81:
903:
223:
73:
887:, respectively, and are termed body waves. Rayleigh waves are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves at the surface of the earth, and travel with a velocity that is lower than the P-, S-, and Love wave velocities. Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake travel along the surface of the earth at about 10 times the
894:
Due to their higher speed, the P- and S-waves generated by an earthquake arrive before the surface waves. However, the particle motion of surface waves is larger than that of body waves, so the surface waves tend to cause more damage. In the case of
Rayleigh waves, the motion is of a rolling nature,
970:
of
Rayleigh waves and on the solution of an inverse problem on the basis of seismic data collected on the ground surface using active sources (falling weights, hammers or small explosions, for example) or by recording microtremors. Rayleigh ground waves are important also for environmental noise and
850:
of pressure, temperature, humidity, etc. Operation of SAW devices is based on the transformation of the initial electric signal into a surface wave that, after achieving the required changes to the spectrum of the initial electric signal as a result of its interaction with different types of surface
816:
Rayleigh waves are widely used for materials characterization, to discover the mechanical and structural properties of the object being tested – like the presence of cracking, and the related shear modulus. This is in common with other types of surface waves. The
Rayleigh waves used for this purpose
202:
is the radial distance. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do bulk waves, which spread out in three dimensions from a point source. This slow decay is one reason why they are of particular interest to seismologists. Rayleigh waves can circle the globe multiple times after a
147:
Rayleigh waves have a speed slightly less than shear waves by a factor dependent on the elastic constants of the material. The typical speed of
Rayleigh waves in metals is of the order of 2–5 km/s, and the typical Rayleigh speed in the ground is of the order of 50–300 m/s for shallow waves
92:
that travel near the surface of solids. Rayleigh waves include both longitudinal and transverse motions that decrease exponentially in amplitude as distance from the surface increases. There is a phase difference between these component motions.
1024:
may use vocalizations to generate
Rayleigh waves. Since Rayleigh waves decay slowly, they should be detectable over long distances. Note that these Rayleigh waves have a much higher frequency than Rayleigh waves generated by earthquakes.
824:
They are used at different length scales because they are easily generated and detected on the free surface of solid objects. Since they are confined in the vicinity of the free surface within a depth (~ the wavelength) linked to the
203:
large earthquake and still be measurably large. There is a difference in the behavior (Rayleigh wave velocity, displacements, trajectories of the particle motion, stresses) of
Rayleigh surface waves with positive and negative
376:
837:
Rayleigh waves propagating at high ultrasonic frequencies (10–1000 MHz) are used widely in different electronic devices. In addition to
Rayleigh waves, some other types of surface acoustic waves (SAW), e.g.
851:
inhomogeneity, is transformed back into a modified electric signal. The transformation of the initial electric energy into mechanical energy (in the form of SAW) and back is usually accomplished via the use of
796:. The displacement of long wavelength waves penetrates more deeply into the Earth than short wavelength waves. Since the speed of waves in the Earth increases with increasing depth, the longer wavelength (
732:
148:
less than 100-m depth and 1.5–4 km/s at depths greater than 1 km. Since
Rayleigh waves are confined near the surface, their in-plane amplitude when generated by a point source decays only as
1020:, which are in the joints, although people do not seem to consciously respond to the signals. Some animals seem to use Rayleigh waves to communicate. In particular, some biologists theorize that
437:
637:
530:
485:
764:
The elastic constants often change with depth, due to the changing properties of the material. This means that the velocity of a
Rayleigh wave in practice becomes dependent on the
566:
180:
108:
in planes normal to the surface and parallel to the direction of propagation – the major axis of the ellipse is vertical. At the surface and at shallow depths this motion is
596:
663:
253:
759:
273:
1466:
Viktorov, I.A. (2013) "Rayleigh and Lamb Waves: Physical Theory and
Applications", Springer; Reprint of the original 1st 1967 edition by Plenum Press, New York.
210:
In seismology, Rayleigh waves (called "ground roll") are the most important type of surface wave, and can be produced (apart from earthquakes), for example, by
200:
1394:
O’Connell-Rodwell, C.E.; Arnason, B.T.; Hart, L.A. (14 September 2000). "Seismic properties of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion".
84:
Comparison of the Rayleigh wave speed with shear and longitudinal wave speeds for an isotropic elastic material. The speeds are shown in dimensionless units.
1032:, some people have speculated that Rayleigh waves served as a warning to animals to seek higher ground, allowing them to escape the more slowly traveling
112:, that is the in-plane motion of a particle is counterclockwise when the wave travels from left to right. At greater depths the particle motion becomes
808:
recorded at distant earthquake recording stations. It is also possible to observe Rayleigh wave dispersion in thin films or multi-layered structures.
1525:
Sugawara, Y.; Wright, O. B.; Matsuda, O.; Takigahira, M.; Tanaka, Y.; Tamura, S.; Gusev, V. E. (18 April 2002). "Watching Ripples on Crystals".
780:
shape. Rayleigh waves on ideal, homogeneous and flat elastic solids show no dispersion, as stated above. However, if a solid or structure has a
1156:
Goldstein, R.V.; Gorodtsov, V.A.; Lisovenko, D.S. (2014). "Rayleigh and Love surface waves in isotropic media with negative Poisson's ratio".
1519:
1378:
1318:
1266:
1122:
281:
120:
changes as the depth into the material increases. The depth of significant displacement in the solid is approximately equal to the acoustic
934:
Local geologic structure can serve to focus or defocus Rayleigh waves, leading to significant differences in shaking over short distances.
788:
that varies with depth, Rayleigh waves become dispersive. One example is Rayleigh waves on the Earth's surface: those waves with a higher
1471:
1353:
1291:
1504:
1486:
792:
travel more slowly than those with a lower frequency. This occurs because a Rayleigh wave of lower frequency has a relatively long
668:
876:(focus). However, large earthquakes may generate Rayleigh waves that travel around the Earth several times before dissipating.
1438:
37:
that travel along the surface of solids. They can be produced in materials in many ways, such as by a localized impact or by
1036:. At this time, evidence for this is mostly anecdotal. Other animal early warning systems may rely on an ability to sense
1029:
384:
601:
490:
117:
442:
80:
959:
572:
giving rise to Rayleigh waves are dispersionless. An interesting special case is the Poisson solid, for which
1492:
45:
41:
1611:
569:
535:
1084:
34:
1534:
1403:
1208:
1165:
151:
899:. The intensity of Rayleigh wave shaking at a particular location is dependent on several factors:
1606:
967:
773:
575:
1201:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1601:
1232:
1181:
1017:
896:
872:
of such waves generated by an earthquake generally decreases exponentially with the depth of the
642:
137:
855:
materials for both generation and reception of Rayleigh waves as well as for their propagation.
829:
of the wave, different frequencies can be used for characterization at different length scales.
233:
204:
1568:
1560:
1515:
1500:
1482:
1467:
1419:
1374:
1349:
1314:
1308:
1287:
1262:
1224:
1118:
1112:
1054:
1049:
972:
843:
238:
1550:
1542:
1411:
1341:
1216:
1173:
1144:
38:
737:
1254:
924:
842:, are also used for this purpose. Examples of electronic devices using Rayleigh waves are
258:
1538:
1407:
1212:
1169:
902:
1616:
1514:
Series: CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, Number 481, Springer, Wien,
888:
801:
785:
222:
185:
1595:
1199:
Longuet-Higgins, M. S. (27 September 1950). "A Theory of the Origin of Microseisms".
1185:
1146:"On Waves Propagated along the Plane Surface of an ElasticSolid", Lord Rayleigh, 1885
997:
852:
797:
214:, by explosions, by railway trains and ground vehicles, or by a sledgehammer impact.
97:
1236:
89:
49:
1546:
1000:(< 20 Hz) Rayleigh waves are inaudible, yet they can be detected by many
1586:
943:
141:
57:
1512:
Surface Waves in Geomechanics: Direct and Inverse Modelling for Soils and Rocks
1250:
1177:
1079:
1037:
988:
955:
947:
873:
839:
818:
805:
793:
777:
765:
227:
121:
61:
17:
1564:
1228:
1059:
869:
826:
789:
769:
211:
133:
129:
125:
101:
1572:
1423:
1220:
72:
971:
vibration control since they make a major contribution to traffic-induced
1021:
1033:
992:
847:
781:
371:{\displaystyle \zeta ^{3}-8\zeta ^{2}+8\zeta (3-2\eta )-16(1-\eta )=0,}
105:
27:
Type of surface acoustic wave which travels along the surface of solids
1415:
1555:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1013:
1009:
1001:
884:
880:
1016:. Humans should be able to detect such Rayleigh waves through their
124:. Rayleigh waves are distinct from other types of surface or guided
1369:
Biryukov, S.V.; Gulyaev, Y.V.; Krylov, V.V.; Plessky, V.P. (1995).
1111:
Telford, William Murray; Geldart, L. P.; Robert E. Sheriff (1990).
598:, since this gives a frequency-independent phase velocity equal to
976:
951:
901:
221:
79:
71:
53:
275:, Rayleigh waves have a speed given by solutions to the equation
1005:
954:'s interior. In intermediate ranges, Rayleigh waves are used in
963:
1310:
Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation
639:. For linear elastic materials with positive Poisson ratio (
136:, both being types of guided waves supported by a layer, or
727:{\displaystyle c_{R}=c_{S}{\frac {0.862+1.14\nu }{1+\nu }}}
226:
Dispersion of Rayleigh waves in a thin gold film on glass.
104:
solids these waves cause the surface particles to move in
96:
The existence of Rayleigh waves was predicted in 1885 by
1261:(3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth Heinemann.
966:
deposits. These applications are based on the geometric
879:
In seismology longitudinal and shear waves are known as
804:) waves. Rayleigh waves thus often appear spread out on
800:) waves can travel faster than the shorter wavelength (
1307:
Thompson, Donald O.; Chimenti, Dale E. (1 June 1997).
64:, Rayleigh–Lamb waves, or generalized Rayleigh waves.
48:
for detecting defects. Rayleigh waves are part of the
740:
671:
645:
604:
578:
538:
493:
445:
387:
284:
261:
241:
188:
154:
232:
In isotropic, linear elastic materials described by
568:. Since this equation has no inherent scale, the
116:. In addition, the motion amplitude decays and the
753:
726:
665:), the Rayleigh wave speed can be approximated as
657:
631:
590:
560:
524:
479:
432:{\displaystyle \zeta =\omega ^{2}/k^{2}\beta ^{2}}
431:
370:
267:
247:
194:
174:
891:in air (0.340 km/s), that is ~3 km/s.
776:. Waves affected by dispersion have a different
632:{\displaystyle \omega /k=\beta {\sqrt {0.8453}}}
60:. When guided in layers they are referred to as
1533:(18). American Physical Society (APS): 185504.
525:{\displaystyle \rho \alpha ^{2}=\lambda +2\mu }
1499:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
942:Low frequency Rayleigh waves generated during
868:Because Rayleigh waves are surface waves, the
1371:Surface Acoustic Waves in Inhomogeneous Media
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
8:
480:{\displaystyle \eta =\beta ^{2}/\alpha ^{2}}
1117:. Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
1286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
930:The rupture directivity of the earthquake.
1554:
1437:Kenneally, Christine (30 December 2004).
745:
739:
695:
689:
676:
670:
644:
622:
608:
603:
577:
546:
537:
501:
492:
471:
462:
456:
444:
423:
413:
404:
398:
386:
305:
289:
283:
260:
240:
187:
165:
160:
155:
153:
1510:Lai, C.G., Wilmanski, K. (Eds.) (2005).
1096:
993:Tsunami § Possible animal reaction
1481:(2nd ed.). University Science Books.
7:
1477:Aki, K. and Richards, P. G. (2002).
920:The geologic structure of the crust.
561:{\displaystyle \rho \beta ^{2}=\mu }
1587:Real-time imaging of Rayleigh waves
975:and the associated structure-borne
76:Particle motion of a Rayleigh wave.
25:
1040:waves traveling through the air.
989:Infrasound § Animal reaction
100:, after whom they were named. In
1207:(857). The Royal Society: 1–35.
914:The distance to the earthquake.
772:), a phenomenon referred to as
175:{\displaystyle {1}/{\sqrt {r}}}
356:
344:
335:
320:
1:
1547:10.1103/physrevlett.88.185504
591:{\displaystyle \lambda =\mu }
88:Rayleigh waves are a type of
44:, and are frequently used in
1030:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
962:for the characterisation of
917:The depth of the earthquake.
761:is the shear-wave velocity.
911:The size of the earthquake.
864:Generation from earthquakes
846:, resonators, oscillators,
658:{\displaystyle \nu >0.3}
144:, that travel in the bulk.
1633:
1284:Dynamic Fracture Mechanics
986:
812:In non-destructive testing
1313:. Springer. p. 161.
1178:10.3103/S0025654414040074
52:that are produced on the
983:Possible animal reaction
960:geotechnical engineering
248:{\displaystyle \lambda }
1527:Physical Review Letters
1479:Quantitative Seismology
1439:"Surviving the Tsunami"
906:Rayleigh wave direction
46:non-destructive testing
1346:Acoustic Surface Waves
1221:10.1098/rsta.1950.0012
907:
755:
728:
659:
633:
592:
570:boundary value problem
562:
526:
481:
433:
372:
269:
249:
229:
196:
176:
85:
77:
1282:L. B. Freund (1998).
1085:Surface acoustic wave
987:Further information:
905:
833:In electronic devices
756:
754:{\displaystyle c_{S}}
729:
660:
634:
593:
563:
527:
482:
434:
373:
270:
250:
225:
197:
177:
83:
75:
35:surface acoustic wave
1259:Theory of Elasticity
950:to characterise the
738:
669:
643:
602:
576:
536:
491:
443:
385:
282:
268:{\displaystyle \mu }
259:
239:
218:Speed and dispersion
186:
152:
1539:2002PhRvL..88r5504S
1408:2000ASAJ..108.3066O
1213:1950RSPTA.243....1L
1170:2014MeSol..49..422G
1158:Mechanics of Solids
1018:Pacinian corpuscles
1396:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1114:Applied geophysics
927:of the earthquake.
908:
897:ocean surface wave
751:
724:
655:
629:
588:
558:
522:
477:
429:
368:
265:
245:
230:
192:
172:
86:
78:
1520:978-3-211-27740-9
1416:10.1121/1.1323460
1380:978-3-642-57767-3
1320:978-0-306-45597-1
1268:978-0-7506-2633-0
1124:978-0-521-33938-4
1055:Longitudinal wave
1050:Linear elasticity
973:ground vibrations
821:frequency range.
722:
627:
195:{\displaystyle r}
170:
16:(Redirected from
1624:
1576:
1558:
1493:Fowler, C. M. R.
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1402:(6): 3066–3072.
1391:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1108:
760:
758:
757:
752:
750:
749:
733:
731:
730:
725:
723:
721:
710:
696:
694:
693:
681:
680:
664:
662:
661:
656:
638:
636:
635:
630:
628:
623:
612:
597:
595:
594:
589:
567:
565:
564:
559:
551:
550:
531:
529:
528:
523:
506:
505:
486:
484:
483:
478:
476:
475:
466:
461:
460:
438:
436:
435:
430:
428:
427:
418:
417:
408:
403:
402:
377:
375:
374:
369:
310:
309:
294:
293:
274:
272:
271:
266:
254:
252:
251:
246:
201:
199:
198:
193:
181:
179:
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
159:
21:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1524:
1497:The Solid Earth
1463:
1461:Further reading
1458:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1255:Lifshitz, E. M.
1249:
1248:
1244:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1093:
1046:
995:
985:
940:
925:focal mechanism
866:
861:
835:
814:
768:(and therefore
741:
736:
735:
711:
697:
685:
672:
667:
666:
641:
640:
600:
599:
574:
573:
542:
534:
533:
497:
489:
488:
467:
452:
441:
440:
419:
409:
394:
383:
382:
301:
285:
280:
279:
257:
256:
237:
236:
234:Lamé parameters
220:
205:Poisson's ratio
184:
183:
150:
149:
70:
68:Characteristics
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1581:External links
1579:
1578:
1577:
1522:
1508:
1490:
1475:
1472:978-1489956835
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1429:
1386:
1379:
1361:
1355:978-3540085751
1354:
1344:, ed. (1978).
1333:
1319:
1299:
1293:978-0521629225
1292:
1274:
1267:
1242:
1191:
1164:(4): 422–434.
1148:
1137:
1123:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1042:
984:
981:
979:in buildings.
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
921:
918:
915:
912:
895:similar to an
889:speed of sound
865:
862:
860:
857:
834:
831:
813:
810:
802:high frequency
786:sound velocity
748:
744:
720:
717:
714:
709:
706:
703:
700:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
654:
651:
648:
626:
621:
618:
615:
611:
607:
587:
584:
581:
557:
554:
549:
545:
541:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
504:
500:
496:
474:
470:
465:
459:
455:
451:
448:
426:
422:
416:
412:
407:
401:
397:
393:
390:
379:
378:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
308:
304:
300:
297:
292:
288:
264:
244:
219:
216:
191:
169:
163:
158:
128:waves such as
69:
66:
39:piezo-electric
33:are a type of
31:Rayleigh waves
26:
24:
18:Rayleigh waves
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1629:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Surface waves
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:0-521-38590-3
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:0-935702-96-2
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1444:
1443:www.slate.com
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Low frequency
994:
990:
982:
980:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:In seismology
937:
935:
929:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:
904:
900:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
863:
859:In geophysics
858:
856:
854:
853:piezoelectric
849:
845:
841:
832:
830:
828:
822:
820:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:low frequency
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
746:
742:
718:
715:
712:
707:
704:
701:
698:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
652:
649:
646:
624:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
585:
582:
579:
571:
555:
552:
547:
543:
539:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
502:
498:
494:
472:
468:
463:
457:
453:
449:
446:
424:
420:
414:
410:
405:
399:
395:
391:
388:
365:
362:
359:
353:
350:
347:
341:
338:
332:
329:
326:
323:
317:
314:
311:
306:
302:
298:
295:
290:
286:
278:
277:
276:
262:
242:
235:
228:
224:
217:
215:
213:
208:
206:
189:
167:
161:
156:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:Lord Rayleigh
94:
91:
82:
74:
67:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:seismic waves
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1530:
1526:
1511:
1496:
1478:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1373:. Springer.
1370:
1364:
1348:. Springer.
1345:
1342:Oliner, A.A.
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1309:
1302:
1283:
1277:
1258:
1251:Landau, L.D.
1245:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1113:
1027:
996:
946:are used in
941:
933:
893:
878:
867:
836:
823:
815:
763:
380:
231:
209:
146:
138:longitudinal
118:eccentricity
113:
109:
95:
90:surface wave
87:
42:transduction
30:
29:
1448:26 November
944:earthquakes
817:are in the
806:seismograms
212:ocean waves
142:shear waves
58:earthquakes
1607:Seismology
1596:Categories
1091:References
1080:Seismology
1038:infrasonic
1028:After the
968:dispersion
956:geophysics
948:seismology
874:hypocenter
840:Love waves
819:ultrasonic
794:wavelength
778:wave train
774:dispersion
766:wavelength
134:Lamb waves
130:Love waves
122:wavelength
110:retrograde
62:Lamb waves
1602:Acoustics
1565:0031-9007
1556:2115/5791
1229:1364-503X
1186:121607244
1060:Love wave
1022:elephants
870:amplitude
827:frequency
790:frequency
770:frequency
719:ν
708:ν
647:ν
620:β
606:ω
586:μ
580:λ
556:μ
544:β
540:ρ
520:μ
511:λ
499:α
495:ρ
469:α
454:β
447:η
421:β
396:ω
389:ζ
354:η
351:−
339:−
333:η
327:−
318:ζ
303:ζ
296:−
287:ζ
263:μ
243:λ
102:isotropic
1573:12005696
1495:(1990).
1424:11144599
1257:(1986).
1237:31828394
1044:See also
734:, where
182:, where
126:acoustic
114:prograde
106:ellipses
1535:Bibcode
1404:Bibcode
1209:Bibcode
1166:Bibcode
1034:tsunami
1014:spiders
1010:insects
1002:mammals
885:S-waves
881:P-waves
848:sensors
844:filters
782:density
1571:
1563:
1518:
1503:
1485:
1470:
1422:
1377:
1352:
1326:8 June
1317:
1290:
1265:
1235:
1227:
1184:
1130:8 June
1121:
1075:S-wave
1070:Phonon
1065:P-wave
991:, and
625:0.8453
532:, and
381:where
1617:Waves
1233:S2CID
1182:S2CID
1006:birds
977:noise
952:Earth
699:0.862
54:Earth
1569:PMID
1561:ISSN
1516:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1450:2013
1420:PMID
1375:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1328:2011
1315:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1225:ISSN
1132:2011
1119:ISBN
1012:and
958:and
923:The
883:and
705:1.14
650:>
255:and
140:and
1551:hdl
1543:doi
1412:doi
1400:108
1217:doi
1205:243
1174:doi
964:oil
784:or
653:0.3
132:or
56:by
1598::
1567:.
1559:.
1549:.
1541:.
1531:88
1529:.
1441:.
1418:.
1410:.
1398:.
1253:;
1231:.
1223:.
1215:.
1203:.
1180:.
1172:.
1162:49
1160:.
1099:^
1008:,
1004:,
487:,
439:,
342:16
207:.
1575:.
1553::
1545::
1537::
1507:.
1489:.
1474:.
1452:.
1426:.
1414::
1406::
1383:.
1358:.
1330:.
1296:.
1271:.
1239:.
1219::
1211::
1188:.
1176::
1168::
1134:.
747:S
743:c
716:+
713:1
702:+
691:S
687:c
683:=
678:R
674:c
617:=
614:k
610:/
583:=
553:=
548:2
517:2
514:+
508:=
503:2
473:2
464:/
458:2
450:=
425:2
415:2
411:k
406:/
400:2
392:=
366:,
363:0
360:=
357:)
348:1
345:(
336:)
330:2
324:3
321:(
315:8
312:+
307:2
299:8
291:3
190:r
168:r
162:/
157:1
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
