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in 1933 together with
Edoardo Persico. Pagano and Persico featured the work of the rationalists in the magazine, and its editorials urged the Italian state to adopt rationalism as its official style. The Rationalists enjoyed some official commissions from the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini,
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emerged in the mid-18th century with its roots in the waning interest of the
Baroque period. The architectural notions of the time gravitated more and more to the belief that reason and natural forms are tied closely together, and that the rationality of science should serve as the basis for where
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took Rossi's ideas to their logical conclusion with a revival of
Classical Architecture and Traditional Urbanism. Krier's witty critique of Modernism, often in the form of cartoons, and Porphyrios's well crafted philosophical arguments, such as "Classicism is not a Style", won over a small but
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The hallmark of the earlier avant garde was a contrived impetus and a vain, destructive fury, mingling good and bad elements: the hallmark of today's youth is a desire for lucidity and wisdom...This must be clear...we do not intend to break with tradition...The new architecture, the true
470:, following from QuatremĂšre de Quincy, as a method for understanding buildings, as well as the larger city. He also writes of the importance of monuments as expressions of the collective memory of the city, and the idea of place as an expression of both physical reality and history.
426:
In the late 1960s, a new rationalist movement emerged in architecture, claiming inspiration from both the
Enlightenment and early-20th-century rationalists. Like the earlier rationalists, the movement, known as the Tendenza, was centered in Italy. Practitioners include
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Twentieth-century
Rationalism derived less from a special, unified theoretical work than from a common belief that the most varied problems posed by the real world could be resolved by reason. In that respect, it represented a reaction to
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Gruppo 7 mounted three exhibitions between 1926 and 1931, and the movement constituted itself as an official body, the
Movimento Italiano per l'Architettura Razionale (MIAR), in 1930. Exemplary works include Giuseppe Terragni's
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but the state tended to favor the more classically inspired work of the
National Union of Architects. Architects associated with the movement collaborated on large official projects of the Mussolini regime, including the
140:), arguing that architecture's intellectual base is primarily in science as opposed to reverence for and emulation of archaic traditions and beliefs. Rationalist architects, following the philosophy of
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205:. Viollet-le-Duc rejected the concept of an ideal architecture and instead saw architecture as a rational construction approach defined by the materials and purpose of the structure.
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in 1982, explored several of the ideas that inform Neo-rationalism. In seeking to develop an understanding of the city beyond simple functionalism, Rossi revives the idea of
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411:(begun in 1936). The EUR features monumental buildings, many of which evocative of ancient Roman architecture, but absent ornament, revealing strong geometric forms.
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that architecture is a science that can be comprehended rationally. The formulation was taken up and further developed in the architectural treatises of the
1926:
467:
1537:
1591:
749:
Froissart-Pezone, Rossella; Wittman, Richard (1999â2000). "The Ăcole
Nationale des Arts DĂ©coratifs in Paris Adapts to Meet the Twentieth Century".
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became the leading practitioner of German rationalism from the mid-1960s. Ungers influenced a younger generation of German architects, including
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incorporated the virtues of structural rationalism throughout the 19th century in their buildings. By the early 20th century, architects such as
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emerged as a center of the
Tendenza after Tafuri became chair of Architecture History in 1968. A Tendenza exhibition was organized for the 1973
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In the 1950s in Italy, studies on rationalism and the methodology of science were developed in the twentieth century in particular by
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189:(1728â1799) typify Enlightenment rationalism, with their use of pure geometric forms, including spheres, squares, and cylinders.
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talented group of architects to the classical point of view. Organizations such as the
Traditional Architecture Group at the
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The term structural rationalism most often refers to a 19th-century French movement, usually associated with the theorists
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were exploring the idea that structure itself could create space without the need for decoration. This gave rise to
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was one of the most important practitioners of this school, particularly with his educational buildings such as the
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Durth, Werner; May, Roland (September 2007). "Schinkel's Order: Rationalist Tendencies in German Architecture".
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389:(1938â43), designed by Cesare Cattaneo, Pietro Lingeri, Augusto Magnani, L. Origoni, and Mario Terragni.
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The name Rationalism is retroactively applied to a movement in architecture that came about during the
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381:(1932â36), The Medaglia d'Oro room at the Italian Aeronautical Show in Milan (1934) by Pagano and
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Selvafolta, Ornella (2012). "Il verde nella casa dell'uomo "compendio di gioie essenziali"".
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featured the work of these architects and theorists. The work of architectural historian
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architecture, should be the result of a close association between logic and rationality.
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Other architectural theorists of the period who advanced rationalist ideas include Abbé
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319:. Their declared intent was to strike a middle ground between the classicism of the
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275:) thrived in Italy from the 1920s to the 1940s, under the support and patronage of
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The Emergence of Modern Architecture: A Documentary History from 1000 to 1810
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757:(1). University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Bard Graduate Center: 30.
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structural members should be placed. Towards the end of the 18th century,
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The Dictionary of Art. 26 Raphon to Rome, ancient, §II: Architecture
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attest to their growing number, but mask the Rationalist origins.
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Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture
53:) is an architectural current which mostly developed from
73:. Eighteenth-century progressive art theory opposed the
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movement and the industrially inspired architecture of
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Glossary of art, architecture & design since 1945
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637:Summa Artis XL: Arquitectura española del siglo XX
144:emphasized geometric forms and ideal proportions.
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675:. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold (International).
635:Baldellou, Miguel Ăngel; Capitel, AntĂłn (1995).
585:(in Spanish). Milan: Electa. 2006. p. 101.
701:A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals
349:One of the first rationalist buildings was the
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283:regime. In 1926, a group of young architects â
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315:, publishing their manifesto in the magazine
81:with the classic beauty of truth and reason.
8:
891:...Isms: Understanding Architectural Styles
724:Lefaivre, Liane; Tzonis, Alexander (2004).
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385:, and the Fascist Trades Union Building in
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869:(5). London: John Wiley and Sons: 44â49.
27:20th-century Italian architectural style
785:Modern Architecture: A Critical History
673:Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design
549:
104:is commonly used to refer to the wider
703:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
639:(in Spanish). Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
492:Institute of Classical Architecture
311:(1904â43) â founded the so-called
268:were known as 'the Rationalists'.
25:
1927:20th-century architectural styles
916:(in Italian). Milano: Libraccio.
787:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
447:influenced the movement, and the
271:Rational Architecture (Italian:
913:L'elemento verde e l'abitazione
751:Studies in the Decorative Arts
439:. The Italian design magazine
407:(EUR) in the southern part of
224:Early 20th-century rationalism
1:
1236:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
948:"The Heroism of Rationalism?"
671:Broadbent, Geoffrey (1990).
464:The Architecture of the City
55:Italy in the 1920s and 1930s
32:Rationalism (disambiguation)
405:Esposizione Universale Roma
1943:
783:Frampton, Kenneth (2007).
606:Khan, Hasan-Uddin (2009).
460:L'architettura della cittĂ
357:, built for the financier
29:
991:
950:Hans van der Hijden, 2012
449:University Iuav of Venice
329:. Their "note" declared:
154:Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand
112:Enlightenment rationalism
832:Jencks, Charles (1987).
583:El siglo XX. Vanguardias
403:(begun in 1932) and the
392:Pagano became editor of
61:had claimed in his work
18:Rationalist architecture
1001:History of construction
985:History of architecture
938:"Rational architecture"
887:Melvin, Jeremy (2006).
608:El Estilo Internacional
996:Architectural timeline
895:. New York: Universe.
699:Kostof, Spiro (1985).
346:
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273:Architettura razionale
258:Hendrik Petrus Berlage
245:
193:Structural rationalism
183:Claude Nicholas Ledoux
161:Jean-Louis de Cordemoy
129:
63:
50:
1538:America and Australia
1158:Medieval Scandinavian
840:. New York: Rizzoli.
728:. London: Routledge.
557:Turner, Jane (1996).
499:Oswald Mathias Ungers
341:
231:
199:EugĂšne Viollet-le-Duc
187:Ătienne-Louis BoullĂ©e
126:Ătienne-Louis BoullĂ©e
119:
1922:Architectural theory
1780:Critical regionalism
863:Architectural Design
610:(in Spanish). Köln:
538:Age of Enlightenment
363:Gino Levi-Montalcini
181:The architecture of
176:QuatremĂšre de Quincy
172:Marc-Antoine Laugier
136:(more specifically,
134:Age of Enlightenment
30:For other uses, see
1719:Stripped Classicism
1694:International style
1677:Rationalist-Fascist
1326:Portuguese Colonial
1076:Pre-Islamic Persian
940:. In John Walker's
528:Modern architecture
473:Architects such as
416:Gualtiero Galmanini
248:Architects such as
106:International Style
1724:Postconstructivism
1667:Streamline Moderne
483:Demetri Porphyrios
401:University of Rome
361:by the architects
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343:University of Rome
322:Novecento Italiano
246:
170:(1690â1761), AbbĂ©
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89:and a contrast to
1909:
1908:
809:"Palazzo Gualino"
621:978-3-8365-1053-0
561:. London: Grove.
511:Christoph MĂ€ckler
317:Rassegna Italiana
309:Giuseppe Terragni
293:Carlo Enrico Rava
242:Giuseppe Terragni
163:(1631â1713), the
16:(Redirected from
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1801:Deconstructivism
1560:Spanish Colonial
1321:Spanish Colonial
1221:Western Chalukya
1029:Ancient Egyptian
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435:(1931â97), and
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367:Giuseppe Pagano
351:Palazzo Gualino
250:Henri Labrouste
234:Casa del Fascio
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254:Auguste Perret
240:, designed by
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208:The architect
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1816:Contemporary
1794:2000âpresent
1785:Neo-futurism
1765:Blobitecture
1614:
1592:Modern Style
1508:Neoclassical
1256:Indo-Islamic
1231:Great Seljuk
1216:Vijayanagara
1110:East Slavic
1024:Mesopotamian
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124:memorial by
122:Isaac Newton
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51:razionalismo
42:
39:architecture
36:
1729:PWA Moderne
1615:Rationalism
1577:Art Nouveau
1565:Territorial
1545:Renaissance
1529:Queen Anne
1402:Elizabethan
1295:Plateresque
1290:Renaissance
1273:Sondergotik
1168:Carolingian
1114:Kievan Rus'
238:Como, Italy
232:The former
147:The French
102:Rationalism
91:Art Nouveau
87:Historicism
79:illusionism
71:Renaissance
43:Rationalism
1916:Categories
1886:Portuguese
1760:Postmodern
1709:Organicism
1597:Modernisme
1582:Jugendstil
1441:Revivalism
1429:Industrial
1412:Portuguese
1186:Romanesque
1081:Achaemenid
815:2015-09-18
544:References
507:Max Dudler
490:, and the
475:Leon Krier
433:Aldo Rossi
1847:Dravidian
1806:Neomodern
1770:High-tech
1750:Brutalism
1743:1950â2000
1687:Stalinist
1620:Mycenaean
1608:1900â1950
1446:Byzantine
1422:Ukrainian
1407:Naryshkin
1372:Edwardian
1345:1750â1900
1316:Palladian
1311:Manueline
1304:1500â1750
1179:1000â1500
1119:Muscovite
1106:Byzantine
1054:Classical
1042:Mycenaean
1019:Neolithic
523:Modernism
441:Casabella
395:Casabella
277:Mussolini
262:modernism
100:The term
59:Vitruvius
1859:Japanese
1837:Colonial
1825:Regional
1775:Arcology
1714:Art Deco
1704:Futurism
1647:De Stijl
1550:Romanian
1468:Egyptian
1463:Colonial
1417:Siberian
1227:Islamic
1196:Ottonian
1191:Galician
1101:Sasanian
1069:Herodian
1049:Etruscan
763:40662721
517:See also
468:typology
327:Futurism
313:Gruppo 7
165:Venetian
1896:Spanish
1891:Russian
1832:Chinese
1652:Bauhaus
1555:Russian
1533:Britain
1515:Moorish
1498:Baroque
1488:Mission
1434:British
1397:Petrine
1392:Maltese
1387:Italian
1377:English
1352:Baroque
1251:Ottoman
1246:Timurid
1211:Hoysala
1207:Indian
1146:Fatimid
1141:Abbasid
1136:Moorish
1131:Umayyad
1126:Islamic
1033:Aegean
612:Taschen
281:Fascist
77:use of
75:Baroque
47:Italian
1901:Somali
1881:Newari
1864:Korean
1842:Indian
1734:Googie
1640:Cubism
1625:Modern
1525:Pueblo
1503:Rococo
1473:Gothic
1382:French
1357:Andean
1331:Mughal
1268:Gothic
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1478:Mayan
1367:Dutch
1362:Czech
1285:Aztec
1280:Incan
759:JSTOR
355:Turin
1874:Maya
1682:Nazi
1336:Sikh
918:ISBN
897:ISBN
842:ISBN
789:ISBN
730:ISBN
705:ISBN
677:ISBN
641:ISBN
616:ISBN
587:ISBN
563:ISBN
488:RIBA
409:Rome
387:Como
379:Como
365:and
307:and
252:and
216:and
201:and
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