107:. This volcanism is responsible for the formation of the oceanic plateaus. Later, the remnant "tail" of the plume is still rising and induces the formation of volcano chains as the crust moves over the plume tail, thus forming the linear chains of hot spots. As there is growing evidence that not all intra-plate volcanoes are generated by upwelling mantle plumes, not all may be formed from hot spots.
22:
340:. However to date there is evidence for at least two formation hypotheses in this area being volcanics derived from partial melting of secondary plume clusters emanating from the top of mantle plumes trapped at the mantle transition zone or secondary plumelets emanating from the top of the Pacific
152:
has found slow velocity anomalies underneath
Rarotonga, down to depths of about 100 kilometres (62 mi) with more recent research indicating that they root at about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) depth. The anomaly lies at over 80 kilometres (50 mi) depth with no evidence of shallower
1177:
Jackson, Matthew G.; Hart, Stanley R.; Konter, Jasper G.; Koppers, Anthony A. P.; Staudigel, Hubert; Kurz, Mark D.; Blusztajn, Jerzy; Sinton, John M. (December 2010). "Samoan hot spot track on a "hot spot highway": Implications for mantle plumes and a deep Samoan mantle source".
208:
Uo Mamae seamount in Samoa share geochemical traits with the
Rarotonga hotspot and plate motion reconstructions indicate that the hotspot track passed through it. Potentially, the hotspot formed Uo Mamae and local tectonic processes later (940,000 years ago) triggered
52:
but an alternative explanation for these islands most recent volcanics has not been ruled out. Recently alternatives to hotspot activity have been offered for several other intra-plate volcanoes that may have been associated with the
Rarotonga hotspot hypothesis.
597:
Obayashi, M.; Yoshimitsu, J.; Sugioka, H.; Ito, A.; Isse, T.; Shiobara, H.; Reymond, D.; Suetsugu, D. (28 November 2016). "Mantle plumes beneath the South
Pacific superswell revealed by finite frequency tomography using regional seafloor and island data".
332:
path of the
Rarotonga hotspot, but its older members appear to be offset slightly north of the reconstructed path. Some seamounts on the reconstructed path of the Rarotonga hotspot share geochemical traits with the hotspot, but with different
929:
Konter, Jasper G.; Hanan, Barry B.; Blichert-Toft, Janne; Koppers, Anthony A.P.; Plank, Terry; Staudigel, Hubert (November 2008). "One hundred million years of mantle geochemical history suggest the retiring of mantle plumes is premature".
138:; so they may be over 100 million years old and in such case the oldest still active hotspots in the Pacific. The Rarotonga hotspot may also be very old but the evidence is less convincing. These hotspots together may have built the
788:
Koppers, Anthony A. P.; Russell, Jamie A.; Roberts, Jed; Jackson, Matthew G.; Konter, Jasper G.; Wright, Dawn J.; Staudigel, Hubert; Hart, Stanley R. (July 2011). "Age systematics of two young en echelon Samoan volcanic trails".
177:
and
Rarotonga that may have been formed by the same hotspot are poorly studied. Rarotonga itself is young but there is little indication of volcanism either southeast or northwest from it and no evidence of its current position.
569:
Isse, T.; Sugioka, H.; Ito, A.; Shiobara, H.; Reymond, D.; Suetsugu, D. (December 2015). "Upper mantle structures beneath the South
Pacific superswell region using broadband data from ocean floor and islands".
271:
was within the influence of the
Rarotonga hotspot between 85 and 74 million years ago; if volcanic activity occurred during that time it may be owing to the effect of this hotspot. There is evidence of
1093:
Smith, Walter H. F.; Staudigel, Hubert; Watts, Anthony B.; Pringle, Malcolm S. (10 August 1989). "The
Magellan seamounts: Early Cretaceous record of the South Pacific isotopic and thermal anomaly".
262:
guyot was close to the
Rarotonga and Rurutu hotspots 62 million years ago. The plate reconstructions point towards Rurutu being the origin of Limalok, while geochemical traits match Rarotonga best.
1040:
A >100 Ma Mantle Geochemical Record: Retiring Mantle Plumes may be Premature (December 2006). "A >100 Ma Mantle Geochemical Record: Retiring Mantle Plumes may be Premature".
205:
and Malulu Seamount may have been formed by the Rarotonga hotspot, but other hotspots are also candidates. The connection to Rarotonga is supported by geochemical traits.
1067:
383:
Peretyazhko, Igor S.; Savina, Elena A. (2022). "Cretaceous intraplate volcanism of Govorov Guyot and formation models of the Magellan seamounts, Pacific Ocean".
842:
Konter, J. G.; Jackson, M. G.; Koppers, A. A. (December 2011). "Tracking Long-lived Hotspots to Constrain Temporal Mantle Compositional Evolution".
1701:
153:
anomalies, however. The Rarotonga volcanic source and other regional hotspots appear to be anchored to a deep mantle structure that is one of the
1686:
1681:
975:"Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Geochemistry of Leg 144 West Pacific Guyots: Implications for the Geochemical Evolution of the "SOPITA" Mantle Anomaly"
1350:
341:
154:
902:
1217:"Contrasting Old and Young Volcanism from Aitutaki, Cook Islands: Implications for the Origins of the Cook–Austral Volcanic Chain"
643:"Upper mantle structure beneath the Society hotspot and surrounding region using broadband data from ocean floor and islands"
249:
underwent vigorous volcanic and geological activity while they passed over the Rarotonga hotspot and neighbouring hotspots.
347:
Hemler Guyot has similar isotope ratios as Rarotonga and its reconstructed position match those of the Rarotonga hotspot.
118:. Other hotspots such as Rarotonga appear to have been active only for short time periods; many of these are located in
1286:"Geochemical evidence in the northeast Lau Basin for subduction of the Cook-Austral volcanic chain in the Tonga Trench"
881:
Quinn, Terrence M.; Saller, Arthur H. (1 January 2004). "Geology of Anewetak Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands".
325:
210:
641:
Isse, Takehi; Sugioka, Hiroko; Ito, Aki; Shiobara, Hajime; Reymond, Dominique; Suetsugu, Daisuke (29 February 2016).
313:
to the Rarotonga hotspot less than 80 million years ago. However the Cretaceous intraplate volcanism in the Magellan
423:"Mid-Cretaceous Wake seamounts in NW Pacific originate from secondary mantle plumes with Arago hotspot composition"
1284:; Blusztajn, Jerzy; Conatser, Christopher S.; Konter, Jasper G.; Koppers, Anthony A.P.; Kurz, Mark D. (May 2016).
1527:
1161:
238:
may thus ended up entraining material formerly produced by the Rarotonga hotspot. Backarc volcanic rocks in the
1696:
1662:
1499:
1215:
Jackson, M G; Halldórsson, S A; Price, A; Kurz, M D; Konter, J G; Koppers, A A P; Day, J M D (1 March 2020).
103:
and spread out when they rise, forming a large "head" that causes intense volcanic activity once it hits the
317:
can be explained by either plume activity or decompression partial melting of oceanic lithosphere caused by
1249:
974:
703:
196:
1484:
1343:
1476:
1140:
Clouard, Valérie; Bonneville, Alain (2001). "How many Pacific hotspots are fed by deep-mantle plumes?".
1061:
282:
was located close to the Rarotonga hotspot about 76.9 million years ago; this date corresponds to the a
984:, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, vol. 144, Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 538–541,
422:
1633:
1537:
1522:
1423:
1297:
1187:
1149:
1102:
1049:
939:
851:
798:
654:
607:
579:
100:
421:
Wei, Xun; Shi, Xue-Fa; Xu, Yi-Gang; Castillo, Paterno R.; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Le; Zhang, Hui (2022).
1555:
1408:
1281:
1216:
126:. Such hotspot volcanism may be the product of shallow processes. Research has suggested that the
1691:
1593:
1428:
1203:
824:
713:, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, vol. 144, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 607,
623:
450:
400:
310:
283:
220:
may bear traces of the influence of the Rarotonga hotspot, which passed across Samoa in the past.
149:
1413:
289:
A cluster of volcanoes close to Eniwetok and Ujlan may be the product of the Rarotonga hotspot.
1603:
1598:
1494:
1466:
1385:
1359:
1336:
1236:
1165:
1118:
955:
908:
898:
672:
442:
181:
Other candidate volcanoes/structures formed by the Rarotonga hotspot or influenced by it are:
127:
111:
37:
1646:
1608:
1489:
1315:
1305:
1260:
1228:
1195:
1157:
1110:
985:
947:
943:
890:
814:
806:
714:
662:
658:
615:
434:
392:
246:
119:
77:
1641:
1623:
1550:
1461:
1433:
1375:
1367:
301:
143:
104:
88:
1301:
1191:
1153:
1106:
1053:
855:
802:
611:
583:
25:
The Rarotonga hotspot is in the Pacific Ocean, between the points 24 and 35 in this map.
1588:
1545:
1517:
1451:
1443:
1403:
1380:
1248:
Larson, R.L.; Erba, E.; Nakanishi, M.; Bergersen, D.D.; Lincoln, J.M. (December 1995),
297:
223:
Reconstructions of the path of the Rarotonga hotspot imply that part of its output was
131:
894:
1675:
1618:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1456:
1418:
1395:
1265:
1207:
990:
719:
627:
454:
404:
337:
318:
293:
92:
41:
1259:, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, vol. 144, Ocean Drilling Program,
828:
552:
550:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
1658:
1583:
1250:"Stratigraphic, Vertical Subsidence, and Paleolatitude Histories of Leg 144 Guyots"
973:
Koppers, A.A.P.; Staudigel, H.Christie; D.M., Dieu; J.J., Pringle (December 1995),
321:
deformation and fracturing from the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) level.
228:
174:
139:
115:
96:
57:
438:
396:
1509:
1232:
253:
114:
are or were active in the Pacific Ocean and some of these may be the product of
951:
1011:
1009:
1007:
667:
642:
329:
202:
135:
123:
1240:
1169:
1122:
959:
912:
676:
446:
1114:
273:
239:
224:
185:
166:
65:
45:
363:
361:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
1310:
1285:
1199:
810:
619:
279:
232:
192:
170:
73:
49:
259:
34:
1320:
819:
21:
868:
751:
689:
556:
541:
504:
502:
500:
466:
464:
314:
268:
265:
235:
217:
69:
61:
20:
1257:
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 144 Scientific Results
982:
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 144 Scientific Results
711:
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 144 Scientific Results
334:
44:. The hotspot is claimed to be responsible for the formation of
1332:
1027:
1015:
134:
are long lived hotspots that were active as far back as the
68:
may have been influenced by the Rarotonga hotspot, and some
1328:
1162:
10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0695:HMPHAF>2.0.CO;2
739:
491:
367:
146:
together, resulting in overlapping ages of the volcanoes.
296:
coincides with a period where the Rarotonga hotspot, the
165:
The Rarotonga hotspot is linked only to the formation of
1080:
775:
763:
704:"Cretaceous Hotspot Tracks through the Marshall Islands"
256:
to the Rarotonga hotspot less than 80 million years ago.
309:
Geochemical traits and plate reconstruction links the
252:
Geochemical traits and plate reconstruction links the
1632:
1564:
1536:
1508:
1475:
1442:
1394:
1366:
520:
508:
470:
91:and linear volcanic chains dot the floor of the
173:, as potential volcanic structures between the
18:Volcanic hotspot in the southern Pacific Ocean
1344:
924:
922:
304:were all three located close to the seamount.
8:
1095:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
216:The composition of rejuvenated volcanism in
1066:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1351:
1337:
1329:
378:
376:
95:. Their formation has been explained with
1319:
1309:
1264:
989:
818:
718:
666:
416:
414:
342:large low shear velocity province (LLSVP)
1280:Price, Allison A.; Jackson, Matthew G.;
80:may have formed on the hotspot as well.
357:
60:, the composition of volcanic rocks in
1059:
195:. An origin of the young volcanics as
56:In addition to these volcanoes in the
7:
1290:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1180:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
791:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
932:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
155:large low-shear-velocity provinces
14:
702:Bergersen, D.D. (December 1995),
326:Western Pacific Seamount Province
1266:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.144.063.1995
991:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.144.031.1995
720:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.144.018.1995
1702:Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean
286:obtained on the upper volcano.
242:bear traces of such influence.
1:
1687:Hotspots of the Pacific Ocean
895:10.1016/S0070-4571(04)80043-8
883:Developments in Sedimentology
521:Clouard & Bonneville 2001
509:Clouard & Bonneville 2001
471:Clouard & Bonneville 2001
439:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120632
397:10.1080/00206814.2022.2145512
199:cannot be ruled out, however.
1682:Geology of the Pacific Ocean
600:Geophysical Research Letters
385:International Geology Review
1718:
1042:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
952:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.023
844:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
572:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
328:has been argued to be the
1655:
1233:10.1093/petrology/egaa037
668:10.1186/s40623-016-0408-2
647:Earth, Planets and Space
1115:10.1029/jb094ib08p10501
944:2008E&PSL.275..285K
659:2016EP&S...68...33I
191:The young volcanics of
48:and some volcanics of
26:
1657:Proposed mechanisms:
1477:Indo-Australian Plate
292:Volcanic activity at
197:rejuvenated volcanism
24:
1634:South American Plate
1538:North American Plate
1311:10.1002/2015GC006237
1282:Blichert-Toft, Janne
1221:Journal of Petrology
1200:10.1029/2010GC003232
811:10.1029/2010GC003438
620:10.1002/2016GL070793
169:and to volcanism on
101:core-mantle boundary
99:which rise from the
1302:2016GGG....17.1694P
1192:2010GGG....1112009J
1154:2001Geo....29..695C
1107:1989JGR....9410501S
1081:Jackson et al. 2010
1054:2006AGUFM.V34B..01K
856:2011AGUFMDI22A..04K
803:2011GGG....12.7025K
776:Jackson et al. 2010
764:Jackson et al. 2010
740:Jackson et al. 2020
612:2016GeoRL..4311628O
584:2015AGUFM.S23D2771I
492:Jackson et al. 2020
368:Jackson et al. 2020
1028:Larson et al. 1995
1016:Larson et al. 1995
311:Magellan Seamounts
150:Seismic tomography
27:
1669:
1668:
869:Price et al. 2016
752:Price et al. 2016
690:Price et al. 2016
557:Price et al. 2016
542:Price et al. 2016
391:(16): 2479–2505.
276:volcanic activity
128:Macdonald hotspot
122:where there is a
31:Rarotonga hotspot
1709:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1296:(5): 1694–1724.
1276:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1254:
1244:
1211:
1173:
1127:
1126:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
993:
979:
970:
964:
963:
938:(3–4): 292–293.
926:
917:
916:
878:
872:
866:
860:
859:
839:
833:
832:
822:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
730:
729:
727:
722:
708:
699:
693:
687:
681:
680:
670:
638:
632:
631:
594:
588:
587:
566:
560:
554:
545:
539:
524:
518:
512:
506:
495:
489:
474:
468:
459:
458:
427:Chemical Geology
418:
409:
408:
380:
371:
365:
247:Marshall Islands
120:French Polynesia
89:Oceanic plateaus
78:Marshall Islands
40:in the southern
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1697:Seamount chains
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1651:
1628:
1560:
1532:
1504:
1471:
1438:
1390:
1368:Antarctic Plate
1362:
1357:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1252:
1247:
1214:
1176:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1058:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1005:
996:
994:
977:
972:
971:
967:
928:
927:
920:
905:
880:
879:
875:
871:, p. 1695.
867:
863:
841:
840:
836:
787:
786:
782:
774:
770:
762:
758:
754:, p. 1696.
750:
746:
738:
734:
725:
723:
706:
701:
700:
696:
692:, p. 1713.
688:
684:
640:
639:
635:
596:
595:
591:
568:
567:
563:
559:, p. 1719.
555:
548:
544:, p. 1712.
540:
527:
519:
515:
507:
498:
490:
477:
469:
462:
420:
419:
412:
382:
381:
374:
366:
359:
354:
284:radiometric age
163:
144:Austral Islands
86:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1528:Juan Fernández
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:East Australia
1481:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1444:Eurasian Plate
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1277:
1245:
1212:
1174:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1085:
1073:
1032:
1030:, p. 940.
1020:
1018:, p. 939.
1003:
965:
918:
903:
873:
861:
834:
780:
768:
756:
744:
732:
694:
682:
633:
589:
561:
546:
525:
523:, p. 698.
513:
511:, p. 697.
496:
475:
473:, p. 695.
460:
410:
372:
356:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
345:
338:isotope ratios
322:
307:
306:
305:
302:Tahiti hotspot
298:Rurutu hotspot
290:
287:
277:
263:
257:
243:
221:
214:
206:
200:
189:
162:
159:
132:Rurutu hotspot
85:
82:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1714:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
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1677:
1664:
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1643:
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1635:
1631:
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1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1566:Pacific Plate
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
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1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1396:African Plate
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
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1322:
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1307:
1303:
1299:
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1287:
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1234:
1230:
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1201:
1197:
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1189:
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1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:(B8): 10520.
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1083:, p. 17.
1082:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
992:
987:
983:
976:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
904:9780444516442
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
874:
870:
865:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
835:
830:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
781:
778:, p. 19.
777:
772:
769:
766:, p. 18.
765:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
736:
733:
721:
716:
712:
705:
698:
695:
691:
686:
683:
678:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
590:
585:
581:
578:: S23D–2771.
577:
573:
565:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
514:
510:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
417:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
379:
377:
373:
370:, p. 11.
369:
364:
362:
358:
351:
346:
343:
339:
336:
331:
327:
323:
320:
319:Pacific Plate
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
278:
275:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
251:
250:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
207:
204:
201:
198:
194:
190:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:mantle plumes
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:mantle plumes
94:
93:Pacific Ocean
90:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:Pacific Ocean
39:
36:
32:
23:
16:
1663:Plate theory
1659:Mantle plume
1613:
1424:Sierra Leone
1293:
1289:
1272:23 September
1270:, retrieved
1256:
1224:
1220:
1183:
1179:
1145:
1141:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1076:
1062:cite journal
1045:
1041:
1035:
1023:
997:23 September
995:, retrieved
981:
968:
935:
931:
886:
882:
876:
864:
850:: DI22A–04.
847:
843:
837:
794:
790:
783:
771:
759:
747:
742:, p. 3.
735:
726:23 September
724:, retrieved
710:
697:
685:
650:
646:
636:
603:
599:
592:
575:
571:
564:
516:
494:, p. 2.
430:
426:
388:
384:
229:Tonga Trench
180:
175:Tonga Trench
164:
148:
110:A number of
109:
87:
58:Cook Islands
55:
30:
28:
15:
1556:Yellowstone
1510:Nazca Plate
1409:New England
1227:(egaa037).
1186:(12): n/a.
1048:: V34B–01.
254:Ralik Chain
211:rejuvenated
64:and in the
1676:Categories
1594:Louisville
1429:St. Helena
1148:(8): 695.
433:: 120632.
352:References
330:Cretaceous
294:Wōdejebato
213:volcanism.
203:Rose Atoll
136:Cretaceous
130:, and the
124:superswell
1692:Rarotonga
1614:Rarotonga
1604:Marquesas
1599:Macdonald
1523:Galápagos
1500:Lord Howe
1495:Tasmantid
1467:Jan Mayen
1386:Kerguelen
1321:1912/8238
1241:0022-3530
1208:131425199
1170:0091-7613
1123:0148-0227
960:0012-821X
913:0070-4571
820:1912/4769
677:1880-5981
628:132379807
606:(22): 6.
455:244121112
447:0009-2541
405:254011792
274:Campanian
240:Lau Basin
227:into the
225:subducted
186:Rarotonga
167:Rarotonga
74:seamounts
66:Lau Basin
46:Rarotonga
1647:Trindade
1609:Pitcairn
1490:Crosgove
1360:Hotspots
829:54947952
797:(7): 5.
653:(1): 8.
300:and the
280:Eniwetok
233:back-arc
193:Aitutaki
171:Aitutaki
161:Products
112:hotspots
50:Aitutaki
35:volcanic
1642:Noronha
1624:Society
1551:Bermuda
1462:Iceland
1434:Tristan
1414:Réunion
1376:Balleny
1298:Bibcode
1188:Bibcode
1150:Bibcode
1142:Geology
1134:Sources
1103:Bibcode
1050:Bibcode
940:Bibcode
889:: 638.
852:Bibcode
799:Bibcode
655:Bibcode
608:Bibcode
580:Bibcode
260:Limalok
84:Geology
76:in the
38:hotspot
1589:Hawaii
1546:Anahim
1518:Easter
1452:Azores
1404:Canary
1381:Erebus
1239:
1206:
1168:
1121:
958:
911:
901:
827:
675:
626:
453:
445:
403:
315:guyots
236:magmas
70:atolls
1619:Samoa
1579:Bowie
1574:Arago
1457:Eifel
1419:Shona
1253:(PDF)
1204:S2CID
978:(PDF)
825:S2CID
707:(PDF)
624:S2CID
451:S2CID
401:S2CID
269:guyot
266:Lo-En
218:Samoa
105:crust
62:Samoa
33:is a
1584:Cobb
1274:2018
1237:ISSN
1166:ISSN
1119:ISSN
1068:link
1046:2006
999:2018
956:ISSN
909:ISSN
899:ISBN
848:2011
728:2018
673:ISSN
576:2015
443:ISSN
335:lead
324:The
245:The
140:Cook
72:and
29:The
1316:hdl
1306:doi
1261:doi
1229:doi
1196:doi
1158:doi
1111:doi
986:doi
948:doi
936:275
891:doi
815:hdl
807:doi
715:doi
663:doi
616:doi
435:doi
431:587
393:doi
1678::
1661:·
1314:.
1304:.
1294:17
1292:.
1288:.
1255:,
1235:.
1225:61
1223:.
1219:.
1202:.
1194:.
1184:11
1182:.
1164:.
1156:.
1146:29
1144:.
1117:.
1109:.
1099:94
1097:.
1064:}}
1060:{{
1044:.
1006:^
980:,
954:.
946:.
934:.
921:^
907:.
897:.
887:54
885:.
846:.
823:.
813:.
805:.
795:12
793:.
709:,
671:.
661:.
651:68
649:.
645:.
622:.
614:.
604:43
602:.
574:.
549:^
528:^
499:^
478:^
463:^
449:.
441:.
429:.
425:.
413:^
399:.
389:65
387:.
375:^
360:^
231:;
157:.
1352:e
1345:t
1338:v
1324:.
1318::
1308::
1300::
1263::
1243:.
1231::
1210:.
1198::
1190::
1172:.
1160::
1152::
1125:.
1113::
1105::
1070:)
1056:.
1052::
988::
962:.
950::
942::
915:.
893::
858:.
854::
831:.
817::
809::
801::
717::
679:.
665::
657::
630:.
618::
610::
586:.
582::
457:.
437::
407:.
395::
344:.
188:.
142:-
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