368:
521:, Alexander secured her a new trial. In a new trial before the same judge, Thomas was found not guilty, which Alexander's biographer, David A. Canton, described as "a landmark in Pennsylvania legal history". That same year, he filed an anti-discrimination lawsuit against a movie theater owner in Philadelphia who refused admission to black ticketholders. He lost the case, but it nonetheless raised his profile as a black lawyer willing to fight for equal rights. Around this time, Alexander began to identify with the black intellectual "
585:
597:
Pennsylvania. By June, the school board agreed to allow students to be admitted to the two schools on a race-neutral basis, and the parents ended their boycott. The following year, the state passed a strengthened equal rights bill that covered all public accommodations, including schools, and allowed private lawyers to sue segregated businesses. It was introduced by state representative
846:, a local attorney. Alexander also announced his candidacy for the seat; according to his biographer, Alexander was less interested in serving in Congress than in using the leverage of a primary challenge to force the party organization to back him for a judgeship. The ploy was successful. Alexander soon dropped out of the race and Nix was elected. Governor
861:. Governor Leader was initially hesitant to appoint Alexander as it was traditional for the governor to appoint judges from a list of recommendations by the judiciary committee of the Philadelphia Bar Association; however, there was "adequate precedent" for appointing a qualified judge not recommended by the committee, and Rep.
419:
667:
trial, four were acquitted and two convicted, with the jury recommending life imprisonment. Though not a complete victory, Alexander had demonstrated his skill as a lawyer and saved the lives of his clients, while managing to distance himself from the CRC and other communist groups, an important consideration in the
438:. The Paces were a working-class family as well, and so with even more mouths to feed, Alexander continued working through grade school and high school to help support himself and his siblings. Jobs he held during those years included working on the docks unloading fish, selling newspapers, and owning a
880:
Alexander continued to be active as a civil rights leader but clashed with younger activists over the methods best suited to achieving their goals. In 1962, for example, while
Alexander urged increased black representation on the Philadelphia Council for Community Advancement, he disagreed with NAACP
743:
instead, making Hastie the first black federal appeals court judge in 1950. Canton suggests that
Alexander's frequent party-switching and perceived disloyalty to the Democratic Party may have harmed his chances at a nomination. After his efforts at a seat on the federal bench failed, Alexander sought
354:
in 1951. After two terms on the city council, Alexander was appointed to a seat on the Court of Common Pleas and was re-elected to a ten-year term as a judge in 1959. He continued to work for racial equality throughout his time in the municipal government. Alexander assumed senior status at mandatory
889:'s civil disobedience campaigns in the South in 1964, he believed some measures hurt the cause by alienating white voters; he called on black leaders to "cease the needless demonstrations, stall-ins, uncalled lie downs especially in the North which bring discredit upon us". In 1966, he condemned the
872:
In
Alexander's first year on the court, he was disturbed by the high number of black defendants he saw and sought to remedy the problem by creating an alternate probation system for first-time offenders called the "Spiritual Rehabilitation Program", with funding and logistical assistance coming from
698:
jobs to blacks. Nonetheless, he saw the
Republicans as the best chance for African American advancement in the city and lobbied the party leaders to nominate a black lawyer—preferably him—for one of the judicial seats up for election in 1937. He found little support, and lost the primary election to
618:
in the South, and the judge agreed, quashing the extradition attempt. He also represented
Corrine Sykes, a 23-year-old black maid who was charged with murdering her white employer. This time, Alexander was unsuccessful, as the jury disregarded his arguments that Sykes was mentally impaired and found
666:
In the 1951 re-trial, Alexander established that the police had manufactured evidence in order to secure a quick conviction and quiet public concerns about the crime wave then rippling through
Trenton. The judge also ruled out the confessions, which were proved to have been coerced. After a lengthy
561:
closed its school and paid to send its students to
Easttown (the Berwyn region included parts of both townships). Easttown converted its old (and smaller) school building into one "for the instruction of certain people", which in practice meant all black students in the district, segregating the
792:
Alexander's campaign for council stressed messages of merit selection for city workers as well as increasing the number of black employees. The promise of civil service reform gained the confidence of black voters, who had traditionally been left out of the
Republican patronage system. In 1953,
446:
in North
Philadelphia for six years, beginning when he was 16 years old. Later, looking back on his time at the Opera House, Alexander said that it had "opened a new world for me", and he credited that environment with giving him "some of the smoothness and culture which characterizes my later
609:
Alexander rose to national prominence in the black legal community after the Berwyn case, and he began to speak around the country at NBA events, serving as the organization's president from 1933 to 1935. In 1942, he represented Thomas Mattox, a black teenager, as Mattox fought extradition to
596:
As the boycott dragged on into 1934, groups organized protest marches in
Philadelphia. Schnader, now running for governor, promised to find a solution. Alexander and others credited Schnader's newfound support for their campaign to his recognition of the growing influence of black voters in
577:, ordered the black parents prosecuted for refusing to send their children to school. Some refused to pay bail and stayed in prison as a protest. Alexander approved of the strategy, while the NAACP thought it too confrontational; they also objected to Alexander's acceptance of help from
817:
to weaken the civil service reforms of the new charter. Two years later, Alexander remained opposed, but the amendments' proponents found the required two-thirds vote in Council to make it on to the ballot for popular approval. A referendum on the subject failed in a vote that April.
506:. They had two daughters, Rae and Mary. He passed the Pennsylvania bar exam in 1923, becoming one of a few black lawyers in the state. Despite his credentials, Alexander had difficulty finding a job in Philadelphia after graduation. Ultimately, he took a position in the law office of
947:. In 2007, the University of Pennsylvania endowed the Raymond Pace and Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander Professorship, devoted to the study of civil rights and race relations. Their daughters donated portraits of their parents to the law school to coincide with the announcement.
718:
After the election, Alexander joined many black Americans of the era in shifting his allegiance to the Democratic Party. By 1940, however, Alexander decided that the Democrats were no more likely than the Republicans to elect a black judge and, dissatisfied with the
33:
873:
local churches and synagogues. The program received national attention for its innovative approach to crime but failed to gain much support outside of black churches. He also found himself dragged back into the political realm when Republicans demanded that a
808:
with an increased share of the vote, receiving 70% of the vote to Republican nominee William Lynch's 30%. On the city council, Alexander continued to press the cause of civil service reform. In 1954, he successfully opposed the efforts of fellow Democrats
395:, and was the son of the plantation owner. He migrated to Philadelphia with his brother, Samuel, in 1880. That same year, Raymond's mother, Virginia Pace, also migrated to Philadelphia with her brother, John Schollie Pace; they had been born slaves in
410:
called the area in which the Alexanders lived the "fair and comfortable" part of the neighborhood. Alexander's father and uncle were "riding masters" who gave horseback riding lessons to wealthy white people in Philadelphia and its suburbs along the
776:
and good government could lift his party from its perpetual minority status by attracting independent voters. After reformers passed a new city charter in 1951, Alexander won the Democratic primary to represent the 5th district on the
896:
Despite differences with Moore and others, Alexander continued to work toward his lifelong goal of racial equality. In 1969, he called for the city to hire more black employees, and in 1972 penned an article in
723:
and the party's lack of action on civil rights causes, he returned to the Republicans. Sadie Alexander had followed her husband's political shift to the Democrats and remained there, and in 1946 President
430:. Although Alexander immediately began working to help support the family, his father felt unable to provide adequate care for the children and sent Alexander and his three siblings (including his sister
387:, on October 13, 1897. His parents, like many African Americans in the 1860s and 1870s, had left the rural South looking for economic opportunities and an escape from the violence that accompanied the
919:
to remedy the problem. Nevertheless, according to Canton, by the 1970s young blacks viewed Alexander and his generation of civil rights leaders as "out of touch and too dependent on the white elite".
961:
684:
By the 1930s, Alexander's civil rights activity led him to become involved in local politics. At that time, Republicans dominated Philadelphia's political scene, and Alexander ran for a seat on the
865:
used his considerable political influence to ensure Alexander's appointment. On January 5, 1959, Alexander was sworn in, the first black judge to sit on the Court of Common Pleas, and in the
2774:
663:
granted the men a new trial but prohibited the CRC from representing any of the defendants because they found that the group had unfairly influenced jury pools through the news media.
517:
He soon rose to prominence in Philadelphia's black community. In 1924, he represented Louise Thomas, a black woman accused of murdering a black policeman. After she was convicted and
2262:
Canton, David A. (Spring 2008). "A Dress Rehearsal for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: Raymond Pace Alexander and the Berwyn, Pennsylvania, School Desegregation Case, 1932–1935".
735:
Following Truman's election, Alexander lobbied to be appointed to a federal district court seat. Around the same time, he was rumored to be among the candidates for a seat on the
839:
466:. While there, Alexander earned a living by working as a teaching assistant during the school year. In the summers, he took classes for a master's degree in political science at
736:
343:
2636:
842:
for the congressional seat, as the 4th district was about 75% black, the Democratic organization wanted a black candidate to replace Chudoff, who was white. They settled on
2794:
2759:
2744:
562:
previously integrated schools. As a result, 212 African American students began to boycott the public schools. The families hired Alexander to press the issue in court.
338:
Alexander began his involvement in politics with unsuccessful runs for a judgeship on the Court of Common Pleas in 1933 and 1937. In 1949 he was considered by President
459:
236:
323:
in 1923, Alexander became one of the leading civil rights attorneys in Philadelphia. He gained prominence as a black lawyer willing to fight for equal rights in the
554:
2330:
2668:
2754:
533:. Through the NBA, Alexander began to use political protest as well as legal action in the struggle for equal rights. His firm, which now included his wife and
893:
movement as "a hazardous and meaningless catch-phrase which is as dangerous and divisive for the Negro as the white racism which we have opposed for so long".
831:
367:
2784:
2739:
2799:
475:
569:(NAACP), Alexander negotiated with the school board, attempting to end the boycott, but the stalemate continued into 1933. Tensions increased as the
858:
729:
652:
443:
2643:(Interview). Interviewed by Walter Massey Phillips. Philadelphia: Temple University Special Collections Oral Histories Repository. Archived from
2764:
835:
636:
2734:
2238:
2198:
2175:
2153:
2115:
514:
former congressman with a small office in the city. Shortly thereafter, he opened his own office with a focus on representing black people.
866:
805:
782:
749:
347:
936:
927:
Having reached the mandatory retirement age of 70, Alexander was forced to retire from the court at the end of 1969, but stayed on as a
855:
685:
304:
91:
2769:
760:
By the late 1940s, Alexander joined the ranks of a growing reform movement in the Philadelphia Democratic Party. The group was led by
620:
518:
451:
372:
745:
694:
reported was due to ill health. He grew frustrated with the Republican party organization, which offered only the lowest-level city
558:
2644:
797:
admit black students, or else lose its tax-exempt status. The case wended its way through the courts, led by civil rights activist
911:, calling it "reverse racism". His focus increasingly was on how economic issues exacerbated racial problems, and he called for a
2749:
2339:
956:
712:
511:
185:
172:
2131:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Joint Center for Urban Studies of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University.
454:
and graduated in 1917, delivering a speech "The Future of the American Negro", at the commencement ceremony. He enrolled at the
2789:
2632:
904:
789:. Democrats swept nine of the ten council districts and elected Clark mayor, ending 67 years of Republican rule in the city.
495:
482:
for refusing him entry on account of his race, a violation of New York's equal rights law. As he was not yet admitted to the
198:
570:
507:
479:
392:
83:
708:
660:
578:
850:
appointed Alexander to be a judge on the Court of Common Pleas No. 4, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of
503:
455:
384:
356:
316:
147:
2696:
2669:"Penn Law School Establishes Civil Rights Chair With Help of $ 1 Million Grant From Commonwealth of Pennsylvania"
944:
940:
899:
778:
403:
351:
48:
530:
529:(NBA), an association of black lawyers that had formed when its founding members were denied membership in the
526:
2779:
931:. On the night of November 25, 1974, Alexander was found dead of a heart attack in his judicial chambers.
912:
886:
499:
412:
396:
2398:
2215:
786:
644:
615:
431:
525:" movement, which advocated self-help, racial pride, and protest against injustice. He also joined the
801:; the school eventually desegregated, but not until 1968, long after Alexander had left City Council.
534:
486:, Alexander hired black Harvard Law School graduate attorney James D. McLendon Jr., to represent him.
2729:
2724:
862:
843:
700:
690:
611:
550:
765:
761:
648:
574:
546:
494:
Alexander graduated from Harvard Law in 1923. That same year, he married his former Penn classmate
467:
415:, but by 1915 the emergence of the automobile era led the business to decline and ultimately fail.
332:
247:
240:
2246:
877:
be convened to investigate Democratic corruption in City Hall; Alexander rejected their petition.
402:
The family, like most of the city's black population, lived in the Seventh Ward in what is called
2434:
2385:
2343:
2287:
2279:
916:
810:
614:
where he was accused of assaulting a white man. Alexander argued that Mattox would not receive a
598:
589:
463:
435:
320:
252:
732:. Alexander rejoined the Democratic Party in 1947 and campaigned for Truman the following year.
470:, though he did not finish the degree. At Columbia, Alexander supported himself by working as a
2219:
2194:
2171:
2149:
2132:
2111:
2090:
2074:
851:
838:, resigned his seat after he was elected to be a judge on the Court of Common Pleas No. 1. In
769:
740:
656:
471:
418:
380:
312:
115:
2426:
2375:
2271:
908:
847:
814:
704:
434:) to live with their aunt and uncle, Georgia and John Pace, in a growing black community in
407:
391:
segregation system in place there. His father, Hillard Boone Alexander, was born a slave in
300:
256:
2447:
2359:
2326:"Political influence in Philadelphia judicial appointments: Abraham L. Freedman's account"
2163:
725:
339:
32:
355:
retirement age in 1969 and died in 1974. His legacy is honored by a professorship at the
2617:
2600:
2580:
2563:
2546:
2529:
2512:
2495:
2478:
2417:
Murray, Florence (December 1945). "The Negro and Civil Liberties during World War II".
2104:
882:
798:
794:
640:
635:, a group of black men arrested in Trenton, New Jersey, accused of robbery and murder.
478:. While still in law school, Alexander brought his first discrimination lawsuit, suing
2718:
2291:
2187:
932:
928:
695:
2709:
827:
773:
308:
296:
2300:
2209:
2126:
2106:
Raymond Pace Alexander: A New Negro Lawyer Fights for Civil Rights in Philadelphia
2471:"Party Slates Sweep Primary; Meehan Defeated by Watson; Kelly Forces Swamp Stack"
2588:
890:
632:
328:
2705:
793:
Alexander introduced a resolution in council demanding that the then all-white
2572:
2555:
2538:
2521:
2504:
2487:
2470:
874:
2609:
2592:
785:, Alexander won easily, taking 58% of the vote against incumbent Republican
522:
483:
439:
427:
327:
and represented black defendants in other high-profile cases, including the
2364:"Law and Mass Politics in the Making of the Civil Rights Lawyer, 1931–1941"
2136:
2094:
2078:
584:
16:
First African American appointed to the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas
2223:
688:
as a Republican in 1933, but withdrew before the election, a decision the
885:'s call for a boycott of corporate donors to the group. While supporting
768:, former Republicans who had left their party over machine politics, and
720:
668:
388:
2347:
2325:
2283:
2438:
2389:
2211:
The Art of Government: Reform and Organization Politics in Philadelphia
639:
induced confessions from five of the six, and all were convicted by an
502:
and in 1927 became the first black woman to earn a law degree from the
2556:"Democrats, Republicans to Select Slates for May 20 Primary on Monday"
442:
stand where he worked six days per week. Alexander also worked at the
2275:
772:, a Democratic organization leader who saw that a growing desire for
2430:
2380:
2363:
744:
a foreign service appointment, expressing a particular desire to be
2351:
583:
566:
458:
on a merit scholarship and became the first black graduate of the
417:
366:
2701:
University of Pennsylvania University Archives and Records Center
659:, hired Alexander to represent two of the others. In 1949, the
2700:
2168:
Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer
2044:
2042:
962:
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Pennsylvania
2214:. A report to the Fund for the Republic. New York, New York:
1914:
1912:
537:, relocated to a new building at 19th and Chestnut Streets.
1485:
1483:
567:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
2110:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
2089:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Philadelphia Bulletin.
2073:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Philadelphia Bulletin.
2452:
Tredyffrin Easttown Historical Society History Quarterly
1851:
1849:
1692:
1690:
1653:
1651:
1299:
1297:
651:, represented three of the men during their appeal; the
631:
In 1948, Alexander became involved with the case of the
399:. Hillard and Virginia married in Philadelphia in 1882.
2264:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
2193:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press.
1590:
1588:
1586:
1326:
1324:
1200:
1198:
1125:
1123:
992:
990:
988:
295:(October 13, 1897 – November 24, 1974) was an American
2667:
Leong, Jeanne; Teitelbaum, Larry (February 16, 2007).
2170:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2029:
2027:
1098:
1096:
1094:
581:
lawyers, fearing association with the far-left group.
1069:
1067:
1054:
1052:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1020:
2148:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
737:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
344:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
2697:
Alexander family papers, 1817–2005 (bulk 1925–1983)
2477:. September 15, 1937. pp. 1–2, 10 – via
1007:
1005:
266:
228:
220:
192:
179:
168:
154:
130:
125:
109:
89:
77:
67:
46:
23:
2610:"Woman's Execution 50 years Ago Still a Hot Issue"
2488:"Council Unit OKs 6-Point Plan to 'Wreck' Charter"
2186:
2103:
588:Present-day site of Alexander's law office (now a
2775:Judges of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas
1792:
1720:
935:officiated Alexander's funeral at Philadelphia's
907:to do the same. Meanwhile, he spoke out against
2048:
2331:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2324:Kranzel, Isador; Klinek, Eric (October 2009).
331:, a group of black men arrested for murder in
324:
1879:
8:
2146:Jersey Justice: The Story of the Trenton Six
869:, he won a full ten-year term on the court.
545:In 1932, Alexander became involved with the
557:built a new elementary school, neighboring
715:, with an all-white ticket again in 1937.
299:leader, lawyer, politician, and the first
63:January 7, 1952 – January 5, 1959
31:
20:
2795:20th-century African-American politicians
2760:Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni
2573:"R. Alexander Dies, Fighter For His Race"
2379:
1606:
655:, at the request of their chief counsel,
623:were denied, Sykes was executed in 1946.
476:Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
2745:African-American history in Philadelphia
2522:"Voters Beat Proposal To Rip Up Charter"
1930:
1828:
1816:
1102:
653:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
601:, a black Republican from Philadelphia.
379:Alexander was born into a working-class
371:Alexander graduated from Philadelphia's
105:January 5, 1959 – November 1974
2695:Raymond Pace Alexander material in the
2486:Miller, Joseph H. (February 18, 1954).
1756:
1708:
1505:
1330:
1216:
1153:
972:
2537:Miller, Joseph H. (November 4, 1959).
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1954:
1942:
1918:
1903:
1891:
1867:
1855:
1840:
1804:
1780:
1768:
1744:
1732:
1696:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1594:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1501:
1489:
1474:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1315:
1303:
1276:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1204:
1177:
1141:
1129:
1114:
1085:
1073:
1043:
1026:
996:
939:, after which the judge was buried in
711:. This left the Republicans, like the
422:Alexander as a college student in 1920
2641:Walter Massey Phillips Oral Histories
1966:
1462:
1288:
1165:
699:the three party-endorsed candidates:
7:
2755:Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
2503:Schraga, Saul (February 24, 1956a).
2128:A Report on Politics in Philadelphia
2033:
1264:
1189:
1058:
1011:
979:
426:In 1909, Alexander's mother died of
2505:"Council Puts Ripper Up in Primary"
2399:"Paced for Growth at 1900 Chestnut"
498:. Mossell was the granddaughter of
621:Supreme Court of the United States
553:, a suburb of Philadelphia. After
305:Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas
92:Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas
14:
2785:Philadelphia City Council members
2740:20th-century American politicians
2554:Miller, Joseph H. (May 9, 1969).
2539:"Dilworth Re-Elected; Eagen Wins"
2520:Schraga, Saul (April 25, 1956b).
619:her guilty. After appeals to the
2800:African-American men in politics
2637:"Interview with Sadie Alexander"
2579:. pp. 1-A, 2-A – via
2340:University of Pennsylvania Press
957:List of African-American jurists
164:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
2633:Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell
2608:Avery, Ron (October 23, 1996).
2571:Mann, Jim (November 25, 1974).
2368:The Journal of American History
2299:Fleming, James (October 1940).
319:in 1920. After graduation from
210:
2448:"The School Segregation Fight"
2397:Maule, Bradley (May 8, 2014).
905:Philadelphia Police Department
783:general election that November
549:to desegregate the schools in
1:
2765:American civil rights lawyers
2599:. pp. 3, 10 – via
2511:. pp. 1, 11 – via
2245:. Spring 2007. Archived from
2189:The Challenge of Urban Reform
836:U.S. House of Representatives
680:Seeking a judicial nomination
675:Political and judicial career
462:in 1920. He then enrolled at
2735:20th-century American judges
2675:. University of Pennsylvania
2545:. pp. 1, 3 – via
2528:. pp. 1, 4 – via
2125:Freedman, Robert L. (1963).
840:the ensuing special election
647:(CRC), the legal arm of the
643:and sentenced to death. The
393:Mecklenburg County, Virginia
2049:Leong & Teitelbaum 2007
739:, but the position went to
661:Supreme Court of New Jersey
579:International Labor Defense
565:With the assistance of the
2816:
2593:"A Dedicated Fighter Dies"
2144:Knepper, Cathy D. (2011).
504:University of Pennsylvania
460:Wharton School of Business
456:University of Pennsylvania
385:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
357:University of Pennsylvania
317:Wharton School of Business
237:University of Pennsylvania
148:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2770:Harvard Law School alumni
2543:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2526:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2509:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2492:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2446:Thorne, Roger D. (2007).
2185:Petshek, Kirk R. (1973).
2102:Canton, David A. (2010).
1880:Kranzel & Klinek 2009
945:Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania
941:West Laurel Hill Cemetery
900:The Philadelphia Inquirer
730:Committee on Civil Rights
541:Berwyn desegregation case
352:Philadelphia City Council
325:Berwyn desegregation case
286:
121:
98:
56:
49:Philadelphia City Council
42:
30:
2616:. p. 7 – via
2562:. p. 5 – via
2494:. p. 1 – via
2403:Hidden City Philadelphia
982:, pp. 45, 282 n.16.
867:election later that year
746:U.S. Ambassador to Haiti
531:American Bar Association
527:National Bar Association
444:Metropolitan Opera House
363:Early life and education
188:(before 1937, 1940–1947)
2750:African-American judges
2614:Philadelphia Daily News
2597:Philadelphia Daily News
2301:"A Philadelphia Lawyer"
2243:Wharton Alumni Magazine
2239:"A Philadelphia Lawyer"
2208:Reichly, James (1959).
752:; he was unsuccessful.
303:judge appointed to the
175:(1937–1940, after 1947)
2706:Raymond Pace Alexander
1759:, pp. 13, 15, 17.
913:universal basic income
887:Martin Luther King Jr.
830:, who represented the
593:
571:state Attorney General
500:Benjamin Tucker Tanner
423:
397:Essex County, Virginia
376:
311:, he became the first
293:Raymond Pace Alexander
135:Raymond Pace Alexander
25:Raymond Pace Alexander
2790:Wharton School alumni
2591:(November 25, 1974).
2577:Philadelphia Inquirer
2560:Philadelphia Inquirer
2475:Philadelphia Inquirer
2216:Fund for the Republic
2087:Bulletin Almanac 1956
2071:Bulletin Almanac 1952
1793:Bulletin Almanac 1956
1721:Bulletin Almanac 1952
728:appointed her to his
686:Court of Common Pleas
645:Civil Rights Congress
587:
480:Madison Square Garden
421:
370:
307:. Born and raised in
276:civil rights attorney
52:from the 5th district
2635:(October 20, 1976).
2249:on February 26, 2010
937:First Baptist Church
863:William J. Green Jr.
844:Robert N. C. Nix Sr.
774:civil service reform
691:Philadelphia Tribune
551:Berwyn, Pennsylvania
496:Sadie Tanner Mossell
199:Sadie Tanner Mossell
1985:, pp. 168–169.
1973:, pp. 168–169.
1945:, pp. 147–148.
1921:, pp. 142–145.
1783:, pp. 134–136.
1684:, pp. 112–117.
1609:, pp. 1–2, 10.
1556:, pp. 106–107.
1532:, pp. 100–101.
1508:, pp. 18, 120.
1405:, pp. 277–278.
1369:, pp. 271–272.
856:lieutenant governor
766:Richardson Dilworth
762:Joseph S. Clark Jr.
649:Communist Party USA
575:William A. Schnader
559:Tredyffrin Township
547:Berwyn School Fight
468:Columbia University
452:Central High School
450:Alexander attended
373:Central High School
333:Trenton, New Jersey
248:Columbia University
1894:, p. 140-141.
1504:, pp. 98–99;
917:affirmative action
854:, who was elected
806:re-elected in 1955
787:Eugene J. Sullivan
599:Hobson R. Reynolds
594:
519:sentenced to death
464:Harvard Law School
436:North Philadelphia
424:
377:
342:for a seat on the
321:Harvard Law School
253:Harvard University
73:Eugene J. Sullivan
2647:on August 1, 2021
2458:(1&2): 65–67.
2200:978-0-87722-058-9
2177:978-0-67404-687-0
2155:978-0-8135-5127-2
2117:978-1-60473-426-3
1711:, pp. 65–66.
1520:, pp. 98–99.
1492:, pp. 97–98.
1477:, pp. 86–88.
1453:, pp. 81–82.
1429:, pp. 75–76.
1267:, pp. 37–39.
1088:, pp. 11–12.
881:branch president
852:John Morgan Davis
770:James A. Finnegan
741:William H. Hastie
709:John Robert Jones
657:Thurgood Marshall
555:Easttown Township
290:
289:
158:November 24, 1974
116:John Morgan Davis
37:Alexander in 1943
2807:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2621:
2604:
2584:
2567:
2550:
2533:
2516:
2499:
2482:
2459:
2442:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2393:
2383:
2360:Mack, Kenneth W.
2355:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2295:
2276:10.2307/27778832
2258:
2256:
2254:
2227:
2204:
2192:
2181:
2164:Mack, Kenneth W.
2159:
2140:
2121:
2109:
2098:
2082:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1933:, p. II–32.
1928:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
983:
977:
923:Death and legacy
909:black separatism
903:calling for the
848:George M. Leader
815:Michael J. Towey
705:Clare G. Fenerty
605:Growing prestige
535:Maceo W. Hubbard
508:John R. K. Scott
408:W. E. B. Du Bois
315:graduate of the
301:African American
244:
214:
212:
161:
145:October 13, 1897
144:
142:
126:Personal details
112:
103:
80:
70:
61:
35:
21:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2715:
2714:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2650:
2648:
2631:
2607:
2587:
2570:
2553:
2536:
2519:
2502:
2485:
2469:
2445:
2431:10.2307/2572539
2416:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2381:10.2307/4486059
2358:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2311:(3): 5–7, 39–40
2298:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2207:
2201:
2184:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2101:
2085:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1003:
999:, pp. 3–4.
995:
986:
978:
974:
970:
953:
925:
824:
758:
726:Harry S. Truman
701:Byron A. Milner
682:
677:
629:
607:
543:
492:
365:
340:Harry S. Truman
282:
262:
235:
216:
213: 1923)
208:
204:
201:
181:
180:Other political
169:Political party
163:
159:
146:
140:
138:
137:
136:
110:
104:
99:
84:Thomas McIntosh
78:
68:
62:
57:
51:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Mossell family
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2691:
2690:External links
2688:
2686:
2685:
2658:
2657:
2623:
2622:
2618:Newspapers.com
2605:
2601:Newspapers.com
2585:
2581:Newspapers.com
2568:
2564:Newspapers.com
2551:
2547:Newspapers.com
2534:
2530:Newspapers.com
2517:
2513:Newspapers.com
2500:
2496:Newspapers.com
2483:
2479:Newspapers.com
2461:
2460:
2443:
2425:(2): 211–216.
2414:
2394:
2356:
2321:
2296:
2270:(2): 260–284.
2259:
2229:
2228:
2205:
2199:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2122:
2116:
2099:
2083:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2038:
2036:, p. 1-A.
2023:
2011:
2009:, p. 180.
1999:
1997:, p. 185.
1987:
1975:
1969:, p. 10;
1959:
1957:, p. 152.
1947:
1935:
1923:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 386.
1872:
1870:, p. 138.
1860:
1858:, p. 137.
1845:
1843:, p. 136.
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1771:, p. 131.
1761:
1749:
1747:, p. 120.
1737:
1735:, p. 119.
1725:
1713:
1701:
1699:, p. 118.
1686:
1674:
1672:, p. 110.
1662:
1660:, p. 108.
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1544:, p. 104.
1534:
1522:
1510:
1494:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1441:, p. 213.
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1393:, p. 276.
1383:
1381:, p. 275.
1371:
1359:
1357:, p. 271.
1347:
1345:, p. 269.
1335:
1320:
1308:
1306:, p. 267.
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1119:
1107:
1090:
1078:
1063:
1061:, p. 2-A.
1048:
1031:
1016:
1001:
984:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
952:
949:
924:
921:
883:Cecil B. Moore
826:In 1958, Rep.
823:
820:
799:Cecil B. Moore
795:Girard College
757:
754:
681:
678:
676:
673:
641:all-white jury
637:Trenton police
628:
625:
606:
603:
542:
539:
491:
488:
364:
361:
288:
287:
284:
283:
281:
280:
277:
274:
270:
268:
264:
263:
261:
260:
250:
245:
232:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
206:
202:
197:
196:
194:
190:
189:
183:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
162:(aged 77)
156:
152:
151:
134:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
96:
95:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
54:
53:
47:Member of the
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2812:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:Social Forces
2415:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:(June 2006).
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:Freedman 1963
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:Schraga 1956b
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:Schraga 1956a
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1795:, p. 26.
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1723:, p. 34.
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:, p. 91.
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:, p. 90.
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:, p. 89.
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:Inquirer 1937
1603:
1600:
1597:, p. 67.
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:, p. 65.
1579:
1574:
1571:
1568:, p. 64.
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:, p. 72.
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:, p. 65.
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:, p. 35.
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1255:, p. 26.
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:, p. 25.
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:, p. 22.
1230:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1207:, p. 21.
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:, p. 20.
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:, p. 39.
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:, p. 18.
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:, p. 17.
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:, p. 16.
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:Leon Sullivan
930:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
894:
892:
888:
884:
878:
876:
870:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
819:
816:
812:
807:
802:
800:
796:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
692:
687:
679:
674:
672:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
624:
622:
617:
613:
604:
602:
600:
591:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
416:
414:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
369:
362:
360:
358:
353:
349:
346:. He finally
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
278:
275:
272:
271:
269:
265:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
200:
195:
191:
187:
184:
178:
174:
171:
167:
157:
153:
149:
133:
129:
124:
120:
117:
114:
108:
102:
97:
93:
90:Judge of the
88:
85:
82:
76:
72:
66:
60:
55:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2710:Find a Grave
2677:. Retrieved
2672:
2660:
2659:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2640:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2596:
2589:Stone, Chuck
2576:
2559:
2542:
2525:
2508:
2491:
2474:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2422:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2374:(1): 37–62.
2371:
2367:
2350:– via
2335:
2329:
2313:. Retrieved
2308:
2304:
2267:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:the original
2242:
2231:
2230:
2210:
2188:
2167:
2145:
2127:
2105:
2086:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2021:, p. 5.
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1906:, p. 3.
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1757:Reichly 1959
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1709:Petshek 1973
1704:
1677:
1665:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1506:Knepper 2011
1497:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1333:, p. 7.
1331:Fleming 1940
1311:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1219:, p. 6.
1217:Fleming 1940
1212:
1192:, p. 6.
1185:
1173:
1168:, p. 3.
1161:
1154:Fleming 1940
1149:
1137:
1110:
1103:Wharton 2007
1081:
1076:, p. 8.
1046:, p. 6.
1029:, p. 5.
1014:, p. 1.
975:
929:senior judge
926:
898:
895:
879:
871:
832:4th district
828:Earl Chudoff
825:
803:
791:
779:City Council
759:
756:City Council
734:
717:
689:
683:
671:atmosphere.
665:
630:
608:
595:
564:
544:
516:
493:
490:Legal career
449:
425:
401:
378:
337:
309:Philadelphia
297:civil rights
292:
291:
182:affiliations
160:(1974-11-24)
100:
79:Succeeded by
58:
18:
2730:1974 deaths
2725:1897 births
2679:October 17,
2651:October 17,
2408:October 14,
2342:: 349–387.
2019:Miller 1969
2007:Canton 2010
1995:Canton 2010
1983:Canton 2010
1971:Canton 2010
1955:Canton 2010
1943:Canton 2010
1919:Canton 2010
1904:Miller 1959
1892:Canton 2010
1868:Canton 2010
1856:Canton 2010
1841:Canton 2010
1805:Miller 1954
1781:Canton 2010
1769:Canton 2010
1745:Canton 2010
1733:Canton 2010
1697:Canton 2010
1682:Canton 2010
1670:Canton 2010
1658:Canton 2010
1643:Canton 2010
1631:Canton 2010
1619:Canton 2010
1595:Canton 2010
1578:Canton 2010
1566:Canton 2010
1554:Canton 2008
1542:Canton 2010
1530:Canton 2008
1518:Canton 2008
1502:Canton 2008
1490:Canton 2008
1475:Canton 2010
1451:Canton 2010
1439:Murray 1945
1427:Canton 2010
1415:Canton 2010
1403:Canton 2008
1391:Canton 2008
1379:Canton 2008
1367:Canton 2008
1355:Canton 2008
1343:Canton 2008
1316:Thorne 2007
1304:Canton 2008
1277:Canton 2010
1253:Canton 2010
1241:Canton 2010
1229:Canton 2010
1205:Canton 2010
1178:Canton 2010
1142:Canton 2010
1130:Canton 2010
1115:Canton 2010
1086:Canton 2010
1074:Canton 2010
1044:Canton 2010
1027:Canton 2010
997:Canton 2010
891:Black Power
633:Trenton Six
627:Trenton Six
404:Center City
329:Trenton Six
111:Preceded by
69:Preceded by
2719:Categories
2673:Penn Today
2464:Newspapers
2305:The Sphinx
1967:Stone 1974
1463:Avery 1996
1289:Maule 2014
1166:Stone 1974
968:References
875:grand jury
811:James Tate
616:fair trial
512:Republican
510:, a white
383:family in
348:won a seat
273:Politician
267:Occupation
186:Republican
173:Democratic
141:1897-10-13
2626:Interview
2292:142251580
2034:Mann 1974
1265:Mack 2006
1059:Mann 1974
980:Mack 2012
781:. At the
713:Democrats
696:patronage
523:New Negro
440:bootblack
428:pneumonia
413:Main Line
229:Education
101:In office
59:In office
2348:40543695
2284:27778832
2232:Journals
2166:(2012).
1190:WMP 1976
1012:WMP 1976
951:See also
750:Ethiopia
721:New Deal
669:Cold War
474:for the
447:years".
432:Virginia
389:Jim Crow
221:Children
2699:at the
2661:Website
2439:2572539
2390:4486059
2315:July 4,
2253:July 4,
2137:1690059
2095:8641470
2079:8641470
2058:Sources
859:in 1958
834:in the
804:He was
612:Georgia
406:today.
375:in 1917
350:on the
215:
207:
203:
2437:
2388:
2346:
2290:
2282:
2224:994205
2222:
2197:
2174:
2152:
2135:
2114:
2093:
2077:
707:, and
590:Target
472:porter
193:Spouse
150:, U.S.
2435:JSTOR
2386:JSTOR
2352:JSTOR
2344:JSTOR
2338:(4).
2288:S2CID
2280:JSTOR
2064:Books
822:Judge
381:black
313:black
279:judge
209:(
205:
94:No. 4
2681:2020
2653:2020
2410:2018
2317:2017
2255:2017
2220:OCLC
2195:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2133:OCLC
2112:ISBN
2091:OCLC
2075:OCLC
915:and
813:and
764:and
155:Died
131:Born
2708:at
2427:doi
2376:doi
2336:133
2272:doi
943:in
748:or
484:bar
257:LLB
2721::
2671:.
2639:.
2612:.
2595:.
2575:.
2558:.
2541:.
2524:.
2507:.
2490:.
2473:.
2456:44
2454:.
2450:.
2433:.
2423:24
2421:.
2401:.
2384:.
2372:93
2370:.
2366:.
2334:.
2328:.
2309:26
2307:.
2303:.
2286:.
2278:.
2268:75
2266:.
2241:.
2218:.
2041:^
2026:^
1911:^
1848:^
1689:^
1650:^
1585:^
1482:^
1323:^
1296:^
1197:^
1122:^
1093:^
1066:^
1051:^
1034:^
1019:^
1004:^
987:^
703:,
573:,
359:.
335:.
241:BS
211:m.
2683:.
2655:.
2620:.
2603:.
2583:.
2566:.
2549:.
2532:.
2515:.
2498:.
2481:.
2441:.
2429::
2412:.
2392:.
2378::
2354:.
2319:.
2294:.
2274::
2257:.
2226:.
2203:.
2180:.
2158:.
2139:.
2120:.
2097:.
2081:.
2051:.
1831:.
1819:.
1807:.
1465:.
1291:.
1105:.
592:)
259:)
255:(
243:)
239:(
224:2
143:)
139:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
