89:
82:
226:"…care needs to be taken to remember that… is only an approximation, and can only be used as a rough guide to the properties of the elements. Provided that this is done, however, it constitutes a very useful classification, and although purists often despise it because of its approximate nature, the fact is that practising chemists make a great deal of use of it, if only subconsciously, in thinking of the chemistry of different elements."
96:
884:
the sets of nonmetal pnictogens, chalcogens, and halogens will vary depending on how silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and astatine are treated. In some cases, the 2p nonmetals carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and other nonmetals are considered sufficiently different from their heavier congeners to warrant separate treatments.
75:
883:
After the relevant nonmetals are classified as either noble gases or halogens, the remainder are considered on a group-by-group basis. This results in six or seven sets of nonmetals, depending on the treatment of boron, which in some cases is regarded as a metalloid. The size of the group 14 set, and
447:
exist as isolated atoms (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) with no fixed nearest neighbour. This gradual reduction in the number of nearest neighbours corresponds (approximately) to a reduction in metallic character. A similar progression is seem among the metals. Metallic bonding tends to
690:
Noble gases were not known in 1844 when this classification arrangement was published. Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen were grouped together on account of their occurrence in living things. Phosphorus, sulfur and selenium were characterised as being solid; volatile at an average temperature
900:
Greenwood and
Earnshaw, for example, deal with the chemistry of the nonmetals over thirteen chapters: (i) hydrogen; (ii) boron; (iii) carbon; (iv) silicon; (v) germanium (and tin and lead); (vi) nitrogen; (vii) phosphorus; (viii) arsenic and antimony (and bismuth); (ix) oxygen; (x) sulfur; (xi)
808:
Hydrogen is again placed by itself on account of its uniqueness. The remaining nonmetals are divided into metalloids, nonmetals, (referred to as "quintessential nonmetals"), halogens, and noble gases. Since the metalloids abut the post-transition or "poor" metals, they might be renamed as "poor
221:
Classes provided an economy of description and are beneficial to structuring knowledge and understanding of science. The distinction between classes is not absolute. Boundary overlaps can occur as outlying elements in each class show or begin to show less-distinct, hybrid-like, or atypical
448:
involve close-packed centrosymmetric structures with a high number of nearest neighbours. Post-transition metals and metalloids, sandwiched between the true metals and the nonmetals, tend to have more complex structures with an intermediate number of nearest neighbours
316:
The nonmetals are divided based on a loose correlation between electronegativity and oxidizing power. Very electronegative nonmetals have electronegativity values over 2.8; electronegative nonmetals have values of 1.9 to 2.8.
511:, with the unnamed class being distinguished by including nonmetals with relatively strong interatomic bonding, and the metalloids being effectively treated as a third super-class alongside metals and nonmetals.
1308:
1251:
1237:
1186:
1158:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1081:
391:
The nonmetals are distinguished based on the molecular structures of their most thermodynamically stable forms in ambient conditions.
499:
Hydrogen is placed by itself on account of it being "so different from all other elements". The remaining nonmetals are divided into
1352:
1284:
1266:
1200:
201:
The nonmetallic elements are sometimes instead divided into two to seven alternative classes or sets according to, for example,
1207:
1299:
Rudakiya DM & Patel Y, "Bioremediation of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals", in
Panpatte DG & Jhala YK (eds), in
557:
A variant of Field & Gray in which carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium are classified as
1214:
Ivanenko NB, Ganeev AA, Solovyev ND & Moskvin LN 2011, "Determination of trace elements in biological fluids",
1136:
901:
selenium and tellurium (and polonium); (xii) the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At); and (xiii) the noble gases.
613:
The nonmetals are divided into four classes that complement a four-fold division of the metals, with the
626:
1381:
143:
1291:
1371:
392:
265:
The nonmetals are simply classified according to their inclination to form chemical compounds. The
1376:
1348:
1304:
1280:
1262:
1247:
1233:
1196:
1182:
1154:
1119:
1105:
1091:
1077:
412:
395:
form structures or molecules in which each atom has two or three nearest neighbours (carbon: C
202:
81:
1333:
1318:
1219:
1193:
Lectures in astrobiology, vol. 1, part 1: The early Earth and other cosmic habitats for life
618:
88:
1328:
Wang et al. 2020, "Understanding the uniqueness of the 2p-elements in the
Periodic Table,"
625:
are treated as chemically weak nonmetals, in a manner analogous to their chemically weak
205:; the relative homogeneity of the halogens; molecular structure; the peculiar nature of
95:
1365:
747:
17:
614:
1322:
1223:
187:
444:
167:
159:
139:
1337:
1292:
Introduction to
Inorganic Chemistry: Key Ideas and their Experimental Basis
206:
195:
179:
171:
151:
415:
form molecules in which each atom has one nearest neighbour (hydrogen: H
1259:
Application of ecological modelling in environmental management, part A
266:
163:
147:
125:
119:
74:
213:
and the halogens; their respective groups; and variations thereupon.
210:
191:
183:
175:
155:
111:
235:
Examples have author labels for convenience, rather than precedence
1116:
The elements: The new guide to the building blocks of our universe
103:
1074:
The stardust revolution: The new story of our origin in the stars
691:
between 100 degrees and red heat; and combustible and flammable.
1163:
Dinwiddle R, Lamb H, Franceschetti DR & Viney M (eds) 2018,
751:
and carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium as
1191:
Gargaud M, Barbier B, Martin H & Reisse J (eds) 2006,
1347:. Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
1151:
The elements: An encyclopedic tour of the periodic table
1313:
Vernon RE 2020, "Organising the metals and nonmetals,"
1086:
Bettelheim FA, Brown WH, Campbell MK, Farrell SO 2010,
1279:, teacher ed., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Orlando,
170:, the remaining unclassified nonmetallic elements are
1303:
vol. 2, Springer Nature, Singapore, pp. 33–50,
1088:Introduction to general, organic, and biochemistry
1181:Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, New York,
1026:Myers, Oldham & Tocci 2004, pp. 120–121
1301:Microbial Rejuvenation of Polluted Environment,
1345:Principles of descriptive Inorganic chemistry
8:
1090:, 9th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont California,
1230:Pluto: Sentinel of the Outer Solar System,
1218:, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 784–799 (784),
1172:Traité élémentaire de chimie industrielle,
816:
756:
693:
638:
565:
513:
455:
351:
319:
276:
237:
29:
958:
1275:Myers RT, Oldham KB & Tocci S 2004,
1257:Jørgensen, SE; Mitsch, WJ, eds. (1983).
1132:, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York
1102:Astrobiology: A very short introduction
1076:, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York,
918:
893:
1244:Oxidation numbers and oxidation states
1130:Introduction to the science of physics
993:Dinwiddle et al. 2018, pp. 34–35
971:Bettelheim et al. 2016, p. 33—34
948:Rudakiya & Patel 2021, p. 37
7:
222:properties. As expressed by Nelson:
1104:, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
970:
253:H, C, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I
1058:
25:
1232:Cambridge University, Cambridge,
1037:Dingle 2017, pp. 9, 101, 179
982:Field & Gray 2011, p. 12
1137:Chemists re-define hydrogen bond
94:
87:
80:
73:
1330:Chemistry - A European Journal,
1261:. Elsevier Science Publishing.
1216:Journal of Analytical Chemistry
1179:Theodore Gray's elements vault,
1015:Dupasquier 1844, pp. 66–67
1014:
1208:Periodic table of the elements
992:
925:
59:B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
1:
1059:Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002
947:
31:
1177:Field SQ & Gray T 2011,
1118:, Carlton Publishing Group,
1246:, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
1205:Government of Canada 2015,
1036:
1003:
936:
617:treated as a subset of the
1398:
1323:10.1007/s10698-020-09356-6
1167:Dorling Kindersley, London
1146:Cronyn MW 2003, "The prope
1025:
981:
790:B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po
745:Metalloids are labeled as
559:carbon and other nonmetals
523:Carbon and other nonmetals
234:
209:; the corrosive nature of
101:
57:
1315:Foundations of Chemistry,
1224:10.1134/S1061934811090036
1211:, accessed 30 August 2015
1047:
378:
361:
1174:Charles Savy Juene, Lyon
1153:, Quad Books, Brighton,
1143:accessed 23 August 2017
926:Jones 2010, p. 169
799:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
736:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
681:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
604:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
548:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
490:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
382:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
346:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
307:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
269:are not distinguished.
256:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
68:He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
1338:10.1002/chem.202003920
727:B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
595:B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
379:H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I
217:Classification science
158:are classed as either
1343:Wulfsberg, G (1987).
1296:Ventus Publishing ApS
443:); and the monatomic
340:H, C, N, P, O, S, Se
62:H, C, N, P, O, S, Se
27:Non metallic elements
1195:, Springer, Berlin,
813:Six or seven classes
393:Polyatomic nonmetals
288:Very electronegative
1242:Jorgensen CK 2012,
1170:Dupasquier A 1844,
961:, pp. 159–160.
370:element (noble gas)
1165:How science works,
1128:Crawford FH 1968,
1114:Challoner J 2014,
1072:Berkowitz J 2012,
937:Nelson 2011, p. 57
874:He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn
793:C, N, P, O, S, Se
730:C, N, P, O, S, Se
598:H, C, N, P, S, Se
542:C, N, P, O, S, Se
484:C, N, P, O, S, Se
413:diatomic nonmetals
301:H, C, P, S, Se, I
1332:vol. 26, no. 67,
1309:978-981-15-7455-9
1252:978-3-642-87760-5
1238:978-0-521-19436-5
1187:978-1-57912-880-7
1159:978-0-85762-505-2
1124:978-0-233-00436-5
1110:978-0-19-958645-5
1100:Catling DC 2013,
1096:978-0-495-39112-8
1082:978-1-61614-549-1
878:
877:
803:
802:
740:
739:
685:
684:
619:transition metals
608:
607:
552:
551:
497:Field & Gray.
494:
493:
389:Bettelheim et al.
386:
385:
350:
349:
311:
310:
260:
259:
242:Reactive nonmetal
203:electronegativity
146:elements such as
136:
135:
18:Reactive nonmetal
16:(Redirected from
1389:
1358:
1289:Nelson PG 2011,
1272:
1141:Nature newsblog,
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:Wang et al. 2020
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
995:
990:
984:
979:
973:
968:
962:
956:
950:
945:
939:
934:
928:
923:
902:
898:
817:
757:
753:other nonmetals.
694:
639:
601:O, F, Cl, Br, I
566:
514:
456:
363:Diatomic element
352:
320:
304:N, O, F, Cl, Br
277:
238:
98:
91:
84:
77:
30:
21:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1342:
1317:pp. 1−17,
1269:
1256:
1228:Jones BW 2010,
1149:Dingle A 2017,
1135:Cressey 2010, "
1069:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
980:
976:
969:
965:
957:
953:
946:
942:
935:
931:
924:
920:
916:
911:
906:
905:
899:
895:
890:
815:
637:
583:
576:
563:
562:
454:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
406:
402:
399:; phosphorus: P
398:
369:
357:
289:
282:
281:Electronegative
275:
236:
233:
219:
131:
129:
115:
108:of a metalloid
107:
47:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1340:
1326:
1311:
1297:
1287:
1277:Holt Chemistry
1273:
1267:
1254:
1240:
1226:
1212:
1203:
1189:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1147:
1144:
1133:
1126:
1112:
1098:
1084:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1018:
1007:
996:
985:
974:
963:
959:Wulfsberg 1987
951:
940:
929:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
904:
903:
892:
891:
889:
886:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
814:
811:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
748:semiconductors
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
720:
715:
710:
708:Other nonmetal
705:
700:
683:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
636:
633:
631:counterparts.
628:frontier metal
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
592:
591:
586:
579:
572:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
453:
450:
440:
436:
432:
431:; chlorine: Cl
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
407:; selenium: Se
404:
400:
396:
384:
383:
380:
377:
373:
372:
365:
360:
348:
347:
344:
341:
337:
336:
331:
326:
324:Other nonmetal
309:
308:
305:
302:
298:
297:
292:
285:
274:
271:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
244:
232:
229:
228:
227:
218:
215:
134:
133:
132:glowing white
130:discharge tube
122:
117:
109:
100:
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
43:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1394:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1354:0-534-07494-4
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:(open access)
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:0-03-066463-2
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:0-444-42155-6
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1201:3-540-29005-2
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
989:
986:
983:
978:
975:
972:
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
949:
944:
941:
938:
933:
930:
927:
922:
919:
913:
908:
897:
894:
887:
885:
882:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
812:
810:
809:non-metals".
807:
798:
796:F, Cl, Br, I
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
744:
735:
733:F, Cl, Br, I
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Semiconductor
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:
689:
680:
678:F, Cl, Br, I
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
634:
632:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
568:
567:
564:
560:
556:
547:
545:F, Cl, Br, I
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
489:
487:F, Cl, Br, I
486:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
451:
449:
446:
435:; bromine: Br
427:; fluorine: F
419:; nitrogen: N
414:
394:
390:
381:
375:
374:
371:
366:
364:
359:
354:
353:
345:
343:F, Cl, Br, I
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
318:
315:
306:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
278:
273:Three classes
272:
270:
268:
264:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
230:
225:
224:
223:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
127:
123:
121:
118:
113:
110:
106:is an example
105:
102:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
71:
67:
65:F, Cl, Br, I
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
49:
44:
42:
37:
35:
32:
19:
1344:
1329:
1314:
1300:
1290:
1276:
1258:
1243:
1229:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1150:
1140:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1073:
1067:Bibliography
1054:
1043:
1032:
1021:
1010:
999:
988:
977:
966:
954:
943:
932:
921:
896:
880:
879:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
805:
804:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
752:
746:
743:Myers et al.
742:
741:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
687:
686:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
635:Five classes
627:
622:
615:noble metals
610:
609:
588:
581:
575:Intermediate
574:
569:
558:
554:
553:
532:
527:
522:
517:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
474:
469:
464:
459:
452:Four classes
388:
387:
376:C, P, S, Se
367:
362:
355:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
294:
287:
280:
262:
261:
246:
241:
220:
200:
137:
116:liquid form
52:
45:
39:Unclassified
38:
33:
1382:Noble gases
1004:Vernon 2020
688:Dupasquier.
672:H, C, N, O
509:noble gases
445:noble gases
439:; iodine: I
423:; oxygen: O
403:; sulfur: S
231:Two classes
168:noble gases
144:nonmetallic
1372:Metalloids
1366:Categories
909:References
871:F,Cl,Br,I
653:Sulphuroid
623:metalloids
555:Dinwiddle.
356:Polyatomic
314:Wulfsberg.
188:phosphorus
160:metalloids
914:Citations
851:Noble gas
841:Chalcogen
836:Pnictogen
781:Noble gas
766:Metalloid
718:Noble gas
675:P, S, Se
663:Noble gas
648:Organogen
589:Noble gas
582:Corrosive
570:Metalloid
533:Noble gas
501:nonmetals
475:Noble gas
368:Monatomic
334:Noble gas
295:Noble gas
263:Rudakiya.
247:Noble gas
140:chemistry
53:Noble gas
34:Metalloid
1377:Halogens
881:Generic.
831:Group 14
826:Group 13
821:Hydrogen
771:Nonmetal
761:Hydrogen
698:Hydrogen
658:Chloroid
584:nonmetal
577:nonmetal
518:Hydrogen
505:halogens
465:Nonmetal
460:Hydrogen
290:nonmetal
283:nonmetal
267:halogens
207:hydrogen
196:selenium
180:nitrogen
172:hydrogen
164:halogens
152:chlorine
142:, after
46:Nonmetal
41:nonmetal
868:O,S,Se
846:Halogen
806:Dingle.
776:Halogen
713:Halogen
611:Vernon.
528:Halogen
470:Halogen
358:element
329:Halogen
148:silicon
128:-filled
126:krypton
120:Bromine
48:halogen
1351:
1307:
1283:
1265:
1250:
1236:
1199:
1185:
1157:
1122:
1108:
1094:
1080:
669:B, Si
643:Boroid
621:. The
507:, and
211:oxygen
192:sulfur
184:oxygen
176:carbon
156:helium
154:, and
112:Oxygen
888:Notes
865:N, P
166:, or
104:Boron
1349:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1078:ISBN
194:and
1334:doi
1319:doi
1220:doi
1139:",
411:);
138:In
1368::
862:C
857:H
787:H
724:H
539:H
503:,
481:H
198:.
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
162:,
150:,
124:A
114:in
1357:.
1336::
1321::
1294:,
1271:.
1222::
561:.
441:2
437:2
433:2
429:2
425:2
421:2
417:2
409:x
405:8
401:4
397:x
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
