239:. Brugère was the driving force behind building a new French legation (now the French embassy) in Ottawa, designed in a modernist Art Deco style intended as a showcase for the greatness of France. Brugère stated in a 1935 speech: “Since my arrival here, I have noticed the high level of moral importance that this project presents. Maybe more than anywhere else, it is important to Canada that France settled here, and in a building that bestows such honour upon us, while flattering the Canadians’ pride, who have conserved, so alive in them, the memory, and the taste of home." The legation was designed in a lavish, sumptuous style designed to impress while being filled with imagery and symbolism that evokes New France. The message of the art deco style for the legation was that France was a nation at the forefront of modernity, a country that leading the world in culture, art, science and technology. The legation also featured symbolism and iconography meant to evoke Franco-Canadian friendship such as the Vimy Memorial located within the legation that honored all the Canadians killed or wounded while taking Vimy Ridge in 1917. Brugère was concerned by the new Nazi government in Germany, and having the legation feature iconography evoking the Great War was intended to quite consciously convey the message to any visitors that France and Canada had once been allies against Germany once, and should be allies again.
452:, Germany's biggest weapons manufacturer. Brugère had orders from Paris to ensure that Schneider-Creusot won the contract while his opposite number, Viktor von Heeren, the German minister-plenipotentiary in Belgrade, had orders from Berlin to ensure that Krupp won the contract. A French economic mission visited Belgrade together with Sofia and Bucharest between 15 November and 10 December 1938 to "identify the reasons for France's economic decline in several of the countries visited; to immediately reach a number of commercial agreements meant to improve a situation detrimental to our exports and to the payment of our financial obligations". The Quai d'Orsay recommended to Daladier that France accept the commission's advice to increase France's economic presence in the Balkans, which were dominated economically by Germany, but at a meeting on 30 January 1939 chaired by Daladier, the minister of agriculture, Henri Queuille, argued that accepting more food exports from the Balkans would damage French agriculture. Queuille said that French farmers voted in French elections while Yugoslav farmers did not, and this argument won the day. The unwillingness of France to lower its tariffs on Yugoslav agricultural products led Yugoslavia to remain within the German economic sphere of influence.
433:. Colonel Maurice-Henri Gauché, the chief of the Deuxième Bureau, visited Belgrade between 3–11 May 1938, where the Yugoslavs made no effort to hide his visit and even encouraged him to wear his uniform in public, which Brugère saw as an extremely positive sign. Brugère reported to Bonnet that an intelligence link might lead to "a rekindled desire for secret collaboration on wider questions". Brugère reported that the Belgrade visit of Gauché had worked to France's "greatest imaginable benefit". During the May crisis of 1938, when President Beneš ordered a partial mobilisation of the Czechoslovak military as he believed that his country was on the verge of a German invasion, the Franco-Yugoslav intelligence alliance did not break down as some French officials feared that it would. Brugère reported that the Yugoslavs provided good intelligence about military activities in Hungary (which was expected to join with Germany in attacking Czechoslovakia).
365:
in German-Yugoslav relations had been caused by past
Yugoslav leaders viewing the problems of Europe "through French spectacles", a handicap that Stojadinović assured his hosts that he did not suffer from. Stojadinović's speech caused a sharp reaction in Paris, and Brugère was ordered to confront Stojadinović upon his return to Belgrade about his statements praising Nazi Germany. In February 1938, Brugère had an extremely unfriendly meeting with Stojadinović, where he expressed his "astonishment" about his statements in Berlin. In response, Stojadinović stated maintaining the alliance with France remained a "fundamental" element of his foreign policy, leading Brugère to demand proof of such intentions. Brugère demanded that Yugoslav Army officers start hold staff talks with French Army officers again, and have Yugoslavia to start buying French arms again, saying that as far as he concerned that Yugoslavia was a French ally in word, not deed.
595:“Le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté est convaincu de la nécessité de ne prendre actuellement aucune initiative qui puisse entraîner l’Italie à se joindre à l’Allemagne. Nos communications à travers la Méditerranée sont vitales pour nous et pour la France, et en aucun cas elles ne doivent être mises en danger. “Il est impossible d’estimer le pour et le contre d’une action dans les États balkaniques sans tenir compte des conséquences presque certaines qu’ une telle action entraînerait sur la politique italienne et qui serait pleine de dangers pour notre cause commune. L’information contenue dans un télégramme de l’ambassadeur de Sa Majesté à Rome est très significative à cet égard. Dans la situation actuelle Lord Halifax se range dans l’ensemble à l’avis de Sir Percy Loraine. A l’heure actuelle, toute l’action dans le Sud-est de l’Europe qui risquerait de rendre plus probable l’entrée de l’Italie en guerre contre nous devrait être évitée avec soin
569:" ("...no any semblance of truth and sincerity from the mouths of Mussolini and that of Ciano...Count Ciano had declared to the Minister of Yugoslavia in Rome that Italian neutrality would be 'vigilant' and that it would not last so long as Axis interests, not engaged in the matter of Danzig, were not at stake...He wishes that we arrived as soon as possible in Salonica with or without consent of Italy".) Paul advised Brugère not to trust Mussolini, who despite have declared neutrality, was bound to come into the war on the side of Germany. Brugère reported to Paris that Paul as a sign of his good faith, was willing to allow military materials from France to be transported across Yugoslavia to Romania with the understanding that the ultimate designation was Poland. Through Metaxas leaned in a pro-Allied direction, but still had doubts about the consequences of reviving the Salonika front strategy. However, General
361:, the Yugoslav prime minister, under which Germany would buy the entire Yugoslav harvest in exchange for which Germany would sell Yugoslavia machine tools and other industrial equipment to assist Stojadinović's plans for the industrialisation of Yugoslavia. Stojadinović accepted Schacht's offer, and as a result, by the time that Brugère arrived in Belgrade, Yugoslavia was very much in the German economic sphere of influence at least at least as far as trade was concerned. The French remained the number one foreign investors in Yugoslavia together with Poland; the number two foreign investors in Czechoslovakia with French investment being exceeded only by British investment; and the number third foreign investors in Romania being exceeded by British and American investment. Brugère's duty was to reverse these tends and pull Yugoslavia back into the French sphere of influence.
897:" ("Freemasonry, under the Chautemps-Leger proconsulate, was just as insinuating. The rise, thank to them, of Alexis Leger to the General Secretariat of the Ministry in February 1933 was not happy, all the less happy as his Guadeloupe origin excited without any profit for us racial reluctances which manifested themselves in a very unpleasant way, when Daladier had the singular idea of taking him with him to Munich...I must also add that the Grand Orient has never had many adherents among us. In a recent study by Serge Hutin, on Freemasonry, the Quai d'Orsay is even described as a "Catholic stronghold" which is excessive when you think of the number and quality of Protestants who are there in a good place, which provides a happy counterweight to those who might be tempted to adopt an excessively Vatican attitude in the conduct of our foreign policy").
597:" ("His Majesty's Government are convinced of the necessity of taking no initiative at this time which might induce Italy to join Germany. Our communications across the Mediterranean are vital for us and for France, and under no circumstances should they be endangered. It is impossible to estimate the pros and cons of action in the Balkan States without taking into account the almost certain consequences that such action would entail on Italian politics and which would be full of dangers for our common cause. The information contained in a telegram from His Majesty's Ambassador in Rome is very significant in this regard. In the present situation Lord Halifax generally agrees with Sir Percy Loraine. At the present time, any action in Southeastern Europe which might make Italy more likely to enter the war against us should be carefully avoided").
369:
Yugoslav military to resume ties with the French military. The
Yugoslav War Minister, General Ljubomir Marić, gave assurances that if it came to war, Yugoslavia and France "undoubtedly would be on the same side of the barricade". Marić stated that Yugoslavia had to be friendly with the Axis for the moment because of its military and industrial backwardness, but once there issues were addressed, it would resume its traditional alliance with France. Most importantly, it was agreed that Yugoslavia and France would work together in gathering and sharing of intelligence about Germany and Italy. Brugère reported to Paris that despite the pro-Axis inclinations of Stojadinović that France was popular in Yugoslavia, quoting one Belgrade resident as saying to him: "We love France desperately, blindly,
621:" ("the representative of France in a country which, in the past, continued the struggle at our side for 3 years without having kept any part of its territory, I feel a pang of the heart. The thought that the Yugoslavs will be able to legitimately say that what they have done we have been unable to undertake. My resolution is taken: I refuse to serve a government, even if it chaired by the Victor of Verdun, which would sign the surrender of France.") Brugère was referring to the famous retreat of the Serbian Army, which after its defeat in October 1915, had followed by thousands of Serb refugees, undertaken an arduous march across the mountains of Albania in the winter of 1915–16 to be picked up by British and French ships waiting by the shores of the
528:, wrote that Paul was "in the last stages of despair". Halifax wrote on the margin of a letter he received from Paul asking for British support on the same day that he was just suffering from another attack of manic depression, which Paul was a chronic sufferer from. Brugère, who very much liked Paul, expressed more sympathy and tried to keep his spirits up. The British historian D.C. Watt wrote that Brugère was "endlessly sympathetic" who had a melancholic disposition even at the best of times, and was very despondent at the prospect of war. Paul often looked out of the window of his office, observing that the city of Belgrade was doomed, and would be destroyed once again if war came. Brugère in a cable to Paris on 27 August 1939 stated if the
508:
Bonnet and
Daladier to have France provide Yugoslavia with modern military equipment. Brugère's lobbying for Yugoslavia was successful. On 29 June 1939, it was that announced that the Bank Seligmann of Paris was going to make a loan of 600 million francs to Yugoslavia that was to be spent on weapons for the Yugoslav military. On 14 July 1939, the Yugoslav finance minister, Vojin Đuričić, signed an agreement in Paris with Daladier for France to sell Yugoslavia anti-aircraft guns, trucks, howitzers, anti-tank guns, machine guns, tanks and tank transporters. On 19 August 1939, Brugère together with the French military attaché in Belgrade, Colonel Merson, met with General
895:
réticences raciales qui se manifestèrent de façon fort déplaisante, lorsque
Daladier eut la singulière idée de l’emmener avec lui à Munich....e dois d’ailleurs ajouter que le Grand Orient n’a jamais compté beaucoup d’adhérents parmi nous. Dans une étude récente de Serge Hutin, sur la franc-maçonnerie, le Quai d’Orsay est même qualifié de “fief catholique” ce qui est excessif quand on pense au nombre et à la qualité des Protestants qui s’y trouvent en bonne place, ce qui assure un heureux contrepoids à ceux qui pourraient être tentés de suivre une attitude trop vaticane dans la conduite de notre politique extérieure
203:
courage and idealism; a self-proclaimed "tough guy" who favored a "hard" style of power politics while also being an "idealist" and a lover of the arts and poetry. Brugère was a man who believed deeply in the greatness of France which he linked with his desire for the betterment of all humanity, believing that French culture was a "civilizing" force, and that the greater of the power of France the better the future of humanity. In this way, Brugère was able to balance the "hard" and "soft" sides of his personality. Brugère was strongly influenced by the style of diplomacy practiced by the
243:
282:, which was scheduled for 1937. Mackenzie King was uncertain and hesitant as he usually was when faced with a decision, saying he did not know if Canada could afford the costs of opening a pavilion at the exposition. Brugère trapped Mackenzie King to sending out a cable to Paris, saying that Mackenzie King had accepted his offer, leading to the Quai d'Orsay to issue a public letter of thanks and that France would welcome Canada taking part in the exposition. After the announcement, Mackenzie King had no choice but have Canada take part in the exposition.
441:, that the intelligence links with Yugoslavia "had worked very satisfactorily" during the May crisis and that he hoped for closer ties with Yugoslavia. The British historian Martin Alexander wrote that the way that diplomats such as Brugère were achieving at least some success in holding together the French alliance system in Eastern Europe showed that even after the remilitarization of the Rhineland that all was not lost for French diplomacy in Eastern Europe, and that it was a conscious choice on the part of Bonnet to seek to end the alliance system.
666:. Brugère felt that Leahy was an ignoramus who more than anybody else turned Roosevelt against de Gaulle. Brugère stated that Leahy was man who spoke very poor French and was profoundly ignorant about France, which led him to the conclusion that Marshal Pétain was a reluctant collaborator who could be persuaded to re-enter the war on the Allied side. Brugère stated that Leahy was fundamentally wrong in his assessment of Pétain, and that his misdiagnosis of Vichy led Roosevelt to shun de Gaulle with a disastrous impact on Franco-American relations.
681:, to press for American recognition of de Gaulle's provisional government, saying that the American policy was "injurious not only to France, but in the long run to our own interests". Brugère told Chapin: "While your government states it never had any admiration for the Pétain government, it is difficult for me was imprisoned in Vichy when you had an ambassador to that government to find that you do not recognize a government which has restored me to freedom and which is founded on liberty and is accepted by all Frenchmen".
499:, an offensive and defensive alliance linking Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The fact that the Pact of Steel was an offensive alliance committing either power to declare war on any nation that the other power had declared war on was most unusual. For Paul, the Pact of Steel was greatly alarming as it meant if either Germany or Italy attacked Yugoslavia, the other Axis power was obliged to join in, which led Paul to turn to Brugère to seek French support for Yugoslavia.
567:... non aucu semblant de vérité et de sincérité n’est sorti de la bouche de Mussolini et de celle de Ciano...Le comte de Ciano déclarait au Ministre de Yugoslavie à Rome que la neutralité italienne serait 'vigilante’ et qu’elle ne durerait qu’aussi longtemps que les intérêts de l’Axe, non engagés dans l’affaire de Dantzig, ne seraient pas enjeu...Il souhaite que nous arrivions le plus tôt possible à Salonique avec ou sans consentement de l’Italie
345:
market for French exports, especially automobiles, the lack of
Yugoslav exports to France had proved to be a major weakness in the Franco-Yugoslav alliance that Germany was quick to take advantage of. Yugoslavia was a predominantly rural country in the 1930s, and the inability of Yugoslavia to export food to France owing to high French tariffs had allowed Germany to take the lion's share of Yugoslav imports. The
28:
392:, the ambassador in Warsaw; Victor de Lacroix, the minister-plenipotentiary in Prague; Adrien Thierry, the minister-plenipotentiary in Bucharest, and Brugère. At the conference, it was agreed that as long as France's allies in Eastern Europe continued to feud with one another, the balance in power in Eastern Europe would continue to shift in Germany's direction. Lacroix stated that President
834:, published an article by a Catholic priest who served as a missionary in Vietnam, Father Emmanuel Jacques-Houssa, that was somewhat sympathetic towards the Viet Minh. In a report to Paris, Brugère wrote that "such nonsense in a newspaper known to be biased is likely to do us more good than harm", writing that such articles were the result of an "imbroglio of anti-French intrigues".
643:
to the legend that the war Hitler wanted could have been avoided or delayed and that the responsibility for its outbreak falls, with the exception of the
Foreign Ministry, on the French government that was then in power". Brugère had assumed wrongly as it turned out that the main defendant at the trial would be Daladier; in fact, the Germans wanted the main defendants to be
553:(Case White) and invaded Poland. On 3 September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Mussolini wanted to honor the Pact of Steel by declaring war on Britain and France, but King Victor Emmanuel III, who had the ultimate power in Italy, refused to sign the declarations of war. Much to his humiliation, Mussolini was forced to declare Italy neutral in the war.
162:, a conservative leader known as one of the "tough guys" of French politics. Brugère supported Poincaré's policy of "firmness" in upholding the Treaty of Versailles, arguing to revise the Versailles in favor of Germany that would be the end of France as a great power. Brugère supported the policy of encouraging separatism in the Rhineland, arguing that if the
294:, and the decision to have Canada join with the League of Nations sanctions on Italy was deeply unpopular in Quebec. Noting that Mackenzie King was a "weathervane" politician who always followed public opinion rather than seeking to lead it, Brugère reported the prime minister was now very much against the League and its principles of collective security.
909:" ("An ambassador is a missionary...The agents placed outside of the emergency perimeter, where everyone, in disorder, gives them orders and counter-orders, are more than ever left to their own devices, just like a missionary, lost in the Great North, who in his work of evangelization, is reduced to writing every week to the Blessed Virgin").
634:
sovereignty in June 1940". Brugère further argued that the manner in which
Marshal Pétain abolished the French constitution with the National Assembly voting to give him dictatorial powers was illegal, arguing that 569 forfeitures of the votes of the deputies vs. 80 votes for could not in any meaningful sense of the term constitute legality.
809:, not to run any more articles critical of the Indochina war. Larock apologized to Brugère for the article, saying it was an editorial oversight on his part, and stated the highly negative picture of French rule in Vietnam in Koulisher's article was due to a French Army nurse recently returned from the war who had contacted Koulischer.
605:
601:
Franco-Yugoslav alliance and told Paul that he should declare war on Italy at once. Brugère felt that having
Yugoslavia invade the Italian colony of Albania would take the pressure off France. Paul refused under the grounds that Italy was allied to Germany in the Pact of Steel, and it was evident that France was going to be defeated.
495:
Greece and
Yugoslavia, allied in the Balkan Pact, opened up intense staff talks on the best way to co-ordinate their defense in the event of an Italian invasion as both Paul and Metaxas expected Mussolini to attack their nations sometime in the near future. Increasing the pressure on Paul was the signing in Rome on 22 May 1939 of the
341:
allies. At
Bucharest between 15 and 20 June 1936, the chiefs of staff of the Little Entente nations of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia met to discuss the changed situation with the conclusion being that there now only two great powers in Eastern Europe, namely the Soviet Union and Germany as France was no longer a factor.
182:("equality of status"), using a conference that was supposed to be about disarmament as a forum to demand rearmament, claiming that it was morally right that the military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles be ended at once. On 8 September 1932, Brugère reported to Paris that he talked with the Belgian Prime Minister
793:, whom he further accused of committing frightful atrocities against Vietnamese civilians. By contrast, Koulischer wrote that the Viet Minh had behaved decently and had only executed Vietnamese who had collaborated with the Japanese. Brugère wrote that this article was "even more unpleasant and malicious" than the ones in
788:
to end their empires peacefully, saying the age of European imperialism was closing and to resist the demands for independence would lead to pointless bloodshed as independence was inevitable for the British and French colonies. Koulischer accused the French Army of recruiting Wehrmacht veterans into
516:
would link up with the Yugoslav military after landing in Thessaloniki. Brugère reported to Paris that the officer corps of the Yugoslav military were very anti-German while being very pro-French and pro-British, making them very much in favor of co-operation with Britain and France should the Danzig
502:
As part of these plans to revive the Salonika front, Brugère was in close contact with Romanian diplomats. In late May 1939, Brugère reported that King Carol II was sympathetic towards France, but would not enter the war until he was certain that the Allies would win. Brugère reported that King Carol
494:
accepted the "guarantees" of their respective nations. For Paul, the willingness of Metaxas to align Greece with Britain and France indicated that it was possible for the Allies to use Thessaloniki as a base to aid Yugoslavia. In the aftermath of the Italian conquest of Albania on Easter Sunday 1939,
285:
On 29 February 1936, Brugère reported to Paris with worry about the strong "reaction" against the League of Nations amongst French-Canadians, stating it widely accepted in Quebec that the League was an "instrument" of British foreign policy that sought to "unjustly" punish Italy by imposing sanctions
642:
in 1939. In a letter to Daladier on 15 September 1940, Brugère wrote that such a trial: "would be more against France still more than yourself; it would in my eyes add considerably to our mistakes and to our misfortunes; as well as our lack of dignity, to add with public complicity or public silence
409:
dispute between the Soviet Union and Romania, saying if the Romanians could be persuaded to grant the Red Army transit rights to aid Czechoslovakia, then Germany might be deterred. Brugère was grimly forced to report that Yugoslavia was drifting away from its alliance with France, and would probably
860:
and served as a Gaullist deputy in the National Assembly. Lanneau described Brugère as "fervently Gaullist" in his politics. Brugère did not become a cabinet minister under de Gaulle, but he served as the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee in the National Assembly. He was also taken up with
684:
Brugère was against having diplomatic relations with Ireland, which had recognized the Vichy government. Sean Murphy, the Irish minister in Paris, met with Brugère to discuss having Ireland switch over to recognizing de Gaulle's provisional government. On 5 October 1944, Murphy reported to Dublin:
368:
Prince Paul, and to lesser extent Stojadinović did not want a complete rupture with France, and the "toughness" of Brugère's remarks greatly alarmed both men. Both Paul and Stojadinović sought to assure Brugère that the Franco-Yugoslav alliance was still an "alliance". The Prince-Regent ordered the
364:
Under Stojadinović, Yugoslavia started to move closer to the Axis states of Italy and Germany and away from France. In January 1938, Stojadinović visited Berlin, where he was received as the guest of honor by Adolf Hitler. Stojadinović stated in a speech during his visit to Berlin that the problems
344:
Brugère's primary duty in Belgrade to maintain the Franco-Yugoslav alliance. In his dispatches to Paris, he complained about the myopic and self-defeating nature of French protectionism, which had ensured that France was only a small market for Yugoslav exports. Through Yugoslavia was a significant
837:
On 23 February 1947, Brugère was to confront a Vietnamese Catholic priest, Vincent Kuu, who was to deliver a pro-independence speech at a meeting of the Christian Workers' Youth in Brussels. However, Kuu had been arrested at the Franco-Belgian border by the Belgian police for insufficient identity
705:
to Poland to examine the Lublin government's claims to be the legitimate government of Poland and to contact French POWs recently released by the Red Army. Brugère's relations with Bidault were difficult, causing him to resign after only three weeks on the job. Having become a Belgianophile during
629:
to continue the struggle until Serbia was liberated. Brugère felt that rather than signing the armistice with Nazi Germany that Pétain should have followed the Serb example by taking the French government and as many French troops as possible to Algeria to continue the war. Brugère mockingly wrote
485:
in order to march up the Balkans to link up with the Yugoslavs and the Romanians to aid the Poles. As such, Yugoslavia came to form a key element in French plans, and Brugère found himself holding a crucial ambassadorship. On 13 April 1939, Britain and France "guaranteed" the frontiers of Romania
404:
might grant the Red Army transit rights to allow the Soviet forces to aid Czechoslovakia in the event of war while Noël stated there was no hope of the Poles granting the Red Army transit rights at all. Coulondre stated that the best hope of deterring Germany from war was having the Red Army being
335:
in which lay behind the Rhineland favored the offensive. As long as the Rhineland was demilitarized, Germany had no means of stopping the French from seizing much of western Germany. On 7 March 1936, Germany remilitarized the Rhineland, which completely upset the calculations behind Yugoslav grand
302:
wrote that it was clear "...by 13 March that the British Dominions, especially the Union of South Africa and Canada, would not stand with England if war came. The South African government in particular was busy backing the German position in London and with the other Dominion governments". Brugère
297:
On 7 March 1936, Germany remilitarized the Rhineland, which was a violation of both the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Locarno. Mackenzie King stated that if Britain went to war to uphold the demilitarised status of the Rhineland, there was no possibility of Canada joining in. The American
202:
The Belgian historian Catherine Lanneau described Brugère as a man of contradictions, an irascible man who erupted in most undiplomatic outbursts of rage while also being a most compassionate man full of sympathy for others; a man some found very clumsy and awkward while others praised him for his
560:
with the understanding that the French would ultimately head north into Yugoslavia. Paul told Brugère that through Yugoslavia was neutral, but that his sympathies were completely with the Allies. Paul further stated that he would have Yugoslavia enter the war on the Allied side the moment that he
540:
and march north into Yugoslavia with the ultimate aim of aiding Poland. Brugère also accepted Paul's arguments that Italy was bound to enter the war on the Axis side if the Danzig crisis should lead to war, and he argued very strongly that France along with Britain should take up Paul's idea of a
340:
along their western border with France to block a French offensive into western Germany. The implications of the Siegfried Line were that Germany could now attack at any will any of France's allies in Eastern Europe with no fear of a French offensive was greatly alarming to France's East European
700:
As Secretary-General, Brugère drew up rules for the purge of collaborators from the Quai d'Orsay, ruling that all those fired under Vichy would have to be reinstated; those who had joined under Vichy would have to retake their examinations; and those diplomats who joined the Resistance would be
507:
came to war. In June 1939, the German offer of trade credits to Yugoslavia together with rumors of an imminent Italian invasion of Greece caused Brugère to step-up his efforts to win Yugoslavia for the "peace front". Brugère told Prince Paul that he was going to fly to Paris to personally lobby
303:
pressed Mackenzie King to have Canada at least make support make a statement of support for France, which he refused to do, claiming that Canada had not signed the Treaty of Locarno, leading Brugère to reply that Canada had signed the Treaty of Versailles and should be doing more to uphold it.
177:
as the embassy counselor at the French embassy. Belgium had signed a military alliance with France in 1920, which lasted until 1936, when Belgium renounced the alliance and declared itself neutral. The main concern in Franco-Belgian relations was the World Disarmament Conference that started in
600:
By January 1940, Brugère was convinced that Paul have Yugoslavia enter the war on the Allied side, provided that the Allies landed at Thessaloniki and had operational control of the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. When Italy declared war on France on 10 June 1940, Brugère sought to invoke the
330:
was still demilitarized. Weinberg called the demilitarized status of the Rhineland the "single most important guarantee of peace in Europe" as it exposed western Germany, especially the Ruhr, to the possibility of being seized by the French, who were widely expected to launch an offensive into
894:
La franc-maçonnerie, sous le proconsulat Chautemps-Leger, fut tout aussi insinuante. L’ascension, grâce à elle, d’Alexis Leger au secrétariat général du Ministère en février 1933 ne fut pas heureuse, d’autant moins heureuse que son origine guadeloupéenne excita sans aucun profit pour nous des
633:
Brugère also noted that France had signed a treaty with Great Britain forbidding either power to sign an armistice with Germany, thus leading him to argue that the armistice was illegal. The French historian Annie Lacroix-Riz called Brugère "the only diplomat to embody national resistance and
718:
Brugère served as the French ambassador in Brussels from 4 October 1944 to November 1947, when he retired. During his time as ambassador to Belgium, Brugère worked for closer Franco-Belgian ties and sympathized more with Walloon politicians than Flemish ones. Brugère proved to be a highly
763:, Brugère was highly annoyed, writing of "perfectly tendentious" articles, which he believed were the result of a propaganda offensive by the Soviet Union to defame France. Brugère blamed the French Communist Party, which was then in the French government, for the articles, writing that
906:
Un ambassadeur est un missionnaire...Les agents placés hors du périmètre d’urgence, où tout le monde, dans le désordre, leur donne ordres et contre-ordres, sont plus que jamais livrés à eux-mêmes avec juste pour ressource celle du missionnaire, perdu dans le Grand Nord, qui, son travail
618:
Représentant de la France dans un pays qui, jadis, a continué 3 ans la lutte à nos côtés sans avoir gardé la moindre parcelle de son territoire, j'éprouve un serrement de cœur à la pensée que les Yougoslaves pourront légitimement dire que ce qu'ils ont fait, nous avons été incapables de
637:
Brugère returned to France, where he joined a Gaullist resistance group. Prince Paul was sad to see Brugère leave Belgrade. After the armistice, the Germans pressed the new Vichy government to bring Daladier and the other French leaders to trial for declaring war on the
585:, the Italian Foreign Minister, knowing of the differences between French and British strategies via reading the British diplomatic cables, portrayed Italian neutrality as being more sincere than what it really was in his meetings with the British ambassador, Sir
266:
was morally in the right in challenging the international order created by the Treaty of Versailles and that Canada was not willing to do anything to assist France with upholding that order. Brugère noted that Mackenzie King was a protégé of Sir
743:
appeared that called for Wallonia to break away from Belgium and Quebec to break away from Canada, arguing these two areas, which were both part of the "French cultural empire" had a similar background. A Canadian diplomat,
194:
at the World Disarmament Conference with the only issue being not whatever Germany was going to rearm or not, but rather the extent of German rearmament. During his time in Brussels, he became a friend of the poet
331:
western Germany if any of France's allies in Eastern Europe were attacked. The wide Rhine river together with the hilly countryside of the Rhineland made it into a natural defensive barrier; by contrast, the open
279:
580:
strategy of World War One, but the British were opposed. Unfortunately, for Paul, the Italians had stolen the keys to the British diplomatic codes via a burglary at the British embassy in Rome in 1935. Count
693:, and the moment the Pétain Government had disappeared”, Ireland entered into diplomatic relations with de Gaulle's government. Murphy reported that Brugère “became irritable at the mention of the word ‘
139:, Brugère was called up to duty in August 1914 to resist the German invasion of France. He was mentioned in a report for bravery under fire on 23 September 1914. Subsequently, he transferred over to the
134:
on 1 August 1912. On 5 June 1912, Brugère married Denise Témoin, the daughter of a famous doctor, Daniel Témoin. By his wife, he had one child, a daughter named Nicole. As a reservist lieutenant in the
130:
and Louise Thieclin. He graduated with a degree in the law. Brugère joined the Quai d'Orsay on 17 May 1911, and first went overseas to start serving as the third secretary at the French legation in
673:
in London. On 8 June 1944, Brugère was freed by the Resistance. On 21 September 1944, he was appointed as the Secretary-General (number two position) at the Quai d'Orsay under the Foreign Minister
396:
of Czechoslovakia did not want a war and was willing to negotiate about the Sudetenland, but would fight if his country were attacked by Germany. Thierry stated that there was some hope that King
719:
controversial ambassador, who was widely accused of supporting Walloon politicians to make Belgium into a French-speaking state. Belgian politics were torn between a dispute over whatever King
828:, a conservative Brussels daily ran an article that praised French colonialism in Vietnam, which Brugère reported to Paris that he helped to inspire. On 26 February 1947, a Belgian newspaper,
739:
was such that there were serious fears of a civil war in Belgium with conservatives and Flemings supporting the king's return while liberals and Walloons were opposed. In 1946, a group called
797:, and he made a formal complaint to the leaders of the Belgian Socialist Party about the article. Brugère also handed in a formal letter of protest to the Belgian Socialist Foreign Minister
842:
in Indochina. Brugère's friend Claudel in a letter to his son wrote that Brugère had sent an "inflammatory telegram" to Bidault concerning the "Royal Question" in Belgium about the
589:
and argued to him that any Allied landing at Thessaloniki would be a provocation that would drive Italy towards Germany. On 9 September 1939, the British ambassador in Paris, Sir
262:, who made it clear to Brugèret that the affairs of Europe were of no interest to him. Brugère reported to Paris that Mackenzie King was a supporter of appeasement who felt that
319:, the Regent for the boy king Petar II. In a dispatch to Paris, Brugère described the Prince-Regent as a man whose "incontestable qualities of character, balance, and taste...
271:, and drew unfavorable comparisons with Laurier who supported Canada's involvement in the Great War with Mackenzie King, who had no intention of fighting in another world war.
323:
dilettantism and charm which he exercised on his visitors were useless in the present circumstances and in a country where arguments of might are the only ones which count".
444:
Stojadinović's schemes for the industrialisation involved an intense struggle to build a weapons factory at Zenitra that came down to a showdown between the corporation of
190:, saying to allow Germany to rearm would be the end of the Versailles system. In December 1932, under heavy Anglo-American pressure, France agreed to accept "in principle"
878:
630:
that to cross the Mediterranean Sea in June from Marseilles to Algiers was considerably more easier than crossing the Accursed Mountains of Albania in the dead of winter.
619:
l'entreprendre. Ma résolution est prise : je refuse de servir un gouvernement, fut-il présidé par le Vainqueur de Verdun, qui signerait la capitulation de la France
211:" (The Schlieffen Plan and the "Avenger": Two Letters") that defended the actions of France during the July crisis of 1914 against the thesis promoted by Germany of the
755:
During his time in Brussels, Brugère was very concerned about the way that the Belgian press covered the war in the French colony of Indochina where the Communist
2394:
2530:
561:
thought the Allies were in a position to aid Yugoslavia, saying that the backwardness of Yugoslavia made it impossible for his country to fight against the
204:
326:
Yugoslavia had allied to France in 1927, but in the 1930s, the Franco-Yugoslav alliance began to fry. At the time the alliance was signed in 1927, the
2525:
520:
In the hot summer of 1939, the Danzig crisis brought Europe to the brink of war, and Prince Paul was thrown into deep depression at the prospect. Sir
658:, the United States recognized Vichy regime as the legitimate government of France until November 1942, maintaining an embassy in Vichy with Admiral
2520:
166:
could be served from Germany, the new Rhinish state would be a French client state that would allow the French to occupy the Rhineland permanently.
286:
for invading Ethiopia. The ultra-conservative Catholic intelligentsia of Quebec-whose informal leader was a nationalist Catholic priest, the Abbe
846:
who was acting as the head of state for his older brother. Still unable to work effectively with Bidault, Brugère retired as ambassador in 1947.
349:
had a greater population than what German agriculture was capable of feeding, thus requiring Germany to import food to feed its people. In 1936,
2535:
2465:
Vaǐsse, Maricure (1990). "D'instinct, les diplomates n'aiment pas les ruptures des relations (15 juin-20 juillet 1940)". In Haim Shamir (ed.).
2029:
Chapin, Selden (1965). "The Acting American Representative to the French Committee of National Liberation in Paris to the Secretary of State".
573:, the chief of the Greek general staff, wanted the Allies to land at Thessaloniki, seeing it as the best way of preserving Greek independence.
236:
2455:
2162:
2143:
2124:
1969:
612:
On 17 June 1940, Brugère resigned in protest at the decision to sign an armistice with Germany. In a famous public cable he sent to Marshal
662:
serving as the American ambassador. Brugère was in contact with Leahy, using him as a means of reaching out to his close friend, President
866:
767:
would not criticize a government that it was a part of, but would subcontract the work out to French language Belgian newspapers such as
731:
who supported the king's return to his throne often accused Brugère of interference in Belgian internal affairs. The dispute between the
723:-who signed an armistice with Nazi Germany in 1940-should be allowed to return to his throne. Brugère was also accused of supporting the
856:
2219:
2474:
2378:
2333:
2314:
2295:
2276:
2200:
2181:
2105:
2047:
1988:
843:
146:
Owing to his wounds, he returned to the service of the Quai d'Orsay, and was posted as the third secretary at the French embassy in
685:"I was very coldly received and rudely received by the Secretary General." Brugère rejected Murphy's argument that “the Government
525:
2515:
207:
and Claudel. In 1932, Brugère together with Maurice Paléologue, the last French ambassador to Imperial Russia, published an "
143:, and took part in the Dardanelles campaign of 1915. Later in 1915, Brugère went to Serbia, where he was wounded in action.
821:
154:. In May 1919, he returned to France to serve in Department of Commercial Relations at the Quai d'Orsay's main office in
669:
Brugère was interned by the French police on 8 November 8, 1942 when it was discovered that he was in contact with the
242:
2231:"Contre-Propagande Sur L'Indochine La France Officielle Face À L'Anticolonialisme en Belgique Francophone (1946–1950)"
780:
on 20 December 1946 by a political scientist, Grégoire Koulischer, that appealed to the British Labour Prime Minister
604:
425:, the new French Foreign Minister, that the talks on intelligence co-operation were going very well, and that General
259:
2096:
Ferragu, Gilles; Michel, Florian (2016). "Introduction générale". In Gillees Ferragu & Florian Michel (ed.).
670:
316:
532:
should lead to Germany invading Poland, then France should reactivate Salonika front strategy by sending the
503:
was greatly haunted by the way Romania had been devastated in World War One and would choose neutrality if the
463:" ("one of our best friends"). During the Danzig crisis, the French planned in the event of war to revive the
459:. Brugère regarded the change as an improvement, describing Cvetković as a Francophile and stated that he was "
2356:
Pierron, Jean-Louis (July 1991). "La Mission de Christian Fouchet en Pologne 28 Décembre 1944-31 Mars 1945".
1754:"A Revision of "the Irish Exception": Seán Murphy, Irish Recognition Policy and the Republic of France, 1944"
801:
about Koulisher's article, saying he had tarnished the good name of the French Foreign Legion. Brugère asked
2084:
759:
guerrillas were fighting for independence. About the pro-Viet Minh coverage in Communist newspapers such as
456:
2490:
2155:
Beyond the Balance of Power France and the Politics of National Security in the Era of the First World War
720:
854:
In retirement, Brugère became active in Gaullist politics. Brugère was a founding member of the Gaullist
380:
about the Sudetenland crisis in Eastern Europe. Besides for Paul-Boncour, the conference was attended by
870:
790:
663:
358:
2510:
2505:
2269:
Les élites françaises entre 1940 et 1944 De la collaboration avec l'Allemagne à l'alliance américaine
414:, a man hostile to the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, becoming the Foreign Minister while
150:
on 11 March 1916. On 22 February 1918, he was posted as the third secretary at the French embassy in
2411:
Thomas, Martin (1999). "France and the Czechoslovak Crisis". In Igor Lukes; Erik Goldstein (eds.).
1998:
Batowski, Henryk (September 1968). "Proposal for a second front in the Balkans in September 1939".
913:
838:
documents. Instead, Father Houssa replaced him, leading to a lively debate about the merits of the
521:
487:
438:
415:
377:
159:
509:
410:
do nothing to help Czechoslovakia. On 10 April 1938, a new government came to power in Paris with
2388:
863:
Courtes mais éblouissantes vies ministérielles parallèles de Chateaubriand et Lamartine 1823–1848
570:
468:
401:
332:
274:
In February 1936, at a party in Ottawa, Brugère pressed Mackenzie King and his Quebec lieutenant
613:
430:
2470:
2451:
2420:
2374:
2329:
2310:
2291:
2272:
2264:
2215:
2196:
2177:
2158:
2139:
2120:
2101:
2043:
1984:
1965:
830:
824:, the French High Commissioner for Indochina, in a very favorable light . On 21 January 1947,
707:
702:
655:
445:
127:
2307:
Neutrality as a Policy Choice for Small/Weak Democracies Learning from the Belgian Experience
556:
On 3 September 1939, Prince Paul met with Brugère to request that the French land an army at
2250:
2242:
2070:
1962:
The Republic in Danger General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940
798:
659:
434:
426:
385:
381:
299:
291:
524:, the British minister in Belgrade, in a cable on 26 August 1939 to the Foreign Secretary,
1753:
674:
491:
429:, the chief of the Yugoslav general staff, wanted to work as closely as possible with the
350:
275:
268:
727:
who believed the king should abdicate on the account of having signed the armistice. The
393:
389:
311:
From 26 August 1937 to 17 June 1940, he served as the French minister-plenipotentiary in
247:
2343:
Pellicone, Diane (2012). "Politics of Style Travel, Modernism, and the French Embassy".
455:
On 5 February 1939, Paul dismissed Stojadinović as prime minister and replaced him with
781:
745:
644:
582:
577:
474:
464:
422:
411:
337:
2499:
2413:
802:
678:
586:
529:
504:
496:
287:
2467:
France and Germany in an Age of Crisis, 1900–1960 Studies in Memory of Charles Bloch
907:
d’évangélisation poursuivi, en est réduit à écrire chaque semaine à la Sainte Vierge
27:
942:
Courtes mais éblouissante vie ministérielle parallèles de Chateaubriand et Lamartin
648:
626:
622:
557:
537:
482:
376:
On 5 April 1938, a conference was called in Paris attended by the Foreign Minister
263:
258:, Brugère was infuriated by the semi-isolationist foreign policy of Prime Minister
196:
2059:"Le Canada et l'Exposition universelle de Paris 1937, une occasion manquée ?"
785:
651:, the two main "anti-German" politicians in the last years of the Third Republic.
2098:
Diplomatie et religion: Au cœur de l'action culturelle de la France au XXe siècle
816:, a liberal Brussels weekly run on 4 January 1947 a flattening story on France's
2033:. Washington D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. pp. 736–737.
590:
232:
183:
169:
On 21 November 1924, he was posted as first secretary at the French embassy in
2439:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36
406:
151:
123:
2288:
Francosphere l'importance de la France dans la culture strategique du Canada
776:
756:
327:
163:
2246:
2230:
320:
774:
Brugère was especially offended by an article in the Socialist newspaper
405:
granted transit rights, saying he would work to settle the long-running
397:
312:
174:
2193:
Transitional Justice How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes
2136:
The Politics of Apoliticism Political Trials in Vichy France, 1940–1942
131:
2255:
2089:
France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932-1939
2075:
2058:
2212:
L'inconnue française: la France et les Belges francophones, 1944–1945
478:
437:, the political director of the Quai d'Orsay reported to the Premier
255:
228:
170:
147:
280:
Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne
2430:
How War Came The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–39
752:
group's manifesto closely resembled the writing style of Brugère.
603:
449:
241:
155:
565:
at present. Brugère wrote that Paul had told him that there was:"
223:
From August 3, 1934, to August 26, 1937, he served as the French
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
677:. On his first day in office, Brugère met an American diplomat,
448:, France's biggest weapons manufacturer, and the corporation of
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
477:
based in the French mandates of Lebanon and Syria to sail from
1180:
1178:
512:, the chief of the Yugoslav general staff, to discuss how the
178:
Geneva in February 1932, when the German government demanded
2117:
The Third Reich and Yugoslavia An Economy of Fear, 1933–1941
2195:. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
1382:
1380:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1563:
1561:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1421:
1419:
1061:
1059:
875:
Ambassade de Choiseul-Gouffier à Constantinople, 1784-1792
114:(25 January 1885 – 30 August 1966) was a French diplomat.
1633:
1631:
1629:
1031:
2013:
Veni, vidi Vichy ... et la suite Témoignagnes, 1940–1945
1879:
1877:
1875:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1730:
1728:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1126:
1124:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
353:, the German economic minister and the president of the
1696:
1694:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
948:
Mémoires d'outre-Monge, À l'ombre de l'Élysée en pleurs
820:(civilizing mission) in Vietnam and portrayed Admiral
467:
strategy. The French General Staff planned to have the
2404:
Seeds of Discord De Gaulle, Free France and the Allies
1800:
1798:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1510:
1508:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1153:
1151:
930:
Veni, vidi Vichy... et la suite Témoignages, 1940-1945
881:, the classicist who served as the last ambassador of
158:. In Paris, Brugère was known as a close associate of
336:
strategy. The Germans immediately began building the
246:
Raymond Brugère watches as the Postmaster of Canada,
2174:
The Good Fight Marcel Cadieux and Canadian Diplomacy
986:
984:
982:
2326:
Unconventional perceptions of Yugoslavia, 1940-1945
235:to present his credentials to the Governor-General
101:
93:
85:
77:
69:
53:
34:
18:
2412:
2290:. Quebec City: Presses de l'Universite du Quebec.
879:Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier
2100:. Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne. pp. 7–21.
357:, had visited Belgrade where he made an offer to
861:his literacy studies, publishing in 1957 a book
706:his time in Brussels, Brugère lobbied President
209:Le Plan Schlieffen et le "Vengeur": Deux Lettres
2415:The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II
608:Raymond Brugère as ambassador to Belgium, 1945.
2371:Princess Olga of Yugoslavia Her Life and Times
1552:
928:,1944, Paris: Calmann-Levy, second edition as
900:Brugère defined the role of an ambassador in
812:To counter the criticism, Brugère encouraged
2448:Britain and the War for Yugoslavia, 1940–1943
1981:Paul of Yugoslavia, Britain's Maligned Friend
1747:
1745:
1743:
1719:
1673:
916:where he owned a chateau in the countryside.
616:announcing his resignation that serving as: "
384:, the Secretary-General of the Quai d'Orsay;
8:
701:preferred for promotion. Brugère dispatched
215:as the victim of Franco-Russian aggression.
2491:Brugère's citation for the Legion of Honour
2469:. Amsterdam: E.J. Brill. pp. 145–161.
2358:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains
2235:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains
1661:
2393:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2022:Noblesse et rigueur du métier diplomatique
1311:
954:Noblesse et rigueur du métier diplomatique
902:Noblesse et rigueur du métier diplomatique
890:Noblesse et rigueur du métier diplomatique
199:who was serving as the French ambassador.
26:
15:
2254:
2157:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2074:
1964:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1410:
1398:
1386:
1371:
1359:
1299:
1287:
1266:
1243:
1231:
1077:
1065:
1050:
231:. On 16 October 1934, Brugère arrived at
2040:Lettres à son fils Henri et à sa famille
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1499:
1425:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1142:
1115:
748:, thought that the writing style of the
576:The French were very keen to revive the
2450:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2441:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1866:
1854:
1831:
1789:
1685:
1637:
1620:
1035:
1002:
973:
966:
625:. Afterwards, the Serbian Army went to
549:On 1 September 1939, Germany activated
2406:. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
2386:
2328:. New York: East European Monographs.
2031:Foreign Relations of the United States
1734:
1700:
1649:
1334:
1130:
1096:
710:to appoint him ambassador to Belgium.
89:Minister plenipotentiary to Yugoslavia
1804:
1777:
186:who told him that France must oppose
173:. On 16 December 1929, he arrived in
7:
1533:
1514:
1480:
1465:
1444:
1157:
990:
892:caused controversy where he wrote: "
2531:Ambassadors of France to Yugoslavia
2229:Lanneau, Catherine (January 2011).
771:to criticize the war in Indochina.
278:, about Canada taking part in the
250:, signs an agreement, Ottawa 1935.
14:
2119:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
784:and the French Socialist premier
541:"pre-emptive war" against Italy.
421:In May 1938, Brugère reported to
2526:Ambassadors of France to Belgium
857:Rassemblement du Peuple Français
593:, presented a note which read: "
2521:Ambassadors of France to Canada
2419:. London: Frank Cass. pp.
2402:Shipley White, Dorothy (1964).
2115:Hadzi-Jovancic, Perica (2020).
936:Hommages Français à Paul Hymans
654:Much to the intense chagrin of
2324:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (1985).
885:France to the Ottoman Empire.
867:François-René de Chateaubriand
227:(minister plenipotentiary) in
1:
2536:20th-century French diplomats
2428:Watt, Donald Cameron (1989).
2063:Bulletin d'histoire politique
2057:Cloutier, David (Fall 2011).
1960:Alexander, Martin S. (2003).
490:and the Greek prime minister
112:Charles Henri Raymond Brugère
388:, the ambassador in Moscow;
2210:Lanneau, Catherine (2008).
950:, Paris: du Manuscrit, 1961
822:Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu
260:William Lyon Mackenzie King
2552:
2437:Weinberg, Gerhard (1970).
877:(1958) was a biography of
865:, a parallel biography of
2369:Prentice, Robert (2021).
2091:. New York: Enigma Books.
2020:Brugère, Raymond (1962).
2011:Brugère, Raymond (1953).
938:Brussels: l'Avenue, 1944.
932:, 1953, Paris: Deux-Rives
671:French National Committee
225:ministre plénipotentiaire
25:
2176:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
2085:Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste
2042:. Paris: L'Age d'homme.
461:un de nos meilleurs amis
382:Alexis St.Léger-St.Léger
2286:Massie, Justin (2013).
2271:. Paris: Armand Colin.
2191:Kritz, Neil J. (1995).
2172:Kelly, Brendan (2019).
2153:Jackson, Peter (2013).
1983:. London: H. Hamilton.
315:. Brugère was close to
2446:Wheeler, Mark (1980).
2305:Palo, Michael (2019).
2138:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
2134:Herbst, James (2019).
2038:Claudel, Paul (1990).
1979:Balfour, Neil (1980).
714:Ambassador in Brussels
609:
486:and Greece. Both King
251:
205:comte de Saint-Aulaire
2432:. London: Heinemannm.
2247:10.3917/gmcc.241.0075
956:, Paris: Alfort, 1962
871:Alphonse de Lamartine
840:mission civilisatrice
818:mission civilisatrice
791:French Foreign Legion
664:Franklin D. Roosevelt
607:
473:commanded by Marshal
245:
126:, the son of General
2309:. Amsterdam: Brill.
2214:. Bern: Peter Lang.
2015:. Paris: Deux-Rives.
1752:O’Driscoll, Mervyn.
517:crisis lead to war.
418:became the Premier.
307:Minister in Belgrade
122:Brugère was born in
2516:People from Orléans
1553:Hadzi-Jovancic 2020
689:was the Government
378:Joseph Paul-Boncour
254:During his time in
141:Chasseurs d'Afrique
2265:Lacroix-Riz, Annie
1954:Books and articles
1922:, p. 278-279.
1758:Etudes irlandaises
1720:Shipley White 1964
1674:Shipley White 1964
1582:, p. 336-337.
1401:, p. 313-314.
1374:, p. 233-234.
1302:, p. 229-230.
1199:, p. 283-284.
1187:, p. 261-262.
610:
571:Alexandros Papagos
359:Milan Stojadinović
333:North German Plain
252:
219:Minister in Ottawa
192:gleichberechtigung
188:gleichberechtigung
180:gleichberechtigung
137:chasseurs à cheval
2457:978-0-914710-57-8
2164:978-1-107-03994-0
2145:978-3-11-061016-1
2126:978-1-350-13806-3
2076:10.7202/1055962ar
1971:978-0-521-52429-2
831:La Libre Belgique
708:Charles de Gaulle
703:Christian Fouchet
656:Charles de Gaulle
457:Dragiša Cvetković
446:Schneider-Creusot
109:
108:
78:Years active
2543:
2480:
2461:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2260:
2258:
2225:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2149:
2130:
2111:
2092:
2080:
2078:
2053:
2034:
2025:
2024:. Paris: Alfort.
2016:
2007:
1994:
1975:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1835:
1829:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1662:Lacroix-Riz 2016
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1624:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1537:
1531:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1100:
1094:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
977:
971:
926:Veni, vidi Vichy
920:Books by Brugère
912:Brugère died in
873:. Another book,
805:, the editor of
799:Paul-Henri Spaak
795:Le Drapeau rouge
769:Le Drapeau rouge
761:Le Drapeau rouge
733:antiléopoldistes
725:antiléopoldistes
660:William D. Leahy
439:Édouard Daladier
416:Édouard Daladier
386:Robert Coulondre
300:Gerhard Weinberg
292:Benito Mussolini
237:Lord Bessborough
160:Raymond Poincaré
64:Châtenoy, France
60:
44:
42:
30:
16:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2477:
2464:
2458:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2410:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2336:
2323:
2317:
2304:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2263:
2228:
2222:
2209:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2171:
2165:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2083:
2056:
2050:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1838:
1830:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1627:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1540:
1532:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1451:
1443:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1341:
1333:
1318:
1312:Pavlowitch 1985
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1273:
1265:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1103:
1095:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
980:
972:
968:
963:
922:
852:
750:Quebec-Wallonie
741:Quebec-Wallonie
716:
675:Georges Bidault
614:Philippe Pétain
547:
534:Armée du Levant
522:Ronald Campbell
514:Armée du Levant
492:Ioannis Metaxas
470:Armée du Levant
431:Deuxième Bureau
371:comme une femme
351:Hjalmar Schacht
309:
276:Ernest Lapointe
269:Wilfrid Laurier
221:
120:
65:
62:
58:
49:
48:Orléans, France
46:
45:25 January 1885
40:
38:
21:
20:Raymond Brugère
12:
11:
5:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2485:External links
2483:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2408:
2399:
2379:
2366:
2353:
2340:
2334:
2321:
2315:
2302:
2296:
2283:
2277:
2261:
2226:
2221:978-9052013978
2220:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2125:
2112:
2106:
2093:
2081:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
2000:Balkan Studies
1995:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1910:, p. 263.
1900:
1888:
1871:
1859:
1836:
1809:
1794:
1782:
1780:, p. 106.
1770:
1739:
1737:, p. 737.
1724:
1722:, p. 319.
1705:
1690:
1688:, p. 203.
1678:
1676:, p. 397.
1666:
1654:
1652:, p. 150.
1642:
1640:, p. 165.
1625:
1608:
1606:, p. 147.
1596:
1594:, p. 337.
1584:
1572:
1570:, p. 336.
1557:
1555:, p. 168.
1538:
1536:, p. 473.
1519:
1517:, p. 472.
1504:
1502:, p. 339.
1485:
1483:, p. 290.
1470:
1468:, p. 293.
1449:
1447:, p. 294.
1430:
1428:, p. 338.
1415:
1413:, p. 314.
1411:Duroselle 2004
1403:
1399:Duroselle 2004
1391:
1389:, p. 312.
1387:Duroselle 2004
1376:
1372:Alexander 2003
1364:
1362:, p. 230.
1360:Alexander 2003
1339:
1337:, p. 131.
1316:
1314:, p. 125.
1304:
1300:Alexander 2003
1292:
1290:, p. 229.
1288:Alexander 2003
1271:
1269:, p. 228.
1267:Alexander 2003
1248:
1246:, p. 307.
1244:Duroselle 2004
1236:
1234:, p. 221.
1232:Alexander 2003
1213:
1211:, p. 262.
1201:
1189:
1174:
1172:, p. 239.
1162:
1160:, p. 202.
1147:
1145:, p. 258.
1135:
1133:, p. 176.
1120:
1101:
1099:, p. 182.
1082:
1078:Pellicone 2012
1070:
1068:, p. 3-4.
1066:Pellicone 2012
1055:
1051:Pellicone 2012
1040:
1038:, p. 279.
1007:
1005:, p. 278.
995:
978:
976:, p. 409.
965:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
921:
918:
888:His 1962 book
851:
848:
844:Regent Charles
782:Clement Attlee
746:Marcel Cadieux
715:
712:
645:Georges Mandel
583:Galeazzo Ciano
578:Salonika front
546:
543:
475:Maxime Weygand
465:Salonika front
423:Georges Bonnet
412:Georges Bonnet
338:Siegfried Line
308:
305:
220:
217:
128:Joseph Brugère
119:
116:
107:
106:
105:Nicole Brugère
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:Known for
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
61:(aged 81)
57:30 August 1966
55:
51:
50:
47:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2548:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2476:9789004092280
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2380:9781839755521
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2335:9780880330817
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2316:9789004395855
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2297:9782760536067
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2278:9782200614973
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2202:9781878379443
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2183:9780774860024
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2107:9791035103545
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:9782825100394
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:(2): 335–344.
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1990:9780241103920
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:, p. 24.
1945:
1940:
1937:
1934:, p. 60.
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:, p. 86.
1897:
1892:
1889:
1886:, p. 85.
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:, p. 82.
1868:
1863:
1860:
1857:, p. 81.
1856:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1834:, p. 80.
1833:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:, p. 49.
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:, p. 75.
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:, p. 32.
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:, p. 55.
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:, p. 13.
1622:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:Prentice 2021
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:Batowski 1968
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:Batowski 1968
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:Batowski 1968
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Batowski 1968
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Batowski 1968
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Weinberg 1970
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:Weinberg 1970
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:Weinberg 1970
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Weinberg 1970
1166:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Weinberg 1970
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:, p. 56.
1117:
1116:Cloutier 2011
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
993:, p. 56.
992:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
960:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
898:
896:
891:
886:
884:
883:ancien régime
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
858:
849:
847:
845:
841:
835:
833:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
803:Victor Larock
800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
778:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
713:
711:
709:
704:
698:
696:
692:
688:
682:
680:
679:Selden Chapin
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
641:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
615:
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
587:Percy Loraine
584:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
552:
545:World War Two
544:
542:
539:
535:
531:
530:Danzig crisis
527:
523:
518:
515:
511:
510:Dušan Simović
506:
505:Danzig crisis
500:
498:
497:Pact of Steel
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
435:René Massigli
432:
428:
427:Milutin Nedić
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
339:
334:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
301:
295:
293:
289:
288:Lionel Groulx
283:
281:
277:
272:
270:
265:
261:
257:
249:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
200:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
133:
129:
125:
117:
115:
113:
104:
100:
97:Denise Témoin
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
56:
52:
37:
33:
29:
24:
17:
2466:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2414:
2403:
2373:. New York.
2370:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2268:
2241:(1): 75–90.
2238:
2234:
2211:
2192:
2173:
2154:
2135:
2116:
2097:
2088:
2069:(1): 54–59.
2066:
2062:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1980:
1961:
1944:Brugère 1962
1939:
1932:Brugère 1962
1927:
1920:Lanneau 2008
1915:
1908:Claudel 1990
1903:
1896:Lanneau 2011
1891:
1884:Lanneau 2011
1867:Lanneau 2011
1862:
1855:Lanneau 2011
1832:Lanneau 2011
1790:Pierron 1991
1785:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1686:Balfour 1980
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1638:Brugère 1953
1621:Wheeler 1980
1599:
1587:
1575:
1406:
1394:
1367:
1307:
1295:
1239:
1204:
1192:
1165:
1138:
1080:, p. 4.
1073:
1053:, p. 3.
1036:Lanneau 2008
1003:Lanneau 2008
998:
974:Jackson 2013
969:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
925:
911:
905:
901:
899:
893:
889:
887:
882:
874:
862:
855:
853:
839:
836:
829:
825:
817:
813:
811:
806:
794:
775:
773:
768:
764:
760:
754:
749:
740:
737:léopoldistes
736:
732:
729:léopoldistes
728:
724:
717:
699:
694:
690:
686:
683:
668:
653:
649:Paul Reynaud
639:
636:
632:
627:Thessaloniki
623:Adriatic Sea
617:
611:
599:
594:
575:
566:
562:
558:Thessaloniki
555:
550:
548:
538:Thessaloniki
533:
526:Lord Halifax
519:
513:
501:
483:Thessaloniki
469:
460:
454:
443:
420:
394:Edvard Beneš
375:
370:
367:
363:
354:
346:
343:
325:
310:
296:
284:
273:
264:Adolf Hitler
253:
248:Arthur Sauvé
224:
222:
212:
208:
201:
197:Paul Claudel
191:
187:
179:
168:
145:
140:
136:
121:
111:
110:
59:(1966-08-30)
2511:1966 deaths
2506:1885 births
2364:(7): 75–90.
1735:Chapin 1965
1701:Herbst 2019
1650:Vaǐsse 1990
1335:Thomas 1999
1131:Massie 2013
1097:Massie 2013
850:Later years
814:Face à Main
721:Leopold III
591:Eric Phipps
481:to land at
317:Prince Paul
233:Rideau Hall
184:Paul Hymans
2500:Categories
2351:(1): 1–10.
2256:2268/91282
1805:Kelly 2019
1778:Kritz 1995
1763:15 January
961:References
765:L'Humanité
551:Fall Weiss
407:Bessarabia
355:Reichsbank
298:historian
290:-idolized
152:Copenhagen
70:Occupation
41:1885-01-25
2389:cite book
1534:Watt 1989
1515:Watt 1989
1481:Watt 1989
1466:Watt 1989
1445:Watt 1989
1158:Watt 1989
991:Palo 2019
826:La Nation
807:Le Peuple
786:Léon Blum
777:Le Peuple
757:Viet Minh
735:and the
390:Léon Noël
328:Rhineland
164:Rhineland
81:1911–1948
2267:(2016).
2087:(2004).
944:e, 1957.
914:Châtenoy
695:de facto
687:de facto
488:Carol II
450:Krupp AG
398:Carol II
313:Belgrade
175:Brussels
118:Diplomat
102:Children
73:Diplomat
691:de jure
402:Romania
321:Oxonian
132:Beijing
124:Orléans
2473:
2454:
2377:
2345:Render
2332:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2161:
2142:
2123:
2104:
2046:
1987:
1968:
479:Beirut
256:Canada
229:Ottawa
171:Ankara
148:Madrid
94:Spouse
2423:–159.
904:as: "
640:Reich
563:Reich
347:Reich
213:Reich
156:Paris
2471:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2395:link
2375:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2044:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1765:2022
869:and
789:the
697:’".
647:and
54:Died
35:Born
2421:122
2362:163
2251:hdl
2243:doi
2239:241
2071:doi
536:to
400:of
2502::
2391:}}
2387:{{
2360:.
2347:.
2249:.
2237:.
2233:.
2067:20
2065:.
2061:.
2002:.
1874:^
1839:^
1812:^
1797:^
1756:.
1742:^
1727:^
1708:^
1693:^
1628:^
1611:^
1560:^
1541:^
1522:^
1507:^
1488:^
1473:^
1452:^
1433:^
1418:^
1379:^
1342:^
1319:^
1274:^
1251:^
1216:^
1177:^
1150:^
1123:^
1104:^
1085:^
1058:^
1043:^
1010:^
981:^
373:.
2479:.
2460:.
2397:)
2383:.
2349:1
2338:.
2319:.
2300:.
2281:.
2259:.
2253::
2245::
2224:.
2205:.
2186:.
2167:.
2148:.
2129:.
2110:.
2079:.
2073::
2052:.
2004:9
1993:.
1974:.
1767:.
43:)
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
