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into the large one ." The settlement of the
Rayados was similar to those seen by Coronado in Quivira sixty years before. The homesteads were dispersed; the houses round, thatched with grass and surrounded by large granaries to store the corn, beans, and squash that they grew in their fields. Oñate restrained his Escanjaque guides from looting the town and sent them home. Catarax, who had been chained, was rescued by the Rayados in a bold raid.
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The
Escanjaques guided Oñate to a nearby river, probably the Arkansas, where they saw a few hundred Rayados on a hill. The Rayados advanced, throwing dirt into the air as a sign that they were ready for war. Oñate indicated that he did not wish to fight and made peace with the group, who proved to be
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and were a
Wichita sub-tribe. Their grass houses, dispersed mode of settlement, a chief named Catarax – a Wichita title – the description of their granaries, and their location all agree with descriptions of the Wichita. As Wichitas, the Rayados were related to the people that Coronado had discovered
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Oñate feared a
Rayados attack, but apparently it was the Escanjaques who attacked as they turned to New Mexico. Oñate claimed that many Escanjaques were killed in the battle, but many of his soldiers were wounded. After two hours, Oñate broke off the combat, retired from the field, and led his group
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Catarax led Oñate and the
Escanjaques across the Arkansas to a settlement on the eastern bank, a few miles from the river. The settlement was deserted, the inhabitants having fled. It contained "more than twelve hundred houses, all established along the bank of another good-sized river which flowed
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and traveling east and north for more than a month, Jusepe said that they found a "very large settlement." He said it extended for more than 10 leagues (about 26 miles) along a river and was two leagues wide. The houses had straw roofs and were built close together, but between clusters of houses
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Both Jusepe's and Oñate's accounts describe the
Rayados as numerous. The more than 1,200 houses which Oñate estimated for the settlement indicates a population of at least 12,000, if the houses were as large as those of later Wichita tribes. Moreover, Chief Catarax told the Spanish explorers that
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The next day Oñate and his army proceeded onward through the settlement for three leagues (eight miles) without seeing many
Rayados. The Spaniards were warned, however, that the Rayados were assembling an army to attack them. Discretion seemed the better part of valor. Oñate estimated that three
377:, founder and governor of New Mexico, led an expedition that followed in the footsteps of Leyba and Umana. Jusepe guided Oñate, more than 70 Spanish soldiers and priests, an unknown number of Indian soldiers and servants, and 700 horses and mules across the plains.
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A 2020 aerial investigation by
Blakeslee discovered a probable Etzanoa ceremonial site near the previously-identified sites along the Walnut River, with its most prominent feature a circular or semi-circular ditch of two meters width and 50 meters in diameter.
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In April 2017, the location of
Etzanoa was finally discovered when a local teen found a cannonball linked to a battle near present-day Arkansas City that took place in the year 1601. Local researchers used this artifact to pinpoint the location of Etzanoa.
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there were additional settlements upstream on that river and on other rivers. The fact that the
Rayados abandoned their settlement on the arrival of Oñate's expedition may be an indication that they had had previous, unfavorable dealings with the Spanish.
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During road construction in the area in 1994, thousands of artifacts were unearthed. Residents of Arkansas City regularly unearthed artifacts, such as potsherds or flint points. Kansas State Archaeologist Robert Hoard is researching sites in
405:
friendly and generous. Oñate said that, unlike the Escanjaques, the Rayados were "united, peaceful, and settled." They showed deference to their chief, named Catarax, whom Oñate detained as a guide and hostage, although "treating him well."
257:, retranslated the early Spanish accounts of expeditions to Kansas. These clearer translations allowed Blakeslee to match written descriptions to archaeological sites. He located the 1601 Spanish battle site in Arkansas City.
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their faces. The Escanjaques, enemies of the Rayados, attempted to enlist the help of the Spanish to attack the Rayados, who they alleged were responsible for the deaths of Leyba and Umana a few years earlier.
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were fields of maize, squash, and beans. The Indians were numerous, but "received the Spanish peacefully and furnished them with abundant supplies of food" The expedition encountered a "multitude" of
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The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the City of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the Buffalo Plains of Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska, As Told by Himself and his Followers
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An Escanjaque captured by Oñate, and later named Miguel, drew a map of the region for the Spanish. He called the "Great Settlement" of the Rayados, "Etzanoa" or "Tzanoa."
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792:
Vehik, Susan C. (1986). "Onate's Expedition to the Southern Plains: Routes, Destinations, and Implications for Late Prehistoric Cultural Adaptations".
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392:. The Escanjaques showed him the way to a large settlement about 30 miles away of a people whom Oñate called "Rayados." Rayado means "striped" in
291:, of the Wichita are known. They appear to have been much reduced in numbers by then, possibly as a result of European diseases, warfare, and the
198:, that flourished between 1450 and 1700. Dubbed "the Great Settlement" by Spanish explorers who visited the site, Etzanoa may have housed 20,000
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sites. The occupation of these sites has been dated from 1500 to 1720. Some artifacts of Spanish origin have been found at the site.
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hundred Spanish soldiers would be needed to confront the Rayados, and he turned his soldiers around to return to New Mexico.
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means "striped." The Wichita people were noted for the straight lines they tattooed onto their faces and their bodies.
665:
Wiegers, Robert P. (1988). "A Proposal for Indian Slave Trading in the Mississippi Valley and its Impact on the Osage".
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The Rayados probably abandoned the Walnut River site in the early 18th century. Perhaps they moved a few miles south to
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609:"European Contact and Southwestern Artifacts in the Lower Walnut Focus Sites at Arkansas City, Kansas"
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village, with beehive-shaped grass houses surrounded by maize, that may be similar to those of Etzanoa
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in Quivira 60 years earlier. Linguist Nancy Parrott Hickerson dissents and called them "Jumanos."
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Archaeologists have discovered more than a dozen large settlements along six miles of the
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557:. Trail makers. New York, New York, USA: A.S. Barnes & Co. pp. 209–210, 217–219.
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extending upstream from near its junction with the Arkansas River. These are called the
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visited there in 1601. They recorded the inhabitants as being the Rayados. In Spanish
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in the region. It appears these were the same people later called "Rayados."
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Drones Find Signs of Native American 'Great Settlement' under Kansas Pasture
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Teen accidentally helps discover lost 16th-century civilization in Kansas
479:"Archaeologists explore a rural field in Kansas, and a lost city emerges"
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295:. The descendants of the Rayados were absorbed into the Wichita tribe.
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Survey Reveals Large Earthwork at Ancestral Wichita Site in Kansas
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Archaeologists and historians believe the Rayado Indians spoke a
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Limited private tours of the site can be arranged through the
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Historical city of the Wichita people in Kansas, United States
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Former Native American populated places in the United States
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Antonio Gutierrez de Umana and Francisco Leyba de Bonilla
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Museum in Arkansas City. A visitor's center is planned.
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and Kansas in more than 50 years. An Indigenous Mexican
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The Jumanos: Hunters and Traders of the Southern Plains
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Don Juan de Onate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595–1628
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with painted or tattooed faces, as were the Rayados.
825:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916, 250–267.
766:, Vol. 5. Albuquerque: UNM Press, 1953, pp. 416–419
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655:. University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
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928:18th-century disestablishments in North America
823:Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542–1706
287:, where two 18th-century archaeological sites,
732:(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 73.
551:Winship, George Parker, tr. & ed. (1904).
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923:15th-century establishments in North America
903:Tourist attractions in Cowley County, Kansas
762:Hammond, George P., and Rey, Agapito (eds.)
202:. The historical city is considered part of
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744:. Texasindians.com. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
597:By Natalie O'Neill, NY Post, 18 April 2017.
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217:visited the Etzanoa site in 1594 and
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695:. Heritage Daily, 4 September 2020.
506:. Eztanoa Conservancy. 4 March 2018
388:and, later, a large encampment of
255:University of California, Berkeley
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893:Native American history of Kansas
709:. Science News, 10 September 2020
442:List of battles fought in Kansas
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888:Cities in Cowley County, Kansas
528:Tanner, Beccy (21 April 2018).
504:"Etzanoa: The Great Settlement"
477:Kelly, David (19 August 2018).
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883:Archaeological sites in Kansas
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821:Bolton, Herbert Eugene, ed.,
806:10.1080/2052546.1986.11909314
679:10.1080/2052546.1988.11909444
625:10.1080/2052546.2000.11931973
289:Deer Creek and Bryson Paddock
211:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
186:is a historical city of the
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782:Bolton (1916), pp. 250–67.
728:Hickerson, Nancy Parrott,
607:Hawley, Marlin F. (2000).
215:Umana and Leyba expedition
209:When Spanish conquistador
190:, located in present-day
177:Accessible to the public.
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651:21 December 2010 at the
251:Wichita State University
430:Cherokee Strip Land Run
241:Sketch of 19th-century
233:Archaeological research
45:, Arkansas City, Kansas
293:slave trade in Indians
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898:Plains Village period
859:37.06750°N 97.01111°W
794:Plains Anthropologist
753:Bolton (1916), p. 271
719:Hammond and Rey, 754.
667:Plains Anthropologist
646:OAS – Oklahoma's Past
613:Plains Anthropologist
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192:Arkansas City, Kansas
80:Alternative name
285:Kay County, Oklahoma
864:37.06750; -97.01111
855: /
836:Etzanoa Conservancy
742:The Wichita Indians
532:. The Wichita Eagle
71:Shown within Kansas
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573:has generic name (
328:Spanish chronicles
278:Lower Walnut focus
267:McPherson Counties
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174:Public access
125:about 5 miles long
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369:Oñate, 1601
194:, near the
877:Categories
850:97°00′40″W
847:37°04′03″N
816:References
536:8 December
510:8 December
488:8 December
380:Oñate met
358:New Mexico
161:Site notes
117:Settlement
633:164199369
563:cite book
398:tattooing
373:In 1601,
143:Abandoned
649:Archived
436:See also
356:Leaving
347:Oklahoma
151:Cultures
88:Location
394:Spanish
223:Rayados
204:Quivira
184:Etzanoa
146:c. 1700
138:c. 1450
135:Founded
130:History
31:Etzanoa
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382:Apache
314:Jumano
122:Length
106:Region
96:Kansas
83:Tzanoa
629:S2CID
458:Notes
424:Tours
363:bison
582:link
575:help
538:2018
512:2018
490:2018
265:and
263:Rice
114:Type
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