699:
75:
31:
622:
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873:
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948:, experienced drastic cuts in the budget which Roosevelt signed into law for the 1937β1938 fiscal year. In addition, the Federal Reserve's tightening of the money supply in 1936 and 1937 caused an increase in interest rates, which discouraged investment in business. Mainstream economists differ in the relative importance they assign to each of these factors:
723:). The recovery was explained by the conservatives in terms of the diminishing of those threats sharply after 1938. For example, the antitrust efforts fizzled out without major cases. The CIO and AFL unions started battling each other more than corporations, and tax policy became more favorable to long-term growth.
685:
Unemployment jumped from 14.3% in May 1937 to 19.0% in June 1938. Manufacturing output fell by 37% from the 1937 peak and was back to 1934 levels. Producers reduced their expenditures on durable goods, and inventories declined, but personal income was only 15% lower than it had been at the peak in
749:
Roper poll found in May 1939 that 39% of
Americans thought the administration had been delaying recovery by undermining business confidence, while 37% thought it had not. But it also found that opinions on the issue were highly polarized by economic status and occupation. In addition, AIPO found in
710:
was under assault during
Roosevelt's second term, which presided over a new dip in the Great Depression in the fall of 1937 that continued through most of 1938. Production and profits declined sharply. Unemployment jumped from 14.3% in 1937 to 19.0% in 1938. The downturn was perhaps due to nothing
806:
Ignoring the requests of the
Treasury Department and responding to the urgings of the converts to Keynesian economics and others in his Administration, Roosevelt embarked on an antidote to the depression, reluctantly abandoning his efforts to balance the budget and launching a $ 5 billion
677:
By the spring of 1937, production, profits, and wages had regained their early 1929 levels. Unemployment remained high, but it was substantially lower than the 25% rate seen in 1933. The
American economy took a sharp downturn in mid-1937, lasting for 13 months through most of 1938. Industrial
714:
Business-oriented conservatives explained the recession by arguing that the New Deal had been very hostile to business expansion in 1935β1937, had threatened massive antitrust legal attacks on big corporations and by the huge strikes caused by the organizing activities of the CIO
756:
stated that the recession of 1937 was a result of a premature effort to curb government spending and balance the budget. Roosevelt had been cautious not to run large deficits. In 1937 he actually achieved a balanced budget. Therefore, he did not fully utilize
803:, but this effort lost its effectiveness once World War II began and big business was urgently needed to produce war supplies. But the Administration's other response to the 1937 dip that stalled recovery from the Great Depression had more tangible results.
858:
Employment in private sector factories regained the levels reached in early 1929 and early 1937, but did not exceed them until the onset of World War II. Productivity steadily increased, and output in 1942 was well above the levels of both 1929 and 1937.
742:'s poll in 1939 asked, 'Do you think the attitude of the Roosevelt administration toward business is delaying business recovery?' the American people responded 'yes' by a margin of more than two-to-one. The business community felt even more strongly so."
835:, which authorized crop loans, crop insurance against natural disasters, and large subsidies to farmers who cut back production. On April 2, Roosevelt sent a new large-scale spending program to Congress and received $ 3.75 billion, which was split among
750:
the same time that 57% believed that business attitudes toward the administration were delaying recovery, while 26% thought they were not, emphasizing that fairly subtle differences in wording can evoke substantially different polling responses.
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711:
more than the usual rhythms of the business cycle, but up until 1937, Roosevelt had claimed responsibility for the US's excellent economic performance. That backfired in the recession and the heated political atmosphere of 1937.
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Left unchecked, Ickes warned, they would create "big-business
Fascist Americaβan enslaved America". The President appointed Robert Jackson as the aggressive new director of the antitrust division of the
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In
November 1937 Roosevelt decided that big businesses were trying to ruin the New Deal by causing another depression that voters would react against by voting Republican. It was a "
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to look for a criminal conspiracy (they found none). Roosevelt moved left and unleashed a rhetorical campaign against monopoly power, which was cast as the cause of the new crisis.
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1937. In most sectors, hourly earnings continued to rise throughout the recession, partly compensating for the reduction in the number of hours worked. As unemployment rose,
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caused many
Americans to lose their jobs, with knock-on effects on the broader economy. Historian Robert C. Goldston also noted that two vital New Deal job programs, the
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in late 1941. Personal income in 1939 was almost at 1919 levels in aggregate, but not per capita. The farm population had fallen 5%, but farm output was up 19% in 1939.
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in which he told the
American people that it was up to the government to "create an economic upturn" by making "additions to the purchasing power of the nation".
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The
Roosevelt Administration reacted by launching a rhetorical campaign against monopoly power, which was cast as the cause of the depression, and appointing
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843:(WPA), and various relief agencies. Other appropriations raised the total to $ 5 billion in the spring of 1938, after which the economy recovered.
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Although the
American economy began to recover in mid-1938, employment did not regain the early 1937 level until the United States entered
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1007:, Maurice W. Lee, Chairman of Economics Dept., Washington State College, published by R. D. Irwin Inc, Homewood, Illinois, 1955, page 236.
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spending program in the spring of 1938, an effort to increase mass purchasing power. Roosevelt explained his program in a
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and their successors have tended to emphasize monetary factors and the downsides of regulating the economy via
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John J. Coleman. "State Formation and the Decline of Political Parties: American Parties in the Fiscal State"
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Unemployment rate in the US 1910β1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929β1939) highlighted.
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D. A. Hayes, "Business Confidence and Business Activity: A Case Study of the Recession of 1937,"
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to act, but Arnold was not effective. In February 1938, Congress passed a new AAA bill, the
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The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935-1941
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27:
Economic downturn that occurred during the Great Depression in the United States
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1113:
Government Spending Chart: United States 1900β2016 β Federal State Local Data
3764:
1903:
1834:
1735:
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957:
792:
761:. Between 1933 and 1941 the average federal budget deficit was 3% per year.
1019:, James Arthur Estey, Purdue Univ., Prentice-Hall, 1950, pages 22-23 chart.
936:. Cuts in federal spending and increases in taxes at the insistence of the
726:
3867:
1601:
2579:
1030:
Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929β1945
791:" who supposedly comprised "the living center of the modern industrial
1388:
The Economics of Recession and Revival; an Interpretation of 1937β1938
3519:
1371:
Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890-1943
1414:
725:
697:
702:
Manufacturing employment in the United States from 1920 to 1940.
2950:
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1634:
1418:
1407:
Velde, FranΓ§ois R. "The recession of 1937βA cautionary tale."
866:
1271:
The End Of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War
1254:
The Great Depression: an international disaster of perverse
976:) where monetary policy arguably loses its effectiveness.
678:
production declined almost 30 percent, and production of
1331:
The Great Depression: The United States in the Thirties
1395:
An Introduction to National Income and Income Analysis
1349:
A History of the Federal Reserve β Volume 1: 1913β1951
2900:
2011 TΕhoku earthquake and tsunami stock market crash
928:
The recession was caused by both monetary and fiscal
690:
declined, leading to further cutbacks in production.
3385:
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
3816:
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2038:
1945:
1914:
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1498:
1452:
3729:U.S. International Development Finance Corporation
1301:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867β1960
670:was an economic downturn that occurred during the
1278:Gold sterilization and the recession of 1937β1938
1043:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932β1940
972:models tend to emphasize situations (such as the
3578:Office of the United States Trade Representative
2625:Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic
1383:, Vol. 56, No. 3 (June, 1948), pp. 239β248
1115:. Usgovernmentdebt.us. Retrieved on 2013-07-14.
1073:(Princeton University Press, 1951), pp. 61β64.
730:Scene in an agricultural worker's shack town,
2962:
2595:
1646:
1430:
1379:Kenneth D. Roose. "The Recession of 1937-38"
647:
8:
3633:United States International Trade Commission
1280:." Financial History Review, 19(3), 249β267.
1400:Sumner H. Slichter. "The Downturn of 1937"
3916:
3598:United States Trade and Development Agency
2969:
2955:
2947:
2602:
2588:
2580:
1653:
1639:
1631:
1437:
1423:
1415:
1193:Great Depression: The U.S. in the Thirties
1168:Antitrust and Global Capitalism, 1930β2004
896:. Please do not remove this message until
654:
640:
112:Industrial Revolution in the United States
53:
3608:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
2915:2015β2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
1285:Studies in American Political Development
960:economists assign similar weight to both
916:Learn how and when to remove this message
892:Relevant discussion may be found on the
29:
3744:ExportβImport Bank of the United States
997:
774:United States Secretary of the Interior
65:
3947:Great Depression in the United States
3623:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
1226:. Fawcett Publications. p. 228.
768:" said Roosevelt, and he ordered the
672:Great Depression in the United States
7:
3798:2008β2010 automotive industry crisis
3628:National Credit Union Administration
3613:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
795:which dominates the United States".
717:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1069:Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk,
1057:Great Myths of the Great Depression
833:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
117:History of the United States dollar
3618:Securities and Exchange Commission
1957:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
1287:1994 8(2): 195β230. ISSN 0898-588X
1060:Mackinac Center for Public Policy.
25:
2910:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
2814:Japanese asset price bubble crash
2790:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
1670:Commonwealth of Nations countries
1374:University of Massachusetts Press
3915:
3906:
3905:
3478:Bureau of Engraving and Printing
2994:
2993:
2978:
932:policies which worked to reduce
871:
620:
73:
3977:Recessions in the United States
1666:recessions in the United States
770:Federal Bureau of Investigation
3880:List of Americans by net worth
3593:National Labor Relations Board
2999:Companies of the United States
2920:2015β2016 stock market selloff
2905:August 2011 stock markets fall
1326:Harvard University Press, 1960
694:Recession of 1937 and recovery
132:United States dollar Β§ History
1:
3808:ChinaβUnited States trade war
3603:Customs and Border Protection
3583:Small Business Administration
3266:Metropolitan Statistical Area
2874:U.S. bear market of 2007β2009
2864:Stock market downturn of 2002
2836:1998 Russian financial crisis
2802:Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange
1402:Review of Economic Statistics
946:Works Progress Administration
841:Works Progress Administration
3921:Outline of the United States
2985:Economy of the United States
2869:Chinese stock bubble of 2007
2785:1973β1974 stock market crash
1381:Journal of Political Economy
1333:, Fawcett Publications, 1968
1171:. Cambridge UP. p. 59.
721:American Federation of Labor
320:Companies listed on the NYSE
67:Economy of the United States
3803:2008 economic stimulus plan
3395:Water supply and sanitation
2831:October 27, 1997 mini-crash
2826:1997 Asian financial crisis
2412:1997 Asian financial crisis
2045:Civil War-era United States
1353:University of Chicago Press
1306:University of Chicago Press
1093:Deficit: Why Should I Care?
1045:(1963) pp. 242β243, 272β274
942:Public Works Administration
898:conditions to do so are met
837:Public Works Administration
3993:
3793:2007β2008 financial crisis
3563:Department of the Treasury
2884:2009 Dubai debt standstill
2879:2007β2008 financial crisis
2808:Friday the 13th mini-crash
2718:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
2188:PostβWorld War I recession
2008:Post-Napoleonic Depression
1205:About the Great Depression
829:U.S. Department of Justice
40: % U.S. Unemployment
3957:1938 in the United States
3952:1937 in the United States
3898:
3722:International development
3540:Intercontinental Exchange
2991:
2931:2018 cryptocurrency crash
2925:Brexit stock market crash
2770:Wall Street Crash of 1929
2098:2nd Industrial Revolution
2031:(1836β1838 and 1839β1843)
1947:1st Industrial Revolution
1715:Price-and-wage stickiness
1676:
1610:
1465:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1338:Michigan Business Studies
1071:Public Opinion, 1935β1946
1041:William E. Leuchtenburg,
399:Economy by city or county
49: % U.S. Unemployment
3967:1938 in economic history
3962:1937 in economic history
3926:Economy of North America
3788:2006β2012 housing bubble
3588:Internal Revenue Service
3256:Targeted Employment Area
2646:South Sea Bubble of 1720
2379:1990s United States boom
2167:Financial crisis of 1914
1411:33, no. 4 (2009): 16β37.
1220:Robert Goldston (1968).
1146:Leuchtenburg pp. 244β246
708:Roosevelt Administration
627:United States portal
57:This article is part of
3770:Pathways out of Poverty
3739:Build Back Better World
3691:State unemployment rate
3555:Government institutions
3535:New York Board of Trade
3510:New York Stock Exchange
2936:2020 stock market crash
2858:9/11 stock market crash
2765:Depression of 1920β1921
2194:Depression of 1920β1921
2126:Depression of 1882β1885
2040:Early Victorian Britain
1775:Real and nominal values
1470:Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
1165:Tony A. Freyer (2006).
1155:Leuchtenburg p. 256β257
1082:Leuchtenburg p. 242β243
740:The Gallup Organization
382:State unemployment rate
3890:Science and technology
3656:International rankings
3568:Department of Commerce
3530:Chicago Board of Trade
3238:Special Economic Zones
2775:Recession of 1937β1938
2641:The Mississippi Bubble
2299:Recession of 1969β1970
2294:Recession of 1960β1961
2253:Recession of 1937β1938
1485:Recession of 1937β1938
787:, and the super rich "
735:
703:
668:recession of 1937β1938
51:
18:Recession of 1937-1938
3030:Industrial Revolution
2780:Kennedy Slide of 1962
2651:Bengal Bubble of 1769
2417:Early 2000s recession
2384:Early 1990s recession
2336:Early 1980s recession
1916:Commercial revolution
1814:Nominal interest rate
1409:Economic Perspectives
1091:Marie Bussing-Burks,
1005:Economic Fluctuations
729:
701:
688:consumer expenditures
33:
3972:Stock market crashes
3753:Economic initiatives
2889:European debt crisis
2611:Stock market crashes
1983:Copper Panic of 1789
1355:. pp. 521β534.
1308:. pp. 543β545.
1223:The Great Depression
754:Keynesian economists
377:State credit ratings
201:Water and sanitation
92:Agricultural history
3885:American economists
3573:Department of Labor
3414:Law and regulations
3261:Foreign Trade Zones
2822:(16 September 1992)
2319:1973β1975 recession
2263:PostβWWII expansion
1937:Great Frost of 1709
1765:Neutrality of money
1746:Classical dichotomy
1662:Economic expansions
1386:Kenneth D. Roose.
1369:Patrick D. Reagan.
1276:Irwin, D. (2012). "
885:of this section is
815:Rhetorical response
779:attacked automaker
3863:National Standards
3703:Standard of living
3468:Financial services
3380:Illegal drug trade
3196:Telecommunications
2666:Panic of 1796β1797
2501:COVID-19 recession
2161:Panic of 1910β1911
1993:Panic of 1796β1797
1819:Real interest rate
1787:Economic expansion
1210:, November 8, 2008
1054:Reed, Lawrence W.
1028:David M. Kennedy,
825:antitrust division
801:Justice Department
736:
704:
682:fell even faster.
281:Financial services
52:
3934:
3933:
3436:Right-to-work law
2944:
2943:
2798:(19 October 1987)
2577:
2576:
2288:Recession of 1958
2282:Recession of 1953
2276:Recession of 1949
1973:Thirteen Colonies
1780:Velocity of money
1710:Paradox of thrift
1628:
1627:
1393:Richard Ruggles.
1345:Meltzer, Allan H.
1329:Robert Goldston.
1322:Walter Galenson.
1296:Schwartz, Anna J.
1191:Robert Goldston,
1126:Freedom From Fear
926:
925:
918:
664:
663:
589:Right-to-work law
312:Largest companies
102:Petroleum history
16:(Redirected from
3984:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3760:AmeriCorps VISTA
3734:Blue Dot Network
3524:NASDAQ Composite
3431:Child labor laws
3405:Trading partners
3251:Opportunity Zone
3246:Empowerment Zone
3186:Renewable energy
2997:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2895:2010 Flash Crash
2604:
2597:
2590:
2581:
2369:Great Regression
2364:Great Moderation
2210:Great Depression
2199:Roaring Twenties
1720:Underconsumption
1690:Effective demand
1681:Aggregate demand
1655:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1480:Effect in cities
1446:Great Depression
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1404:20 (1938) 97β110
1366:
1319:
1292:Friedman, Milton
1257:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
986:Great Depression
974:zero lower bound
968:considerations.
934:aggregate demand
921:
914:
910:
907:
901:
875:
874:
867:
759:deficit spending
656:
649:
642:
629:
625:
624:
623:
545:Washington, D.C.
387:Union membership
366:State statistics
332:Economy by state
209:Secondary sector
137:History by state
85:Economic history
77:
54:
48:
39:
21:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3894:
3812:
3774:
3748:
3717:
3642:
3549:
3450:
3409:
3337:
3270:
3232:
3157:Pharmaceuticals
3039:
3025:American System
3020:American School
3001:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2945:
2940:
2840:
2820:Black Wednesday
2743:
2670:
2629:
2613:
2608:
2578:
2573:
2438:Great Recession
2430:
2428:Information Age
2422:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2311:
2309:Great Inflation
2303:
2265:
2257:
2180:
2178:Interwar period
2172:
2108:Long Depression
2100:
2096:
2087:
2047:
2043:
2034:
1949:
1941:
1918:
1910:
1875:U.S. recessions
1870:U.K. recessions
1802:U.S. expansions
1672:
1659:
1629:
1624:
1606:
1585:
1494:
1448:
1443:
1363:
1343:
1316:
1290:
1269:Alan Brinkley.
1266:
1264:Further reading
1261:
1260:
1256:, Pages 148β149
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1199:
1195:(1968) page 229
1190:
1186:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1017:Business Cycles
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
994:
982:
922:
911:
905:
902:
891:
876:
872:
865:
863:Interpretations
849:
817:
777:Harold L. Ickes
719:) and the AFL (
696:
660:
621:
619:
618:
611:
610:
560:
550:
549:
400:
392:
391:
333:
325:
324:
304:Stock exchanges
243:Social programs
235:Tertiary sector
152:
142:
141:
97:Banking history
87:
50:
46:
44:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3818:Related topics
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Social welfare
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3514:NYSE Composite
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Postal history
3362:
3360:Communications
3357:
3355:Transportation
3351:
3349:
3347:infrastructure
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:Oil refineries
3301:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Electric power
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2852:Dot-com bubble
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Crisis of 1772
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:United Kingdom
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:United Kingdom
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2434:
2432:
2431:(2007βpresent)
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2400:United Kingdom
2397:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2347:United Kingdom
2344:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2324:United Kingdom
2315:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2241:United Kingdom
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2114:United Kingdom
2104:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1729:
1727:Business cycle
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Overproduction
1702:
1697:
1692:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:United Kingdom
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1367:
1362:978-0226520001
1361:
1341:
1340:v 10 #5 (1951)
1334:
1327:
1320:
1315:978-0691003542
1314:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1232:
1212:
1197:
1184:
1177:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1137:Kennedy p. 352
1130:
1117:
1105:
1101:978-1430236597
1084:
1075:
1062:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1009:
996:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
981:
978:
930:contractionary
924:
923:
879:
877:
870:
864:
861:
848:
845:
821:Thurman Arnold
816:
813:
789:Sixty Families
766:capital strike
695:
692:
662:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
613:
612:
609:
608:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
561:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
515:Salt Lake City
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
367:
363:
362:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
316:
315:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
284:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Transportation
245:
239:
238:
230:
229:
227:Pulp and paper
224:
222:Iron and steel
219:
213:
212:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
161:
158:Primary sector
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
127:Tariff History
124:
122:Lumber history
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
83:
82:
79:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
45:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3989:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:States by GDP
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Energy policy
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Biotechnology
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2986:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Panic of 1907
2758:
2756:
2755:Panic of 1901
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2739:Panic of 1896
2737:
2735:
2734:Panic of 1893
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Panic of 1884
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Panic of 1873
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Panic of 1857
2700:
2698:
2697:Panic of 1847
2695:
2693:
2692:Panic of 1837
2690:
2688:
2687:Panic of 1825
2685:
2683:
2682:Panic of 1819
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Panic of 1792
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:United States
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:United States
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:United States
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2352:United States
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:United States
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:United States
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:Panic of 1907
2153:
2150:
2149:Panic of 1901
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:Panic of 1893
2138:
2135:
2134:Baring crisis
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:United States
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:Panic of 1866
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:Panic of 1857
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:Panic of 1847
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2029:Panic of 1837
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:Panic of 1825
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:Panic of 1792
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Slump of 1706
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Balance sheet
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:Interest rate
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:United States
1588:
1582:
1581:United States
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Latin America
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1235:
1233:9780449308349
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1178:9781139455589
1174:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1032:(1999) p. 352
1031:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
991:
987:
984:
983:
979:
977:
975:
971:
970:New Keynesian
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:fiscal policy
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
920:
917:
909:
899:
895:
889:
888:
884:
878:
869:
868:
862:
860:
856:
854:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
812:
810:
809:fireside chat
804:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
783:, steelmaker
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
755:
751:
748:
746:
741:
733:
732:Oklahoma City
728:
724:
722:
718:
712:
709:
700:
693:
691:
689:
683:
681:
680:durable goods
675:
673:
669:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
638:
637:
635:
634:
628:
617:
616:
615:
614:
606:
602:
599:
598:
597:
596:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
554:
553:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:New York City
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
396:
395:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:State budgets
370:
369:
365:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
305:
302:
300:
299:Largest banks
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
232:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
146:
145:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
43:
32:
19:
3872:
3858:Demographics
3708:Urbanization
3681:Unemployment
3493:Central bank
3441:Minimum wage
3223:Video gaming
2845:21st century
2796:Black Monday
2774:
2748:20th century
2728:Encilhamento
2707:Black Friday
2675:19th century
2634:18th century
2618:17th century
2479:South Africa
2252:
2236:South Africa
2082:Black Friday
1899:Unemployment
1756:Money supply
1751:Disinflation
1695:General glut
1571:South Africa
1484:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1348:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1300:
1284:
1270:
1249:
1239:28 September
1237:. Retrieved
1222:
1215:
1208:Paul Krugman
1200:
1192:
1187:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
927:
912:
903:
881:
857:
853:World War II
850:
818:
805:
797:
763:
752:
744:
737:
713:
705:
684:
676:
667:
665:
601:Unemployment
594:
593:
584:Minimum wage
579:Labor unions
564:
500:Philadelphia
455:Indianapolis
358:
310:
289:Central bank
279:
233:
207:
156:
107:Shipbuilding
41:
3874:Made in USA
3826:Agriculture
3676:Labor force
3648:Development
3505:Wall Street
3498:Other banks
3446:Food safety
3181:Real estate
3150:Gold mining
3110:Electronics
3065:Aquaculture
2854:(2000β2002)
2816:(1990β1992)
2730:(1890β1893)
2547:New Zealand
2505:2020β2022;
2469:New Zealand
2442:2007β2009;
2388:1990β1991;
2372:(1982β2007)
2340:1980β1982;
2312:(1973β1982)
2290:(1957β1958)
2284:(1953β1954)
2278:(1948β1949)
2266:(1945β1973)
2231:New Zealand
2214:1929β1939;
2190:(1918β1919)
2181:(1918β1939)
2163:(1910β1912)
2157:(1907β1908)
2151:(1902β1904)
2142:(1893β1897)
2136:(1890β1891)
2112:1873β1879;
2101:(1870β1914)
2084:(1869β1870)
2078:(1865β1867)
2069:(1857β1858)
2060:(1847β1848)
2048:(1840β1870)
2019:(1825β1826)
2010:(1815β1821)
1995:(1796β1799)
1989:(1789β1793)
1961:1772β1774;
1950:(1760β1840)
1928:(1430β1490)
1926:Great Slump
1919:(1000β1760)
1865:Stagflation
1824:Yield curve
1770:Price level
1561:Netherlands
1351:. Chicago:
1304:. Chicago:
950:Monetarists
938:US Treasury
785:Tom Girdler
734:, July 1939
574:Child labor
470:Long Island
460:Kansas City
440:Door County
181:Electricity
166:Agriculture
42:(estimated)
3941:Categories
3831:Bankruptcy
3713:Emigration
3698:Corruption
3638:Statistics
3545:Accounting
3421:Tax system
3331:Geothermal
3201:Television
3166:Publishing
3130:Hedge fund
3070:Automotive
3045:Industries
3035:Gilded Age
2512:Bangladesh
2449:Bangladesh
2093:Gilded Age
1845:Depression
1797:Stagnation
1597:Bonus Army
1499:By country
1095:, Apress,
883:neutrality
781:Henry Ford
595:Employment
540:Youngstown
510:Pittsburgh
475:Louisville
338:California
268:Healthcare
217:Automotive
3836:Companies
3765:Job Corps
3426:Labor law
3316:Renewable
3299:Oil shale
2552:Singapore
2507:Australia
2484:Sri Lanka
2444:Australia
2390:Australia
2216:Australia
2206:1926β1927
2203:1923β1924
2169:(1913β14)
2145:1899β1900
2001:1807β1810
1998:1802β1804
1979:1785β1788
1904:Sahm rule
1835:Recession
1736:Inflation
1732:Deflation
1511:Australia
1506:Argentina
1475:Dust Bowl
1298:(1993) .
1124:Kennedy,
958:Keynesian
906:June 2024
894:talk page
793:oligarchy
566:Labor Law
530:St. Louis
520:San Diego
465:Lexington
425:Cleveland
405:Allentown
273:Insurance
258:Education
176:Petroleum
3911:Category
3902:See also
3868:FCC mark
3375:Shipping
3218:Textiles
3161:Pharmacy
3135:Internet
3125:Gambling
3075:Aviation
3053:Industry
2804:collapse
2537:Malaysia
2522:Botswana
2474:Pakistan
2464:Malaysia
1968:Scotland
1828:Inverted
1792:Recovery
1615:Category
1602:New Deal
1490:Timeline
1347:(2003).
1273:. (1995)
980:See also
962:monetary
956:, while
887:disputed
847:Recovery
745:Fortune'
535:Stamford
430:Columbus
348:New York
263:Gambling
196:Forestry
59:a series
3846:Top 500
3841:Largest
3671:Poverty
3488:History
3483:Banking
3460:banking
3456:Finance
3400:Exports
3370:Tourism
3311:Nuclear
3213:Tourism
3206:Digital
3176:Railway
3120:Fishing
3058:History
3015:History
3007:History
2542:Namibia
2130:1887β88
2072:1860β61
2063:1853β54
2054:1845β46
2025:1833β34
2022:1828β29
2013:1822β23
1963:England
1855:Rolling
1741:Chronic
1620:Commons
1566:Romania
1536:Germany
1103:, p. 46
839:(PWA),
827:of the
823:in the
525:Spokane
505:Phoenix
490:Norfolk
480:Memphis
450:Houston
435:Detroit
420:Chicago
415:Buffalo
410:Atlanta
359:more...
353:Florida
294:Banking
253:Tourism
191:Fishing
150:Sectors
3780:Events
3686:Causes
3520:NASDAQ
3473:Dollar
3276:Energy
3145:Mining
3100:Cotton
3095:Coffee
3090:Cement
2927:(2016)
2891:(2010)
2860:(2001)
2810:(1989)
2792:(1982)
2709:(1869)
2567:Zambia
2527:Canada
2517:Belize
2454:Canada
2419:(2001)
2395:Canada
2342:Canada
2221:Canada
1892:Supply
1887:Demand
1860:Shapes
1850:Global
1760:demand
1685:Supply
1531:France
1521:Canada
1516:Brazil
1460:Causes
1453:Topics
1390:(1954)
1376:, 2000
1359:
1312:
1230:
1175:
1128:p. 352
1099:
966:fiscal
738:"When
605:Causes
186:Mining
171:Energy
61:on the
47:
38:
3390:Ports
3343:Trade
3326:Solar
3191:Steel
3171:Radio
3140:Media
2532:India
2459:India
2226:India
1882:Shock
1700:Model
1551:Japan
1546:Italy
1541:India
1526:Chile
1397:1949.
992:Notes
558:Labor
495:Omaha
343:Texas
3851:SOEs
3458:and
3345:and
3321:Wind
3289:Coal
3228:Wine
3159:and
3115:Film
3080:Beer
2272:1945
2004:1812
1668:and
1664:and
1357:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1241:2013
1228:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1097:ISBN
964:and
944:and
880:The
706:The
666:The
445:Erie
3294:Oil
3943::
1294:;
674:.
3526:)
3522:(
3516:)
3512:(
2970:e
2963:t
2956:v
2603:e
2596:t
2589:v
2366:/
2095:/
2042:/
1985:/
1826:/
1758:/
1734:/
1683:/
1654:e
1647:t
1640:v
1438:e
1431:t
1424:v
1365:.
1318:.
1243:.
1181:.
919:)
913:(
908:)
904:(
900:.
890:.
747:s
715:(
655:e
648:t
641:v
607:)
603:(
20:)
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