance sexual assault cases, the accused assailant will defend the accusations as consensual encounters. In such cases, rape kit evidence that documents the victim's injuries, e.g., photographs of bruising, is a useful tool to corroborate allegations of non-consensual sexual contact. In

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embarked upon a crusade to create a comprehensive rape evidence collection kit and lobby for its adoption by law enforcement agencies. The lack of standardized protocol for correctly collecting such evidence, and the lack of understanding of or sympathy for those suffering the psychological trauma of

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Survey responses indicated that there may be some misunderstanding of the value of biological evidence. Forty-four percent of the law enforcement agencies said that one of the reasons they did not send evidence to the lab was that a suspect had not been identified. Fifteen percent said that they did

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In locations where rape kits are available, a lack of trained examiners may still impede the ability of victims to undergo timely sexual assault examinations. Shortages force victims to wait hours for an exam or to travel long distances in order to have a rape kit performed within the recommended 72

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authorizations in 2004 and 2008 provide additional funding to state and local jurisdictions to help clear their rape kit testing backlogs. As of 2014, the federal government estimates a nationwide backlog of 400,000 rape kits, including many from the 1990s when evidence was collected but not tested

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Conservative estimates indicate there are 200,000–400,000 untested rape kits in U.S. police departments, and large stockpiles of kits have been documented in over five dozen jurisdictions, sometimes totaling more than 10,000 untested rape kits in a single city. The federal DNA Initiative has helped

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One cause of the backlog of rape kits being tested is detectives and/or prosecutors failing to request a DNA analysis. When someone fails to request a DNA analysis, the kit sits in a police evidence storage facility untested. A rape kit is considered backlogged when it is not submitted for analysis

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Damaged evidence is something that is common among rape kits because survivors of sexual assault typically desire to wash themselves as soon as possible following an attack. Prior to the exam, it is desired that patients avoid using the rest room, combing their hair, bathing, changing their clothes

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of 2005 went into effect, requiring state governments who wish to continue receiving federal funding to pay for "Jane Doe rape kits" or "anonymous rape tests". These tests allow victims too traumatized to go to the police to undergo the procedure at hospitals. The hospitals maintain the collected

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The vast majority of sexual assaults are non-stranger (or "acquaintance") cases where the victim knows the assailant. While identifying a suspect is not at issue, the kit's forensic evidence can be used to confirm offender identity in acquaintance rape cases. The kits may also be used to determine

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report stated that it was not uncommon for labs to dispose of untested kits, sometimes illegally, in Colorado, Kentucky and North Carolina. As of 2016, no U.S. state provides a right to retain a rape kit until the expiration of the statute of limitations, and only six states and Washington, D.C.,

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In a study analyzing the status of Brazil's DNA database in 2015, researchers found 223 matches related to 78 serial rapists. At the time, the DNA database contained 650 profiles from one type of analysis of samples collected in rape kits—male autosomal STR profiles—and 420 profiles from a second

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Serial rape is defined as an assailant that has raped two or more victims. Serial rape may involve sexual partner violence or non-partner sexual violence, and it may be in the same family, in the same or different regions of a city, or in different cities or states. DNA collected by rape kits can

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In some cases, the rape kit does not yield DNA evidence and the forensic scientist is unable to develop a DNA profile of the assailant. This may be because the assailant did not leave DNA behind, or too much time passed before the victim had a rape kit exam performed, or the rape kit evidence may

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hospital emergency rooms incorporated its use into their standard practice for gathering trace evidence when treating rape victims. It consisted of a cardboard box containing items including swabs, slides and a small comb, and instructions for using them. Less than two years later, 215 hospitals

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In Texas, it is considered unnecessary to administer a rape kit after 72 hours following the attack, as it is considered unlikely for useful evidence to be collected, though other types of evidence may still be documented during the medical examination, such as survivor statements, and visible

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The cost of rape kits is a barrier to use in many locations where the victim is billed for the collection of forensic evidence. Collecting a rape kit reportedly costs upwards of $ 1,000. In some countries, reimbursement for the cost is contingent on the victim reporting the crime to police. In

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has the largest known rape kit backlog in the United States, with at least 12,669 languishing in storage facilities of the Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and 47 independent police departments in Los Angeles County, and "smaller, but not inconsiderable"

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Examiners then collect biological samples of semen, blood, saliva and other bodily fluids by swabbing the victim's genitals, rectum, mouth and body surfaces. Examiners also collect fingernail scrapings and pluck head and pubic hairs. If the facility has the means, and the victim consents, the

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led the Forensic DNA Research Institute of Federal District Civil Police to create a DNA database in 1998 containing evidence specifically collected in sexual assault cases. DNA matches in such databases not only aid in identifying the assailant where unknown to the victim, but also may help

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Rape kit examinations are performed by medical professionals, most commonly physicians and nurses. In some locations, examiners have received special training on performing sexual assault forensic exams. For example, many hospitals and health facilities in the United States and Canada have

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The present study also confirms prior research that shows a greater likelihood of filing a charge and reaching a conviction when injuries suffered by the victim are serious (Frazier and Haney, 1996; Spohn, Beichner, and Davis-Frenzel, 2001; Spohn and Holleran, 2001; McGregor et al., 2002;

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and the prosecution of a suspected assailant. DNA evidence can have tremendous utility for sexual assault investigations and prosecution by identifying offenders, revealing serial offenders through DNA matches across cases, and exonerating those who have been wrongly accused.

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since at least 1999, and was already followed at some health clinics, colleges and hospitals, and in the state of Massachusetts, many jurisdictions up until then refused to pay the estimated $ 800 cost of the rape examination without a police report filed by the victim.

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Upon completion, the rape kit is sealed and typically transferred to local law enforcement. In the United States, if the victim is undecided about reporting the rape, the kit may instead be stored at the exam facility or a law enforcement facility as an "anonymous" kit.

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within 10 days of the evidence being submitted. A second cause of the backlog is crime laboratory facilities receiving the rape kits and not testing them in a timely manner. The Joyful Heart Foundation, an anti-sexual violence charity founded by actress and activist

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have been improperly collected, stored or handled. Due to the backlog of sexual assault cases, forensic scientists have been challenged with the task of determining how to process the sexual assault kits effectively and within the statute of limitation on assaults.

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for analysis. Forensic scientists will try to develop a DNA profile of the assailant using the samples collected in the rape kit. If successful, the crime lab will search the DNA profile against the DNA profiles of convicted offenders and other crime scenes using a

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Stranger cases can take a longer time to identify the perpetrator because without forensic evidence, the case becomes significantly more difficult to prosecute. This is one of the main problems that many victims face when coming forward that they had been raped.

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present would attend to more immediate emergencies, such as births, after which the invasive exam would be performed by inexperienced residents, who made poor witnesses at trial. The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program was established in 2000 at

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tend to be unsympathetic to alleged rape victims. Detective Vincent Spriggs, of D.C. Metro P.D.'s Sexual Assault Unit, cites instances of false or unconvincing rape accusations, and requests for rape kits by women who wish to have pregnancy tests or the

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adopted the program, survivors encountered the problem of requiring police authorization before receiving a rape examination, which Snyder attributes to a desire to maintain low crime rates on the part of law enforcement agencies, whom, according to the

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In some locations, rape kits are destroyed before ever being tested and sometimes without notifying the victim. For victims of sexual assault in the United States, for example, the length of time for which a kit can go untested may be shorter than the

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Campbell, Rebecca; Feeney, Hannah; Fehler-Cabral, Giannina; Shaw, Jessica; Horsford, Sheena (December 23, 2015). "The National Problem of Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs): Scope, Causes, and Future Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice".

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Victims' access to rape kits is often limited. In many locations, the non-availability of rape kits prevents victims from obtaining medico-legal evidence that would otherwise aid in the criminal investigation and prosecution of their assailant. In

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In both stranger and non-stranger sexual assault cases, DNA testing of rape kit evidence and DNA database hits help identify serial sexual assaults. For example, a 2016 study of 900 previously untested rape kits in Detroit, Michigan found 259

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As an indicator of how widespread this problem has become, "18 percent of unsolved alleged sexual assaults that occurred from 2002 to 2007 contained forensic evidence that was still in police custody (not submitted to a crime lab for

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Across Illinois, where law enforcement and prosecutors handle sex crimes differently, a police backlog of nearly 8,000 rape kits accumulated between 1995 and 2009, only 20% of which were tested. Effective September 1, 2010, The

448: 1583:. As of 1999, New York City in particular harbored nearly 17,000 untested rape kits, which were eventually eliminated with outside labs. In 2007, the city opened a $ 290 million forensic biology lab. In 2015, the 990:

The process of collecting a rape kit is highly invasive and extremely time-consuming. The physical examination begins with the victim disrobing while standing on a large sheet of butcher paper, which collects any

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or cleaning up the scene of the assault. Most evidence needs to be collected within 72 hours to be viable, and patients are advised to either bring or wear the clothing they had on when attacked to the exam.

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found that rape kits were sometimes inappropriately used, missing proper specimens, or missing necessary forms. The study recommended improved training of health care workers to overcome these deficiencies.

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found that the majority of victims went to the hospital within 24 hours of a sexual assault, but did not receive a forensic medical examination because rape kits have yet to be introduced in the country.

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Campbell, R.; Feeney, H.; Pierce, S. J.; Sharma, D. B.; Fehler-Cabral, G. (March 27, 2016). "Tested at Last: How DNA Evidence in Untested Rape Kits Can Identify Offenders and Serial Sexual Assaults".

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hits, which included stranger and non-stranger sexual assault DNA profiles. Sixty-nine of the hits were serial sexual assault hits, 15 of which were acquaintance (non-stranger) sexual assault cases.

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One major challenge is that 43% of law enforcement agencies "do not have a computerized system for tracking forensic evidence, either in their inventory or after it is sent to the crime lab"

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evidence in a sealed envelope identified only by a number, unless police access its contents upon the victim's decision to press charges. While the practice had been recommended by the

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In the United States, rape kit costs, availability, proper implementation of the invasive exam, and backlogs have historically presented problems for victims of rape seeking justice.

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and the prosecution of a suspected assailant. It may also be used to exonerate the wrongly accused. The benefit of rape kit evidence depends in part on the character of the assault.

3878: 962:, the number of SANE programs has steadily increased throughout the world since its introduction in the United States in the 1970s. As of 2016, over 700 SANE programs exist in the 3904: 2425:

Parnis, Deborah; Janice, Du Mont (December 2002). "Examining the Standardized Application of Rape Kits: An Exploratory Study of Post-Sexual Assault Professional Practices".

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In a 2003 interview, Goddard related that through her work in a Chicago teen crisis center, she learned about the very low rate at which rapes resulted in prosecutions.

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de Heer, Brooke (February 2016). "A Snapshot of Serial Rape An Investigation of Criminal Sophistication and Use of Force on Victim Injury and Severity of the Assault".

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conference. Based on her presentation, the Department of Justice provided Goddard with funding to travel to help other states begin their own rape kit pilot programs.

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Ferreira, Samuel T.G.; Paula, Karla A.; Maia, Flávia A.; Svidizinski, Arthur E.; Amaral, Marinã R.; Diniz, Silmara A.; Siqueira, Maria E.; Moraes, Adriana V. (2015).

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administered, as an obstacle to more open use of the kits. In 2008, Howard University canceled the SANE program, after which it reopened under the supervision of the

3136: 1404: 1256: 1166: 1373:(VAWA), which requires states to pay for the cost of the rape kit regardless of the victim's decision to report the assault to the police. Under the more recent 3836: 3792: 1512: 1304:. Policies in some jurisdictions, such as Massachusetts, instruct that rape kits be destroyed as early as six months after they are initially stored. A 2016 1080:

In stranger sexual assault cases, the assailant is unknown to the victim. In such cases, rape kits may be instrumental in identifying the assailant through

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determine whether the assailant (known or unknown to the victim) is a serial rapist. These findings eventually may be made available for use in court.

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is a package of items used by medical, police or other personnel for gathering and preserving physical evidence following an instance or allegation of

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The problem of rape kit backlogs was employed as a significant plot point in "Behave", the September 29, 2010 episode of the television crime drama,

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had gained its first traction, and the media began to cover the reporting of rape and other forms of sexual assault, a sexual assault survivor named

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The kit was developed in Chicago in the mid-1970s, in order to provide a more uniform protocol for evidence collection after sexual assaults. While

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refers to the problem of untested sexual assault kits. The problem is twofold: it involves both the issue of rape kits not being submitted to

2567:"The use of DNA database of biological evidence from sexual assaults in criminal investigations: A successful experience in Brasília, Brazil" 358: 310: 3114: 2249:

Cowley, R.; Walsh, E.; Horrocks, J. (2014). "The role of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner in England: nurse experiences and perspectives".

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In other acquaintance cases, the assailant may deny that sexual intercourse occurred at all. In such cases, specimens that show either

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Corrigan, Rose (2013). "The New Trial by Ordeal: Rape Kits, Police Practices, and the Unintended Effects of Policy Innovation".

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In addition to facilitating the collection of biological samples and injuries, the kit guides the documentation of the victim's

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Badejoko, Olusegun; Anyabolu, Henry; Badejoko, Bolaji; Ijarotimi, Adebimpe; Kuti, Oluwafemi; Adejuyigbe, Ebunoluwa (2014).

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Davis, Robert C.; Wells, William (2019). "DNA testing in sexual assault cases: When do the benefits outweigh the costs?".

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Bill 5976 addresses victims' confidentiality rights and the timely processing of rape kit evidence. Both bills passed the

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who are trained to collect and preserve forensic evidence and to offer emotional support to the victim. According to the

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before each garment is individually packaged with sheets of paper between folds to protect against cross-contamination.

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Sommers, Ira; Baskin, Deborah (2011). "The Influence of Forensic Evidence on the Case Outcomes of Rape Incidents".

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Sommers, Ira; Baskin, Deborah (2011). "The Influence of Forensic Evidence on the Case Outcomes of Rape Incidents".

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A rape kit consists of small boxes, microscope slides and plastic bags for collecting and storing evidence such as

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is frequently credited as the developer of the first kit, it was originally researched and proposed to Vitullo by

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adopted Goddard's kit system in 1982. In 1984, Goddard gave a presentation about the Chicago pilot project at an

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injuries such as bruises, lacerations or bite marks, through visual inspection, photographs and transcription.

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Insufficiently trained examiners may also lead to deficiencies in rape kits. A study of rape kit collection in

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cases where the victim suffers a serious injury, filing charges and reaching convictions is more likely.

3619: 2489: 2103: 2062: 1763: 1610: 669: 631: 503: 478: 56: 2469: 2472:. Washington DC: Office for Victims of Crime, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. 2195: 1656: 1345: 1015: 911:

Swabs for collecting fluids from the lips, penile opening, cheeks, thighs, vagina, anus, and buttocks

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Self-sealing envelopes for preserving the victim's clothes, head hair, pubic hair, and blood samples

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On average, 50–60% of kits test positive for biological material that does not belong to the victim

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Mclean, Iain; L'Heureux, Stephan (2007). "Sexual assault aftercare services in Japan and the UK".

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The University of Akron Oral History of the Crime Victim Assistance Field: Video and Audio Archive

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Mclean, Ian; L'Heureux, Stephan (2007). "Sexual assault aftercare services in Japan and the UK".

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that may fall from the victim's body or clothes. The victim's clothing is carefully examined for

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NYS Sexual Offense And Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits/Training Video

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Sexual Assault: Information on Training, Funding, and the Availability of Forensic Examiners

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Medical professionals learn how to use a rape kit at Camp Phoenix near Kabul, Afghanistan.

816: 794: 636: 626: 616: 611: 601: 539: 483: 270: 240: 66: 2031: 1998: 1043:. For example, crime labs in the United States run DNA profiles through the three-tiered 3047:"Some States Throw Untested Rape Kits In The Trash. These Survivors Want To Change That" 1511:(CODIS) to share DNA matches among federal, state and local jurisdictions. The federal 3610: 3022: 2997: 2820: 2793: 1694: 1576: 996: 992: 975: 789: 705: 554: 529: 305: 265: 143: 138: 98: 3945: 3929: 3671: 3382: 3347: 2903: 2313: 2173: 1885: 1416: 1268: 1217: 1178: 1109: 1081: 963: 840: 833: 721: 596: 559: 351: 275: 255: 245: 128: 42: 3736:"Illinois Attorney General - Sexual Assault in Chicago - General Statistics Chicago" 3480:"Delays at forensic lab mean rape victims have to wait longer for cases to progress" 3438: 3145: 2704: 2454: 2408: 2278: 3707: 3693: 3183:"Rape kit inaccessibility a hurdle to justice for victims in Canada, say advocates" 2622:"Analyzing Approaches to the Backlog of Untested Sexual Assault Kits in the U.S.A." 1674: 1457: 1040: 591: 346: 219: 133: 113: 1818:

Campbell, Rebecca; Fehler-Cabral, Giannina; Bybee, Deborah; Shaw, Jessica (2017).

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New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services; Accessed October 13, 2010

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for DNA due to high costs and more primitive techniques available at the time.

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for testing and the related issue of crime labs not having enough resources to

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not submit evidence because "analysis had not been requested by a prosecutor".

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unit. In the episode, detectives investigate the case of a woman, played by

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Jina, Ruxana; Jewkes, Rachel; Christofides, Nicola; Smith, Joe H. (2011).

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deal primarily with the United States and Ireland and do not represent a

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Ort, Jennifer A. (September 2002). "The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner".

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help lead to identifying and arresting a person guilty of serial rape.

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Rape kits vary by location, but commonly include the following items:

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can send the rape kit, in whole or in part, to the forensic science

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The kit was first utilized in September 1978, according to a 1980

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examiner will also take photographs of genital injuries using a

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In 2011, the National Institute of Justice published a report,

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White sheets to catch physical evidence stripped from the body

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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The Road Ahead: Unanalyzed Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases

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Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series

2514:. The National Center for Victims of Crime. Archived from 2099:"Test Case: You're Not a Rape Victim Unless Police Say So" 1754:. Family Doctor. March 21, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 982:

has had a limited number of SANEs since as early as 2007.

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Comb used to collect hair and fiber from the victim's body

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faced similar hurdles until the 2005 reauthorization of

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Smith, Jordan Michael; AJ, Vicens (November 24, 2014).

2505:"Sexual Assault Kit Testing: What Victims Need to Know" 1961:"Marty Goddard Interview Transcript, February 26, 2003" 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1412: 1264: 1174: 3862:'SVU' Star Calls for Dallas to Clear Rape Kit Backlog" 3590: 3588: 3138:

Comprehensive Rape Kit Reform: A Legislative Handbook

839:

Based upon the effective use of the kits in Chicago,

3300:"Rape Victims Are Still Being Charged for Rape Kits" 3202: 3200: 2024:"Forensic Science Central Forensic Science Glossary" 932:

Nail pick for scraping debris from beneath the nails

3541: 3539: 3176: 3174: 2787: 2785: 1813: 1811: 1731:. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press. pp. 877–880. 1324:, for example, a study analyzing sexual assault in 3676:"SB 3269 - Sexual Assault Evidence Submission Act" 2945:"Making Sense of DNA Backlogs-- Myths vs. Reality" 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2358:Baker, Thomas E.; Roberts, James C. (March 2015). 2332:"Here's What Happens When You Get a Rape Kit Exam" 3406:: Office on Violence Against Women. February 2014 2373: 2371: 2369: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 1685:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims 1333:hour timeframe. These effects have been seen in 200:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims 2718: 2716: 2714: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2543:Lenz, Erin J.; Foran, David R. (January 2015). 1780: 1778: 1776: 3461:"Forensic exam after a rape or sexual assault" 3243:United States Government Accountability Office 1955: 1953: 1581:Sexual Offense Evidence Collection (SOEC) kit 1401:The examples and perspective in this section 1253:The examples and perspective in this section 1163:The examples and perspective in this section 1097:whether the offender committed other crimes. 797:, Goddard acquired funding for the kits from 677: 27:Package to gather physical evidence of a rape 8: 3645:"Crime Summary: Chicago January-August 2010" 3502:"The Shocking Numbers on Untested Rape Kits" 2229:International Association of Forensic Nurses 1855: 1853: 1513:DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 1137:type of analysis—complete 23Y-STR profiles. 960:International Association of Forensic Nurses 728:. Today it is colloquially referred to as a 3564:"Anonymous Rape Tests Are Going Nationwide" 2155: 2153: 2151: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1651:, which depicts the operations of a police 3495: 3493: 3298:Caplan-Bricker, Nora (December 22, 2015). 3159:Swan, Sarah (2013). "Triangulating Rape". 1727:Pass, Allan D.; Embar-Seddon, Ayn (2009). 1419:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1271:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1181:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1030:The law enforcement agency conducting the 801:, the charity founded by Hefner's father, 684: 670: 31: 3907:. Joyful Heart Foundation. Archived from 3857:Stinchfield, Grant (September 22, 2010). 3113:. Joyful Heart Foundation. Archived from 3107:"Drafter's Checklist for Rape Kit Reform" 3021: 2922:Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network 2819: 2809: 2636: 2582: 2420: 2418: 2200:Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network 2140:Jones, Helen (January 2015). "Rape kit". 2068:Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network 1967:. The University of Akron. Archived from 1792:. Joyful Heart Foundation. Archived from 1435:Learn how and when to remove this message 1287:Learn how and when to remove this message 1197:Learn how and when to remove this message 2538: 2536: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 1764:"Sexual Abuse and Assault Against Women" 3478:MacNamee, Garreth (February 16, 2019). 3269:"Recovering of DNA evidence after rape" 3262: 3260: 3002:Forensic Science International: Synergy 2756:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 2325: 2323: 2030:. The Forensics Library. Archived from 1930:Freudenheim, Betty (December 2, 1978). 1710: 1507:The federal government established the 1116:) can be used to prove sexual contact. 1108:or specific enzymes that are unique to 1068:Rape kit evidence can aid the criminal 908:Bags and sheets for evidence collection 511: 463: 323: 227: 161: 41: 34: 3059:from the original on February 24, 2016 2547:. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science. 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1112:(enzymes prostatic acid phosphates or 956:sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs) 762:sexual offense evidence collection kit 754:sexual assault evidence collection kit 3689:"Rape Kit Backlog Hits Primetime SVU" 3207:Paquette, Danielle (April 19, 2016). 3161:NYU Review of Law & Social Change 3045:Kingkade, Tyler (February 24, 2016). 2620:Wang, Can; Wein, Lawrence M. (2018). 1999:"The Story Behind the First Rape Kit" 1997:Ravitz, Jessica (November 21, 2015). 1648:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 7: 2968:National Center for Victims of Crime 2794:"Sexual assault in Ile-Ife, Nigeria" 1700:Sexual Assault Survivors' Rights Act 746:sexual assault forensic evidence kit 3404:United States Department of Justice 2964:United States Department of Justice 2427:Health Care for Women International 2142:Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science 1860:Shelby, Renee (December 24, 2018). 1367:sexual assault in the United States 914:Sterile urine collection containers 3678:. 2010. Illinois Municipal League. 3595:Larsen, Rozanne (August 5, 2011). 2330:Alter, Charlotte (July 17, 2014). 25: 3789:New York County District Attorney 3658:. 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 3273:The South African Medical Journal 2918:"Addressing the Rape Kit Backlog" 2876:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2669:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2545:Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) 1585:New York County District Attorney 1557:Illinois House of Representatives 1064:Influence on sexual assault cases 3687:Ruben, Susan (October 6, 2010). 3500:Carmon, Irin (August 12, 2010). 3245:(Report). March 2016. GAO-16-334 3181:Kane, Laura (October 12, 2015). 2174:10.1097/00000446-200209000-00026 2107:. p. 2 of 3. Archived from 1904:Kennedy, Pagan (June 17, 2020). 1563:unanimously, and were signed by 1392: 1339:rural areas in the United States 1244: 1154: 651: 251:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3936:1978 establishments in Illinois 3562:Wyatt, Kristen (May 13, 2008). 3439:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.031 2162:The American Journal of Nursing 1906:"The Rape Kit's Secret History" 1786:"What is the Rape Kit Backlog?" 1478:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1049:sexual assault crimes in Brazil 974:. SANEs were introduced in the 825:across Illinois were using it. 3427:Forensic Science International 3185:. The Canadian Press. CTV News 2862:Ingemann-Hansen et al., 2008). 2483:Hess, Amanda (April 7, 2010). 2097:Hess, Amanda (April 9, 2010). 1579:, a rape kit is also known as 1533:According to a 2009 report by 832:after Chicago police sergeant 770:physical evidence recovery kit 1: 2960:National Institute of Justice 2381:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 3014:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.10.003 2625:Journal of Forensic Sciences 2599:"Frequently Asked Questions" 2584:10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.235 2263:10.1097/JFN.0000000000000026 474:Marital rape laws by country 3820:. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 3533:. October 18, 2010. Page 4. 3527:"Hargitay's Joyful Heart". 2362:. Salem Press Encyclopedia. 2251:Journal of Forensic Nursing 1770:. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 1471:As of May 2009 the federal 1415:, discuss the issue on the 1267:, discuss the issue on the 1220:all of the submitted kits. 1177:, discuss the issue on the 441:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3967: 3712:"Keeping Communities Safe" 2845:The Justice System Journal 2725:The Justice System Journal 1621:Howard University Hospital 1473:Violence Against Women Act 1371:Violence Against Women Act 535:Sexual violence statistics 3839:October 21, 2010, at the 3717:Illinois Attorney General 3656:Chicago Police Department 3340:10.1080/09555800701422852 2601:. Forensics for Survivors 2439:10.1080/07399330290112362 2306:10.1080/09555800701422852 2028:Forensic Science Glossary 1690:Rape in the United States 1669:Combined DNA Index System 1561:Illinois General Assembly 1509:Combined DNA Index System 1375:2013 VAWA reauthorization 1045:Combined DNA Index System 917:Sterile sample containers 396:Bangladesh Liberation War 3599:. Journalist's Resource. 3363:Law & Social Inquiry 2888:10.1177/0886260514556110 2811:10.4103/0300-1652.132065 2798:Nigerian Medical Journal 2681:10.1177/0886260516639585 2393:10.1177/1524838015622436 2125:. Pentok. Archived from 1878:10.1177/1362480618819805 944:Sterile water and saline 920:Blood collection devices 828:The kit became known as 784:In the 1970s, after the 489:False accusation of rape 215:Sociobiological theories 2638:10.1111/1556-4029.13739 2485:"What's In A Rape Kit?" 1866:Theoretical Criminology 1680:Forensic identification 1539:Los Angeles, California 210:Secondary victimisation 162:Effects and motivations 3818:Texas Attorney General 3783:(September 10, 2015). 2996:Houck, Max M. (2020). 2750:LeBeau, James (1987). 2225:"SANE Program Listing" 1824:Law and Human Behavior 1302:statute of limitations 863: 722:Martha 'Marty' Goddard 587:Rape and revenge films 545:Military sexual trauma 401:Sierra Leone Civil War 3724:on December 15, 2010. 3620:All Things Considered 2943:Nelson, Mark (2010). 2490:Washington City Paper 2196:"What Is a Rape Kit?" 2104:Washington City Paper 2063:"What is a Rape Kit?" 1611:Washington City Paper 861: 632:Sexual trauma therapy 504:Sexual consent in law 479:Marry-your-rapist law 359:Occupation of Germany 170:Effects and aftermath 84:Drug-facilitated rape 3911:on February 19, 2017 3832:(October 13, 2010). 3742:on December 15, 2010 3613:(January 26, 2014). 2977:on November 23, 2015 1657:Jennifer Love Hewitt 1413:improve this section 1265:improve this section 1175:improve this section 445:Israeli–Palestinian 391:Sri Lankan Civil War 372:Liberation of France 190:Rape trauma syndrome 185:Rape crisis movement 79:Cybersex trafficking 3795:on January 17, 2018 3214:The Washington Post 3117:on February 1, 2018 2521:on January 18, 2020 2468:Ledray, L. (1999). 1796:on February 1, 2018 1641:Depictions in media 1454:Republic of Ireland 1448:Republic of Ireland 986:Evidence collection 938:Documentation forms 854:Description and use 550:Preventive measures 180:Pregnancy from rape 149:Unacknowledged rape 109:Live streaming rape 3951:Forensic equipment 3766:2007-12-27 at the 3668:Hutchinson, Toi W. 3650:2011-07-25 at the 3550:Human Rights Watch 3148:on April 24, 2018. 2512:VictimsOfCrime.org 2123:"Vaginal swab kit" 1936:The New York Times 1910:The New York Times 1836:10.1037/lhb0000252 1631:morning-after pill 1565:Governor Pat Quinn 1535:Human Rights Watch 1070:rape investigation 1032:rape investigation 926:Clear glass slides 864: 799:Playboy Foundation 738:sexual assault kit 710:rape investigation 572:Rape crisis centre 520:Anti-rape movement 494:Rape investigation 62:Child sexual abuse 3845:Good Housekeeping 3830:Hargitay, Mariska 3546:"Testing Justice" 3375:10.1111/lsi.12002 2675:(24): 3792–3814. 2129:on June 20, 2015. 2034:on March 13, 2012 1445: 1444: 1437: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1207: 1206: 1199: 1120:Serial rape cases 1092:Acquaintance rape 820:article, when 26 694: 693: 622:Sexual harassment 334:Armenian genocide 154:Rape by deception 52:Acquaintance rape 16:(Redirected from 3958: 3941:1970s in Chicago 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3885:on March 4, 2016 3875: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3827: 3821: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3791:. 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Vitullo 686: 679: 672: 656: 655: 582:Rape pornography 567:Anti-rape device 525:Bodily integrity 512:Related articles 431:Syrian civil war 411:Rwandan genocide 381:Kashmir conflict 347:Italian campaign 325:During conflicts 286:Papua New Guinea 205:Weinstein effect 175:Factors involved 32: 21: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3841:Wayback Machine 3828: 3824: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3768:Wayback Machine 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3652:Wayback Machine 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3537: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3499: 3498: 3491: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3279:(10): 758–759. 3266: 3265: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3111:End the Backlog 3105: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3044: 3043: 3039: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2791: 2790: 2783: 2768:10.2307/1143451 2749: 2748: 2744: 2722: 2721: 2712: 2666: 2665: 2654: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2564: 2563: 2552: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2377: 2376: 2367: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2159: 2158: 2149: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2111:on May 4, 2010. 2096: 2095: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2061: 2060: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1893: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1790:End the Backlog 1784: 1783: 1774: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1726: 1725: 1712: 1708: 1665: 1643: 1602: 1593: 1573: 1553:Illinois Senate 1548: 1531: 1526: 1466: 1450: 1441: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1410: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1380: 1355: 1317: 1315:Inaccessibility 1293: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1262: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1203: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1172: 1159: 1155: 1148: 1143: 1141:Barriers to use 1122: 1094: 1078: 1066: 1024: 1016:emotional state 1012:medical history 988: 951: 869: 856: 817:Chicago Tribune 795:Christie Hefner 782: 690: 650: 637:Sexual violence 627:Sexual predator 617:Sex trafficking 612:Sex and the law 602:Rape statistics 540:History of rape 484:Rape shield law 421:Darfur genocide 67:Corrective rape 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3896: 3870: 3850: 3822: 3806: 3772: 3753: 3727: 3699: 3680: 3660: 3637: 3611:McEvers, Kelly 3602: 3584: 3554: 3552:. 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