136:
title is widely translated as reader. Historically, there would often only be one professor (chair) for each institute or discipline, and other academics at the top academic level would be appointed as docents. In Norway all docents became full professors when the docent rank was abolished in 1985.
200:
The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use a combination of those systems or other titles. Note that some universities in
Commonwealth countries have adopted the American system in place of the Commonwealth system.
109:, that have adopted North American academic titles (i.e. lecturer is equivalent to assistant professor; senior lecturer equivalent to associate professor; professor equivalent to professor), readerships have become assimilated to professorships.
470:
93:
The promotion criteria applied to a readership in the United
Kingdom are similar to those applied to a professorship: advancing from senior lecturer to reader generally requires evidence of a distinguished record of original research.
131:
was traditionally a title ranking between associate professor and professor, and was virtually identical to a readership in the United
Kingdom, although today, the title is used somewhat differently. The traditional Danish/Norwegian
85:
at some
European universities. Readership is one/two rank(s) more prestigious than senior/permanent Lecturership, which translate to Associate/Assistant Professorship. Readers in the UK would correspond to the start of
477:
184:
corresponds to the senior lecturer rank in
Commonwealth universities. About half as many people hold the full professor title in Commonwealth universities as compared to U.S. universities; hence the
144:
is the highest academic title below that of (chair) Professor, but it is usually not an academic position in itself, but is more like a degree; in this sense it is somewhat comparable to the
1100:
1062:
1025:
988:
409:
1276:
453:
566:
1301:
961:
637:
598:
105:
in 2012; those currently holding readerships retain the title, but no new readers will be appointed. In the few UK universities, including the
433:
160:
At some universities in
Commonwealth countries, such as India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Malaysia, and in Ireland, the title
71:
730:
725:
392:
347:
1306:
1015:
711:
954:
416:
630:
1011:
450:
368:
559:
947:
1080:
658:
1311:
1007:
867:
846:
623:
106:
28:
1053:
862:
806:
663:
545:
590:
520:
1114:
901:
192:
ranks in the
Commonwealth system broadly correspond to the lower half of the U.S. full professor rank .
1228:
1184:
1090:
1076:
1034:
979:
98:
314:
1242:
1219:
1204:
777:
701:
696:
231:
102:
437:
360:
66:
and below
Chaired Professor, recognising a distinguished record of original research. Reader is a
1146:
923:
836:
831:
815:
796:
758:
495:
460:
for promotion of Chairs and
Readerships on the website of the Open University, read May 13, 2014.
265:
152:
title is translated as either reader or professor in the sense of a title above senior lecturer.
1071:
43:, denotes an appointment for a senior academic with a distinguished international reputation in
560:"Procedure for appointment as reader ("docent") at the Faculty of Engineering, Lund University"
1238:
1002:
343:
389:
1268:
1224:
1141:
997:
706:
55:
1263:
1247:
1209:
1194:
1161:
971:
928:
889:
841:
801:
768:
673:
457:
396:
290:
63:
50:
In the traditional hierarchy of
British and other Commonwealth universities, reader (and
340:
Making the most of appraisal: career and professional development planning for lecturers
1233:
1189:
1039:
916:
339:
294:
286:
176:
title used in the North American system; like the reader title it ranks higher than an
87:
24:
1295:
873:
59:
1151:
911:
906:
895:
884:
145:
1214:
282:
40:
168:, and similarly ranks above senior lecturer and below (chair) professor. This
1109:
939:
811:
782:
668:
75:
67:
36:
615:
97:
Several UK universities have dispensed with the reader grade, such as the
763:
735:
255:
51:
44:
74:, similar to the distinction between professor and chaired professor in
118:
1199:
1166:
1156:
1085:
879:
127:
122:
32:
943:
619:
148:
found in certain countries in Continental Europe. The Swedish
361:"Guidance and Criteria for the Award of the Title of Reader"
399:
on the web-site of Newcastle University, read May 13, 2014.
180:
in the North American system, as the North American
1256:
1175:
1134:
1127:
1099:
1061:
1052:
1024:
987:
978:
855:
824:
744:
682:
651:
496:"Academic posts at Oxford, Personnel Services site"
281:This rank was the highest academic rank reached by
359:Norman, Jane; Murray, Alan (5 September 2019).
140:In Sweden, and countries influenced by Sweden,
1277:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
546:"Reports - Cambridge University Reporter 6582"
521:"University of Leeds Human Resources Homepage"
955:
631:
8:
1131:
1058:
984:
962:
948:
940:
638:
624:
616:
315:"Principal Lecturer (HE) – Careers Advice"
203:
306:
172:title should not be confused with the
156:Associate professor in place of reader
16:UK academic rank above senior lecturer
7:
591:"Weizmann at Manchester University"
1302:Education and training occupations
471:"University for the Creative Arts"
14:
218:Chair or Distinguished Professor
236:(Australia, NZ, India, Southeast
90:in China and the United States.
1016:Certificate of Higher Education
601:from the original on 2018-01-06
595:www.manchesterjewishstudies.org
572:from the original on 2016-03-03
1:
80:professor extraordinarius and
27:and some universities in the
342:, Routledge, 1994, page 30,
238:Asia, South Africa, Ireland)
1012:Diploma of Higher Education
751:Research and teaching track
369:The University of Edinburgh
1328:
113:Denmark, Norway and Sweden
1307:Academic administration
1008:Higher National Diploma
868:Distinguished professor
847:Postdoctoral researcher
646:Academic ranks overview
494:Oxford, University of.
107:University of Cambridge
29:Commonwealth of Nations
807:Senior research fellow
434:"Lancaster University"
410:"University of London"
1115:Candidate of Sciences
902:Professor of practice
683:North American system
440:on November 13, 2008.
1185:Academic certificate
1077:Postgraduate diploma
451:ASPC Procedures 2010
260:Assistant Professor
250:Associate Professor
207:Commonwealth system
164:is used in place of
99:University of Oxford
83:professor ordinarius
1220:Professional degree
778:associate professor
745:Commonwealth system
702:Associate professor
697:Assistant professor
483:on August 27, 2011.
390:Promotion to Reader
232:associate professor
190:associate professor
182:associate professor
178:associate professor
174:associate professor
170:associate professor
162:associate professor
103:University of Leeds
1147:Doctor of Sciences
924:Teaching assistant
837:Research associate
832:Research assistant
816:research professor
797:Research assistant
759:Associate lecturer
456:2014-05-14 at the
395:2014-05-13 at the
266:Associate Lecturer
215:Professor (chair)
52:principal lecturer
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1239:Specialist degree
1123:
1122:
1091:Engineer's degree
1048:
1047:
1035:Bachelor's degree
1003:Foundation degree
937:
936:
726:Adjunct professor
422:on July 18, 2011.
321:. 11 January 2012
274:
273:
239:
228:
1319:
1225:Graduate diploma
1142:Higher doctorate
1132:
1059:
998:Associate degree
985:
964:
957:
950:
941:
825:Junior positions
718:Non-tenure track
707:Professor (full)
664:Ranks and titles
640:
633:
626:
617:
610:
609:
607:
606:
587:
581:
580:
578:
577:
571:
564:
556:
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
533:
531:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
491:
485:
484:
482:
476:. Archived from
475:
467:
461:
448:
442:
441:
436:. Archived from
430:
424:
423:
421:
415:. Archived from
414:
406:
400:
387:
381:
380:
378:
376:
365:
356:
350:
336:
330:
329:
327:
326:
311:
277:Notable examples
247:Senior Lecturer
235:
226:
210:American system
204:
56:new universities
47:or scholarship.
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1264:Honorary degree
1252:
1248:Terminal degree
1210:Magister degree
1195:External degree
1177:
1171:
1119:
1095:
1072:Master's degree
1044:
1020:
974:
972:academic degree
968:
938:
933:
929:Teaching fellow
890:Head of college
856:Other positions
851:
842:Research fellow
820:
802:Research fellow
769:Senior lecturer
740:
678:
647:
644:
614:
613:
604:
602:
589:
588:
584:
575:
573:
569:
562:
558:
557:
553:
544:
543:
539:
529:
527:
519:
518:
514:
504:
502:
493:
492:
488:
480:
473:
469:
468:
464:
458:Wayback Machine
449:
445:
432:
431:
427:
419:
412:
408:
407:
403:
397:Wayback Machine
388:
384:
374:
372:
363:
358:
357:
353:
337:
333:
324:
322:
313:
312:
308:
303:
291:Mary Cartwright
279:
242:Full Professor
237:
234:
229:
198:
158:
115:
88:full professors
64:senior lecturer
17:
12:
11:
5:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1312:Academic ranks
1309:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1234:Higher diploma
1231:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:Artist diploma
1187:
1181:
1179:
1178:classification
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1040:Honours degree
1037:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
982:
976:
975:
969:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
920:
919:
917:Vice-principal
914:
904:
899:
892:
887:
882:
877:
870:
865:
859:
857:
853:
852:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
826:
822:
821:
819:
818:
809:
804:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:Research track
786:
785:
780:
771:
766:
761:
755:
754:
752:
748:
746:
742:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
722:
721:
719:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
693:
692:
690:
686:
684:
680:
679:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
653:
649:
648:
645:
643:
642:
635:
628:
620:
612:
611:
582:
551:
537:
525:hr.leeds.ac.uk
512:
500:Admin.ox.ac.uk
486:
462:
443:
425:
401:
382:
351:
331:
305:
304:
302:
299:
295:Anita Brookner
287:Chaim Weizmann
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
262:
261:
258:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
197:
194:
157:
154:
114:
111:
60:academic ranks
31:, for example
25:United Kingdom
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:Diplom degree
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
980:Undergraduate
977:
973:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
942:
930:
927:
925:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
858:
854:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
823:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
750:
749:
747:
743:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:Endowed Chair
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
691:
688:
687:
685:
681:
675:
672:
670:
669:Professorship
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
654:
650:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
622:
621:
618:
600:
596:
592:
586:
583:
568:
561:
555:
552:
547:
541:
538:
526:
522:
516:
513:
501:
497:
490:
487:
479:
472:
466:
463:
459:
455:
452:
447:
444:
439:
435:
429:
426:
418:
411:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
386:
383:
371:
370:
362:
355:
352:
349:
348:0-7494-1256-9
345:
341:
338:Graham Webb,
335:
332:
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310:
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269:
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138:
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112:
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100:
95:
91:
89:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
19:The title of
1269:
1152:Habilitation
1135:Postdoctoral
1054:Postgraduate
912:Head teacher
907:Schoolmaster
896:Privatdozent
894:
885:Habilitation
872:
773:
689:Tenure track
674:Tenure track
603:. Retrieved
594:
585:
574:. Retrieved
554:
540:
528:. Retrieved
524:
515:
503:. Retrieved
499:
489:
478:the original
465:
446:
438:the original
428:
417:the original
404:
385:
373:. Retrieved
367:
354:
334:
323:. Retrieved
318:
309:
280:
223:
199:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
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161:
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149:
146:Habilitation
141:
139:
133:
126:
116:
96:
92:
82:
79:
78:and between
49:
20:
18:
1229:certificate
1215:Microdegree
1176:No dominant
1081:certificate
530:28 November
505:18 December
283:Alan Turing
270:Instructor
227:(mainly UK)
41:New Zealand
1296:Categories
1205:Licentiate
970:Levels of
874:Agrégation
863:Chancellor
731:Instructor
605:2018-01-05
576:2014-05-18
325:2019-07-08
319:Jobs.ac.uk
301:References
196:Comparison
101:, and the
70:without a
1270:Ad eundem
1241:/
1227:/
1110:Doctorate
1079:/
1014:/
1010:/
812:Professor
783:Professor
375:10 August
76:Hong Kong
68:professor
37:Australia
1257:Unearned
764:Lecturer
736:Lecturer
652:Overview
599:Archived
567:Archived
454:Archived
393:Archived
256:Lecturer
45:research
1243:diploma
1103:level 8
1065:level 7
1028:level 6
991:level 5
659:Faculty
119:Denmark
54:in the
23:in the
1272:degree
1200:Laurea
1167:Fellow
1162:Tenure
1157:Docent
880:Docent
774:Reader
346:
224:Reader
186:reader
166:reader
150:docent
142:docent
134:docent
128:docent
123:Norway
62:above
58:) are
21:reader
1128:Other
1101:ISCED
1063:ISCED
1026:ISCED
989:ISCED
570:(PDF)
563:(PDF)
481:(PDF)
474:(PDF)
420:(PDF)
413:(PDF)
364:(PDF)
72:chair
33:India
532:2020
507:2016
377:2020
344:ISBN
293:and
188:and
121:and
39:and
814:or
776:or
230:or
117:In
1298::
597:.
593:.
565:.
523:.
498:.
366:.
317:.
297:.
289:,
285:,
125:,
35:,
963:e
956:t
949:v
639:e
632:t
625:v
608:.
579:.
548:.
534:.
509:.
379:.
328:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.