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touring troupe in the early 1930s; with the troupe she was known for the quality of her voice. In the late 1930s she joined Andjar with his Bolero troupe and became its star. She also acted for the Royal
Balinese Dancers. Their daughter, Noer Asmara, was born in
605:. These directors rarely, if ever, received the same recognition as their male counterparts; acting remained the only way for a woman in the industry to gain recognition. Indeed, during her directorial career Ratna received little support from male directors.
641:
413:(1940), Andjar as director and Ratna as its star. The film, a love story between the nurse Kartinah (played by Ratna) and her commander, was also the first war film in the country, taking place within the Air Raid Preparation teams (
1596:
666:
473:) for Malik's company Persari; Malik produced. Andjar wrote the screenplay. This made her the first female film director in the country. This was followed by two further films for the
1608:
1516:
278:), which made her the first female film director in Indonesian history. Although her work was generally ignored, later female Indonesian directors have found critical acclaim.
612:
in 1998, the number of women directors has increased dramatically, with several of them receiving national and international recognition. The earliest in this generation are
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1693:
Anisah, Umi
Lestari, Julita Pratiwi, Efi Sri Handayani, Imelda Taurina Mandala, Lisabona Rahman, Siti (2022). Lusandiana, Lisistrata (ed.).
1508:
535:
570:, on 10 August 1968, after suffered complication from a long period illness at the age of 55. Her funeral was held at Blok P Cemetery in
1806:
1796:
1786:
1771:
439:
1345:
1317:
648:
has been described as "one of
Indonesia’s top documentary filmmakers" and had her films screened internationally; while
330:
1408:
654:
306:
378:
in the new version which was recorded in
Hollywood. Even though her scene had been cut, she remained as the first
1811:
1566:
1555:"In the Boys' Club: A Historical Perspective on the Roles of Women in the Indonesian Cinema 1926 – May 1998"
1436:
404:
515:, a former director and screenwriter turned diplomat. The couple had a two children and several grandchildren.
1362:
585:
After Ratna, only five female directors appeared in
Indonesian cinema until near the end of the 20th century:
403:
to direct a film for The's company Java
Industrial Film (JIF), Ratna came with him. The couple earned 1,000
538:
in 1955. Ratna left
Indonesia for Italy to study film in 1954. In 1961, Suska became Indonesian embassy in
298:
actress has two sister who worked as an actress, Lena and Suhara. Lena was a film actress who starred in
379:
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1483:
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512:
460:
291:
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1460:
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500:
311:
295:
234:
22:
254:, was an Indonesian actress and director. Originally active in theatre, she starred in the
609:
567:
1320:[Women on and Behind the Screen] (in Indonesian). Bentara Budaya. Archived from
1582:] (in Indonesian). Medan: Yayasan "Pelestarian Fakta Perjuangan Kemerdekaan R.I.".
676:
571:
367:
1675:
Dardanella, perintis teater
Indonesia modern: duta kesenian Indonesia melanglang buana
268:
After appearing in several further films, she made her directorial debut in 1950 with
1750:
775:
636:
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448:
400:
326:
315:
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1301:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Council.
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613:
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508:
504:
438:, a story about a love triangle between two goddesses and a mortal man. During the
424:
255:
1673:
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1387:
1633:
1389:
Women and Mass
Communications in 1990s: An International, Annotated Bibliography
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349:
119:
100:
1545:
495:, she said that she was influenced by her favorite Hollywood stars such as
366:
girl and already completed half of the filming production in
Singapore and
1487:
1247:
554:
Ratna suffered a heart attack while giving drinks to the demonstrators in
733:
409:
391:
1737:
945:
943:
941:
939:
539:
518:
In 1953, Ratna established Ratna Films, which had a single production,
96:
26:
1655:
1108:
718:
358:
310:(1940), while Suhara was a stage actress who married to the director
1495:"Ratna Asmara ke Italia" [Ratna Asmara is Going to Italy].
1565:(2). Surabaya: Petra Christian University: 103–111. Archived from
1271:
665:
563:
559:
526:), before being rebranded Asmara Films. This new company produced
384:
363:
353:
429:
1223:
542:. He then transferred to India in 1964, where Ratna moved to
1435:. Social Change Film Festival and Institute. Archived from
658:(2008) was on several lists of the best films of the year.
534:) in 1954, with Ratna as director; this coincided with the
1629:"Ratna Asmara, sutradara film wanita pertama di Indonesia"
1204:
1202:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1025:
1023:
1021:
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422:
Ratna also appeared in Andjar's later directorial work,
374:
was released in July 1938, Ratna's role was replaced by
1235:
1166:
1599:[I Don't Know Where My Ex-Husband's Grave Is]
1259:
1177:
1175:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
984:
982:
446:, Ratna appeared in one further film: Andjar's 1948
1509:"Ratna Moetoe Manikam (Djoela Djoeli Bintang Tiga)"
620:, who collaborated with several other directors in
578:, on the evening of 11 August, and was attended by
230:
222:
158:
150:
133:
125:
115:
107:
85:
59:
40:
477:-owned Djakarta Film, both of which Andjar wrote:
1597:"Saya Tidak Tahu dimana Kuburan Bekas Suami Saya"
1344:(in Indonesian). 29 December 2008. Archived from
973:
1299:History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java
1065:
314:, and later made her film debut by starring in
1540:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grafiti Pers.
1248:Krismantari 2010, Tackling the tough questions
344:In August 1937, Andjar signed a contract with
511:. In 1952, Ratna divorced Andjar and married
8:
1721:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1580:History of Theatre and Film in North Sumatra
1433:"Nia Dinata – GSCFFI Filmmaker Honoree"
1340:[On the Wide-Screen, Djenar Swims].
642:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
414:
407:each for their role in the resulting film,
16:Indonesian actress and director (1913–1968)
1318:"Perempuan di Dalam dan di Belakang Layar"
1294:Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa
807:
683:
48:
37:
1695:Ratna Asmara Perempuan di Dua Sisi Kamera
1576:Sejarah Teater dan Film di Sumatera Utara
1459:. Jakarta City Government. Archived from
1109:Filmindonesia.or.id, Ratna Moetoe Manikam
286:Ratna Asmara was born Suratna in 1913 in
1133:Kaslum, Uma (1952). "Regisseur Wanita".
1029:
1012:
250:; 1913 – 10 August 1968), also known as
1678:(in Indonesian). Penerbit Buku Kompas.
1208:
1096:
935:
356:on 14 August. They later cast Ratna in
1714:
1272:Liem 2008, Top ten theatrical releases
1041:
1000:
961:
562:. She died at St. Carolus Hospital in
1409:"Top ten theatrical releases of 2008"
1373:from the original on 22 December 2010
1361:Krismantari, Ika (20 December 2010).
1181:
1154:
1120:
1077:
988:
898:Director, producer, and screenwriter
743:
7:
1519:from the original on 2 December 2013
1316:Chotimah, Fanny (11 February 2011).
1193:
1053:
389:A promotional portrait of Ratna for
1407:Liem, Iskandar (28 December 2008).
459:In 1950, Ratna was commissioned by
352:after Bolero's last performance in
185:
14:
1767:20th-century Indonesian actresses
1701:: Indonesian Visual Art Archive.
1649:Anwar, Rosihan (12 August 1968).
1419:from the original on 4 March 2016
1338:"Di Layar Lebar, Djenar Berenang"
1224:Chotimah 2011, Perempuan di Dalam
624:(1999). Further examples include
1515:. Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation.
1476:Prawirawinta, Susi S (c. 1950).
628:, who has had two of her films,
261:(1940), which her first husband
189:
1792:Indonesian women film directors
1782:Indonesian expatriates in Italy
1607:(in Indonesian). Archived from
325:On 7 April 1931, Ratna married
211:
181:
1627:Kuslum, Umi (31 August 1952).
1363:"Tackling the tough questions"
489:in 1952. In an interview with
1:
1777:Expatriate actresses in Italy
1659:(in Indonesian). pp. 1–3
1392:. Westport: Greenwood Press.
950:Dunia Film 1954, Ratna Asmara
382:representation in Hollywood.
335:
1553:Swestin, Grace (July 2009).
1538:Profile of Indonesian Cinema
1534:Profil Dunia Film Indonesia
1503:(27): 4. 15 September 1954.
1236:GSCFFI, Nia Dinata – GSCFFI
1167:Yodaz 1981, Saya Tidak Tahu
655:Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet!
536:first legislative elections
1828:
1807:Indonesian stage actresses
1260:Tempo 2008, Di Layar Lebar
852:Musim Bunga di Selabintana
674:, and Iskandar Sukarno in
479:Musim Bunga di Selabintana
20:
1797:Indonesian film directors
1787:Indonesian film actresses
1651:"In Memoriam Ratna Suska"
1574:T.W.H., Mohammad (1992).
902:
881:
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847:
824:
819:
816:
813:
793:
770:
728:
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700:
695:
692:
689:
399:When Andjar was asked by
370:as of 4 March 1938. When
47:
1772:Actors from West Sumatra
1595:Yodaz (15 August 1981).
640:(2006) submitted for an
444:Indonesia's independence
320:Singapura di Waktu Malam
1672:Erkelens, Jaap (2022).
1457:Encyclopedia of Jakarta
907:Dewi dan Pemilihan Umum
528:Dewi dan Pemilihan Umum
837:Sweetness of the Night
681:
471:Sweetness of the Night
415:
396:
276:Sweetness of the Night
1386:Lent, John A (1999).
913:Dewi and the Election
858:Spring in Selabintana
754:Ratna Moetoe Manikam
669:
532:Dewi and the Election
483:Spring in Selabintana
428:(a love story set in
416:Luch Bischermen Diens
388:
1532:Said, Salim (1982).
1066:Prawirawinta c. 1950
974:JCG, Opera Bangsawan
749:Ratna Moetoe Manikam
435:Ratna Moetoe Manikam
1513:filmindonesia.or.id
1482:. Jakarta: Endang.
1289:Biran, Misbach Yusa
1056:, pp. 136–137.
810:
686:
463:to direct the film
440:National Revolution
362:(1938) as a native
80:, Dutch East Indies
1479:Indonesia in Brief
808:
684:
682:
397:
346:Paramount Pictures
1708:978-602-51638-5-2
1697:(in Indonesian).
1685:978-623-346-197-9
1614:on 18 August 2012
1569:on 16 April 2014.
1499:(in Indonesian).
1453:"Opera Bangsawan"
1399:978-0-313-30209-1
1324:on 7 October 2011
1308:978-979-3731-58-2
923:
922:
916:
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861:
840:
806:
805:
786:
461:Djamaluddin Malik
329:, and joined the
292:Dutch East Indies
241:
240:
203:Sutan Usman Karim
151:Years active
93:(aged 54–55)
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1812:Sundanese people
1726:
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1439:on 25 April 2012
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1413:The Jakarta Post
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550:Death and legacy
501:Barbara Stanwyck
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312:Bachtiar Effendi
237:(brother-in-law)
235:Bachtiar Effendi
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664:
610:fall of Suharto
568:Central Jakarta
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338:
307:Melati van Agam
284:
282:Life and career
218:
217:
214: 1952)
209:
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192: 1952)
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111:Blok P Cemetery
103:
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23:Indonesian name
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1732:External links
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1463:on 26 May 2024
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485:) in 1951 and
475:ethnic Chinese
368:British Malaya
294:. This ethnic
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1030:Erkelens 2022
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1738:Ratna Asmara
1694:
1674:
1661:. Retrieved
1654:
1638:. Retrieved
1632:
1616:. Retrieved
1609:the original
1604:
1579:
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1567:the original
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1521:. Retrieved
1512:
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1461:the original
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1437:the original
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1388:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
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1346:the original
1341:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1298:
1292:
1281:Bibliography
1280:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1209:Swestin 2009
1189:
1184:, p. 1.
1162:
1157:, p. 3.
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1097:Swestin 2009
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820:Credited as
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783:Out of Sight
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761:Noesa Penida
759:
747:
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724:Native girl
717:
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614:Mira Lesmana
607:
584:
580:Usmar Ismail
553:
531:
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509:Greer Garson
505:Vivien Leigh
490:
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454:Out of Sight
453:
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425:Noesa Penida
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390:
371:
357:
343:
324:
319:
318:'s directed
305:
299:
285:
275:
269:
267:
258:
256:romance film
251:
247:
244:Ratna Asmara
243:
242:
108:Burial place
91:(1968-08-10)
42:Ratna Asmara
29:
18:
1802:Minangkabau
1762:1968 deaths
1757:1913 births
1634:Minggu Pagi
1605:Suara Karya
1377:17 December
1369:. Jakarta.
1135:Minggu Pagi
1042:Anisah 2022
1001:T.W.H. 1992
962:Kuslum 1952
830:Sedap Malam
662:Filmography
646:Ucu Agustin
634:(2002) and
603:Rima Melati
595:Chitra Dewi
497:Greta Garbo
492:Minggu Pagi
466:Sedap Malam
339: 1936
304:(1939) and
301:Alang-Alang
271:Sedap Malam
252:Ratna Suska
134:Occupations
129:Ratna Suska
116:Nationality
27:family name
1751:Categories
1699:Yogyakarta
1497:Dunia Film
1443:13 October
1352:5 November
1182:Anwar 1968
1155:Anwar 1968
1121:Biran 2009
1078:Biran 2009
989:Biran 2009
926:References
789:Soelastri
631:Ca-bau-kan
626:Nia Dinata
618:Nan Achnas
608:After the
599:Ida Farida
591:Sofia W.D.
587:Roostijati
546:with him.
442:following
376:Mamo Clark
331:Dardanella
288:Sawahlunto
265:directed.
188:;
120:Indonesian
78:Sawahlunto
33:patronymic
1717:cite book
1618:18 August
1559:Scriptura
1467:18 August
1423:14 August
1328:18 August
1194:Lent 1999
1054:Said 1982
931:Footnotes
919:Director
877:Director
864:Director
843:Director
802:Sukaesih
739:Kartinah
705:Dr. Samsi
672:Ali Joego
556:New Delhi
544:New Delhi
432:) and in
350:Singapore
296:Sundanese
231:Relatives
154:1928–1954
101:Indonesia
1663:22 April
1588:31206120
1517:Archived
1417:Archived
1371:Archived
1291:(2009).
873:Dr Samsi
798:Dr Samsi
734:Kartinah
622:Kuldesak
487:Dr Samsi
410:Kartinah
392:Kartinah
322:(1947).
259:Kartinah
223:Children
21:In this
1640:7 April
1546:9507803
1523:27 July
886:Nelajan
670:Ratna,
540:Rangoon
520:Nelajan
248:Suratna
216:
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194:
178:
174:
159:Spouses
140:Actress
97:Jakarta
69: (
64:Suratna
1705:
1682:
1656:Kompas
1586:
1544:
1488:606488
1486:
1396:
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719:Booloo
680:(1948)
601:, and
507:, and
405:gulden
395:(1940)
372:Booloo
359:Booloo
263:Andjar
246:(born
184:
31:nor a
1612:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1578:[
1536:[
1342:Tempo
1297:[
903:1954
882:1953
869:1952
848:1951
825:1950
817:Film
814:Year
809:Crew
794:1952
771:1948
744:1941
729:1940
714:1938
701:1937
696:Role
693:Film
690:Year
685:Cast
564:Senen
560:India
513:Suska
380:Malay
364:Sakai
354:Medan
210:(
206:
180:(
176:
1742:IMDb
1723:link
1703:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1665:2023
1642:2023
1620:2012
1584:OCLC
1542:OCLC
1525:2012
1484:OCLC
1469:2012
1445:2011
1425:2012
1394:ISBN
1379:2011
1354:2011
1330:2012
1303:ISBN
616:and
430:Bali
190:div.
186:1931
86:Died
71:1913
67:1913
60:Born
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