348:, the Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress, and two years later also won the presidency. Due to increased immigration and a large rural-to-urban shift in population from 1910 to 1920, the new Republican Congress refused to reapportion the House of Representatives because such a reapportionment would have shifted political power away from the Republicans. A reapportionment in 1921 in the traditional fashion would have increased the size of the House to 483 seats, but many members would have lost their seats due to the population shifts, and the House chamber did not have adequate seats for 483 members. By 1929, no reapportionment had been made since 1911, and there was vast representational inequity, measured by the average district size; by 1929 some states had districts twice as large as others due to population growth and demographic shift.
31:
341:
enlarged by 50 seats (21%) in respect of the 1870 census. The reapportionment of 1872 created a house size of 292. No particular apportionment method was used during the period 1850 to 1890, but from 1890 through 1910, the increasing membership of the House was calculated in such a way as to ensure that no state lost a seat due to shifts in apportionment population. In 1881, a provision for equally populated contiguous and compact single member districts was added to the reapportionment law, and this was echoed in all decennial reapportionment acts through to 1911.
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235:, expired with the enactment of the 1929 Act. The 1929 Act gave little direction concerning congressional redistricting. It merely established a system in which House seats would be reallocated to states which have shifts in population. The lack of recommendations concerning districts had several significant effects. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 allowed states to draw districts of varying size and shape. It also allowed states to abandon districts altogether and elect at least some representatives
389:. Implementation of this method has eliminated debates about the proper divisor for district size; any divisor that gives 435 members has the same apportionment. It created other problems however, because, given the fixed-size House, each state's congressional delegation changes as a result of population shifts, with various states either gaining or losing seats based on census results. Each state is then responsible for designing the shape of its districts.
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dramatically increased the apportionment population of the
Southern states because the black population counted fully instead of being reduced to three-fifths its numbers. As a result, a major increase in seats was needed to keep about the same number of seats in the northern states and the House was
355:
doubled in population between the 1910 and 1920 censuses. Since the House was not reapportioned, the city had just two congressmen representing 497,000 people each. The average congressional district in 1920 had only 212,000. By the end of the decade things had grown worse. One
Detroit congressman
327:
In 1842 the debate on apportionment in the House began in the customary way with a jockeying for the choice of a divisor using
Jefferson's method. On one day alone, 59 different motions to fix a divisor were made in a House containing but 242 members. The values ranged from 30,000 to 140,000 with
372:
As a result, the average size of a congressional district has more than tripled in sizeâfrom 210,328 inhabitants based on the 1910 Census, to 761,169 according to the 2020 Census. Additionally, due to the unchanging size of the House, combined with the requirement that districts not cross state
215:
Unlike earlier
Apportionment Acts, the 1929 Act neither repealed nor restated the requirements of the previous apportionment acts that congressional districts be contiguous, compact, and equally populated. It was not clear whether these requirements were still in effect until in 1932 the
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The
Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the number of representatives at 435 (the size previously established by the Apportionment Act of 1911), where it has remained except for a temporary increase to 437 members upon the 1959 admission of Alaska and Hawaii into the Union.
315:, Congress enlarged the House of Representatives by various degrees following each subsequent census including 1913, by which time the adjusted membership had grown to 435. From the 1790s through the early 19th century, the seats were apportioned among the states using
323:, which had ousted the Jacksonian Democrats. The Act of 1842 also contained wording which required single-member district elections rather than at-large elections within a state, prompting backlash against an increase in Congressional power.
307:
eliminated the three-fifth clause by stating that "Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding
Indians not taxed."
208:, which established the 435-seat size, and followed nearly a decade of debate and gridlock after the 1920 Census. The 1929 Act took effect after the 1932 election, meaning that the House was never reapportioned as a result of the
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requires that seats in the United States House of
Representatives be apportioned among the various states according to the population disclosed by the most recent decennial census, but only counting "free persons" and
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332:. In the House John Quincy Adams urged acceptance of the method but argued vehemently for enlarging the number of members, as New England's portion was steadily dwindling.
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385:, the 44th-most populous state, has the smallest, with 542,113 people. Since 1941, seats in the House have been apportioned among the states according to the
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more than half between 50,159 and 62,172. But the Senate had tired of this approach and proposed instead an apportionment of 223 members using
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of all other persons," including slaves. The first federal law governing the size of the House and the method of allotting representatives, the
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An Act To provide for the fifteenth and subsequent decennial censuses and to provide for apportionment of
Representatives in Congress.
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lines, and the population distribution among states in the 2020 Census there is a wide size disparity among congressional districts:
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The Act also did away with any mention of districts at all. This allowed political parties in control of a state legislature to
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From 1842 through the 1860s, the House increased minimally at each census and as new states were admitted to the union. But the
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263:(in the early 1960s) 22 of the 435 representatives were elected at-large. This would continue until Congress passed the
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650:"Fair Representation - Meeting the Ideal of One Man One Vote", Michael L. Balinski and H. Peyton Young, page 46, 56, 57
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616:"Fair Representation - Meeting the Ideal of One Man One Vote", Michael L. Balinski and H. Peyton Young, pages 34, 35
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bill enacted on June 18, 1929, that establishes a permanent method for apportioning a constant 435 seats in the
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in April 1792. It set the number of members of the House at 105 (effective March 4, 1793, with the
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for which they were written. Thus the size and population requirements, last stated in the
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739:. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau
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717:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives
690:(Kindle ed.). New York, London, Toronto: Simon & Schuster. p. 4542.
498:(Kindle ed.). New York, London, Toronto: Simon & Schuster. p. 4542.
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544:. Washington, D.C.: Founders Online, National Archives. February 1, 2018
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319:. In 1842, the House was reduced from 242 to 223 members by the incoming
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455:"Conflict over Congressional Reapportionment: The Deadlock of the 1920s"
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227:(1932) that the provisions of each apportionment act affected only the
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381:, has the largest average district size, with 989,948 people; and
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18:
United States Law providing for 435 Representatives in the House
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589:"Fair Representation - Meeting the Ideal of One Man One Vote",
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six years of
Democratic control of Congress and the presidency
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represented 1.3 million people while some rural districts in
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United States federal government administration legislation
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at will and to elect some or all representatives at large.
737:"Apportionment Legislation 1890 – Present"
405:(1932) This would be the case until Congress enacted the
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which reinforced the single-member district requirement.
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Birthplace and childhood home
National Historic Site
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661:"Apportionment of Representatives in Congress"
239:, which several states chose to do, including
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688:Last Call; The Rise & fall of Prohibition
496:Last Call; The Rise & fall of Prohibition
8:
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1200:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
541:Opinion on Apportionment Bill, 4 April 1792
204:. This reapportionment was preceded by the
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1205:Hoover Institution Library and Archives
1109:Belgian American Educational Foundation
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1298:Republican National Convention, 1920
854:United States Secretary of Commerce
667:. CQ Researcher Online: 975. 1927.
186:Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929
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1436:Redistricting in the United States
900:Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929
407:Uniform Congressional District Act
265:Uniform Congressional District Act
218:Supreme Court of the United States
79:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
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1254:The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue
1099:Commission for Relief in Belgium
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1025:State of the Union Address, 1929
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686:Okrent, Daniel (May 31, 2011).
494:Okrent, Daniel (May 31, 2011).
360:had fewer than 180,000 people.
1116:American Relief Administration
845:President of the United States
1:
1246:Backstairs at the White House
715:"Proportional Representation"
278:, Section 2, Clause 3 of the
198:U.S. House of Representatives
1133:Commission for Polish Relief
981:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
952:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
604:"The 1842 Apportionment Act"
311:With but one exception, the
1608:Congressional apportionment
912:Reapportionment Act of 1929
627:Reapportionment Law of 1880
387:method of equal proportions
351:As an example, the city of
166:Reapportionment Act of 1929
51:71st United States Congress
24:Reapportionment Act of 1929
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1220:Herbert C. Hoover Building
947:Federal Home Loan Bank Act
563:The 1842 Apportionment Act
429:Rotten and pocket boroughs
280:United States Constitution
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1121:Russian Famine Relief Act
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917:Wall Street Crash of 1929
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665:CQ Researcher by CQ Press
472:10.1017/S0898030622000355
459:Journal of Policy History
313:Apportionment Act of 1842
291:, was signed into law by
289:Apportionment Act of 1792
233:Apportionment Act of 1911
210:1920 United States Census
206:Apportionment Act of 1911
144:
28:
1618:Redistricting commission
1128:U.S. Food Administration
986:U.S. occupation of Haiti
399:draw district boundaries
379:45th-most populous state
1379:Franklin D. Roosevelt â
1277:English translation of
957:Federal Home Loan Banks
922:SmootâHawley Tariff Act
1174:Lou Henry Hoover House
334:
259:. For example, in the
1359:(great-granddaughter)
1169:HooverâMinthorn House
1104:University Foundation
1040:Judicial appointments
1013:Medicine Ball Cabinet
325:
184:), also known as the
1639:1929 in American law
942:Mexican Repatriation
338:Fourteenth Amendment
305:Fourteenth Amendment
117:Title 2âThe Congress
1138:Finnish Relief Fund
1089:Sons of Gwalia mine
993:London Naval Treaty
937:Revenue Act of 1932
932:Economy Act of 1932
593:and H. Peyton Young
574:Thirty-Thousand.org
140:Legislative history
25:
1345:Herbert Hoover Jr.
1225:U.S. Postage stamp
1215:Hoover Institution
905:Federal Farm Board
591:Michel L. Balinski
317:Jefferson's method
301:American Civil War
271:Historical context
200:according to each
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1372:â Calvin Coolidge
1249:(1979 miniseries)
1143:Hoover Commission
998:Hoover Moratorium
299:). Following the
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168:(ch. 28, 46
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91:Statutes at Large
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1195:Bibliography
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1082:Other events
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1257:(1996 film)
1057:Hoover desk
976:Banana Wars
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856:(1921â1928)
847:(1929â1933)
768: (1932)
529: (1932)
276:Article One
1633:Categories
1556:Washington
1511:California
1159:Early life
1018:Hooverball
969:Bonus Army
895:Hoover Dam
880:Transition
866:Presidency
546:Retrieved
440:References
321:Whig Party
257:New Mexico
249:Washington
70:Public law
38:Long title
1561:Wisconsin
1290:Elections
673:1942-5635
481:0898-0306
220:ruled in
182:§ 2a
134:§ 2a
65:Citations
57:Effective
1603:Case law
1551:Virginia
1521:Michigan
1506:Arkansas
1489:By state
1443:By cycle
1393:Category
871:timeline
548:March 5,
413:See also
375:Delaware
358:Missouri
245:Illinois
241:New York
237:at-large
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1587:REDMAP
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1152:Life
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852:3rd
842:31st
790:U.S.
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