1895:
protrudes above the beach profile will tend to disrupt longshore currents creating deposits in front of the ramp, and scouring behind. Concrete ramps are the most expensive vehicular beach accesses to construct requiring use of a quick-drying concrete or a cofferdam to protect them from tidal water during the concrete curing process. Concrete is favored where traffic flows are heavy and access is required by vehicles that are not adapted to soft sand (e.g. road registered passenger vehicles and boat trailers). Concrete stairs are commonly favored on beaches adjacent to population centers where beach users may arrive on the beach in street shoes, or where the foreshore roadway is substantially higher than the beach head and a ramp would be too steep for safe use by pedestrians. A composite stair ramp may incorporate a central or side stair with one or more ramps allowing pedestrians to lead buggies or small boat dollies onto the beach without the aid of a powered vehicle or winch. Concrete ramps and steps should be maintained to prevent a buildup of moss or algae that may make their wet surfaces slippery and dangerous to pedestrians and vehicles.
1032:
1104:
immediately apparent after storms associated with high winds and freak wave events that can rapidly move large volumes of exposed and unstable sand, depositing them further inland, or carrying them out into the permanent water forming offshore bars, lagoons or increasing the area of the beach exposed at low tide. Large and rapid movements of exposed sand can bury and smother flora in adjacent areas, aggravating the loss of habitat for fauna, and enlarging the area of instability. If there is an adequate supply of sand, and weather conditions do not allow vegetation to recover and stabilize the sediment, wind-blown sand can continue to advance, engulfing and permanently altering downwind landscapes.
1375:
1293:
1228:
504:
1020:
290:
1047:
122:
850:
52:
2144:
520:
1522:
1943:. The gravel is compacted to form a solid surface according to the needs of the traffic. Gravel ramps are less expensive to construct than concrete ramps and are able to carry heavy road traffic provided the excavation is deep enough to reach solid subsoil. Gravel ramps are subject to erosion by water. If the edges are retained with boards or walls and the profile matches the surrounding beach profile, a gravel ramp may become more stable as finer sediments are deposited by percolating water.
449:. The beach profile changes seasonally due to the change in wave energy experienced during summer and winter months. In temperate areas where summer is characterised by calmer seas and longer periods between breaking wave crests, the beach profile is higher in summer. The gentle wave action during this season tends to transport sediment up the beach towards the berm where it is deposited and remains while the water recedes. Onshore winds carry it further inland forming and enhancing dunes.
2028:
1564:
1001:
3261:
1549:
482:
2116:
989:
870:
430:
111:
1843:
945:
3268:
1012:
961:
1831:
3730:
2130:
664:
1537:
886:
913:
587:. Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer. When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power of the fluid that holds them by increasing the average density, viscosity, and volume of the moving fluid.
1908:
and quick to deploy or relocate. They are commonly used for pedestrian access paths and light duty vehicular access ways. They naturally conform to the shape of the underlying beach or dune profile, and adjust well to moderate erosion, especially longshore drift. However, they can cease to be an effective access surface if they become buried or undermined by erosion by
420:) resulting from very large storm waves and beyond the influence of the normal waves. At some point the influence of the waves (even storm waves) on the material comprising the beach stops, and if the particles are small enough (sand size or smaller), winds shape the feature. Where wind is the force distributing the grains inland, the deposit behind the beach becomes a
1128:
local authorities responsible for managing coastal areas to restrict beach access points by physical structures or legal sanctions, and fence off foredunes in an effort to protect the flora. These measures are often associated with the construction of structures at these access points to allow traffic to pass over or through the dunes without causing further damage.
929:
898:
329:
1188:
460:, substantial quantities of material may be eroded from the coastal plain or dunes behind the berm by receding water. This flow may alter the shape of the coastline, enlarge the mouths of rivers and create new deltas at the mouths of streams that had not been powerful enough to overcome longshore movement of sediment.
1166:
construction of harbors, breakwaters, causeways or boat ramps, creating new current flows that scour the sand from behind these structures and deprive the beach of restorative sediments. If the causes of the erosion are not addressed, beach nourishment can become a necessary and permanent feature of beach maintenance.
1921:
Fabric ramps are commonly employed by the military for temporary purposes where the underlying sediment is stable and hard enough to support the weight of the traffic. A sheet of porous fabric is laid over the sand to stabilize the surface and prevent vehicles from bogging. Fabric Ramps usually cease
1169:
During beach nourishment activities, care must be taken to place new sediments so that the new sediments compact and stabilize before aggressive wave or wind action can erode them. Material that is concentrated too far down the beach may form a temporary groyne that will encourage scouring behind it.
1161:
Beach nourishment is the importing and deposition of sand or other sediments in an effort to restore a beach that has been damaged by erosion. Beach nourishment often involves excavation of sediments from riverbeds or sand quarries. This excavated sediment may be substantially different in size and
1136:
Beaches provide a filter for runoff from the coastal plain. If the runoff is naturally dispersed along the beach, water borne silt and organic matter will be retained on the land and will feed the flora in the coastal area. Runoff that is dispersed along the beach will tend to percolate through the
1099:
Over long periods of time, well-stabilized foreshore areas will tend to accrete, while unstabilized foreshores will tend to erode, leading to substantial changes in the shape of the coastline. These changes usually occur over periods of many years. Freak wave events such as tsunami, tidal waves, and
1095:
Beachfront flora plays a major role in stabilizing the foredunes and preventing beach head erosion and inland movement of dunes. If flora with network root systems (creepers, grasses, and palms) are able to become established, they provide an effective coastal defense as they trap sand particles and
1907:
or beach ladder (or board and chain) is an array of planks (usually hardwood or treated timber) laid close together and perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow, and secured at each end by a chain or cable to form a pathway or ramp over the sand dune. Corduroys are cheap and easy to construct
1894:
A concrete ramp should follow the natural profile of the beach to prevent it from changing the normal flow of waves, longshore currents, water and wind. A ramp that is below the beach profile will tend to become buried and cease to provide a good surface for vehicular traffic. A ramp or stair that
1714:
involves pumping sand onto beaches to improve their health. Beach nourishment is common for major beach cities around the world; however the beaches that have been nourished can still appear quite natural and often many visitors are unaware of the works undertaken to support the health of the beach.
1152:
Some flora naturally occurring on the beach head requires freshwater runoff from the land. Diversion of freshwater runoff into drains may deprive these plants of their water supplies and allow sea water incursion, increasing the saltiness of the groundwater. Species that are not able to survive in
1127:
The concentration of pedestrian and vehicular traffic accessing the beach for recreational purposes may cause increased erosion at the access points if measures are not taken to stabilize the beach surface above high-water mark. Recognition of the dangers of loss of beach front flora has caused many
621:
Constructive waves move material up the beach while destructive waves move the material down the beach. During seasons when destructive waves are prevalent, the shallows will carry an increased load of sediment and organic matter in suspension. On sandy beaches, the turbulent backwash of destructive
593:
facing very energetic wind and wave systems will tend to hold only large rocks as smaller particles will be held in suspension in the turbid water column and carried to calmer areas by longshore currents and tides. Coastlines that are protected from waves and winds will tend to allow finer sediments
1862:
Beach access is an important consideration where substantial numbers of pedestrians or vehicles require access to the beach. Allowing random access across delicate foredunes is seldom considered good practice as it is likely to lead to destruction of flora and consequent erosion of the fore dunes.
1821:
Public access to beaches is protected by law in the U.S. state of Oregon, thanks to a 1967 state law, the Oregon Beach Bill, which guaranteed public access from the
Columbia River to the California state line, "so that the public may have the free and uninterrupted use". Public access to beaches in
1211:
The development of the beach as a popular leisure resort from the mid-19th century was the first manifestation of what is now the global tourist industry. The first seaside resorts were opened in the 18th century for the aristocracy, who began to frequent the seaside as well as the then fashionable
1068:
Changes in the shape of the beach may undermine the roots of large trees and other flora. Many beach adapted species (such as coconut palms) have a fine root system and large root ball which tends to withstand wave and wind action and tends to stabilize beaches better than other trees with a lesser
452:
Conversely, the beach profile is lower in the storm season (winter in temperate areas) due to the increased wave energy, and the shorter periods between breaking wave crests. Higher energy waves breaking in quick succession tend to mobilise sediment from the shallows, keeping it in suspension where
1912:
coming from the beach head. If the corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it, the sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain that accelerates surface runoff and can quickly lead to serious erosion. Significant erosion of the sediment beside and under the corduroy can
1140:
The retention of the freshwater may also help to maintain underground water reserves and will resist salt water incursion. If the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains that create constant flows over the beach above the sea or river level, the beach will be eroded and
467:(the high point of material deposited by waves) is one potential demarcation. This would be the point at which significant wind movement of sand could occur, since the normal waves do not wet the sand beyond this area. However, the drift line is likely to move inland under assault by storm waves.
1930:
A foliage ramp is formed by planting resilient species of hardy plants such as grasses over a well-formed sediment ramp. The plants may be supported while they become established by placement of layers of mesh, netting, or coarse organic material such as vines or branches. This type of ramp is
1118:
Dense vegetation tends to absorb rainfall reducing the speed of runoff and releasing it over longer periods of time. Destruction by burning or clearance of the natural vegetation tends to increase the speed and erosive power of runoff from rainfall. This runoff will tend to carry more silt and
1103:
Destruction of flora on the berm by the use of herbicides, excessive pedestrian or vehicle traffic, or disruption to freshwater flows may lead to erosion of the berm and dunes. While the destruction of flora may be a gradual process that is imperceptible to regular beach users, it often becomes
1077:
Erosion of beaches can expose less resilient soils and rocks to wind and wave action leading to undermining of coastal headlands eventually resulting in catastrophic collapse of large quantities of overburden into the shallows. This material may be distributed along the beach front leading to a
613:
Fine sediment transported from lower down the beach profile will compact if the receding water percolates or soaks into the beach. Compacted sediment is more resistant to movement by turbulent water from succeeding waves. Conversely, waves are destructive if the period between the wave crests is
1059:
Beaches are changed in shape chiefly by the movement of water and wind. Any weather event that is associated with turbid or fast-flowing water or high winds will erode exposed beaches. Longshore currents will tend to replenish beach sediments and repair storm damage. Tidal waterways generally
1173:
Brighton Beach, on the south coast of
England, is a shingle beach that has been nourished with very large pebbles in an effort to withstand the erosion of the upper area of the beach. These large pebbles made the beach unwelcoming for pedestrians for a period of time until natural processes
1165:
In extreme cases, beach nourishment may involve placement of large pebbles or rocks in an effort to permanently restore a shoreline subject to constant erosion and loss of foreshore. This is often required where the flow of new sediment caused by the longshore current has been disrupted by
453:
it is prone to be carried along the beach by longshore currents, or carried out to sea to form longshore bars, especially if the longshore current meets an outflow from a river or flooding stream. The removal of sediment from the beach berm and dune thus decreases the beach profile.
2424:
Michael Kassar: Villa
Maritima. Elitenarchitektur und Luxus am Beispiel antiker Meeresvillen (2014); Schiavo, The monuments of the Amalfi coast, Milan-Rome, 1941, pp. 175; Zeno Saracino: "Pompei in miniatura": la storia di "Vallicula" o Barcola. In: Trieste All News. 29 September
1199:
Even in Roman times, wealthy people spent their free time on the coast. They also built large villa complexes with bathing facilities (so-called maritime villas) in particularly beautiful locations. Excavations of Roman architecture can still be found today, for example on the
582:
upstream of the beach, and the speed of flow and turbidity of water and wind. Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water. Once compacted, they are more resistant to
392:
There are several conspicuous parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form and shape it. The part mostly above water (depending upon tide), and more or less actively influenced by the waves at some point in the tide, is termed the beach berm. The
1931:
ideally suited for intermittent use by vehicles with a low wheel loading such as dune buggies or agricultural vehicles with large tyres. A foliage ramp should require minimal maintenance if initially formed to follow the beach profile, and not overused.
1699:
The soothing qualities of a beach and the pleasant environment offered to the beachgoer are replicated in artificial beaches, such as "beach style" pools with zero-depth entry and wave pools that recreate the natural waves pounding upon a beach. In a
1327:
led to a sustained economic and demographic boom. A sudden influx of visitors, arriving by rail, led entrepreneurs to build accommodation and create new attractions, leading to more visitors and a rapid cycle of growth throughout the 1850s and 1860s.
1398:
was completed, making the
Riviera accessible to visitors from all over Europe. By 1874, residents of foreign enclaves in Nice, most of whom were British, numbered 25,000. The coastline became renowned for attracting the royalty of Europe, including
1114:
Farming and residential development are also commonly associated with changes in local surface water flows. If these flows are concentrated in stormwater drains emptying onto the beach head, they may erode the beach creating a lagoon or delta.
1086:
Coastal areas settled by man inevitably become subject to the effects of human-made structures and processes. Over long periods of time, these influences may substantially alter the shape of the coastline, and the character of the beach.
1170:
Sediments that are too fine or too light may be eroded before they have compacted or been integrated into the established vegetation. Foreign unwashed sediments may introduce flora or fauna that are not usually found in that locality.
1606:
where clothing is optional or not allowed. In most countries social norms are significantly different on a beach in hot weather, compared to adjacent areas where similar behavior might not be tolerated and might even be prosecuted.
2073:
Ocean beaches are habitats with organisms adapted to salt spray, tidal overwash, and shifting sands. Some of these organisms are found only on beaches. Examples of these beach organisms in the southeast US include plants like
1119:
organic matter from the land onto the beach and into the sea. If the flow is constant, runoff from cleared land arriving at the beach head will tend to deposit this material into the sand changing its color, odor and fauna.
2049:
A beach is an unstable environment that exposes plants and animals to changeable and potentially harsh conditions. Some animals burrow into the sand and feed on material deposited by the waves. Crabs, insects and
2693:
1708:, a form of public park becoming common in large cities. Urban beaches attempt to mimic natural beaches with fountains that imitate surf and mask city noises, and in some cases can be used as a play park.
1339:. Each town's mills would close for a different week, allowing Blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer. A prominent feature of the resort was the
1110:
Burning or clearance of vegetation on the land adjacent to the beach head, for farming and residential development, changes the surface wind patterns, and exposes the surface of the beach to wind erosion.
1060:
change the shape of their adjacent beaches by small degrees with every tidal cycle. Over time these changes can become substantial leading to significant changes in the size and location of the beach.
1096:
rainwater and enrich the surface layer of the dunes, allowing other plant species to become established. They also protect the berm from erosion by high winds, freak waves and subsiding floodwaters.
1144:
Once eroded, an inlet may allow tidal inflows of salt water to pollute areas inland from the beach and may also affect the quality of underground water supplies and the height of the water table.
849:
1220:
during the 1720s; it had been a fashionable spa town since a stream of acidic water was discovered running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town in the 17th century. The first rolling
228:, permanently altering beaches at very rapid rates. Some estimates describe as much as 50 percent of the earth's sandy beaches disappearing by 2100 due to climate-change driven sea level rise.
1107:
Sediment moved by waves or receding floodwaters can be deposited in coastal shallows, engulfing reed beds and changing the character of underwater flora and fauna in the coastal shallows.
606:
forests. The shape of a beach depends on whether the waves are constructive or destructive, and whether the material is sand or shingle. Waves are constructive if the period between their
630:, thereby reducing the power of the backwash, and the beach remains steep. Compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and water erosion.
258:
Human forces have significantly changed beaches globally: direct impacts include bad construction practices on dunes and coastlines, while indirect human impacts include
1787:
Some jurisdiction make all beaches public by law. Some allow private ownership (for example by owners of abutting land or neighborhood associations) to the mean high
637:
around the sand particles. This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals or dissolved by the advancing tide.
2697:
1743:
with members torn between their desire to support natural coastal environments and opportunities to enhance the quality of surfing waves. Similar debates surround
614:
short. Sediment that remains in suspension when the following wave crest arrives will not be able to settle and compact and will be more susceptible to erosion by
1366:
of the period was considered immodest. By the end of the century the
English coastline had over 100 large resort towns, some with populations exceeding 50,000.
463:
The line between beach and dune is difficult to define in the field. Over any significant period of time, sediment is always being exchanged between them. The
344:
zone is alternately covered and exposed by wave run-up. The beach face is the sloping section below the berm that is exposed to the swash of the waves. The
2916:
571:
attached to coral outcrops and rocks can create substantial quantities of sand particles over their lifetime as they nibble during feeding, digesting the
2645:
1815:
2463:
2400:
2238:
1879:
be scaled to match the traffic flow (i.e. wide and strong enough to safely carry the size and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles intended to use it);
1031:
1939:
A gravel ramp is formed by excavating the underlying loose sediment and filling the excavation with layers of gravel of graduated sizes as defined by
1493:
by the early 1960s. By the 1970s cheap and affordable air travel led to the growth of a truly global tourism market which benefited areas such as the
1618:
status, based on such criteria as water quality and safety provision. Subsequent loss of this status can have a severe effect on tourism revenues.
869:
641:
and horns form where incoming waves divide, depositing sand as horns and scouring out sand to form cusps. This forms the uneven face on some sand
677:
The composition of the sand varies depending on the local minerals and geology. Some of the types of sand found in beaches around the world are:
2749:
2590:
1374:
320:. Preserved beaches and their associated dune are important for protection from extreme weather for inland ecosystems and human infrastructure.
3759:
2833:
2616:
633:
During hot calm seasons, a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as the heat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which
1773:. Many beaches in Indonesia, both private and public, require admission fees. Some beaches also restrict dogs for some periods of the year.
944:
3764:
1598:
of the period was considered immodest. This social standard still prevails in many Muslim countries. At the other end of the spectrum are
1284:
ensured that a seaside residence was considered as a highly fashionable possession for those wealthy enough to afford more than one home.
1254:
market, and the beach became a centre for upper-class pleasure and frivolity. This trend was praised and artistically elevated by the new
1885:
be signed and lit to discourage beach users from creating their own alternative crossings that may be more destructive to the beachhead.
1227:
885:
409:, and further seaward one or more long shore bars: slightly raised, underwater embankments formed where the waves first start to break.
1715:
Such beaches are often not recognized by consumers as artificial. A famous example of beach nourishment came with the replenishment of
282:
practices are designed to preserve or restore natural beach processes, while some beaches are actively restored through practices like
3612:
503:
1434:
and carriages to take visitors from Nice to Monaco, where large luxury hotels, gardens and casinos were built. The place was renamed
2447:
304:
Wild beaches, also known as undeveloped or undiscovered beaches, are not developed for tourism or recreation. Preserved beaches are
95:
73:
1394:
had already become a popular destination for the
British upper class by the end of the 18th century. In 1864, the first railway to
1292:
960:
803:
Orange sand: Orange sand is high on iron. It can also be a combination of orange limestone, crushed shells, and volcanic deposits.
456:
If storms coincide with unusually high tides, or with a freak wave event such as a tidal surge or tsunami which causes significant
2667:
1404:
1324:
618:
and receding tides. The nature of sediments found on a beach tends to indicate the energy of the waves and wind in the locality.
1818:
and the new beach had a bandstand, public bathhouses, shade pavilions, and lined by a broad boulevard that ran along the beach.
3617:
2909:
912:
433:
The differences between summer and winter on beaches in areas where the winter conditions are rougher and waves have a shorter
1019:
3710:
3602:
3260:
2872:
1997:
1418:
tended to be more lax than in
Britain, so British and French entrepreneurs were quick to exploit the possibilities. In 1863,
1400:
1269:
3472:
3399:
3304:
1419:
610:
is long enough for the breaking water to recede and the sediment to settle before the succeeding wave arrives and breaks.
405:—the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest. At the very bottom of the face, there may be a
3267:
3774:
1685:
1213:
860:
551:(a bouncing movement of large particles). Beach materials come from erosion of rocks offshore, as well as from headland
255:
venues (such as resorts, camps, hotels, and restaurants) nearby or housing, both for permanent and seasonal residents.
3329:
2720:
1973:
1735:
was transported via ship and barge throughout most of the 20th century in order to combat
Waikiki's erosion problems.
1728:
38:
2032:
145:
alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from
3769:
3733:
2902:
1458:
512:
2350:
1078:
change in the habitat as sea grasses and corals in the shallows may be buried or deprived of light and nutrients.
1386:
The development of the seaside resort abroad was stimulated by the well-developed
English love of the beach. The
225:
928:
378:
small systems where rock material moves onshore, offshore, or alongshore by the forces of waves and currents; or
121:
3417:
1736:
1701:
1630:
1629:
and other cleanup projects. More significantly, many beaches are a discharge zone for untreated sewage in most
289:
224:
which offer protection and regeneration for the beach. However, these natural forces have become more extreme
115:
66:
60:
2642:
1795:
to use privately-owned beach land for certain purposes. Signs are sometimes posted where public access ends.
1610:
In more than thirty countries in Europe, South Africa, New
Zealand, Canada, Costa Rica, South America and the
1335:
owners of closing the factories for a week every year to service and repair machinery. These became known as
3098:
2470:
1985:
1913:
render it completely ineffective and make it dangerous to pedestrian users who may fall between the planks.
1638:
1352:
1046:
897:
3559:
3314:
2015:
1704:, the bottom surface slopes gradually from above water down to depth. Another approach involves so-called
1462:
1311:
The extension of this form of leisure to the middle and working classes began with the development of the
544:
519:
77:
31:
1315:
in the 1840s, which offered cheap fares to fast-growing resort towns. In particular, the completion of a
3705:
2572:
1811:
1521:
1348:
1316:
626:
and shingle beaches the swash is dissipated more quickly because the large particle size allows greater
2694:"The 56 Cornwall beaches where you'll be banned from taking your dogs from Easter | Cornwall Live"
2027:
1798:
In some places, such as Florida, it is not always clear which parts of a beach are public or private.
491:
particles and shell fragments from a beach. The primary component of typical beach sand is quartz, or
3534:
3487:
3442:
3427:
2745:
2594:
1991:
1979:
1661:
1024:
827:
797:
252:
205:
1765:
Public access to beaches is restricted in some parts of the world. For example, most beaches on the
385:
The former are described in detail below; the larger geological units are discussed elsewhere under
3638:
3432:
2996:
2796:
1634:
1490:
709:
548:
2620:
1563:
826:, which has sand containing basalt and coral fragments. Olivine beaches have a high potential for
3607:
3594:
3447:
3407:
3118:
3021:
2860:
The Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal Environments: Volume 15 of Encyclopedia of earth sciences
2121:
2084:
1478:
822:
has been separated from other volcanic fragments by erosive forces. A famous example is Hawaii's
279:
2864:
2858:
1529:
1153:
salt water may die and be replaced by mangroves or other species adapted to salty environments.
1822:
Hawaii (other than those owned by the U.S. federal government) is also protected by state law.
481:
3663:
3569:
3482:
3188:
3026:
3016:
2976:
2941:
2925:
2868:
2829:
2508:
2443:
2193:
2044:
1955:
1744:
1711:
1427:
1351:
in Blackpool was completed, rapidly becoming a centre of attraction for upper class visitors.
1100:
storm surges may substantially alter the shape, profile and location of a beach within hours.
988:
739:
720:
305:
283:
263:
3754:
3658:
3492:
3467:
3462:
3437:
3387:
3213:
3073:
2991:
2956:
2888:
2115:
1961:
1665:
1000:
457:
429:
236:
3695:
3477:
3422:
3289:
3198:
3193:
3078:
2961:
2649:
2375:
2239:"Disappearing beaches: Climate change could wipe out half of the world's sandy shorelines"
2188:
2173:
2096:
2036:
1922:
to be useful after one tidal cycle as they are easily washed away, or buried in sediment.
1876:
be located in an area that is convenient for users and consistent with safe traffic flows;
1855:
1782:
1760:
1740:
1689:
1615:
1591:
1548:
1359:
1347:, where an eclectic variety of performances vied for the people's attention. In 1863, the
1221:
993:
951:
823:
705:
615:
476:
267:
259:
217:
209:
174:
110:
903:
786:
575:, and discarding the rock and coral particles which pass through their digestive tracts.
308:
with important roles in aquatic or marine biodiversity, such as for breeding grounds for
231:
Sandy beaches occupy about one third of global coastlines. These beaches are popular for
1842:
1141:
ultimately form an inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach.
239:
industries. To support these uses, some beaches have human-made infrastructure, such as
3088:
3083:
3046:
2986:
2966:
2158:
1909:
1656:
Some beaches are artificial; they are either permanent or temporary (For examples, see
1587:
1446:
1387:
1247:
1011:
747:
572:
275:
271:
146:
1830:
567:
offshore is a significant source of sand particles. Some species of fish that feed on
3748:
3700:
3683:
3633:
3574:
3549:
3412:
3339:
3011:
2168:
2149:
2135:
2055:
2003:
1904:
1626:
1583:
1510:
1494:
1470:
1454:
1442:
1391:
1344:
1273:
967:
876:
831:
792:
Red sand: This kind of sand is created by the oxidation of iron from volcanic rocks.
782:
778:
770:
754:
532:
508:
293:
244:
221:
201:
170:
158:
130:
1212:
spa towns, for recreation and health. One of the earliest such seaside resorts, was
3564:
3452:
3324:
3319:
3218:
3208:
3153:
2267:
2208:
2129:
1967:
1807:
1766:
1502:
1450:
1201:
634:
2401:"A Caribbean beach could offer a crucial test in the fight to slow climate change"
2272:, chapter 13.1 Beaches, Rebus Community, Roger Williams University, Open textbook.
1814:, with over 45,000 people attending on the opening day. The beach was run bay the
663:
17:
177:. Sediments settle in different densities and structures, depending on the local
3715:
3529:
3502:
3497:
3377:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3233:
3223:
2946:
2553:
2213:
2203:
1748:
1705:
1599:
1552:
1466:
1449:
by the end of the 19th century. The first public beach in the United States was
1435:
1379:
1332:
1259:
1255:
638:
627:
438:
337:
213:
1536:
3643:
3579:
3539:
3457:
3382:
3173:
3031:
2178:
2163:
2111:
2101:
2079:
2063:
1732:
1673:
1657:
1603:
1575:
1336:
1250:, extended the seaside as a resort for health and pleasure to the much larger
1040:
650:
607:
434:
353:
345:
309:
232:
166:
2535:
3584:
3544:
3372:
3309:
3228:
3158:
2771:
2090:
2051:
1791:
line or mean low tide line. In some jurisdictions, the public has a general
1770:
1681:
1611:
1541:
1498:
1486:
1431:
1415:
1340:
1320:
1299:
1296:
1243:
1217:
1192:
935:
919:
804:
793:
686:
646:
642:
590:
579:
240:
197:
397:
is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline. The berm has a
185:, creating different textures, colors and gradients or layers of material.
1873:
aesthetically complement the surrounding structures and natural landforms;
830:, and artificial greensand beaches are being explored for this process by
348:(not shown here) is the highest reach of the daily tide where organic and
3512:
3507:
3334:
3249:
3108:
2933:
2075:
2070:
and other beach plants grow on undisturbed areas of the beach and dunes.
2067:
1835:
1792:
1720:
1645:
1595:
1567:
1506:
1411:
1363:
1277:
1264:
1239:
1036:
812:
762:
728:
690:
603:
599:
556:
540:
142:
2536:"Pärnu | Resort town Pärnu | Pärnu information | Estonia"
1355:
was completed in 1868, with a theatre and a large open-air dance floor.
328:
212:
and changing of beach geologies happens through natural processes, like
3648:
3522:
3367:
3243:
3238:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3053:
2320:
1940:
1716:
1693:
1571:
1312:
1205:
1187:
1005:
819:
774:
743:
713:
584:
552:
317:
313:
182:
3673:
3668:
3203:
3183:
3138:
3123:
2981:
1851:
1724:
1669:
1556:
1482:
1474:
1423:
1251:
856:
766:
758:
694:
682:
623:
578:
The composition of the beach depends upon the nature and quantity of
492:
485:
297:
162:
154:
27:
Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water
2894:
1648:
and contamination of certain marine species are a frequent outcome.
235:, playing important economic and cultural roles—often driving local
3554:
3517:
3178:
3128:
3113:
3103:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3006:
3001:
2951:
2198:
2183:
2026:
1847:
1841:
1829:
1677:
1642:
1622:
1562:
1547:
1535:
1520:
1373:
1291:
1226:
1186:
1045:
1030:
1018:
1010:
999:
987:
732:
724:
719:
Tropical white sand: On tropical islands, the sand is composed of
662:
568:
560:
518:
502:
480:
428:
386:
361:
349:
341:
327:
288:
248:
193:
120:
109:
1174:
integrated the naturally occurring shingle into the pebble base.
3688:
3678:
3653:
3163:
3093:
3041:
3036:
2059:
1788:
1395:
1331:
The growth was intensified by the practice among the Lancashire
1281:
808:
701:
595:
564:
536:
528:
488:
422:
394:
333:
189:
188:
Though some beaches form on inland freshwater locations such as
178:
150:
126:
2898:
416:, where there may be evidence of one or more older crests (the
220:. Where wind conditions are correct, beaches can be backed by
3168:
2971:
1641:. In these cases of marine discharge, waterborne disease from
368:, beaches are also found by lakes and alongside large rivers.
45:
2511:. Department of Humanities, University of Central Lancashire.
2286:
Florida's Living Beaches, A Guide for the Curious Beachcomber
2035:
nesting on the berm section of the beach; beyond can be seen
1870:
provide a durable surface able to withstand the traffic flow;
700:
Light-colored sand: This sand gets its color from quartz and
645:. White sand beaches look white because the quartz or eroded
1810:
in the United States opened on 12 July 1896, in the town of
336:
is a nearly horizontal portion that stays dry except during
133:
beaches are shaped and maintained naturally by wave actions.
1988:(100 kilometres ) in the north-east of Haida Gwaii, Canada;
1858:-like decor, evoking a romantic sense as its name suggests.
1232:
Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance
742:
and gets its pink hue from fragments of coral, such as in
622:
waves removes material forming a gently sloping beach. On
543:
of which the beach is made as these particles are held in
2433:
2431:
2280:
2278:
1578:, making it one of the most popular travel destinations.
723:
from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms, like
2853:. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 366 p.
1970:
beach (about 182 kilometres ) in Gulf of Mexico, Texas.
1015:
Playing in the surf is a popular recreational activity.
2006:
beach (about 65 kilometres ) in Queensland, Australia;
2088:), and beach peanut, and animals such as mole crabs (
1481:. By the early 20th century surfing was developed in
1461:, which linked the coastal sea resorts developing at
1358:
Many of the popular beach resorts were equipped with
445:
These geomorphic features compose what is called the
515:
and moved around by the action of waves and currents
441:. In winter, sand from the beach is stored offshore.
3626:
3593:
3398:
3358:
3275:
2932:
1637:beach closure is an occasional circumstance due to
891:
One of Bermuda's pink-sand beaches at Astwood Park.
1582:Beaches can be popular on warm sunny days. In the
1574:, is especially known for its sand beaches by the
1162:appearance to the naturally occurring beach sand.
1137:beach and may emerge from the beach at low tide.
412:The sand deposit may extend well inland from the
37:"Sand beach" redirects here. For other uses, see
738:Pink coral sand: Like the above, is composed of
2523:Queen Victoria and the Discovery of the Riviera
2509:"The seaside resort: a British cultural export"
2438:Holloway, J. Christopher; Taylor, Neil (2006).
2009:Troia-Sines Beach (63 kilometres ) in Portugal;
1453:, which opened in 1896. During that same time,
996:can form if a beach suddenly changes direction.
527:Beaches are the result of wave action by which
523:Beach formed on a wild, untamed rocky coastline
2863:. Virginia: Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co. pp.
818:Green sand: In this kind of sand, the mineral
2910:
2668:"Mengapa Berwisata ke Pantai Harus Membayar?"
2054:feed on these beach dwellers. The endangered
8:
2012:the Jersey Shore, 204 km/127 miles; and
1614:, the best recreational beaches are awarded
1469:, FL, to winter travelers from the northern
800:in Canada are examples of this kind of sand.
1540:Tourists at the Mediterranean Sea beach of
2917:
2903:
2895:
2573:"Remembering the days of bathing machines"
2469:. Blackpool Tourist Office. Archived from
2262:
2260:
1958:(220 kilometres ) in north-west Australia;
1769:are restricted to people who can purchase
689:, it can also contain other minerals like
364:is most commonly associated with the word
196:, most beaches are in coastal areas where
114:Recreational beaches, such as this one in
1976:(151 kilometres ) in Victoria, Australia;
1951:Amongst the world's longest beaches are:
653:sunlight without absorbing other colors.
96:Learn how and when to remove this message
789:beach are examples of this type of sand.
59:This article includes a list of general
2494:
2314:
2225:
2066:also bury their eggs in ocean beaches.
1994:beach (about 90 kilometres ) in Mexico.
1410:Continental European attitudes towards
845:
704:, and is the most common sand color in
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
1621:Beaches are often dumping grounds for
765:, which give it its gray-black color.
753:Black sand: Black sand is composed of
547:. Alternatively, sand may be moved by
381:geological units of considerable size.
352:is deposited by wave action. May have
125:St Oswalds Bay, Dorset, England. Wild
2666:Pramesti, Tri Jata Ayu (7 May 2015).
2062:species rely on beaches for nesting.
1866:A well-designed beach access should:
1846:The entrance of the Romance Beach in
1625:and litter, necessitating the use of
1441:Commercial sea bathing spread to the
1430:, a French businessman, arranged for
1288:Seaside resorts for the working class
7:
2752:from the original on 4 February 2019
2284:Blair and Dawn Witherington (2007),
2233:
2231:
2229:
2082:, beach elder, beach morning glory (
1258:ideal of the picturesque landscape;
1191:A popular Victorian seaside resort.
671:volcanic, biogenic coral, pink coral
2797:"Are All Beaches in Hawaii Public?"
1783:Intertidal zone § Legal issues
815:are examples of each, respectively.
796:'s Kokkini Beach or the beaches on
3613:Integrated coastal zone management
2619:. City of Evanston. Archived from
2593:. City of Evanston. Archived from
1272:'s long-standing patronage of the
65:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2772:"Oregon Beach Bill, Oregon Coast"
2442:. Pearson Education. p. 29.
2104:, and white beach tiger beetles.
855:Fine, white sand made up of pure
3729:
3728:
3266:
3259:
2719:Eger, Isaac (3 September 2020).
2525:, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2007.
2142:
2128:
2114:
2018:(which is about 40 kilometres ).
2000:in New Zealand (88 kilometres );
1882:be maintained appropriately; and
1362:, because even the all-covering
959:
943:
927:
911:
896:
884:
868:
848:
598:and mud to precipitate creating
50:
2376:"About Different Types of Sand"
1157:Inappropriate beach nourishment
1123:Creation of beach access points
1082:Humanmade erosion and accretion
3711:Region of freshwater influence
2748:. Mass Moments. 12 July 2005.
2351:"How does sand get its color?"
1594:because even the all-covering
1268:is an example of that. Later,
1:
3760:Coastal and oceanic landforms
3473:Large-scale coastal behaviour
3305:Beaches in estuaries and bays
2857:Schwartz, Maurice L. (1982).
2721:"Who Owns Florida's Beaches?"
1816:Metropolitan Parks Commission
1319:to the small seaside town of
1302:
1238:The opening of the resort in
984:Natural erosion and accretion
251:and bars. They may also have
2269:Introduction to Oceanography
1964:(212 kilometres ) in Brazil;
861:Hyams Beach, New South Wales
3765:Oceanographical terminology
1982:(150 kilometres unbroken);
1974:Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria
1751:in sensitive environments.
1027:reserved for marine animals
681:White sand: Mostly made of
39:Sand Beach (disambiguation)
3791:
2826:The Rough Guide to Britain
2042:
1780:
1758:
1739:has debated the merits of
1555:, a popular beach area in
1459:Florida East Coast Railway
1370:Expansion around the world
811:, Malta or Porto Ferro in
474:
36:
29:
3724:
3257:
2889:Coping with beach erosion
1224:were introduced by 1735.
1004:Hidden beach in southern
708:and other regions of the
673:volcanic, garnet, olivine
3418:Coastal biogeomorphology
2824:Andrews, Robert (2002).
2648:13 December 2013 at the
2033:Kemp's ridley sea turtle
1737:The Surfrider Foundation
1631:underdeveloped countries
1570:, the summer capital of
1073:Effects on adjacent land
649:in the sand reflects or
116:Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2801:Travel Tips - USA Today
2440:The business of tourism
1986:Naikoon Provincial Park
1980:Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
1899:Corduroy (beach ladder)
1834:A beach access path in
1639:sanitary sewer overflow
1132:Concentration of runoff
875:Yellow-colored sand in
208:and reworks sediments.
80:more precise citations.
3315:Coastal morphodynamics
2355:Quick & Dirty Tips
2040:
2016:Long Beach, Washington
1890:Concrete ramp or steps
1859:
1839:
1755:Restrictions on access
1579:
1560:
1545:
1533:
1383:
1308:
1235:
1196:
1051:
1050:Maldives dream beaches
1043:
1035:Anse Source d'Argent,
1028:
1016:
1008:
997:
674:
559:producing deposits of
524:
516:
500:
442:
357:
301:
218:extreme weather events
134:
118:
32:Beach (disambiguation)
3706:Physical oceanography
2405:MIT Technology Review
2030:
1845:
1833:
1812:Revere, Massachusetts
1759:Further information:
1702:zero-depth entry pool
1566:
1551:
1539:
1524:
1377:
1295:
1242:and its reception of
1230:
1190:
1148:Deprivation of runoff
1049:
1034:
1022:
1014:
1003:
991:
979:Erosion and accretion
666:
522:
506:
484:
432:
331:
312:or nesting areas for
292:
226:due to climate change
124:
113:
3535:Submergent coastline
3488:Marine transgression
3443:Discordant coastline
3428:Concordant coastline
2746:"Revere Beach Opens"
2349:Stierwalt, Sabrina.
1262:'s unfinished novel
1234:, early 19th century
1091:Destruction of flora
906:'s beach black sand.
828:carbon sequestration
798:Prince Edward Island
338:extremely high tides
324:Location and profile
30:For other uses, see
3775:Tourist attractions
3639:Coastal engineering
2776:theoregoncoast.info
2643:What are Beach Tags
2464:"Blackpool History"
2288:, (Pineapple Press)
1635:developed countries
1590:were equipped with
1491:southern California
1204:near Naples and in
840:Types of beach sand
710:Mediterranean Basin
669:glass, dune, quartz
667:Depiction of sands:
3608:Coastal management
3448:Emergent coastline
3119:Intertidal wetland
3022:Continental margin
2266:Webb, Paul (2019)
2122:Environment portal
2094:), coquina clams (
2085:Ipomoea pes-caprae
2041:
2039:in the wrack line.
1941:John Loudon McAdam
1860:
1840:
1808:first public beach
1727:, where sand from
1652:Artificial beaches
1580:
1561:
1546:
1534:
1505:, and the coastal
1479:East Coast Railway
1384:
1378:Seaside facade at
1309:
1236:
1197:
1178:Use for recreation
1052:
1044:
1029:
1017:
1009:
998:
675:
616:longshore currents
525:
517:
501:
443:
358:
302:
280:coastal management
135:
119:
18:Recreational beach
3770:Erosion landforms
3742:
3741:
3570:Wave-cut platform
3483:Marine regression
3027:Continental shelf
3017:Coastal waterfall
2926:Coastal geography
2851:Waves and Beaches
2849:Bascom, W. 1980.
2835:978-1-85828-881-9
2725:Sarasota Magazine
2319:King, HM (2019).
2194:Sand art and play
2045:Seashore wildlife
1956:Eighty Mile Beach
1745:beach nourishment
1712:Beach nourishment
1445:and parts of the
1025:Galápagos Islands
934:Orange sand from
922:'s Kokkini beach.
740:calcium carbonate
721:calcium carbonate
284:beach nourishment
264:plastic pollution
169:sources, such as
106:
105:
98:
16:(Redirected from
3782:
3732:
3731:
3493:Raised shoreline
3468:Ingression coast
3463:Graded shoreline
3438:Cuspate foreland
3270:
3263:
3214:Submarine canyon
3074:Freshwater marsh
2919:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2878:
2839:
2828:. Rough Guides.
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2700:on 11 April 2017
2696:. Archived from
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2663:
2657:
2654:visitnjshore.com
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2623:on 4 August 2008
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2521:Michael Nelson,
2519:
2513:
2512:
2507:Walton, John K.
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2118:
1962:Praia do Cassino
1741:artificial reefs
1592:bathing machines
1360:bathing machines
1307:
1304:
1222:bathing machines
1064:Effects on flora
963:
947:
931:
915:
900:
888:
872:
852:
458:coastal flooding
350:inorganic debris
340:and storms. The
306:important biomes
101:
94:
90:
87:
81:
76:this article by
67:inline citations
54:
53:
46:
21:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3720:
3696:Intertidal zone
3622:
3589:
3478:Longshore drift
3423:Coastal erosion
3394:
3354:
3290:Beach evolution
3271:
3265:
3264:
3255:
2942:Anchialine pool
2928:
2923:
2885:
2875:
2856:
2846:
2844:Further reading
2836:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2674:(in Indonesian)
2672:hukumonline.com
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:Wayback Machine
2641:Amodio, Aimee.
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2189:List of beaches
2174:Beach evolution
2148:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2047:
2025:
1992:Playa Novillera
1949:
1947:Longest beaches
1937:
1928:
1919:
1901:
1892:
1828:
1804:
1785:
1779:
1777:Private beaches
1763:
1761:Freedom to roam
1757:
1729:Manhattan Beach
1654:
1600:topfree beaches
1586:, many popular
1530:Joaquín Sorolla
1528:
1519:
1509:regions of the
1489:; it spread to
1405:King Edward VII
1372:
1305:
1290:
1244:royal patronage
1185:
1180:
1159:
1150:
1134:
1125:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
986:
981:
976:
975:
974:
971:
964:
955:
952:Papakolea Beach
948:
939:
932:
923:
916:
907:
901:
892:
889:
880:
873:
864:
853:
842:
841:
824:Papakolea Beach
706:Southern Europe
672:
670:
668:
661:
539:or other loose
498:
479:
477:Beach evolution
473:
326:
268:coastal erosion
260:water pollution
175:coralline algae
102:
91:
85:
82:
72:Please help to
71:
55:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3788:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Brackish marsh
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:Barrier island
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2883:External links
2881:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2854:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2788:
2763:
2737:
2711:
2685:
2658:
2634:
2608:
2582:
2563:
2545:
2527:
2514:
2499:
2497:, p. 597.
2487:
2476:on 5 July 2007
2455:
2448:
2427:
2417:
2392:
2367:
2334:
2290:
2274:
2256:
2245:. 5 March 2020
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Beach advisory
2155:
2154:
2153:
2139:
2125:
2109:
2106:
2043:Main article:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1948:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:surface runoff
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1827:
1824:
1803:
1802:Public beaches
1800:
1781:Main article:
1778:
1775:
1756:
1753:
1653:
1650:
1627:beach cleaners
1518:
1515:
1457:developed the
1447:British Empire
1428:François Blanc
1401:Queen Victoria
1390:alongside the
1388:French Riviera
1371:
1368:
1345:pleasure piers
1289:
1286:
1270:Queen Victoria
1248:King George IV
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
972:
965:
958:
956:
954:'s green sand.
950:Close view of
949:
942:
940:
933:
926:
924:
918:Red sand from
917:
910:
908:
902:
895:
893:
890:
883:
881:
874:
867:
865:
854:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
837:
836:
835:
816:
801:
790:
751:
748:Bahama Islands
736:
731:, as found in
717:
698:
660:
657:
573:organic matter
496:
472:
469:
383:
382:
379:
374:may refer to:
325:
322:
296:on a beach in
276:climate change
272:sea level rise
245:changing rooms
171:mollusc shells
104:
103:
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3787:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Littoral zone
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Bulkhead line
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Wave shoaling
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Surge channel
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Cliffed coast
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Shingle beach
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Coastal plain
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2597:on 2 May 2008
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2554:"Parnu beach"
2549:
2546:
2541:
2540:frosthotel.ee
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2449:0-273-70161-4
2445:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2323:. Geology.com
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Beach cleaner
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:Rivers portal
2140:
2137:
2136:Oceans portal
2131:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:piping plover
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:Fraser Island
2002:
1999:
1998:90 Mile Beach
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1905:corduroy road
1898:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1826:Access design
1825:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Waikīkī Beach
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:urban beaches
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:beach resorts
1585:
1584:Victorian era
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1511:United States
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Mediterranean
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:United States
1468:
1464:
1463:St. Augustine
1460:
1456:
1455:Henry Flagler
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:United States
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1392:Mediterranean
1389:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Isle of Wight
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1023:Beach in the
1021:
1013:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
970:, New Zealand
969:
968:Carters Beach
966:Grey sand at
962:
957:
953:
946:
941:
937:
930:
925:
921:
914:
909:
905:
899:
894:
887:
882:
879:beach, Spain.
878:
877:Castelldefels
871:
866:
862:
858:
851:
846:
833:
832:Project Vesta
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
783:Fuerteventura
780:
779:Praia Formosa
776:
772:
771:Punaluu Beach
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:volcanic rock
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
678:
665:
658:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
619:
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:
514:
510:
505:
494:
490:
487:
483:
478:
470:
468:
466:
461:
459:
454:
450:
448:
447:beach profile
440:
439:higher energy
436:
431:
427:
425:
424:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
388:
380:
377:
376:
375:
373:
369:
367:
363:
360:Although the
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
295:
294:Marine debris
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
222:coastal dunes
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
123:
117:
112:
108:
100:
97:
89:
86:November 2020
79:
75:
69:
68:
62:
57:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3565:Volcanic arc
3453:Feeder bluff
3360:River mouths
3325:Raised beach
3320:Pocket beach
3276:
3248:
3219:Tidal island
3209:Strand plain
3154:Natural arch
2859:
2850:
2825:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2740:
2730:15 September
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:the original
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2671:
2661:
2653:
2637:
2627:13 September
2625:. Retrieved
2621:the original
2611:
2601:13 September
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2585:
2576:
2571:Bishop, Jo.
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2502:
2495:Andrews 2002
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2458:
2439:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2325:. Retrieved
2285:
2268:
2247:. Retrieved
2242:
2209:Strand plain
2095:
2089:
2083:
2072:
2048:
2037:plant debris
1968:Padre Island
1950:
1938:
1929:
1926:Foliage ramp
1920:
1902:
1893:
1865:
1861:
1820:
1805:
1797:
1786:
1767:Jersey Shore
1764:
1710:
1698:
1655:
1620:
1609:
1604:nude beaches
1581:
1559:, Australia.
1525:
1503:South Africa
1451:Revere Beach
1440:
1422:, Prince of
1409:
1385:
1357:
1353:Central Pier
1330:
1310:
1263:
1237:
1231:
1210:
1208:in Trieste.
1202:Amalfi Coast
1198:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
863:, Australia.
676:
655:
635:crystallises
632:
620:
612:
589:
577:
526:
511:is scoured,
464:
462:
455:
451:
446:
444:
421:
417:
413:
411:
406:
402:
401:(top) and a
398:
391:
384:
371:
370:
365:
359:
303:
257:
230:
187:
138:
136:
107:
92:
83:
64:
43:
3716:River plume
3530:Steep coast
3503:Rocky shore
3498:Rip current
3378:River delta
3350:Wash margin
3345:Storm beach
3335:Shell beach
3300:Beach wrack
3295:Beach ridge
3285:Beach cusps
3234:Tied island
3224:Tidal marsh
2947:Archipelago
2818:Works cited
2806:12 November
2781:13 December
2678:18 February
2249:16 November
2214:Urban beach
2204:Smart beach
2102:ghost crabs
2064:Sea turtles
1935:Gravel ramp
1917:Fabric ramp
1749:snow cannon
1553:Bondi Beach
1467:Miami Beach
1436:Monte Carlo
1420:Charles III
1380:Monte Carlo
1337:wakes weeks
1333:cotton mill
1317:branch line
1306: 1898
1260:Jane Austen
1214:Scarborough
1069:root ball.
659:Sand colors
628:percolation
608:wave crests
418:storm beach
310:sea turtles
253:hospitality
247:, showers,
214:wave action
181:action and
165:, etc., or
78:introducing
3749:Categories
3644:Grain size
3618:Submersion
3595:Management
3580:Wind fetch
3540:Surf break
3458:Flat coast
3388:regressive
3174:Salt marsh
3032:Coral reef
2874:0879332131
2410:6 November
2221:References
2179:Beach polo
2164:Beach ball
2080:sea rocket
2068:Seagrasses
2052:shorebirds
1771:beach tags
1733:California
1674:Nottingham
1658:Copenhagen
1633:; even in
1576:Baltic Sea
1432:steamships
1349:North Pier
1041:Seychelles
712:, such as
643:shorelines
591:Coastlines
565:coral reef
545:suspension
475:See also:
465:drift line
435:wavelength
414:berm crest
354:sand dunes
346:wrack line
233:recreation
167:biological
149:, such as
61:references
3603:Accretion
3585:Wind wave
3545:Surf zone
3400:Processes
3373:Mouth bar
3330:Recession
3310:Beachrock
3229:Tide pool
3159:Peninsula
3047:cliff-top
2934:Landforms
2558:1001beach
2380:Sciencing
2091:Hippoidea
2058:and some
1838:, Florida
1686:Singapore
1682:Rotterdam
1662:Hong Kong
1646:pathogens
1616:Blue Flag
1612:Caribbean
1596:beachwear
1542:Barcelona
1499:Australia
1487:Australia
1465:, FL and
1416:nakedness
1364:beachwear
1341:promenade
1321:Blackpool
1300:Promenade
1297:Blackpool
1218:Yorkshire
1193:Llandudno
936:Ramla Bay
920:Santorini
805:Ramla Bay
794:Santorini
687:limestone
647:limestone
600:mud flats
580:sediments
549:saltation
541:sediments
507:Sand and
471:Formation
241:lifeguard
3734:Category
3560:Undertow
3513:Sea foam
3508:Sea cave
3408:Blowhole
3250:Windwatt
3109:Headland
2957:Avulsion
2891:– UNESCO
2750:Archived
2646:Archived
2577:BBC News
2480:18 March
2385:28 March
2243:NBC News
2108:See also
2076:sea oats
2023:Wildlife
1850:, using
1836:Key West
1793:easement
1721:Honolulu
1507:Sun Belt
1412:gambling
1343:and the
1313:railways
1278:Ramsgate
1265:Sanditon
1256:romantic
1240:Brighton
1037:La Digue
994:sandspit
813:Sardinia
763:obsidian
746:and the
729:mollusks
691:feldspar
651:scatters
604:mangrove
594:such as
557:slumping
533:currents
362:seashore
318:penguins
314:seabirds
206:deposits
143:landform
3755:Beaches
3684:shingle
3664:granule
3649:boulder
3627:Related
3523:peresyp
3433:Current
3368:Debouch
3277:Beaches
3244:Waituna
3239:Tombolo
3149:Mudflat
3144:Machair
3134:Isthmus
3054:Estuary
2997:Channel
2756:12 July
2360:14 July
2327:14 July
1694:Toronto
1690:Tianjin
1572:Estonia
1477:on the
1382:, 1870s
1325:Poulton
1206:Barcola
1183:History
1006:Croatia
938:, Malta
820:olivine
775:Madeira
757:, like
744:Bermuda
714:Tunisia
585:erosion
553:erosion
509:shingle
278:. Some
243:posts,
237:tourism
210:Erosion
204:action
202:current
183:weather
163:pebbles
159:shingle
131:shingle
74:improve
3674:pebble
3669:gravel
3659:cobble
3204:Strait
3184:Skerry
3139:Lagoon
3124:Island
3079:Fundus
2982:Bodden
2871:
2832:
2704:19 May
2446:
2321:"Sand"
1856:spring
1852:Sakura
1725:Hawaii
1692:, and
1670:Monaco
1666:Manila
1557:Sydney
1544:, 2007
1532:(1904)
1526:Summer
1483:Hawaii
1475:Canada
1426:, and
1424:Monaco
1252:London
1195:, 1856
1055:Causes
857:quartz
767:Hawaii
759:basalt
725:corals
695:gypsum
683:quartz
624:pebble
513:graded
493:silica
486:Quartz
407:trough
298:Hawaii
249:shacks
194:rivers
155:gravel
63:, but
3555:Swash
3518:Shoal
3199:Stack
3189:Sound
3179:Shoal
3129:Islet
3114:Inlet
3104:Hapua
3069:Fjord
3064:Fjard
3059:Firth
3007:Coast
3002:Cliff
2977:Bight
2952:Atoll
2474:(PDF)
2467:(PDF)
2425:2018.
2199:Shore
2184:Coast
2097:Donax
1848:Medan
1678:Paris
1643:fecal
1623:waste
1568:Pärnu
1517:Today
1323:from
1246:from
733:Aruba
639:Cusps
569:algae
561:scree
535:move
529:waves
399:crest
372:Beach
366:beach
342:swash
270:from
190:lakes
141:is a
139:beach
3689:silt
3679:sand
3654:clay
3383:mega
3194:Spit
3164:Reef
3094:Gulf
3042:Dune
3037:Cove
2992:Cape
2962:Ayre
2869:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2808:2023
2783:2015
2758:2019
2732:2020
2706:2017
2680:2022
2629:2010
2603:2010
2482:2007
2444:ISBN
2412:2020
2387:2018
2362:2019
2329:2019
2251:2020
2060:tern
1854:and
1806:The
1789:tide
1747:and
1602:and
1485:and
1473:and
1414:and
1403:and
1396:Nice
1282:Kent
1276:and
904:Ajuy
809:Gozo
787:Ajuy
781:and
761:and
727:and
702:iron
693:and
685:and
602:and
596:clay
563:. A
555:and
537:sand
495:(SiO
489:sand
437:but
423:dune
403:face
395:berm
387:bars
334:berm
274:and
266:and
216:and
198:wave
192:and
179:wave
151:sand
147:rock
129:and
127:sand
3169:Ria
3099:Gut
3089:Geo
3084:Gat
2972:Bay
2865:940
2617:"?"
2591:"?"
2100:),
1719:in
1696:).
1280:in
1216:in
859:in
807:in
785:'s
777:'s
769:'s
531:or
316:or
200:or
173:or
3751::
2867:.
2799:.
2774:.
2723:.
2670:.
2652:,
2575:.
2556:.
2538:.
2430:^
2403:.
2378:.
2353:.
2337:^
2293:^
2277:^
2259:^
2241:.
2228:^
2078:,
2031:A
1903:A
1731:,
1723:,
1688:,
1684:,
1680:,
1676:,
1672:,
1668:,
1664:,
1660:,
1513:.
1501:,
1497:,
1438:.
1407:.
1303:c.
1039:,
992:A
773:,
499:).
426:.
389:.
332:A
286:.
262:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
137:A
2918:e
2911:t
2904:v
2877:.
2838:.
2810:.
2785:.
2760:.
2734:.
2708:.
2682:.
2656:.
2631:.
2605:.
2579:.
2560:.
2542:.
2484:.
2452:.
2414:.
2389:.
2364:.
2331:.
2253:.
834:.
750:.
735:.
716:.
697:.
497:2
356:.
300:.
99:)
93:(
88:)
84:(
70:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
