800:. Most languages have a past tense, with some having several types in order to indicate how far back the action took place. Some languages have a compound past tense which uses auxiliary verbs as well as an imperfect tense which expresses continuous or repetitive events or actions. Some languages inflect the verb, which changes the ending to indicate the past tense, while non-inflected languages may use other words meaning, for example, "yesterday" or "last week" to indicate that something took place in the past.
736:
193:
131:
43:
84:
1387:, and both tenses are consequently very common. The preterite is used for past actions when the focus is on the action, whilst the present perfect is used for past actions when the focus is on the present state of the subject as a result of a previous action. This is somewhat similar to the English usage of the preterite and the present perfect.
877:) it may mean the past relative to some other time being under discussion. A language's past tense may also have other uses besides referring to past time; for example, in English and certain other languages, the past tense is sometimes used in referring to hypothetical situations, such as in
1519:
for instance, has an imperfect tense form similar to that of German but used only for past habitual or past progressive contexts like "I used to..." or "I was doing...". Similar patterns extend across most languages of the Indo-European family right through to the
1410:
The past perfect is used in every German speaking country and it is used to place an action in the past before another action in the past. It is formed with an auxiliary (haben/sein) and a past participle that is placed at the end of the clause.
1973:
there is a split between complete absence of past marking (especially common in
Mesoamerica and the Pacific Northwest) and very complex tense marking with numerous specialised remoteness distinctions, as found for instance in
1792:
tripartite non-past/past imperfective/past perfective systems similar to those of most Indo-European languages are found, in the rest of Africa past tenses have very different forms from those found in
European languages.
1494:
This means "I had been there before yesterday." This tense is used to indicate that one action in the past occurred before another past action, and that the action was fully finished before the second action took place.
1850:
of East Africa and adjacent Afro-Asiatic families are part of the same area with inflectional past-marking that extends into Europe, whereas more westerly Nilo-Saharan languages often do not have past tense.
1779:
A difference in the pluperfect occurs between
Spanish and Portuguese; in the latter, a synthetic pluperfect exists which follows the imperfect conjugations, but -ra replaces the -va seen in the verb endings.
1116:
in the past, and sometimes for states existing in the past with no connection to the present (or where such connection is irrelevant), and sometimes for states and sensual perceptions existing in the past.
1462:. This also means "I was there yesterday", but just as it is the case for English constructions with the present perfect simple, this kind of formulation puts more emphasis on the "being finished"-aspect.
1069:(continuous) aspect, which denotes ongoing action; with perfect aspect; and with progressive and perfect aspects together. These and other common past tense constructions are listed below.
1835:
which is used for very recent past events and is never interchangeable with the ordinary past form. These languages also differ substantially from
European languages in coding tense with
1321:
is mostly used solely in writing, for example in stories. Use in speech is regarded as snobbish and thus very uncommon. South German dialects, such as the
Bavarian dialect, as well as
1143:. This form indicates that an action was ongoing at the past time under consideration, often interrupted by another past action (as in I was having a shower when you called).
855:, for example, mainly uses lexical means (words like "yesterday" or "last week") to indicate that something took place in the past, although use can also be made of the
3074:
1226:). It is often used to emphasize that something happened a long time ago and is no longer the case. Another way of referring to past habitual action is to use
895:
In some languages, certain past tenses can carry an implication that the result of the action in question no longer holds. For example, in the Bantu language
2255:
907:. Similarly certain imperfective past tenses (such as the English "used to") can carry an implication that the action referred to no longer takes place.
851:, also known as "verbal operators" (and some do both, as in the example of French given above). Not all languages grammaticalise verbs for past tense –
820:). Thus a language may have several types of past tense form, their use depending on what aspectual or other additional information is to be encoded.
3403:
1996:
of New Guinea almost always have remoteness distinctions in the past tense (though none are as elaborate as some Native
American languages), whilst
3086:
105:
92:
763:
1970:
653:
892:
Some languages grammatically distinguish the recent past from remote past with separate tenses. There may be more than two distinctions.
2415:
869:
The "past time" to which the past tense refers generally means the past relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where
3489:
3069:
294:
276:
174:
70:
1559:
past tenses have largely merged into a single past tense. In both West and East Slavic, verbs in the past tense are conjugated for
1981:
A number of Native
American languages like Northern Paiute stand in contrast to European notions of tense because they always use
2248:
1997:
613:
1054:, specifying a present state that results from past action. (It can be made into a past tense form by replacing the auxiliary
391:
911:
673:
618:
214:
141:
1248:. The past tense is also used in referring to some hypothetical situations, not necessarily connected with past time, as in
903:"he died" would be surprising since it would imply that the person was no longer dead. This kind of past tense is known as
3398:
2810:
648:
339:
257:
3667:
2952:
593:
459:
1978:
and a few languages of the Amazon Basin. Some of these tenses can have specialised mythological significance and uses.
229:
3710:
2377:
2241:
1693:
1556:
1166:. This denotes that an action occurred before a specified time in the past, and therefore has similar function to the
713:
419:
210:
56:
31:
1383:
However, in the oral mode of North
Germany, there is still a very important difference between the preterite and the
2372:
1245:
1801:
1287:) (called the "imperfect" in older grammar books, but this, a borrowing from Latin terminology, ill describes it.)
236:
3516:
2780:
756:
703:
603:
429:
3689:
2884:
1689:
1336:
In certain regions, a few specific verbs are used in the preterite, for instance the modal verbs and the verbs
1174:
608:
551:
366:
156:
3511:
3479:
3339:
3096:
2974:
2408:
2063:
1504:
1008:
930:
708:
546:
523:
243:
203:
152:
97:
1985:, which means time relative to a reference point that may not coincide with the time an utterance is made.
1046:). However this is not regarded as an instance of the past tense; instead it is viewed as a combination of
3585:
3484:
3474:
3210:
3024:
1954:
658:
625:
578:
494:
474:
454:
356:
334:
329:
3319:
3314:
3294:
3195:
2648:
2290:
1552:
1548:
434:
225:
1395:
mein Freund." (my friend came early in the morning, and he is being talked about strictly in the past)
3570:
3393:
3019:
2732:
2616:
2544:
2011:
tend to make tense marking optional, and when tense is marked invariant pre-verbal markers are used.
1975:
1521:
809:
808:
In some languages, the grammatical expression of past tense is combined with the expression of other
749:
678:
588:
469:
414:
311:
3657:
3499:
3449:
3417:
3356:
3309:
3081:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3012:
2964:
2872:
2775:
2757:
2628:
1950:
1911:
1702:
1265:
1237:
1228:
1086:
519:
449:
424:
396:
1595:
958:
827:
735:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3560:
3506:
3274:
3264:
3038:
3007:
2994:
2805:
2790:
2747:
2707:
2633:
2584:
2401:
2359:
1919:
1859:
Past tenses are found in a variety of Asian languages. These include the Indo-European languages
1564:
1560:
1532:
1136:
1066:
1051:
967:
904:
813:
739:
718:
688:
643:
598:
566:
556:
444:
439:
3640:
3526:
3444:
3410:
3334:
3304:
3269:
3239:
2984:
2942:
2937:
2867:
2862:
2834:
2800:
2765:
2475:
2264:
1958:
1943:
1907:
1847:
1805:
1789:
1109:
781:
583:
561:
504:
817:
3580:
3422:
3324:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3259:
3163:
2979:
2969:
2927:
2717:
2682:
2671:
2601:
2569:
2485:
2460:
2432:
2307:
1993:
1935:
1915:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1794:
1698:
1528:
1322:
1120:
971:
878:
683:
514:
509:
484:
479:
464:
1197:. It is used to refer to an ongoing action that continued up to the past time of reference.
3625:
3575:
3565:
3432:
3388:
3371:
3279:
2622:
2549:
2534:
2480:
2344:
2329:
2317:
2297:
2285:
2280:
2023:, past tense marking is optional and is rarely used if a semantic temporal marker such as
2020:
2008:
1923:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1872:
1824:
1817:
1586:
1516:
1384:
1276:
1211:
1159:
1113:
1035:
1024:
963:
946:
874:
856:
852:
848:
62:
1443:, a present tense with the meaning of perfect. This form is made by combining a form of
250:
3613:
3592:
3378:
3366:
3234:
3205:
2957:
2795:
2712:
2697:
2455:
2382:
2354:
2118:
1982:
1931:
1876:
1419:
896:
870:
528:
1949:
In parts of islands in
Southeast Asia, even less distinction is made, for instance in
3715:
3704:
3674:
3539:
3427:
3383:
3329:
3249:
3219:
3158:
3116:
2899:
2877:
2824:
2664:
2643:
2638:
2490:
2470:
2450:
2312:
2302:
1868:
1828:
1406:." (my friend came early in the morning, but he is being talked about in the present)
1244:
For details of the usage of the various constructions used to refer to the past, see
1047:
1028:
1846:
Other, smaller language families of Africa follow quite regional patterns. Thus the
3679:
3544:
2917:
2653:
2594:
2539:
2512:
2275:
1813:
1809:
1581:
1536:
1512:
1219:
1147:
996:
953:
821:
571:
361:
17:
3684:
3650:
3645:
3254:
3244:
3190:
3168:
3002:
2889:
2702:
2687:
2658:
2611:
2554:
2529:
2517:
1314:
1090:
1074:
844:
723:
698:
319:
192:
1429:, which matches the English simple past and the German preterite, for example:
1023:). With regular and some irregular verbs, the past tense form also serves as a
3439:
3131:
3047:
3042:
2722:
2692:
2440:
2349:
1544:
1540:
1508:
1470:, which corresponds to the English past perfect. It is formed by combining an
1207:
1167:
1102:
992:
934:
693:
376:
1797:
have only the perfective/imperfective distinction and lack a past imperfect.
3494:
3461:
3224:
3146:
2947:
2847:
2770:
2727:
2677:
2589:
2524:
2465:
2445:
2424:
1927:
1705:
have several forms of the past tense, which include but are not limited to:
1318:
988:
949:
833:
668:
663:
499:
489:
381:
371:
2606:
1515:
aspect, with the former reserved for single completed actions in the past.
784:
whose function is to place an action or situation in the past. Examples of
83:
1236:, although this auxiliary has other uses as well. For further details see
3662:
3469:
3153:
3121:
3033:
3028:
2907:
2852:
2785:
2742:
2507:
2496:
2036:
1804:
of West Africa do not mark past tense at all but instead have a form of
962:
form. Further, all of the non-Indo-European languages in Europe, such as
2039:) optionally marks the past tense, most often in irregular verbs (e.g.,
3597:
3361:
3229:
3185:
3180:
3110:
2932:
2922:
2737:
2559:
1543:
aspects being indicated instead by means of prefixes, stem changes, or
1310:
1306:
1202:
840:
3601:
3351:
3136:
2912:
2819:
2578:
2233:
2066:
optionally marks the past tense with the invariant pre-verbal marker
1836:
1065:
Various multi-word constructions exist for combining past tense with
386:
933:, all of which have a past tense. In some cases the tense is formed
159:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1589:
has numerous forms of the past tense including but not limited to:
3608:
3175:
3126:
3104:
2857:
2842:
2000:
usually have a single past tense without remoteness distinctions.
3346:
3141:
2502:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
1507:, past marking is typically combined with a distinction between
1177:(sometimes referred to as the past perfect continuous) combines
785:
145:. The majority of this article is unsupported original research.
2397:
2237:
889:
is used even though there may be no connection with past time.
1222:
it can just indicate that a state was continuously in effect (
1077:
consists of just the past tense (preterite) form of the verb (
186:
124:
77:
36:
2393:
2098:"They played BYU last week"). The past habitual marker is
2051:
which require an extra syllable for the past tense suffix -
1325:
and Swiss German, have no preterite (with the exception of
1139:(sometimes referred to as the -ing form) of the main verb:
839:
Some languages that grammaticalise for past tense do so by
1808:
derived from a word meaning "to finish". Others, such as
148:
1089:
it is sometimes necessary to unfuse the verb, using a
1942:
when used immediately after a verb instead indicates
1123:(past continuous) is formed using the simple past of
1085:, etc.), although when it is negated, emphasized or
3553:
3525:
3460:
3204:
3095:
2993:
2898:
2833:
2756:
2568:
2431:
2121:can indicate past tense with the pre-verbal marker
1831:have not only a past tense, but also a less remote
217:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1482:("to have") with the notional verb, for example:
1451:("to have") with the notional verb, for example:
1611:, using the form but usually not the meaning of
1027:. For full details of past tense formation, see
2360:Future in the past / Future perfect in the past
1193:) and the present participle of the main verb:
929:The European continent is heavily dominated by
910:A general past tense can be indicated with the
2409:
2249:
1007:to the base form of the verb, while those of
757:
8:
1352:einmal ein kleines Mädchen, das Rotkäppchen
1034:Past events are often referred to using the
788:in the past tense include the English verbs
1234:As a child I would play the piano every day
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2416:
2402:
2394:
2256:
2242:
2234:
1957:. Past tenses, do, however, exist in most
764:
750:
306:
2092:"I cleaned up my place for the holiday";
1527:Unlike other Indo-European languages, in
1108:. The simple past is used for describing
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
1216:I used to play football when I was young
108:of all important aspects of the article.
2138:
1934:typically do not distinguish tense; in
318:
3087:Types of fiction with multiple endings
104:Please consider expanding the lead to
2201:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: ch. 6.
2089:Ai bin klin ap mai ples for da halade
1279:uses three forms for the past tense.
873:is employed (as in some instances of
836:for continuous or repetitive events.
832:for expressing completed events, and
7:
2080:(especially on the island Kauai). (
1839:instead of such suffixes as English
1368:In speech and informal writing, the
1011:are formed in various ways (such as
654:Conservative and innovative language
215:adding citations to reliable sources
2199:Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles
1422:mainly uses these two past tenses:
995:forms of a verb. The past tense of
824:, for example, has a compound past
1563:(masculine, feminine, neuter) and
952:form, and sometimes it is formed
25:
3490:Third-person omniscient narrative
2110:"Your mother used to think so").
1879:in Southwest and South Asia; the
1210:of the main verb) denotes a past
52:This article has multiple issues.
2210:Sakoda, Kent, and Siegel, Jeff,
1333:), but only perfect constructs.
734:
191:
129:
82:
41:
2074:(especially older speakers) or
1998:indigenous Australian languages
1898:of Southwest and Central Asia;
987:In English, the past tense (or
899:, use of the remote past tense
202:needs additional citations for
96:may be too short to adequately
60:or discuss these issues on the
2878:Conflict between good and evil
2227:, Light Messages, 2000: p. 13.
2188:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976.
2149:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
2129:"He (past) come", "He came").
1753:pluperfecto, mais-que-perfeito
1633:Past historic or Simple past (
106:provide an accessible overview
1:
2214:, Bess Press, 2003: pp. 38ff.
1938:, for example, the particle 了
1224:I used to belong to that club
843:the verb, while others do so
2035:Singaporean English Creole (
594:Functional discourse grammar
460:Ethnography of communication
2171:cf. Comrie, Bernard (1976)
1812:, distinguish only between
1694:Portuguese verb conjugation
1441:voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
1380:. (I said this and that)).
1256:. (For the possible use of
714:Second-language acquisition
155:the claims made and adding
32:Past tense (disambiguation)
3732:
2031:Singaporean English Creole
1687:
1579:
1437:("I was there yesterday").
1246:Uses of English verb forms
974:, also have a past tense.
392:Syntax–semantics interface
29:
3517:Stream of unconsciousness
3048:Falling action/Catastasis
2368:
2340:
2271:
2158:cf. Watkins, Mark Hanna,
2095:De haed plei BYU laes wik
2047:) and regular verbs like
1971:Native American languages
704:Philosophy of linguistics
604:Interactional linguistics
2885:Self-fulfilling prophecy
2027:"yesterday" is present.
1690:Spanish verb conjugation
1531:tense is independent of
1427:onvoltooid verleden tijd
1364:Little Red Riding Hood.)
1189:(the past participle of
1175:past perfect progressive
1170:found in some languages.
3512:Stream of consciousness
2975:Suspension of disbelief
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2064:Hawaiian Creole English
2059:Hawaiian Creole English
1505:Indo-European languages
1391:Preterite: "Heute frĂĽh
1264:in such instances, see
931:Indo-European languages
925:Indo-European languages
885:, where the past tense
3053:Denouement/Catastrophe
3034:Rising action/Epitasis
1955:Austronesian languages
1823:In complete contrast,
1734:imperfecto, imperfeito
1684:Spanish and Portuguese
1488:daar voor gisteren al
1468:voltooid verleden tijd
1360:once a small girl who
541:Theoretical frameworks
495:Philosophy of language
475:History of linguistics
3399:Utopian and dystopian
2378:Relative and absolute
2160:A Grammar of Chichewa
2107:Yo mada yustu tink so
1802:Niger–Congo languages
1688:Further information:
1580:Further information:
1398:Perfect: "Heute frĂĽh
912:glossing abbreviation
435:Conversation analysis
2953:Narrative techniques
2733:Story within a story
2545:Supporting character
2223:Turnbull, Wally R.,
1976:Athabaskan languages
1711:préterito, pretérito
1567:(singular, plural).
1195:You had been waiting
1181:(the simple past of
1154:(the simple past of
1114:habitual occurrences
1038:construction, as in
857:tense/aspect markers
679:Internet linguistics
589:Construction grammar
211:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3658:Political narrative
3500:Unreliable narrator
3357:Speculative fiction
3065:Nonlinear narrative
3013:Three-act structure
2873:Deal with the Devil
1912:Dravidian languages
1906:in Southwest Asia;
1732:Past imperfective (
1618:Past imperfective (
1472:onvoltooid verleden
1466:Less common is the
1372:is used (e.g., Ich
1266:English subjunctive
1238:English modal verbs
1218:), although with a
956:, as in the French
883:If you loved me ...
614:Systemic functional
409:Applied linguistics
351:General linguistics
3711:Grammatical tenses
3636:Narrative paradigm
3631:Narrative identity
3561:Dominant narrative
3507:Multiple narrators
2791:Fictional location
2634:Dramatic structure
2265:Grammatical tenses
1863:in North Asia and
1669:Je viens de manger
1297:The past perfect (
1162:of the main verb:
1137:present participle
1110:single occurrences
1093:construction with
999:is made by adding
978:Germanic languages
905:discontinuous past
814:grammatical aspect
719:Theory of language
689:Origin of language
644:Autonomy of syntax
599:Grammaticalization
445:Discourse analysis
440:Corpus linguistics
140:possibly contains
3698:
3697:
3641:Narrative therapy
3075:television series
3020:Freytag's Pyramid
2863:Moral development
2766:Alternate history
2476:False protagonist
2391:
2390:
2184:Comrie, Bernard,
2145:Comrie, Bernard,
1959:Oceanic languages
1944:perfective aspect
1848:Sudanic languages
1790:Semitic languages
1784:African languages
1709:Preterite tense (
1677:I have just eaten
1645:) (literary only)
1593:Past perfective (
879:condition clauses
782:grammatical tense
774:
773:
562:Distributionalism
505:Psycholinguistics
305:
304:
297:
287:
286:
279:
261:
185:
184:
177:
142:original research
123:
122:
75:
27:Grammatical tense
18:Recent past tense
16:(Redirected from
3723:
3621:Literary science
3164:Narrative poetry
3060:Linear narrative
2970:Stylistic device
2965:Show, don't tell
2928:Figure of speech
2718:Shaggy dog story
2461:Characterization
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2225:Creole Made Easy
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2009:Creole languages
2004:Creole languages
1994:Papuan languages
1936:Mandarin Chinese
1916:Uralic languages
1881:Turkic languages
1795:Berber languages
1650:Plus que parfait
1529:Slavic languages
1503:In non-Germanic
1121:past progressive
991:) is one of the
954:periphrastically
920:
919:
853:Mandarin Chinese
845:periphrastically
766:
759:
752:
738:
684:LGBT linguistics
674:Internationalism
649:Compositionality
510:Sociolinguistics
485:Neurolinguistics
480:Interlinguistics
465:Ethnomethodology
307:
300:
293:
282:
275:
271:
268:
262:
260:
219:
195:
187:
180:
173:
169:
166:
160:
157:inline citations
133:
132:
125:
118:
115:
109:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3731:
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3726:
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3721:
3720:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3626:Literary theory
3566:Fiction writing
3549:
3521:
3456:
3208:
3200:
3091:
2989:
2894:
2829:
2752:
2623:Deus ex machina
2564:
2550:Title character
2535:Stock character
2481:Focal character
2427:
2422:
2392:
2387:
2364:
2345:Present perfect
2336:
2267:
2262:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2116:
2061:
2033:
2021:Belizean Creole
2017:
2015:Belizean Creole
2006:
1991:
1967:
1953:and some other
1926:. Languages in
1857:
1855:Asian languages
1825:Bantu languages
1800:Many non-Bantu
1786:
1769:Eu tinha comido
1757:Yo habĂa comido
1696:
1686:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1555:languages, the
1522:Indic languages
1501:
1417:
1299:Plusquamperfekt
1283:The preterite (
1274:
1200:The expression
1160:past participle
1044:present in past
1042:(also known as
1040:I have finished
1036:present perfect
1025:past participle
1009:irregular verbs
985:
980:
927:
915:
914:
875:indirect speech
849:auxiliary verbs
806:
770:
729:
728:
639:
631:
630:
542:
534:
533:
529:Writing systems
420:Anthropological
410:
402:
401:
352:
344:
301:
290:
289:
288:
283:
272:
266:
263:
220:
218:
208:
196:
181:
170:
164:
161:
146:
134:
130:
119:
113:
110:
103:
91:This article's
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3690:Verisimilitude
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3595:
3593:Parallel novel
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Action fiction
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3036:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Self-insertion
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Poetic justice
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Character flaw
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2383:Periodic tense
2380:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2355:Future perfect
2352:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2216:
2212:Pidgin Grammar
2203:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2162:(1937), p. 56.
2151:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2119:Haitian Creole
2115:
2114:Haitian Creole
2112:
2060:
2057:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2013:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1987:
1983:relative tense
1966:
1963:
1932:Southeast Asia
1914:of India; the
1856:
1853:
1833:proximal tense
1785:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1761:Yo hube comido
1749:
1730:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1500:
1497:
1464:
1463:
1438:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1366:
1365:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1273:
1270:
1242:
1241:
1198:
1171:
1164:We had shouted
1144:
1117:
1062:; see below.)
984:
981:
979:
976:
945:and as in the
937:as in English
935:inflectionally
926:
923:
871:relative tense
805:
802:
772:
771:
769:
768:
761:
754:
746:
743:
742:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
709:Prescriptivism
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
343:
342:
337:
332:
326:
323:
322:
316:
315:
303:
302:
285:
284:
199:
197:
190:
183:
182:
137:
135:
128:
121:
120:
100:the key points
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3728:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Screenwriting
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Second-person
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Magic realism
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Psychological
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Philosophical
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Autobiography
3218:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Narrative art
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Flash fiction
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Act structure
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2825:Worldbuilding
2823:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:KishĹŤtenketsu
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:In medias res
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Foreshadowing
2642:
2640:
2639:Eucatastrophe
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Chekhov's gun
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:Gothic double
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Deuteragonist
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Character arc
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2086:"I saw him";
2084:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:Recent past (
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:J'avais mangé
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:passé composé
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:("to be") or
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:("to be") or
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1376:dies und das
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:The perfect (
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:I wish I knew
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:with perfect
1049:
1048:present tense
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:English verbs
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:regular verbs
994:
990:
982:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
959:passé composé
955:
951:
948:
944:
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936:
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867:
865:
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842:
837:
835:
831:
829:
828:passé composé
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
767:
762:
760:
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748:
747:
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741:
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733:
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725:
722:
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712:
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692:
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670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Descriptivism
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
627:
626:Structuralism
624:
620:
617:
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612:
610:
609:Prague circle
607:
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455:Documentation
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430:Computational
428:
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228: –
227:
223:
222:Find sources:
216:
212:
206:
205:
200:This article
198:
194:
189:
188:
179:
176:
168:
158:
154:
150:
144:
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138:This article
136:
127:
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107:
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94:
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3680:Storytelling
3534:
3495:Subjectivity
3485:Third-person
3475:First-person
3109:
2918:Comic relief
2670:
2663:
2654:Flashforward
2621:
2595:Origin story
2577:
2540:Straight man
2495:
2324:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2197:Holm, John,
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2083:Ai wen si om
2071:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2018:
2007:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1965:The Americas
1948:
1939:
1858:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1822:
1799:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Pluperfect (
1746:I was eating
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:I have eaten
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:passé recent
1664:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:Pluperfect (
1642:
1638:
1635:passé simple
1634:
1628:I was eating
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:I have eaten
1612:
1609:I have eaten
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1582:French verbs
1557:early Slavic
1537:imperfective
1526:
1513:imperfective
1502:
1499:Other groups
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1402:mein Freund
1399:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1305:In southern
1304:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1261:
1260:in place of
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1220:stative verb
1215:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1148:past perfect
1141:He was going
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1103:
1101:etc.) – see
1099:did he walk?
1098:
1094:
1091:periphrastic
1082:
1078:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
986:
957:
943:walks/walked
942:
938:
928:
916:
909:
900:
894:
891:
886:
882:
868:
863:
859:
838:
825:
818:tense–aspect
807:
804:Introduction
797:
793:
789:
777:
775:
572:Glossematics
552:Constituency
524:interpreting
362:Lexicography
291:
273:
264:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:"Past tense"
221:
209:Please help
204:verification
201:
171:
162:
139:
111:
95:
93:lead section
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
3685:Tellability
3651:Metafiction
3646:Narratology
3418:Theological
3310:Pop culture
3191:Short story
3169:Epic poetry
2890:Time travel
2703:Red herring
2688:Plot device
2659:Frame story
2612:Cliffhanger
2555:Tritagonist
2530:Protagonist
2175:, pp. 28-29
1918:of Russia;
1773:I had eaten
1658:I had eaten
1624:Je mangeais
1553:East Slavic
1549:West Slavic
1340:(have) and
1315:Switzerland
1214:situation (
1158:) with the
1075:simple past
1067:progressive
1021:be→was/were
901:ánáamwalĂra
724:Terminology
699:Orthography
619:Usage-based
520:Translating
415:Acquisition
320:Linguistics
3705:Categories
3571:Continuity
3440:Nonfiction
3404:Underwater
3300:Picaresque
3275:Historical
3260:Epistolary
3132:Fairy tale
3043:Peripeteia
3025:Exposition
2781:Dreamworld
2723:Stereotype
2693:Plot twist
2441:Antagonist
2350:Pluperfect
2308:Nonpresent
2133:References
2127:Li te vini
1989:New Guinea
1951:Indonesian
1818:non-future
1703:Portuguese
1673:I just ate
1639:Je mangeai
1601:J'ai mangé
1547:. In many
1545:suppletion
1541:perfective
1509:perfective
1362:was called
1285:Präteritum
1250:if I tried
1208:infinitive
1206:(with the
1168:pluperfect
841:inflecting
810:categories
778:past tense
694:Orismology
579:Functional
567:Generative
557:Dependency
377:Pragmatics
367:Morphology
357:Diachronic
237:newspapers
149:improve it
57:improve it
3462:Narration
3411:Superhero
3335:Chivalric
3320:Religious
3305:Political
3240:Adventure
3225:Biography
3147:Tall tale
2995:Structure
2980:Symbolism
2948:Narration
2848:Leitmotif
2776:Crossover
2771:Backstory
2728:Story arc
2678:MacGuffin
2649:Flashback
2590:Backstory
2466:Confidant
2446:Archenemy
2433:Character
2425:Narrative
2330:Hesternal
2318:Hodiernal
2298:Nonfuture
2281:Crastinal
1928:East Asia
1788:While in
1765:Eu comera
1620:imparfait
1453:Gisteren
1431:Gisteren
1356:. (There
1319:preterite
1150:combines
1083:they flew
1079:he walked
993:inflected
989:preterite
968:Hungarian
950:imperfect
834:imperfect
669:Iconicity
664:Etymology
584:Cognitive
547:Formalist
500:Phonetics
490:Philology
382:Semantics
372:Phonology
267:July 2019
165:July 2019
153:verifying
114:July 2019
98:summarize
63:talk page
3668:Glossary
3663:Rhetoric
3470:Diegesis
3450:Creative
3423:Thriller
3372:Southern
3290:Paranoid
3285:Nautical
3196:Vignette
3154:Gamebook
3122:Folklore
3029:Protasis
2908:Allegory
2853:Metaphor
2811:parallel
2806:universe
2786:Dystopia
2743:Suspense
2629:Dialogue
2617:Conflict
2525:Narrator
2497:Hamartia
2286:Going-to
2037:Singlish
2025:yestudeh
1920:Mongolic
1908:Japanese
1837:prefixes
1827:such as
1742:Eu comia
1738:Yo comĂa
1474:form of
1457:ik daar
1404:gekommen
1232:, as in
1212:habitual
1106:-support
1087:inverted
897:Chichewa
812:such as
470:Forensic
450:Distance
397:Typology
312:a series
310:Part of
3598:Prequel
3554:Related
3540:Present
3433:Western
3389:Science
3362:Fantasy
3330:Romance
3280:Mystery
3265:Ergodic
3230:Fiction
3186:Parable
3181:Novella
3111:Fabliau
3082:Premise
2933:Imagery
2923:Diction
2801:country
2758:Setting
2738:Subplot
2560:Villain
2513:Byronic
2313:Present
2303:Nonpast
1888:Turkmen
1884:Turkish
1865:Persian
1861:Russian
1806:perfect
1755:) e.g.
1736:) e.g.
1719:Eu comi
1715:Yo comĂ
1713:) e.g.
1699:Spanish
1667:) e.g.
1652:) e.g.
1637:) e.g.
1622:) e.g.
1599:) e.g.
1571:Romance
1535:, with
1490:geweest
1459:geweest
1435:ik daar
1385:perfect
1370:Perfekt
1323:Yiddish
1311:Austria
1307:Germany
1292:Perfekt
1203:used to
1185:) with
1135:) with
1097:(as in
1017:go→went
1013:see→saw
983:English
972:Finnish
939:see/saw
425:Applied
335:History
330:Outline
251:scholar
147:Please
3602:Sequel
3586:Retcon
3581:Reboot
3545:Future
3379:Horror
3367:Gothic
3352:Satire
3270:Erotic
3137:Legend
3039:Climax
2913:Bathos
2820:Utopia
2708:Reveal
2607:Cliché
2585:Action
2579:Ab ovo
2518:Tragic
2276:Future
2186:Aspect
2173:Aspect
2049:accept
1969:Among
1924:Korean
1922:; and
1910:; the
1904:Hebrew
1900:Arabic
1896:Uyghur
1894:, and
1892:Kazakh
1873:Nepali
1814:future
1587:French
1576:French
1565:number
1561:gender
1533:aspect
1517:French
1480:hebben
1449:hebben
1378:gesagt
1344:(be).
1331:wollen
1317:, the
1277:German
1272:German
1052:aspect
970:, and
964:Basque
947:French
847:using
822:French
798:washed
740:Portal
638:Topics
387:Syntax
253:
246:
239:
232:
224:
3609:Genre
3576:Canon
3527:Tense
3445:Novel
3428:Urban
3340:Prose
3325:Rogue
3250:Crime
3245:Comic
3206:Genre
3176:Novel
3127:Fable
3105:Drama
3070:films
2900:Style
2868:Motif
2858:Moral
2843:Irony
2835:Theme
2748:Trope
2147:Tense
2101:yustu
1877:Hindi
1723:I ate
1643:I ate
1605:I ate
1420:Dutch
1415:Dutch
1338:haben
1229:would
1058:with
887:loved
881:like
816:(see
786:verbs
780:is a
340:Index
258:JSTOR
244:books
3716:Past
3614:List
3535:Past
3394:Hard
3347:Saga
3255:Docu
3211:List
3142:Myth
3097:Form
2985:Tone
2958:Hook
2943:Mood
2938:Mode
2796:city
2683:Pace
2570:Plot
2508:Anti
2503:Hero
2486:Foil
2373:Fake
2325:Past
2291:Near
2077:haed
2045:went
1930:and
1902:and
1875:and
1869:Urdu
1829:Zulu
1816:and
1763:and
1740:and
1717:and
1701:and
1692:and
1551:and
1539:and
1511:and
1476:zijn
1445:zijn
1374:habe
1354:hieĂź
1342:sein
1329:and
1327:sein
1313:and
1258:were
1187:been
1183:have
1173:The
1156:have
1146:The
1133:were
1119:The
1073:The
1056:have
862:and
796:and
794:went
790:sang
776:The
522:and
515:Text
230:news
3003:Act
2072:bin
2070:or
2068:wen
2019:In
1841:-ed
1810:Ewe
1767:or
1759:or
1725:or
1675:or
1607:or
1486:was
1484:Ik
1455:ben
1433:was
1400:ist
1393:kam
1358:was
1350:gab
1348:Es
1268:.)
1262:was
1252:or
1179:had
1152:had
1131:or
1129:was
1112:or
1095:did
1060:had
1005:-ed
1003:or
941:or
917:PST
864:guo
213:by
151:by
3707::
3600:/
2123:te
2055:.
2053:ed
2043:→
2041:go
1961:.
1946:.
1940:le
1890:,
1886:,
1871:,
1867:,
1843:.
1820:.
1524:.
1309:,
1191:be
1125:be
1104:do
1081:,
1031:.
1019:,
1015:,
1001:-d
966:,
921:.
866:.
860:le
792:,
314:on
66:.
3213:)
3209:(
3041:/
3027:/
2417:e
2410:t
2403:v
2257:e
2250:t
2243:v
2125:(
2104:(
1775:)
1771:(
1748:)
1744:(
1729:)
1721:(
1679:)
1671:(
1660:)
1656:(
1641:(
1630:)
1626:(
1615:)
1603:(
1492:.
1301:)
1294:)
1240:.
1127:(
830:)
826:(
765:e
758:t
751:v
298:)
292:(
280:)
274:(
269:)
265:(
255:·
248:·
241:·
234:·
207:.
178:)
172:(
167:)
163:(
116:)
112:(
102:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
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