483:, records made a grand, concert piano sound like a small, upright piano, and maximal duration was four and a half minutes. Selections and performance were often altered accordingly, and playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The finality often caused anxiety that restrained performance to prevent error. In the 1940s, during World War II, the Germans refined audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology that premised emergence of record producers in their current roles.
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lower its ugly head." Still, when tasked to explain her profession's sex disparity, Page partly reasoned that record labels, dominated by men, have been, she said, "mistrustful of giving a woman the reins of an immense, creative project like making a record." Ultimately, the reasons are multiple and not fully clear, although prominently proposed factors include types of sexism and scarcity of female role models in the profession.
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engineering of the recording, and coordinating the production team and process. The producer's involvement in a musical project can vary in depth and scope. Sometimes in popular genres the producer may create the recording's entire sound and structure. However, in classical music recording, for example, the producer serves as more of a liaison between the conductor and the engineering team. The role is often likened to that of a
783:, enables DAWs to undo clipping. Still, some criticize digital instruments and workflows for excess automation, allegedly impairing creative or sonic control. In any case, as production technology has drastically changed, so have the knowledge demands, although DAWs enables novices, even teenagers at home, to learn production independently. Some have attained professional competence before ever working with an artist.
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720:, SNR, abolished it. Digital also imparted to the music a perceived "pristine" sound quality, if also a loss of analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality and better-rounded bass. Yet whereas editing tape media requires physically locating the target audio on the ribbon, cutting there, and splicing pieces, editing digital media offers inarguable advantages in ease, efficiency, and possibilities.
508:. Joining the preexisting recording head, erase head, and playback head, the preview head allows the artist to hear the extant recording over headphones playing it in synchrony, "in sync", with the present performance being recorded alone on an isolated track. This isolation of multiple tracks enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers began recording initially only the "bed tracks"—the
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316:, either stereo or surround sound. Then a mastering engineer further adjusts this recording for distribution on the chosen media. A producer may work on only one or two songs or on an artist's entire album, helping develop the album's overall vision. The record producers may also take on the role of executive producer, managing the budget, schedules, contracts, and negotiations.
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creative and aesthetic decisions that realize both the artist's and label's goals in the creation of musical content. Other duties include, but are not limited to: keeping budgets and schedules; adhering to deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, and engineers; overseeing other staffing needs; and editing (Classical projects).
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281:, who oversees business partnerships and financing; the vocal producer or vocal arranger, who aids vocal performance via expert critique and coaching of vocal technique, and the record producer or music producer, who, often called simply the producer, directs the overall creative process of recording the song in its final mix.
237:, turn an ordinary computer into a production console, whereby a solitary novice can become a skilled producer in a thrifty home studio. In the 2010s, efforts began to increase the prevalence of producers and engineers who are women, heavily outnumbered by men and prominently accoladed only in classical music.
193:. Record producers' precursors were "A&R men", who likewise could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical roles, but often exercised scant creative influence, as record production still focused, into the 1950s, on simply improving the record's sonic match to the artists' own live performance.
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magazine queried, "Where are all the female music producers?" Upon the
Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, released in February 2019, its department at USC reported, "2018 saw an outcry from artists, executives and other music industry professionals over the lack of women in music"
941:
in rock, the vast majority have been men. Early in the 2010s, asked for insights that she herself had gleaned as a woman who has specialized successfully in the industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties are usually very short-lived. Once people realize that you can do your job, sexism tends to
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The person who has overall creative and technical control of the entire recording project, and the individual recording sessions that are part of that project. He or she is present in the recording studio or at the location recording and works directly with the artist and engineer. The producer makes
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developed a recording technique called "sound on sound". By this, the final recording could be built piece by piece and tailored, effecting an editing process. In one case, Paul produced a song via 500 recorded discs. But, besides the tedium of this process, it serially degraded the sound quality of
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In the 2000s, with the advent of technology that made traditional record production accessible, especially with hip hop beatmaking and electronic music. Within these genres, the term producer is applied to a number of roles and has popularized the use of more niche terms and credits including
775:, whereby dynamic peaks exceed the maximal recordable signal level: tape's limitation, a physical property, is magnetic capacity, which tapers off, smoothing the overmodulated waveform even at a signal nearly 15 decibels too "hot", whereas a digital recording is ruined by harsh distortion of "
311:
The producer often selects and collaborates with a mixing engineer, who focuses on the especially technological aspects of the recording process, namely, operating the electronic equipment and blending the raw, recorded tracks of the chosen performances, whether vocal or instrumental, into a
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is a music creating project's overall supervisor whose responsibilities can involve a range of creative and technical leadership roles. Typically the job involves hands-on oversight of recording sessions; ensuring artists deliver acceptable and quality performances, supervising the technical
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took over from his father Murry within a couple of years after the band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had taken
Spector's techniques to unseen sophistication. Wilson alone produced all Beach Boys recordings between 1963 and 1967. Using multiple studios and multiple attempts of
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The 1980s advent of digital processes and formats rapidly replaced analog processes and formats, namely, tape and vinyl. Although recording onto quality tape, at least half an inch wide and traveling 15 inches per second, had limited "tape hiss" to silent sections, digital's higher
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led its evolution into its present use of elaborate techniques and unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible to originate live. After the 1980s, production's move from analog to digital further expanded possibilities. By now, DAWs, or
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instrumentation, the producer may be the sole artist. Conversely, some artists do their own production. Some producers are their own engineers, operating the technology across the project: preproduction, recording,
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During the decade, A&R executives increasingly directed songs' sonic signatures, although many still simply teamed singers with musicians, while yet others exercised virtually no creative influence. The term
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Early in the recording industry, a record was attained by simply having all of the artists perform together live in one take. In 1945, by recording a musical element while playing a previously recorded record,
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controllers to communicate among equipment, the recording device itself, and perhaps effects gear that is outboard. Yet literal recording is sometimes still analog, onto tape, whereupon the raw recording is
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and speakers. These could mimic acoustic instruments or create utterly new sounds. Soon, by combining the capabilities of tape, multitrack recording, and electronic instruments, producers like
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Pras, Amandine; Cance, Caroline; Guastavino, Catherine (2013). "Record
Producers' Best Practices For Artistic Direction—From Light Coaching To Deeper Collaboration With Musicians".
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produced some of their own songs, although many such songs are officially credited to specialist producers. Yet especially influential was the Beach Boys, whose band leader
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882:'s 2019 nomination was the next for a woman. On why no woman had ever won it, Perry commented, "I just don't think there are that many women interested." In the U.K.,
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increasingly opened official A&R departments, whose roles included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, independent recording studios opened, helping originate
987:, announced, "This initiative is the first step in a broader effort to improve those numbers and increase diversity and inclusion for all in the music industry."
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instrumental and vocal tracks, Wilson selected the best combinations of performance and audio quality, and used tape editing to assemble a composite performance.
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magazine, became widespread in the 1960s. Still, a formal distinction was elusive for some time more. A&R managers might still be creative directors, like
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previously recorded elements, rerecorded as ambient sound. Yet in 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, enabling truly multitrack recording by a new technique, "
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In the 1990s, digital production reached affordable home computers via production software. By now, recording and mixing are often centralized in DAWs,
409:, pioneering A&R managers who transitioned influentially to record production as now understood, while sometimes owning independent labels, include
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With 32-bit float, you no longer need to worry about clipping during your best vocal takes or instrument solos. Any recorded moments exceeding 0
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Zak, Albin J. (29 September 2002). "Review of
Timothy D. Taylor. 2001. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, and Culture. New York: Routledge".
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Inclusion in the recording studio? Gender and race/ethnicity of artists, songwriters & producers across 700 popular songs from 2012–2018
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Inclusion in the recording studio? Gender and race/ethnicity of artists, songwriters & producers across 600 popular songs from 2012–2017
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In 1947, the
American market gained audio recording onto magnetic tape. At the record industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording was done by
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who produces and arranges her vocals as well as being an audio engineer. Still among specialists, despite some prominent women, including
1428:"Recording Academy Task Force On Diversity and Inclusion announces initiative to expand opportunities for female producers and engineers"
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and "the plight of women in music", where women were allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out". Also in
February 2019, the
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296:. A producer may give creative control to the artists themselves, taking a supervisory or advisory role instead. As to qualifying for a
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Smith, Stacy L.; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Case, Ariana; Villanueva, Sylvia; Onyeabor, Ozodi; Kim, Dorga (25 January 2018).
30:"Musical production" redirects here. For musical production in the sense of a live performance involving music and choreography, see
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executive producer, co-producer, assistant producer, and additional and miscellaneous production to differentiate contributions.
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208:—and the 1950s rise of electronic instruments, turned record production into a specialty. In popular music, then, producers like
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became the precursors of record producers, supervising recording and often leading session orchestras. During the 1940s,
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759:. DAWs fairly standard in the industry are Logic Pro and Pro Tools. Physical devices involved include the main mixer,
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Smith, Stacy L.; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Clark, Hannah; Case, Ariana; Villanueva, Sylvia (February 2019).
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967:'s Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion announced an initiative whereby over 200 artists and producers—ranging from
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Women producers known for producing records not their own include Sonia
Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Carla Olson.
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To enable overdubbing, Paul revised the tape recorder itself by adding a second playback head, and terming it the
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2001:
Music in
American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture
1953:
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another week later. A singer could perform her own backup vocals, or a guitarist could play 15 layers.
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to lead
Mercury's popular recordings in New York. Miller then produced country-pop crossover hits by
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was an early female record producer, having produced both of her Ivor
Novello award-winning songs.
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for processing and editing, as some producers still find audio advantages to recording onto tape.
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As a broad project, the creation of a music recording may be split across three specialists: the
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874:, awarded since 1975 and only one even nominated for a record not her own, Linda Perry. After
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360:. Actually, it says neither "A&R man" nor even "A&R", an initialism perhaps coined by
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Across the decades, many female artists have produced their own music. For instance, artists
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Across the 1960s, popular music increasingly switched from acoustic instruments, like piano,
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in its current meaning—the creative director of song production—appearing in a 1953 issue of
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Varying by project, the producer may or may not choose all of the artists. If employing only
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866:' classical division. For classical production, three women have won Grammy awards, and
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2020:
1809:"Ariana Grande Reveals Complex Vocal Arrangements That Went Into Recording 'Positions'"
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In January 2018, a research team led by Stacy L. Smith, founder and director of the
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1748:"Linda Perry's Grammy Nomination 'Is a Win for all Women Producers and Engineers'"
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In the 1880s, the record industry began by simply having the artist perform at a
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department", had planned a set of recordings in Los Angeles. Later, folklorist
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1938:(Report). Annenberg Inclusion Initiative. University of Southern California.
1920:(Report). Annenberg Inclusion Initiative. University of Southern California.
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The producer's roles can include gathering ideas, composing music, choosing
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as a specialty. But despite a tradition of some A&R men writing music,
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though there are important differences. It is distinct from the role of an
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1155:. Routledge Studies in Human Geography. Taylor & Francis. p. 25.
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344:, covering the phonography and record industry, reported that Eddie King,
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1574:. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
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779:" at any overshoot. In digital recording, however, a recent advancement,
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1785:"Triple threats: 13 female singers who write and produce their own work"
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1896:"Stereotyped, sexualized and shut out: The plight of women in music"
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can be reduced to an acceptable level, after recording, in your DAW
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a disc. Constrained in tonal range, whether bass or treble, and in
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1831:"Ariana Grande Breaks Down How She Made Her "Stuck With U" Vocals"
1635:"Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit float USB audio streaming"
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1853:"Q&A: Ariana Grande on 'Yours Truly' and Judging Miley Cyrus"
870:'s 2015 win was her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, no woman has won
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Advances in recording technology, especially the 1940s advent of
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1644:
760:
4860:
4025:
3562:
2167:
3179:
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3075:
2850:
2391:
2125:
A&R Pioneers: Architects of American Roots Music on Record
1343:"Audio recording software: Avid Pro Tools vs. Apple Log Pro X"
612:
2085:
The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music
1094:
The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music
3894:
1504:
Rock Eras: Interpretation of Music & Society, 1954–1984
475:
a cylinder. By the 1930s, a gramophone etched it laterally
366:
magazine in 1946, and entering wide use in the late 1940s.
1605:
Analog Recording: Using Analog Gear in Today's Home Studio
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
397:
still referred to just the manufacturing of record discs.
1766:"List of British women record producers - FamousFix List"
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
4021:
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1538:
1536:
1534:
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605:, spliced sections of extensive improvisation sessions.
1117:
1115:
1113:
1152:
Cultural Production in and Beyond the Recording Studio
1900:
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
1879:
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
954:
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
1959:
The Art of Music Production: The Theory and Practice
5938:
5867:
4853:
4704:
4614:
4496:
4437:
4359:
4337:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
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2201:
2146:
The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records
1568:"Pianists on record in the early twentieth century"
1313:
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics
122:
108:
86:
81:
69:
57:
49:
44:
2045:An International History of the Recording Industry
1177:"Music Production: What Does a Music Producer Do?"
1080:
1078:
1076:
587:rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, in
369:In the 1920s and 1930s, A&R executives, like
1443:
1441:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
520:, for example, could record a week later, and a
356:called this perhaps the earliest printed use of
2103:Olsen, Eric; Verna, Paul; Wolff, Carlo (1999).
1597:
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1195:"What does a music producer do, anyway ?"
4037:
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1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
8:
2042:Gronow, P.; Saunio, I.; Moseley, C. (1998).
1718:"What Exactly Does "Producer" Mean, Anyway?"
1298:
1296:
39:
1402:"Where Are All the Female Music Producers?"
647:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4857:
4106:
4044:
4030:
4022:
3581:
3567:
3559:
3119:
2658:
2207:
2186:
2172:
2164:
1453:"How the Phonograph Changed Music Forever"
1273:
1271:
771:Conventionally, tape is more forgiving of
4681:Music technology (electronic and digital)
3988:Music technology (electronic and digital)
1488:
1476:
1228:
667:Learn how and when to remove this message
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
471:, etching the sonic waveform vertically
27:Individual supervising a musical project
1544:
1376:
1121:
1072:
417:. Upon moving from Columbia Records to
173:who operates the recording technology.
1254:. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 8.
292:, and, in some cases, supervising the
204:promptly innovated further to develop
38:
4219:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
381:at Victor Records, and Bob Haring at
7:
2105:The Encyclopedia of Record Producers
1572:The Cambridge Companion to the Piano
645:adding citations to reliable sources
3413:Global Recording Artist of the Year
3381:Highest-grossing live music artists
2065:Music Theory for Computer Musicians
1998:Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013).
1633:Allard, Matthew (15 January 2020).
1400:Newman, Melinda (19 January 2018).
1341:Joseph, Kiesha (11 February 2016).
1251:Multi-Track Recording for Musicians
952:Inclusion Initiative, based in the
797:Hip hop § Beatmaking/producing
5895:Classical and art music traditions
4327:History of lute-family instruments
4144:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
2149:. University of California Press.
1855:. Rolling Stone. 11 September 2013
1426:Hertweck, Nate (1 February 2019).
559:, to electronic instruments, like
25:
3829:Recording studio as an instrument
1746:Leight, Elias (7 December 2018).
1283:"What does a record producer do?"
862:produced hundreds of records for
6067:
6066:
6053:
6039:
5611:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5086:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4686:Sound recording and reproduction
4139:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
4005:
3542:
3541:
3528:
2558:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
2289:Universal Music Publishing Group
1783:Casetti, Chris (21 March 2017).
1025:
1011:
997:
929:have produced or coproduced and
686:during a recording session, 1966
617:
5915:Jazz and popular music glossary
2979:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
2128:. Vanderbilt University Press.
1980:The History of Music Production
818:Among female record producers,
248:, best known for his work with
53:Music producer, record producer
5156:Federated States of Micronesia
3479:Largest recorded music markets
3386:Highest-grossing concert tours
1509:Bowling Green State University
1:
4199:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
4119:Afghan classical music—Klasik
2107:. New York: Billboard Books.
1684:Journal of New Music Research
1019:Business and economics portal
766:converted to a digital signal
690:In the 1960s, rock acts like
338:. In 1924, the trade journal
6060:Record production portal
5905:Cultural and regional genres
4164:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
4012:Record production portal
3535:Record production portal
2351:Independent UK record labels
2122:Ward, B.; Huber, P. (2018).
1696:10.1080/09298215.2013.848903
1305:"Digital audio workstations"
4676:Music technology (electric)
4214:Thai classical music—Piphat
4169:Japanese court music—Gagaku
3983:Music technology (electric)
3403:Most-attended concert tours
1983:. Oxford University Press.
1962:. Oxford University Press.
1511:Popular Press. p. 43.
755:, by third parties, effect
348:' manager of the "New York
6120:
4322:History of the harpsichord
4209:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
3418:Wealthiest musical artists
3271:Best-selling music artists
790:
725:digital audio workstations
449:William "Mickey" Stevenson
264:at a recording session at
223:digital audio workstations
29:
6033:
4867:
4149:Chinese traditional music
4001:
3522:
2989:New Zealand singles chart
2067:. Course Technology Ptr.
1096:. MIT Press. p. 13.
830:the first on Nashville's
757:virtual studio technology
330:(Artists and Repertoires)
5031:Central African Republic
4574:Computational musicology
4124:Andalusi classical music
3459:Christian music industry
2974:GfK Entertainment charts
2618:Professional audio store
2063:Hewitt, Michael (2008).
1570:. In Rowland, D. (ed.).
1303:Kadis, Jay (2006–2013).
1005:Record production portal
252:, pictured with members
5920:Music genres and styles
4224:Western classical music
4194:Persian classical music
2866:Music streaming service
2299:Disney Music Publishing
2082:Moorefield, V. (2005).
1602:Simmons, David (2006).
1566:Philip, Robert (1998).
854:, produced influential
320:Historical developments
5900:Classical music genres
4976:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4517:Doctor of Musical Arts
4342:History of the trumpet
4154:Indian classical music
3408:Most-attended concerts
3376:Highest-paid musicians
1977:Burgess, R.J. (2014).
815:
687:
544:
528:Electronic instruments
269:
5726:São Tomé and Príncipe
5601:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5581:Republic of the Congo
4347:History of the violin
3900:Ghostwriters in music
3489:Most valuable records
3484:Most expensive albums
3439:Album-equivalent unit
2969:Italian singles chart
2826:Promotional recording
2294:Warner Chappell Music
2284:Sony Music Publishing
2279:BMG Rights Management
1797:on 20 September 2018.
1669:10.7916/CM.V0I74.4910
1507:. Bowling Green, OH:
1489:Ward & Huber 2018
1477:Ward & Huber 2018
1229:Ward & Huber 2018
813:
718:signal-to-noise ratio
682:
573:instrument amplifiers
535:
350:artist and repertoire
341:Talking Machine World
243:
6104:Occupations in music
5796:United Arab Emirates
4569:Cognitive musicology
3464:Environmental impact
3364:Best-selling singles
2377:Digital music stores
2025:The Art of Producing
1881:. 10 September 2020.
1833:. Nylon. 15 May 2020
1501:Curtis, Jim (1987).
1457:Smithsonian Magazine
1347:F.I.R.S.T. Institute
1181:Recording Connection
878:'s 2004 nomination,
872:Producer of the Year
858:records. Meanwhile,
641:improve this section
487:Multitrack recording
421:, Hammond appointed
304:defines a producer:
206:multitrack recording
5946:Aesthetics of music
5761:Trinidad and Tobago
4896:Antigua and Barbuda
4380:Band (rock and pop)
4304:Musical instruments
4179:Lao classical music
3494:Music certification
3474:Largest music deals
3352:Best-selling albums
3185:The Country Network
2964:Irish Singles Chart
2613:Musical instruments
1317:Stanford University
1201:. 26 February 2009.
1149:Watson, A. (2014).
541:Modern Folk Quartet
387:major record labels
273:Production overview
91:Instrumental skills
41:
6008:Musical instrument
5976:Music and politics
5106:Dominican Republic
4854:By sovereign state
4174:Korean court music
4134:Azerbaijani Mugham
3814:Hip hop production
3007:SNEP singles chart
2782:Extended play (EP)
2553:Album cover design
2143:Zak, A.J. (2001).
1902:. 5 February 2019.
1661:Current Musicology
1612:. pp. 26–27.
1451:(6 January 2016).
1353:on 11 August 2018.
1051:Hip hop production
844:major record label
816:
806:Women in producing
793:Hip hop production
787:Hip hop production
711:Digital production
696:the Rolling Stones
688:
609:Performer-producer
545:
379:Nathaniel Shilkret
279:executive producer
270:
167:executive producer
137:executive producer
133:recording engineer
95:keyboard knowledge
6081:
6080:
5966:Music and fashion
5961:Music and emotion
5863:
5862:
5131:Equatorial Guinea
4627:A-side and B-side
4532:Music archaeology
4507:Bachelor of Music
4355:
4354:
4289:Psychedelic music
4284:Progressive music
4204:Scottish Ceòl Mór
4019:
4018:
3621:Critical distance
3556:
3555:
3499:Parental Advisory
3454:Bootleg recording
3444:A-side and B-side
3301:
3254:
3253:
3170:The Music Factory
3012:Sverigetopplistan
2936:Argentina Hot 100
2902:Music competition
2892:Concert residency
2831:Phonograph record
2801:
2761:
2760:
2588:Music and fashion
2573:Entertainment law
2441:
2440:
2402:Virgin Megastores
2204:and organizations
2156:978-0-520-92815-2
2135:978-0-8265-2177-4
2114:978-0-8230-7607-9
2095:978-0-262-33519-5
2074:978-1-59863-503-4
2055:978-0-304-70173-5
2011:978-0-313-39348-8
1990:978-0-19-935716-1
1969:978-0-19-935932-5
1619:978-0-87930-864-3
1608:. San Francisco:
1581:978-0-521-47986-8
1518:978-0-87972-369-9
1281:(10 March 2016).
1261:978-1-4574-2484-7
1199:Production Advice
1162:978-1-135-00631-0
1103:978-0-262-26101-2
1041:Audio engineering
965:Recording Academy
860:Wilma Cozart Fine
842:, the first at a
822:was the first at
677:
676:
669:
557:brass instruments
395:record production
383:Brunswick Records
302:Recording Academy
286:session musicians
246:Sir George Martin
150:
149:
117:Recording studios
16:(Redirected from
6111:
6099:Music production
6094:Record producers
6070:
6069:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6046:Music portal
6044:
6043:
6042:
5998:Music technology
5986:Environmentalism
5939:Related articles
5546:Papua New Guinea
5411:Marshall Islands
4858:
4804:Central American
4542:Music psychology
4427:Backing vocalist
4264:Electronic music
4107:
4061:History of music
4046:
4039:
4032:
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4009:
4008:
3925:Session musician
3590:Music production
3583:
3576:
3569:
3560:
3545:
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3531:
3299:
3120:
3017:UK singles chart
2949:Canadian Hot 100
2841:Compact cassette
2779:
2726:Session musician
2701:Hip hop producer
2659:
2593:Music journalism
2525:Rhythm and blues
2243:IFPI (worldwide)
2208:
2188:
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2160:
2139:
2118:
2099:
2078:
2059:
2038:
2027:. Alfred Music.
2015:
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1793:. Archived from
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1724:. 6 October 2015
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561:electric guitars
512:, including the
411:J. Mayo Williams
401:Record producers
375:Columbia Records
300:nomination, the
71:Activity sectors
42:
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18:Record producers
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5934:
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5666:Solomon Islands
5511:North Macedonia
4863:
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4711:
4709:regional genres
4708:
4700:
4666:Record producer
4610:
4599:Sociomusicology
4584:Ethnomusicology
4512:Master of Music
4492:
4451:
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4390:All-female band
4373:
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4184:Mandé art music
4159:Byzantine music
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3611:Audio mastering
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3104:Top of the Pops
3069:Musica e dischi
3021:
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2870:
2790:Cassette single
2768:
2757:
2711:Record producer
2657:
2628:Radio promotion
2598:Music publisher
2583:Music executive
2578:Music education
2545:
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2211:Representatives
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2021:Curtis, Maestro
2019:Gibson, David;
2018:
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1947:Further reading
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1183:. 23 June 2022.
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937:in hip hop and
911:Destiny's Child
864:Mercury Records
852:Trumpet Records
848:Lillian McMurry
808:
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791:Main articles:
789:
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553:acoustic guitar
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439:record producer
419:Mercury Records
403:
391:record producer
327:
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294:audio mastering
275:
254:George Harrison
244:Music producer
154:record producer
129:Music executive
125:
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59:Occupation type
40:Record producer
35:
32:Musical theatre
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5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5081:Czech Republic
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4816:North American
4813:
4812:
4811:
4809:South American
4806:
4799:Latin American
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4765:Middle Eastern
4762:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4714:
4712:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Audio engineer
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:New musicology
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4395:Rhythm section
4392:
4387:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3922:
3920:Rhythm section
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Audio engineer
3877:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Overproduction
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Exciter effect
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3509:Surprise album
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3297:United Kingdom
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Brasil Hot 100
2938:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:Music festival
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:Music download
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2802:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2753:Sound engineer
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2716:Rhythm section
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:Talent manager
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Easy listening
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:Music industry
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2100:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2060:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1905:
1884:
1866:
1844:
1822:
1800:
1775:
1757:
1735:
1709:
1690:(4): 381–395.
1674:
1651:
1625:
1618:
1610:Backbeat Books
1587:
1580:
1549:
1524:
1517:
1493:
1491:, p. 283.
1481:
1462:
1437:
1411:
1381:
1379:, p. 199.
1356:
1330:
1292:
1267:
1260:
1233:
1231:, p. 300.
1204:
1186:
1168:
1161:
1126:
1109:
1102:
1090:"Introduction"
1086:Moorefield, V.
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1022:
1008:
992:
989:
909:(even that of
884:Lynsey de Paul
876:Lauren Christy
868:Judith Sherman
814:Mixing console
807:
804:
788:
785:
773:overmodulation
727:—for example,
712:
709:
675:
674:
625:
623:
616:
610:
607:
599:'s 1970 album
529:
526:
522:string section
510:rhythm section
488:
485:
464:
463:Tape recording
461:
459:record label.
402:
399:
346:Victor Records
326:
323:
321:
318:
274:
271:
258:Paul McCartney
198:tape recording
171:audio engineer
158:music producer
148:
147:
126:
123:
120:
119:
114:
109:
106:
105:
103:vocal coaching
88:
84:
83:
79:
78:
76:Music industry
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6116:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6074:
6073:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:Music therapy
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:United States
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Liechtenstein
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:Guinea-Bissau
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:Cultural and
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:Extended play
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4604:Zoomusicology
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Ecomusicology
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Biomusicology
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Music history
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Improvisation
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Lead vocalist
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:Military band
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Hip hop music
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Country music
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Ottoman music
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
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3989:
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3976:
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3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:Interpolation
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:Backup singer
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3847:
3845:
3844:Wall of Sound
3842:
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3837:
3835:
3832:
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3827:
3825:
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3817:
3815:
3812:
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3776:
3774:
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3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Octave effect
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Chorus effect
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:Wah-wah pedal
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
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3329:
3326:
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3321:
3320:
3319:Nationality:
3318:
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3308:
3306:
3305:United States
3303:
3298:
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3118:
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3112:
3106:
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3101:
3099:
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3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:Rolling Stone
3087:
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3066:
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3024:
3018:
3015:
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3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2995:Rolling Stone
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Oricon charts
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:G-Music chart
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
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2945:
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2931:
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2764:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Backup singer
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
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2677:
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2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2653:Tour promoter
2651:
2649:
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2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
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2329:
2326:
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2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:Record labels
2306:
2300:
2297:
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2287:
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2280:
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2209:
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2189:
2184:
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2177:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2158:
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2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:. MIT Press.
2087:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2034:1-931140-44-8
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:Burgess, R.J.
1951:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
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1891:
1889:
1885:
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1826:
1823:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1770:FamousFix.com
1767:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1752:Rolling Stone
1749:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
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1655:
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1615:
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1592:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1547:, p. 50.
1546:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1479:, p. 41.
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
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1371:
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1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
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1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
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1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1293:
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1272:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1240:
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1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:, p. 13.
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
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1038:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1006:
995:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
960:
955:
951:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:Missy Elliott
932:
931:Ariana Grande
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:Janet Jackson
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Ethel Gabriel
833:
829:
825:
821:
812:
805:
803:
798:
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
710:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
681:
671:
668:
660:
650:
646:
642:
636:
635:
631:
626:This section
624:
620:
615:
614:
608:
606:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:George Martin
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
538:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
495:
486:
484:
482:
481:dynamic range
478:
474:
470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
434:
432:
431:Frankie Laine
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
332:
331:
324:
319:
317:
315:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
210:George Martin
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
163:film director
159:
155:
146:
142:
141:film producer
138:
134:
130:
127:
121:
118:
115:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
80:
77:
74:
68:
65:
62:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6065:
6051:
6037:
5826:Vatican City
5776:Turkmenistan
5676:South Africa
5646:Sierra Leone
5626:Saudi Arabia
5001:Burkina Faso
4665:
4661:Record label
4547:Music school
4407:Concert band
4317:Angular harp
4244:Circus music
4129:Arabic music
4003:
3968:Loudness war
3935:Ghost singer
3914:
3910:Orchestrator
3905:Horn section
3788:Reverse echo
3748:Equalization
3718:Delay effect
3668:Punch in/out
3663:Ping-ponging
3631:Effects unit
3626:Effects loop
3616:Audio mixing
3606:Audio filter
3589:
3540:
3526:
3504:Record sales
3469:Hidden track
3259:Achievements
3243:
3238:The X Factor
3236:
3229:
3222:
3217:Star Academy
3215:
3208:
3201:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3026:Publications
2994:
2954:Circle Chart
2941:
2933:
2925:
2887:Concert tour
2810:Double album
2736:Ghost singer
2721:Orchestrator
2710:
2706:Horn section
2633:Record label
2568:Distribution
2475:Experimental
2447:Major genres
2433:Ticketmaster
2381:iTunes Store
2338:
2337:
2315:
2314:
2233:Music Canada
2145:
2124:
2104:
2084:
2064:
2044:
2024:
2004:. ABC-CLIO.
2000:
1979:
1958:
1926:
1908:
1899:
1878:
1869:
1859:11 September
1857:. Retrieved
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1803:
1795:the original
1788:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1726:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1660:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1604:
1571:
1545:Burgess 2014
1503:
1496:
1484:
1456:
1431:
1405:
1377:Burgess 2013
1351:the original
1346:
1323:11 September
1321:. Retrieved
1311:
1286:
1250:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1151:
1122:Burgess 2014
1093:
1033:Music portal
984:
981:Quincy Jones
973:Taylor Swift
957:
947:
944:
939:Sylvia Massy
923:Taylor Swift
919:Lana Del Rey
899:Mariah Carey
888:
817:
800:
781:32-bit float
770:
722:
714:
704:Brian Wilson
689:
684:Brian Wilson
663:
654:
639:Please help
627:
602:Bitches Brew
600:
595:, producing
577:Phil Spector
571:, employing
569:synthesizers
549:upright bass
546:
537:Phil Spector
518:horn section
506:preview head
505:
503:
490:
476:
472:
466:
442:
438:
435:
423:Mitch Miller
415:John Hammond
407:World War II
404:
394:
390:
368:
361:
357:
354:Archie Green
339:
333:
329:
328:
325:A&R team
313:
310:
306:
290:audio mixing
283:
276:
214:Phil Spector
195:
175:
157:
153:
151:
124:Related jobs
87:Competencies
36:
5930:Terminology
5910:Instruments
5716:Switzerland
5686:South Sudan
5681:South Korea
5606:Saint Lucia
5561:Philippines
5506:North Korea
5486:New Zealand
5481:Netherlands
5286:Ivory Coast
5126:El Salvador
4871:Afghanistan
4838:Micronesian
4639:Compilation
4552:Composition
4447:Composition
4412:Disc jockey
4385:Backup band
4312:Arched Harp
4069:Prehistoric
3958:Click track
3942:Vocal coach
3885:Backup band
3865:professions
3839:Turntablism
3713:Compression
3698:Pitch shift
3658:Overdubbing
3598:Engineering
3514:White label
3449:Backmasking
3266:Music award
3245:Rising Star
3041:HitQuarters
2920:ARIA Charts
2836:Eight-track
2821:Music video
2798:Maxi single
2746:Ghostwriter
2741:Vocal coach
2696:Disc jockey
2669:Arrangement
2638:Record shop
2608:Music venue
2603:Music store
2563:Disc jockey
2423:Live Nation
2418:CTS Eventim
2340:Independent
2048:. Cassell.
1639:Newsshooter
1248:Hurtig, B.
915:the Carters
880:Linda Perry
828:Gail Davies
751:—for which
692:the Beatles
597:Miles Davis
589:jazz fusion
499:overdubbing
453:Berry Gordy
451:, hired by
358:A&R man
262:John Lennon
250:the Beatles
178:synthesized
82:Description
6088:Categories
5816:Uzbekistan
5736:Tajikistan
5641:Seychelles
5621:San Marino
5456:Mozambique
5446:Montenegro
5416:Mauritania
5381:Madagascar
5376:Luxembourg
5331:Kyrgyzstan
5306:Kazakhstan
5111:East Timor
5061:Costa Rica
5026:Cape Verde
4936:Bangladesh
4921:Azerbaijan
4843:Polynesian
4833:Melanesian
4615:Production
4594:Organology
4559:Musicology
4294:Soul music
4249:Folk music
4234:Vernacular
3890:Bandleader
3849:Xenochrony
3804:aesthetics
3768:Noise gate
3728:Distortion
3690:processing
3653:Microphone
3369:by country
3357:by country
3115:Television
3097:Smash Hits
3002:Sino Chart
2875:Live shows
2786:12" single
2674:Songwriter
2662:Production
2470:Electronic
2411:Live music
2272:Publishers
2253:PROMUSICAE
1432:Grammy.com
1067:References
985:Grammy.com
820:Sylvia Moy
593:Teo Macero
539:producing
469:phonograph
427:Patti Page
371:Ben Selvin
336:phonograph
266:Abbey Road
235:Studio One
112:employment
64:Profession
45:Occupation
5951:Album era
5831:Venezuela
5696:Sri Lanka
5651:Singapore
5536:Palestine
5491:Nicaragua
5421:Mauritius
5371:Lithuania
5256:Indonesia
5211:Guatemala
4911:Australia
4901:Argentina
4821:Caribbean
4775:Southeast
4500:and study
4498:Education
4488:Technique
4369:Ensembles
4279:Pop music
4111:Art music
4089:Religious
3800:Practices
3703:Auto-Tune
3678:Tape loop
3648:Diffusion
3434:Album era
3328:Brazilian
3300:(Females)
3231:The Voice
3204:franchise
3165:MuchMusic
3130:Channel V
3048:Hot Press
3034:Billboard
2942:Billboard
2934:Billboard
2926:Billboard
2794:CD single
2691:Conductor
2643:Road crew
2623:Promotion
2546:and roles
2428:LiveStyle
2365:Retailers
2328:Universal
1811:. Variety
1704:0929-8215
1406:Billboard
1279:Kot, Greg
959:Billboard
950:Annenberg
891:Kate Bush
850:, owning
832:Music Row
749:FL Studio
733:Logic Pro
729:Pro Tools
700:the Kinks
657:July 2020
628:does not
565:keyboards
455:, at the
444:Billboard
363:Billboard
231:Pro Tools
227:Logic Pro
218:Brian Eno
191:mastering
110:Fields of
99:arranging
6072:Category
5885:Timeline
5856:Zimbabwe
5746:Thailand
5741:Tanzania
5706:Suriname
5661:Slovenia
5656:Slovakia
5571:Portugal
5551:Paraguay
5526:Pakistan
5441:Mongolia
5396:Maldives
5391:Malaysia
5316:Kiribati
5236:Honduras
5151:Ethiopia
5146:Eswatini
5101:Dominica
5096:Djibouti
5051:Colombia
5016:Cameroon
5011:Cambodia
4996:Bulgaria
4981:Botswana
4941:Barbados
4828:Oceanian
4782:European
4738:Southern
4671:Sampling
4468:Notation
4402:Big band
4364:Musician
4094:Biblical
3875:Arranger
3834:Sampling
3758:Flanging
3636:Talk box
3547:Category
3391:by women
3224:The Four
3210:Popstars
3123:Channels
3055:Kerrang!
2684:Lyricist
2679:Composer
2023:(2005).
1956:(2013).
1722:Soundfly
1287:BBC Home
1088:(2010).
1061:Musician
991:See also
977:Maroon 5
777:clipping
585:Joe Meek
514:bassline
494:Les Paul
202:Les Paul
5981:Warfare
5880:Outline
5836:Vietnam
5821:Vanuatu
5811:Uruguay
5791:Ukraine
5766:Tunisia
5671:Somalia
5631:Senegal
5586:Romania
5501:Nigeria
5466:Namibia
5461:Myanmar
5451:Morocco
5431:Moldova
5356:Liberia
5351:Lesotho
5346:Lebanon
5291:Jamaica
5271:Ireland
5246:Iceland
5241:Hungary
5206:Grenada
5191:Germany
5186:Georgia
5166:Finland
5141:Estonia
5136:Eritrea
5116:Ecuador
5091:Denmark
5066:Croatia
5056:Comoros
5006:Burundi
4971:Bolivia
4951:Belgium
4946:Belarus
4931:Bahrain
4926:Bahamas
4916:Austria
4906:Armenia
4886:Andorra
4881:Algeria
4876:Albania
4755:Central
4723:Central
4718:African
4101:Secular
4084:Martial
4074:Ancient
3778:Pumping
3743:Ducking
3688:Signal
3343:Swedish
3338:Italian
3333:British
3323:Belgian
3309:Genre:
3287:Germany
3282:Finland
2997:Top 100
2928:Hot 100
2882:Concert
2856:Airplay
2814:Mixtape
2769:formats
2767:Release
2544:Sectors
2510:New Age
2490:Hip hop
2460:Country
2397:Kaspien
2346:Concord
1815:6 April
1790:VH1.com
969:Cardi B
907:Beyoncé
895:Madonna
838:, with
753:plugins
737:Ableton
649:removed
634:sources
429:and by
268:in 1966
225:, like
200:—which
182:sampled
145:A&R
5890:Albums
5851:Zambia
5786:Uganda
5781:Tuvalu
5771:Turkey
5731:Taiwan
5711:Sweden
5636:Serbia
5596:Rwanda
5591:Russia
5566:Poland
5541:Panama
5516:Norway
5436:Monaco
5426:Mexico
5386:Malawi
5341:Latvia
5326:Kuwait
5321:Kosovo
5301:Jordan
5276:Israel
5226:Guyana
5216:Guinea
5201:Greece
5181:Gambia
5171:France
5076:Cyprus
5021:Canada
4991:Brunei
4986:Brazil
4966:Bhutan
4956:Belize
4891:Angola
4862:
4792:Nordic
4787:Balkan
4622:Single
4527:Method
4478:Lyrics
4442:Theory
3978:Medley
3973:Mashup
3783:Reverb
3773:Phaser
3277:Brazil
3194:Series
2912:Charts
2777:Single
2520:Reggae
2485:Gospel
2372:Amazon
2333:Warner
2153:
2132:
2111:
2092:
2071:
2052:
2031:
2008:
1987:
1966:
1837:15 May
1728:3 June
1702:
1663:(74).
1616:
1578:
1515:
1258:
1159:
1100:
925:, and
834:, and
824:Motown
747:, and
745:Reason
741:Cubase
698:, and
583:, and
567:, and
555:, and
543:, 1966
477:across
457:Motown
405:After
298:Grammy
189:, and
187:mixing
5925:Songs
5875:Index
5868:Lists
5846:Yemen
5756:Tonga
5721:Syria
5701:Sudan
5691:Spain
5616:Samoa
5576:Qatar
5531:Palau
5496:Niger
5476:Nepal
5471:Nauru
5406:Malta
5361:Libya
5311:Kenya
5296:Japan
5281:Italy
5251:India
5231:Haiti
5196:Ghana
5176:Gabon
5121:Egypt
5046:China
5041:Chile
4961:Benin
4770:South
4750:Asian
4733:North
4696:Remix
4691:Cover
4649:Remix
4463:Genre
4332:Nafir
4254:Blues
4236:music
4079:Dance
4053:Music
3993:Remix
3951:Other
3861:Roles
3819:Lo-fi
3722:STEED
3427:Other
3396:Latin
3313:Latin
3292:Japan
2805:Album
2535:World
2505:Metal
2500:Latin
2455:Blues
2317:Major
1936:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
927:Lorde
856:blues
50:Names
6018:Folk
5751:Togo
5556:Peru
5521:Oman
5401:Mali
5336:Laos
5266:Iraq
5261:Iran
5161:Fiji
5071:Cuba
5036:Chad
4760:East
4743:West
4728:East
4644:Live
4483:Song
4458:Form
4274:Jazz
3275:In:
3202:Idol
3175:Viva
3160:Tr3s
3155:MTV2
3145:Mnet
3140:Fuse
3062:Mojo
2530:Rock
2495:Jazz
2480:Folk
2387:Fnac
2356:AAMG
2323:Sony
2263:SNEP
2258:RIAA
2238:FIMI
2223:BVMI
2218:ARIA
2151:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1861:2013
1839:2020
1817:2021
1730:2021
1700:ISSN
1645:dBFS
1614:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1325:2020
1256:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1098:ISBN
979:and
971:and
913:and
795:and
761:MIDI
632:any
630:cite
473:into
413:and
260:and
233:and
216:and
4522:PhD
3737:ADT
3180:VH1
3150:MTV
3135:CMT
3076:NME
2851:DVD
2515:Pop
2392:HMV
2248:PMB
2228:BPI
1692:doi
1665:doi
975:to
917:),
840:RCA
643:by
501:".
373:at
314:mix
229:,
180:or
156:or
6090::
3895:DJ
2846:CD
2812:,
2796:,
2792:,
2788:,
2784:,
2344::
2321::
1898:.
1887:^
1877:.
1787:.
1768:.
1750:.
1738:^
1720:.
1698:.
1688:42
1686:.
1641:.
1637:.
1590:^
1552:^
1527:^
1465:^
1455:.
1440:^
1430:.
1414:^
1404:.
1384:^
1359:^
1345:.
1333:^
1315:,
1310:.
1295:^
1285:.
1270:^
1236:^
1207:^
1197:.
1179:.
1129:^
1112:^
1092:.
1075:^
921:,
905:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
846:.
826:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
731:,
694:,
591:,
579:,
563:,
551:,
377:,
256:,
212:,
152:A
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
101:,
97:,
93:,
4045:e
4038:t
4031:v
3739:)
3735:(
3724:)
3720:(
3582:e
3575:t
3568:v
3083:Q
2800:)
2780:(
2383:)
2379:(
2187:e
2180:t
2173:v
2159:.
2138:.
2117:.
2098:.
2077:.
2058:.
2037:.
2014:.
1993:.
1972:.
1863:.
1841:.
1819:.
1772:.
1754:.
1732:.
1706:.
1694::
1671:.
1667::
1622:.
1584:.
1521:.
1459:.
1434:.
1408:.
1327:.
1289:.
1264:.
1165:.
1106:.
670:)
664:(
659:)
655:(
651:.
637:.
34:.
20:)
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