3169:
2380:
329:, although this tuning is not universal. Many depictions of the rebec show its bridge as flat, which would mean that several strings were bowed at the same time. This suggests that the strings would likely be tuned in fifths and fourths similar to the fiddle and mandora. The instrument was originally in the treble range, like the violin, but later larger versions were developed, so that by the 16th century
3179:
2390:
27:
356:
The use of frets on the rebec is somewhat ambiguous. Many scholars who have written about the instrument have described it as fretless. However, some illustrations from the 13th century onward depict frets on the rebec. It is possible to attribute this discrepancy to the fact that frets on bowed
353:
and musicians at feasts. In northern Europe, musicians typically held it at the shoulder, while musicians in southern Europe and northern Africa held it down in the lap and gripped the bow from below.
2747:
562:, earned his living by playing that instrument. His rebec was damaged by a mob that accused him of murder, but one of the monks repaired it and returned to him at the end of the story.
966:
325:
The number of strings on the rebec varies from 1 to 5, although three is the most common number. Early forms of the instrument commonly had 2. The strings are often tuned in
309:
A distinguishing feature of the rebec is that the bowl (or body) of the instrument is carved from a solid piece of wood. This distinguishes it from the later period
2427:
983:
1013:
224:. There is, however, evidence of the existence of bowed instruments in the 9th century in Eastern Europe. The Persian geographer of the 9th century
1551:
497:
e a
Fuloresta), and Antônio Nóbrega plays the rebec in a very Brazilian folkloric way, which has a large number of players in its north-east part.
2043:
938:
3223:
3213:
1043:
490:
3218:
3208:
1885:
1377:
272:
The rebec was first referred to by that name around the beginning of the 14th century, though a similar instrument, usually called a
220:
Popular from the 13th to 16th centuries, the introduction of the rebec into
Western Europe coincided with the Arabic conquest of the
3203:
828:
700:
48:
2972:
2702:
2225:
1038:
2420:
1506:
955:
521:
2672:
2445:
1372:
299:
298:
in a 13th century
Moravian treatise on music. Medieval sources refer to the instrument by several other names, including
2982:
1491:
1406:
1006:
723:
534:, one of the musicians called by Peter in an oft-cut scene. Presumably, he is named for the instrument that he plays.
3027:
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2890:
2413:
2370:
2235:
1033:
3012:
2857:
2727:
2267:
2230:
1905:
1900:
1546:
3121:
659:
3152:
2997:
2910:
2885:
2584:
2383:
2257:
2247:
2078:
1531:
1461:
999:
55:
3182:
3159:
3136:
3131:
2767:
2652:
2531:
2393:
1734:
1421:
1114:
334:
254:
3002:
2900:
2692:
2334:
1649:
1357:
1214:
899:
420:
2647:
1796:
1501:
1426:
1352:
64:
2777:
2146:
2141:
2048:
1865:
1852:
1801:
1770:
1719:
1610:
1456:
1286:
1271:
1256:
1199:
1149:
1109:
1066:
753:
246:
357:
instruments appeared in Europe in the early renaissance, but not in
England until the 15th century.
2895:
2579:
2574:
2526:
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2344:
2192:
1975:
1765:
1664:
1595:
1471:
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1411:
1327:
1297:
1154:
1144:
1099:
1078:
1061:
688:
525:
434:
3178:
2389:
460:
is a French musician, composer and improvisor who performs on, among other instruments, the rebec.
3090:
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3045:
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2867:
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2053:
1895:
1791:
1739:
1699:
1684:
1600:
1451:
1362:
1134:
653:
450:
is a multi-instrumentalist specializing in early bowed strings like the rebec. She also plays in
414:
276:(arm lyre), had been played since around the 9th century. The name derives from the 15th century
114:
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891:
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2511:
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2175:
2063:
2033:
1993:
1940:
1875:
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1729:
1689:
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1605:
1511:
1496:
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1307:
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824:
696:
361:
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41:
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1935:
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1416:
1401:
1160:
853:
530:
467:
397:
326:
174:
145:
950:
758:
The origins of bowing and the development of bowed instruments up to the thirteenth century
466:, while being more famous for his work on violin and bagpipes, also plays the rebec in the
360:
In time, the viol came to replace the rebec, and the instrument was little used beyond the
3080:
3065:
3007:
2977:
2847:
2797:
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2619:
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2028:
1964:
1920:
1312:
1291:
1276:
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1129:
912:
610:
555:
474:
457:
944:
236:) as a typical bowed instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the pear-shaped Arab
3085:
3060:
3017:
2792:
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2707:
2697:
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2496:
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2168:
2158:
2038:
1969:
1930:
1910:
1890:
1620:
1590:
1563:
1476:
1332:
1302:
1171:
1053:
1022:
735:
577:
571:
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441:
385:
377:
266:
229:
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124:
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masters until the 18th century, however, often being used for the same purpose as the
3197:
3040:
2926:
2832:
2822:
2717:
2609:
2594:
2104:
2003:
1870:
1838:
1694:
1615:
1441:
1261:
1139:
1122:
977:
972:
509:
494:
478:
277:
212:. In its most common form, it has a narrow boat-shaped body and one to five strings.
960:
3116:
3055:
2946:
2905:
2772:
2642:
2516:
2329:
2136:
2099:
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1998:
1983:
1481:
1317:
1092:
551:
544:
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389:
205:
32:
772:
3111:
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2837:
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83:
72:
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1915:
1585:
1281:
1247:
1242:
1209:
636:
484:
424:
373:
369:
284:
2951:
2126:
1988:
1806:
1541:
740:
The stringed instruments of the Middle Ages, their evolution and development
632:
622:
600:
350:
1204:
857:
871:
Remnant, Mary (1968). "The Use of Frets on Rebecs and
Mediaeval Fiddles".
2936:
2288:
2208:
2131:
2094:
1577:
1367:
1347:
1322:
642:
628:
487:, a European music group, often includes the rebec in their performances.
451:
330:
258:
2202:
2180:
2151:
2109:
1880:
1536:
1084:
1071:
606:
596:
265:. The rebec also became a favorite instrument in the tea houses of the
250:
417:
included a rebec before the band switched to a fully amplified lineup.
392:, often includes the rebec. Chilote Waltz (a variation of traditional
2956:
1925:
1847:
1342:
648:
590:
428:
310:
303:
119:
99:
2405:
574:: the pear-shaped bowed stringed instrument of the Byzantine Empire.
2197:
2121:
941:
definition at
Dictionary.com ("Word of the Day" on April 30, 2022)
616:
586:
438:
401:
393:
381:
365:
238:
109:
991:
372:, a small pocket-sized violin. The rebec also remained in use in
338:
314:
104:
26:
2409:
995:
154:
844:
Remnant, Mary (1968). "Rebec, Fiddle, and Crowd in
England".
976:
963:– Origins, morphology, construction, and sound sample.
189:
183:
160:
951:
Musiconis
Database of Medieval Musical Iconography: Rebec.
283:, altered in an unexplained manner from the 13th century
481:
have released a number of albums that include the rebec.
294:. An early form of the rebec is also referred to as the
947:– Short history of the rebec, and sound sample.
625:: a four-stringed instrument similar to the kemenche.
504:, is used in the song "Kingfisher" on the 2010 album
192:
163:
186:
180:
157:
151:
3099:
3026:
2965:
2919:
2866:
2741:
2628:
2540:
2452:
2312:
2281:
2218:
2087:
2016:
1957:
1836:
1758:
1712:
1677:
1657:
1648:
1575:
1562:
1392:
1241:
1183:
1170:
1052:
177:
148:
89:
79:
63:
47:
40:
693:Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence
714:For a possible etymological link between Arabic
31:The rebec in "Virgin among Virgins" (1509), by
257:, which had been kept alive by descendants of
2421:
1007:
821:The Early Violin and Viola: A Practical Guide
245:The rebec was adopted as a key instrument in
8:
987:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
846:Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association
799:The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular
547:by playing a rebec and singing a love song.
337:of rebecs, just as they did for consorts of
19:
823:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
349:The rebec was often played by professional
2428:
2414:
2406:
1954:
1833:
1829:
1755:
1709:
1674:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1572:
1568:
1389:
1238:
1180:
1176:
1014:
1000:
992:
956:The Rebirth of the Rabeca Fiddle of Brazil
797:Stainer, J.F.R. (1900). "Rebec and Viol".
558:stories: Liliwin, the title character of
444:group, has a member who performs on rebec.
814:
812:
543:, a goatherd entertains Don Quixote and
1552:List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours
671:
631:: a three-stringed instrument from the
550:A rebec featured prominently in one of
908:
897:
760:. Oxford University Press. p. 35.
585:: The pear-shaped bowed instrument of
454:, an early music and folk music group.
290:, which in turn comes from the Arabic
18:
742:, London: William Reeves, p. 434
7:
1378:Other troubadours and trobairitz...
364:period. The instrument was used by
619:: a Western Balkan folk instrument
508:by American multi-instrumentalist
431:, Canada, includes a rebec player.
142:, and other spellings, pronounced
14:
491:Sérgio Roberto Veloso de Oliveira
3177:
3168:
3167:
2703:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
2388:
2379:
2378:
890:Millacura, Matías (2019-01-24).
695:, Ayer Publishing, p. 137,
645:Croatian or Dalmatian instrument
253:it was used in the tradition of
173:
144:
25:
65:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
333:were able to write pieces for
1:
2446:List of Renaissance composers
1373:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
3224:Medieval musical instruments
925:Have One On Me album booklet
724:American Heritage Dictionary
3214:Italian musical instruments
1044:List of musical instruments
777:Online Etymology Dictionary
656:: a Spanish folk instrument
3240:
3076:Petrus Phalesius the Elder
2891:English Virginalist School
873:The Galpin Society Journal
493:(from Mestre Ambrósio and
317:known in the Renaissance.
261:as refugees following the
3219:Swiss musical instruments
3209:Early musical instruments
3147:
2858:Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
2443:
2360:
1906:Matheus de Sancto Johanne
1901:Johannes Symonis Hasprois
1832:
1644:
1571:
1547:Galician-Portuguese lyric
1492:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras
1407:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras
1179:
1029:
678:Margaret J. Kartomi, 1990
96:
24:
3204:Bowed string instruments
1936:Antonio Zacara da Teramo
660:Rebecca (disambiguation)
524:is a minor character in
388:, a genre of music from
71:(Bowl lyre sounded by a
56:Bowed string instruments
2886:English Madrigal School
1462:Gillebert de Berneville
1039:List of music theorists
984:Encyclopædia Britannica
819:Stowell, Robin (2001).
404:) also uses the rebec.
2728:Tomás Luis de Victoria
2532:Oswald von Wolkenstein
1735:Gherardello da Firenze
1422:Le Chastelain de Couci
1215:Philippe le Chancelier
907:Cite journal requires
603:folk music instrument.
259:Muslims who left Spain
255:Arabo-Andalusian music
2748:Transition to Baroque
2693:Pierre de Manchicourt
2044:Johannes de Garlandia
1358:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
560:The Sanctuary Sparrow
421:Les Cousins Branchaud
302:and the generic term
2778:Girolamo Frescobaldi
2585:Cristóbal de Morales
2365:Also music theorist*
2049:Johannes de Grocheio
1866:Conradus de Pistoria
1853:Philippus de Caserta
1802:Philippus de Caserta
1771:Antonello da Caserta
1720:Andreas de Florentia
1611:Guillaume de Machaut
1272:Bernart de Ventadorn
1257:Aimeric de Peguilhan
1200:Albertus Parisiensis
1150:Adam of Saint Victor
1110:Saint Martial school
1067:Notker the Stammerer
858:10.1093/jrma/95.1.15
689:Farmer, Henry George
613:stringed instrument.
247:Arab classical music
2896:Florentine Camerata
2868:Composition schools
2527:Gaspar van Weerbeke
1976:Contenance angloise
1766:Bartolino da Padova
1665:Marchetto da Padova
1596:Magister Franciscus
1472:Guillaume le Vinier
1467:Gontier de Soignies
1412:Audefroi le Bastart
1298:Folquet de Marselha
1155:Wulfstan the Cantor
1145:Hildegard of Bingen
1115:Adémar de Chabannes
1100:Fulbert of Chartres
1062:Abbey of Saint Gall
1054:Early (before 1150)
526:William Shakespeare
500:A rebec, played by
435:Ensemble Micrologus
202:stringed instrument
91:Related instruments
21:
3091:Thomas Vautrollier
3071:Ottaviano Petrucci
3046:Pierre Attaingnant
3036:Hieronymus Andreae
2843:Michael Praetorius
2828:Claudio Monteverdi
2818:Giovanni de Macque
2813:Luzzasco Luzzaschi
2783:Alfonso Fontanelli
2673:Francisco Guerrero
2648:Antonio de Cabezón
2560:Thomas Crecquillon
2542:Middle (1470–1530)
2522:Johannes Tinctoris
2462:Alexander Agricola
2304:Neo-Medieval music
2294:Medieval folk rock
2074:Berno of Reichenau
2054:Iacobus de Ispania
1896:Petrus de Goscalch
1797:Niccolò da Perugia
1792:Grazioso da Padova
1740:Lorenzo da Firenze
1700:Vincenzo da Rimini
1685:Giovanni da Cascia
1517:Other trouvères...
1502:Perrin d'Angicourt
1452:Gautier de Dargies
1427:Chrétien de Troyes
1363:Raimon de Miravalh
1353:Raimbaut d'Aurenga
517:In popular culture
415:Michael Nyman Band
3191:
3190:
2788:Giovanni Gabrieli
2615:Philippe Verdelot
2512:Johannes Ockeghem
2454:Early (1400–1470)
2437:Renaissance music
2403:
2402:
2371:Renaissance music
2079:Aurelian of Réôme
2064:Johannes de Muris
2034:Franco of Cologne
2012:
2011:
1994:Arnold de Lantins
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1876:Johannes Cuvelier
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1787:Giovanni Mazzuoli
1782:Matteo da Perugia
1754:
1753:
1730:Francesco Landini
1708:
1707:
1690:Jacopo da Bologna
1673:
1672:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1627:Philippe de Vitry
1606:Jehan de Lescurel
1527:
1526:
1512:Raoul de Soissons
1457:Gautier d'Espinal
1447:Gautier de Coincy
1388:
1387:
1308:Giraut de Bornelh
1287:Cerverí de Girona
1267:Arnaut de Mareuil
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1195:Notre-Dame school
1105:Heriger of Lobbes
1034:List of composers
967:Tenor rebec photo
771:Harper, Douglas.
554:' (12th century)
228:cited the bowed
226:Ibn Khurradadhbih
222:Iberian Peninsula
140:rebecha, rebeckha
132:
131:
42:String instrument
16:String instrument
3231:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3051:Vittorio Baldini
3028:Music publishing
2803:Hans Leo Hassler
2758:Gregorio Allegri
2713:Cipriano de Rore
2688:Vicente Lusitano
2683:Orlando di Lasso
2638:Jacques Arcadelt
2605:Pierre de la Rue
2600:Josquin des Prez
2580:Clément Janequin
2575:Antoine de Févin
2565:Antonius Divitis
2507:Johannes Martini
2482:Guillaume Du Fay
2430:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2188:Liturgical drama
1955:
1862:
1859:Johannes Ciconia
1834:
1830:
1812:Zacara da Teramo
1776:Johannes Ciconia
1756:
1746:Paolo da Firenze
1725:Donato da Cascia
1710:
1675:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1573:
1569:
1564:Late (1300–1400)
1507:Philippe de Rémi
1437:Conon de Béthune
1417:Blondel de Nesle
1402:Adam de la Halle
1390:
1328:Peire d'Alvernha
1239:
1226:
1181:
1177:
1172:High (1150–1300)
1161:Wipo of Burgundy
1126:
1096:
1088:
1079:Stephen of Liège
1016:
1009:
1002:
993:
988:
980:
926:
923:
917:
916:
910:
905:
903:
895:
887:
881:
880:
868:
862:
861:
841:
835:
834:
816:
807:
806:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
768:
762:
761:
754:Bachmann, Werner
750:
744:
743:
732:
726:
712:
706:
705:
685:
679:
676:
531:Romeo and Juliet
468:Dufay Collective
376:, especially in
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
29:
22:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3164:
3156:
3143:
3095:
3081:Girolamo Scotto
3066:Antonio Gardano
3022:
2961:
2915:
2862:
2853:Heinrich Schütz
2848:Philippe Rogier
2798:Orlando Gibbons
2750:
2746:
2737:
2733:Giaches de Wert
2723:Christopher Tye
2678:Claude Le Jeune
2668:Claude Goudimel
2663:Nicolas Gombert
2658:Andrea Gabrieli
2653:Jacobus Clemens
2624:
2620:Adrian Willaert
2550:Martin Agricola
2536:
2472:Antoine Busnois
2467:Gilles Binchois
2448:
2439:
2434:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2375:
2356:
2308:
2277:
2214:
2164:Gregorian chant
2083:
2069:Walter Odington
2029:Guido of Arezzo
2008:
1965:Johannes Alanus
1945:
1921:Jacob Senleches
1857:
1816:
1750:
1704:
1669:
1632:
1625:
1558:
1523:
1384:
1313:Guiraut Riquier
1292:Comtessa de Dia
1277:Bertran de Born
1245:
1229:
1223:Petrus de Cruce
1221:
1166:
1130:Notker Physicus
1121:
1091:
1083:
1048:
1025:
1020:
971:
935:
930:
929:
924:
920:
906:
896:
892:"Rabel Chilote"
889:
888:
884:
870:
869:
865:
843:
842:
838:
831:
818:
817:
810:
805:(691): 596–597.
796:
795:
791:
781:
779:
770:
769:
765:
752:
751:
747:
736:Panum, Hortense
734:
733:
729:
713:
709:
703:
687:
686:
682:
677:
673:
668:
568:
556:Brother Cadfael
519:
458:Dominique Regef
410:
347:
323:
274:lira da braccio
218:
176:
172:
147:
143:
70:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3157:
3153:Medieval music
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3086:Tielman Susato
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Valerio Dorico
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
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2917:
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2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Franco-Flemish
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
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2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
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2825:
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2815:
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2800:
2795:
2793:Carlo Gesualdo
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2763:Thomas Campion
2760:
2754:
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2555:Antoine Brumel
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2499:
2497:Heinrich Isaac
2494:
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2477:Loyset Compère
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973:Chisholm, Hugh
969:
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961:The Rebec Page
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537:In a scene in
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506:Have One On Me
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442:medieval music
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49:Classification
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3160:Baroque music
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3059:
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3049:
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3041:Andrea Antico
3039:
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3034:
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3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
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2918:
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2833:Thomas Morley
2831:
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2826:
2824:
2823:Luca Marenzio
2821:
2819:
2816:
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2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Thomas Tallis
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
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2676:
2674:
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2666:
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2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:John Taverner
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Jacob Obrecht
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
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2576:
2573:
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2525:
2523:
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2495:
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2490:
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2300:
2297:
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2226:British Isles
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2096:
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2088:Musical forms
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2004:W. de Wycombe
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1123:Odo of Arezzo
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978:"Rebec"
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3122:Architecture
3056:Jacob Bathen
2773:John Dowland
2643:William Byrd
2517:Leonel Power
2369:
2335:Architecture
2207:
2159:Geisslerlied
2137:Formes fixes
2059:Notker Labeo
2024:Anonymous IV
1999:Leonel Power
1984:Thomas Fabri
1974:
1837:
1658:Predecessors
1576:
1482:Jehan Bretel
1318:Jaufre Rudel
1184:
1093:Odo of Cluny
982:
921:
900:cite journal
885:
876:
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866:
849:
845:
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792:
780:. Retrieved
776:
773:"rebec (n.)"
766:
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748:
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692:
683:
674:
559:
552:Ellis Peters
549:
545:Sancho Panza
538:
536:
529:
520:
502:Shira Kammen
448:Tina Chancey
396:, played in
390:North Africa
359:
355:
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244:
237:
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219:
206:Medieval era
139:
135:
133:
33:Gerard David
3112:Renaissance
3107:Early music
3003:Netherlands
2983:Elizabethan
2838:Jacopo Peri
2808:Alonso Lobo
2768:John Cooper
2630:Late (1530)
2590:Jean Mouton
2502:Jean Japart
2492:Walter Frye
2325:Middle Ages
2320:Early music
2282:Derivations
2115:Chansonnier
1487:Jehan Erart
1432:Colin Muset
1338:Peire Vidal
1186:Ars antiqua
718:and French
583:Cretan lyra
540:Don Quixote
522:Hugh Rebeck
464:Giles Lewin
427:group from
362:renaissance
263:Reconquista
210:Renaissance
138:(sometimes
84:Middle Ages
3198:Categories
3137:Philosophy
3132:Literature
3100:Background
2966:Traditions
2942:Magnificat
2932:Intermedio
2876:Burgundian
2350:Philosophy
2345:Literature
2313:Background
2219:Traditions
1586:F. Andrieu
1442:Gace Brulé
1282:Castelloza
1248:Trobairitz
1243:Troubadour
1135:St. Godric
666:References
637:Asia Minor
635:region of
485:Oni Wytars
425:folk music
374:folk music
285:Old French
2952:Offertory
2881:Colorists
2743:Mannerism
2263:Lithuania
2127:Conductus
2017:Theorists
1989:Roy Henry
1916:Rodericus
1807:Sant Omer
1542:Minnesang
945:The Rebec
852:: 15–28.
782:5 October
633:Black Sea
623:Kamencheh
611:Bulgarian
601:Himalayan
351:minstrels
331:composers
80:Developed
69:321.21-71
3173:Category
3150: ←
3013:Portugal
2937:Madrigal
2911:Venetian
2384:Category
2289:Bardcore
2268:Portugal
2236:Scotland
2209:Planctus
2193:Madrigal
2132:Estampie
2095:Antiphon
1650:Trecento
1578:Ars nova
1537:Goliards
1394:Trouvère
1368:Sordello
1348:Perdigon
1323:Marcabru
879:: 15–28.
756:(1969).
738:(1939),
691:(1988),
643:Lijerica
629:Kemenche
566:See also
473:Sisters
452:Hesperus
335:consorts
3163:→
2993:Germany
2973:British
2253:Germany
2231:England
2203:Organum
2181:Tydorel
2152:Virelai
2147:Rondeau
2142:Ballade
2110:Chanson
1886:Egidius
1881:Egardus
1601:Grimace
1532:Casella
1210:Pérotin
1085:Hucbald
1072:Tuotilo
939:"rebec"
607:Gadulka
597:Dramyin
475:Shirley
439:Italian
408:Artists
311:vielles
251:Morocco
249:and in
216:Origins
204:of the
3183:Portal
3008:Poland
2988:France
2978:Cyprus
2957:Pavane
2751:c.1600
2394:Portal
2340:Poetry
2248:France
2243:Cyprus
1958:Others
1941:Trebor
1926:Solage
1848:Borlet
1343:Peirol
1246:&
1205:Léonin
827:
699:
649:Rabeca
591:Greece
429:Quebec
345:In use
327:fifths
321:Tuning
315:gambas
304:fiddle
296:rubeba
288:ribabe
120:rabeca
100:vielle
3127:Dance
3018:Spain
2998:Italy
2927:Carol
2906:Roman
2273:Spain
2258:Italy
2198:Motet
2122:Chant
2105:Carol
2100:Canso
720:rebec
716:rebab
654:Rabel
617:Gusle
587:Crete
437:, an
402:Chile
394:waltz
382:Spain
366:dance
339:viols
292:rebab
281:rebec
239:rebab
136:rebec
115:rabel
110:rebab
20:Rebec
2947:Mass
2745:and
913:help
825:ISBN
784:2015
722:see
697:ISBN
609:: a
599:: a
495:Siba
477:and
423:, a
380:and
313:and
234:lūrā
232:(or
134:The
105:viol
3117:Art
2330:Art
2176:Lai
854:doi
528:'s
370:kit
300:kit
171:or
73:bow
3200::
981:.
904::
902:}}
898:{{
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875:.
850:95
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589:,
400:,
384:.
341:.
306:.
269:.
242:.
155:iː
2429:e
2422:t
2415:v
2374:→
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1778:*
1742:*
1629:*
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1225:*
1163:?
1157:?
1125:*
1095:*
1087:*
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1008:t
1001:v
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911:(
894:.
860:.
856::
833:.
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639:.
593:.
512:.
470:.
196:/
193:k
190:ɛ
187:b
184:ɛ
181:r
178:ˈ
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164:k
161:ɛ
158:b
152:r
149:ˈ
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75:)
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