367:
454:
358:. When the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not, strictly speaking, "native rulers" because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, but in practice, they had many of the attributes of petty kings, including elaborate regalia and palaces and a high degree of impunity.
592:
Since 1998, a large portion of governance have been delegated from central government in
Jakarta to local regencies, with regencies now playing important role in providing services to Indonesian people. Direct elections for regents and mayors began in 2005, with the leaders previously being elected
588:
needed to be slowed (or even stopped for the time being), although local politicians at various levels across government in
Indonesia continue to express strong populist support for the continued creation of new regencies. Indeed, no further regencies or independent cities have been created since
580:
in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies (and cities) from around 300 at the end of 1998 to 514 in 2014 sixteen years later. This secession of new regencies, welcome at first, has become increasingly controversial within
444:
Regencies as we know them today were first created
January 28, 1892, when the Dutch East Indies government established the Landarchief. The first landarchivasis was confirmed the next day and lasted until 1905. Officially, Indonesia's current regencies were established with the proclamation of
1084:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1127:
765:[Republic of Indonesia Law Number 21 of Year 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for Papua Province] (Law Number 21). LN (in Indonesian). Vol. 135. Indonesia (published 2001). 21 November 2001. ch. 1 § 1.k.
238:
496:
on Java, the regents held higher protocollary rank than the assistant-resident who supposedly advised them and held day-to-day sway over the population. After the independence of
Indonesia in 1945, the terms
779:[Republic of Indonesia Law Number 23 of Year 2014 concerning Regional Government] (Law Number 23). LN (in Indonesian). Vol. 244. Indonesia (published 2014). 2 October 2014. ch. 1 § 1.24.
1400:
231:
481:
had to follow Dutch instructions on any matter of concern to the colonial authorities. Like the current system of government in
Indonesia, the system of historical times is still in effect.
64:
224:
989:
Kembali ke jatidiri bangsa: Sumpah Pemuda
Indonesia, Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945, Pancasila, dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : sejarah, filsafat, dan refleksi pemikiran kebangsaan
1135:
1475:
366:
589:
2014. However, a paper on fiscal decentralization and regional income inequality in 2019 argued that that fiscal decentralization reduces regional income inequality.
1485:
1098:
60:
68:
1567:
1345:
130:
1591:
1355:
638:
430:
114:
1330:
126:
103:
1185:
524:. The inscription is estimated to be from the end of the 7th century AD, Indonesia inscription expert Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis translated
475:(and indeed they had such a relationship with the native rulers who continued to prevail in much of Indonesia outside Java), but in practice the
315:). The average area of Indonesian regencies is about 4,578.29 km (1,767.69 sq mi), with an average population of 670,958 people.
1234:
1205:
1490:
1014:
1058:
1335:
122:
56:
1068:
1024:
997:
943:
896:
835:
118:
1586:
852:
469:
headed by exclusively
European residents. This term hinted that the residents had a quasi-diplomatic status in relation to the
1041:
987:
791:
666:
1445:
1413:
1408:
712:
1550:
1418:
312:
1256:
1535:
933:
886:
869:
825:
808:
1221:
pushed to have district chiefs, mayors and governors indirectly voted in by local parliaments, as they were in 2005.
1149:
Siburian, Matondang Elsa (2020). "Fiscal decentralization and regional income inequality: evidence from
Indonesia".
1555:
1530:
1460:
1350:
913:
493:
1540:
648:
581:
Indonesia because the administrative fragmentation has proved costly and has not brought the hoped-for benefits.
27:
1513:
1300:
671:
643:
572:
in 1998 a remarkable secession of regency governments has arisen in
Indonesia. The process has become known as
489:
280:
93:
576:(division). Following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the
1545:
1520:
1430:
1395:
1378:
1305:
1288:
418:
268:
1495:
731:
661:
288:
276:
145:
41:
1470:
1450:
1340:
676:
178:
1128:"Strategic Asia: When it comes to Regional Autonomy in Indonesia, Breaking Up Should be Harder to Do'"
1455:
1440:
776:
762:
691:
453:
1390:
1370:
545:
256:
1508:
1500:
1383:
1166:
686:
681:
626:
300:
763:
Undang-Undang
Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua
1465:
1435:
1365:
1064:
1020:
993:
939:
892:
831:
541:
485:
414:
319:
1360:
1325:
1313:
1158:
727:
577:
569:
1085:"Prasasti Ligor, Jejak Historis Raja Jawa di Semenanjung Melayu pada Abad Kedelapan Masehi"
1425:
417:
title for regional rulers in precolonial kingdoms, its first recorded usage being in the
509:
were applied throughout the archipelago to the administrative unit below the residency (
1480:
1191:
622:
433:
to Sriwijaya's kings. Related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are
339:
211:
1580:
1170:
610:
601:
As of 2020, there are 416 regencies in Indonesia, and 98 cities. 120 of these are in
871:
Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kebangkitan nasional dan masa akhir Hindia Belanda
584:
Senior levels of the administration expressed a general feeling that the process of
1112:
653:
1162:
1099:"Kerajaan Sriwijaya: Letak, Raja-raja, Masa Kejayaan, dan Peninggalan Halaman all"
960:
Prasasti Indonesia II: Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century A.D.
730:. "District" to refer to regencies is incorrect as "districts" legally refers to
793:
Departemen Dalam Negeri, tugas, fungsi dan peranannya dalam pemerintah di Daerah
204:
777:
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah
614:
560:
was used to refer to the king of Srivijaya Hujunglangit in the 9th century AD
484:
The relationship between those sides was ambivalent: while legal and military
517:
422:
272:
726:
Example of this incorrect usage is in machine translation services such as
618:
549:
388:
915:
Perkembangan fungsi dan struktur pamong praja ditinjau dari segi sejarah
810:
Perkembangan fungsi dan struktur pamong praja ditinjau dari segi sejarah
1318:
602:
520:
and contains a worship of the king of Srivijaya, there may be the word
1525:
556:. this inscription was identified in 775 AD 7th century AD, the term
458:
329:
972:
516:
In the Telaga Batu inscription, which was found in the village near
854:
Sejarah Kebudayaan Bali: Kajian Perkembangan dan Dampak Pariwisata
452:
658:
Other similar administrative divisions found outside Indonesia:
606:
488:
rested with the Dutch government (or, for a long time, with the
355:
1260:
465:
Regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into
830:(in Indonesian). Penerbitan Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
1043:
Bupati di Priangan: dan kajian lainnya mengenai budaya Sunda
827:
Sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dahulu dan sekarang
354:
had been regional lords under the precolonial monarchies of
851:
Raharjo, Supratikno; Munandar, Agus Aris (1 January 1998).
1016:
Kepemimpinan Pemerintahan Indonesia: Teori dan Prakteknya
962:, Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia, Bandung: Masa Baru.
874:(in Indonesian). Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
429:is mentioned among the titles of local rulers who
1063:(in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.
552:. In the 17th century, Europeans called the area
857:(in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.
504:
498:
476:
470:
408:
382:
349:
323:
370:Portrait of a Javanese regent in gala uniform (
343:
1272:
232:
8:
1235:"Jumlah Kabupaten dan Provinsi di Indonesia"
445:Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945.
1568:List of administrative divisions by country
333:
1279:
1265:
1257:
790:Indonesia Departemen Dalam Negeri (1985).
348:in Javanese and subsequently Indonesian).
318:The English name "regency" comes from the
263:), sometimes incorrectly referred to as a
239:
225:
18:
796:(in Indonesian). Departemen Dalam Negeri.
639:List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
1566:Country spanning more than one continent
912:Koesoemahatmadja, Djenal Hoesen (1978).
891:(in Indonesian). Humaniora Utama Press.
807:Koesoemahatmadja, Djenal Hoesen (1978).
365:
1233:Putri, Arum Sutrisni (8 January 2020).
992:(in Indonesian). Millennium Publisher.
754:
705:
195:
170:
137:
75:
33:
26:
888:Tradisi dan transformasi sejarah Sunda
868:Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened (1975).
1206:"Indonesia Scraps Regional Elections"
927:
925:
391:, a shortening of the Sanskrit title
7:
441:('lord of the army' or 'general').
1046:(in Indonesian). Pusat Studi Sunda.
407:'lord of the land'). In Indonesia,
22:This article is part of a series on
938:(in Indonesian). Wahana Resolusi.
16:Indonesian administrative division
14:
1204:Kwok, Yenni (26 September 2014).
1126:Sitomorang, Yosua (9 June 2010).
1592:Types of administrative division
932:Setiawan, Irfan (29 June 2018).
1184:Hill, Hal (18 September 2013),
1013:Adiwilaga, Rendy (1 May 2018).
593:by local legislative councils.
322:, when regencies were ruled by
667:Ceremonial counties of England
492:) under a Governor General in
387:is originally a loanword from
287:). Regencies are divided into
1:
1163:10.1080/13504851.2019.1683139
371:
935:Handbook Pemerintahan Daerah
885:Lubis, Nina Herlina (2000).
313:Special Region of Yogyakarta
279:and on the same level with
1608:
1113:"Prasasti Hujung Langit -"
1060:Ragam Pusaka Budaya Banten
1040:Pusat Studi Sunda (2004).
1564:
1296:
1287:Articles on second-level
1151:Applied Economics Letters
649:Subdivisions of Indonesia
544:, which was found in the
413:was originally used as a
28:Subdivisions of Indonesia
1531:Timor-Leste (East Timor)
1289:administrative divisions
1187:Power shift in Indonesia
958:Casparis, J.G., (1956),
918:(in Indonesian). Alumni.
813:(in Indonesian). Alumni.
672:Municipalities of Mexico
644:City status in Indonesia
490:Dutch East India Company
457:Sosroningrat, Regent of
381:The Indonesian title of
824:Suwarno, P. J. (1989).
568:Since the start of the
449:Pre-independence period
419:Telaga Batu inscription
399:भूमि '(of the) land' +
269:administrative division
179:Rural or urban villages
131:regencies by population
1587:Regencies of Indonesia
1057:Hatmadji, Tri (2007).
662:County (United States)
505:
499:
477:
471:
462:
409:
383:
378:
350:
344:
334:
324:
260:
1138:on 28 September 2012.
677:Departments of France
540:is also found in the
456:
421:, which dates to the
369:
320:Dutch colonial period
986:Pakan, Djon (2002).
692:Districts of Germany
536:in Dutch), the word
332:) and were known as
127:cities by population
1087:. 30 December 2020.
546:Nakhon Si Thammarat
275:, directly under a
1291:of Asian countries
1115:. 7 February 2022.
687:Provinces of Italy
682:Provinces of Spain
463:
403:पति 'lord', hence
379:
1574:
1573:
1132:The Jakarta Globe
1019:(in Indonesian).
542:Ligor inscription
425:period, in which
249:
248:
1599:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1134:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1010:
1004:
1003:
983:
977:
976:
969:
963:
956:
950:
949:
929:
920:
919:
909:
903:
902:
882:
876:
875:
865:
859:
858:
848:
842:
841:
821:
815:
814:
804:
798:
797:
787:
781:
780:
773:
767:
766:
759:
742:
728:Google Translate
724:
718:
710:
578:fall of Soeharto
508:
502:
480:
474:
412:
386:
376:
373:
353:
347:
337:
327:
241:
234:
227:
123:regencies by GDP
19:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1514:provincial city
1292:
1285:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1241:(in Indonesian)
1232:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1000:
985:
984:
980:
971:
970:
966:
957:
953:
946:
931:
930:
923:
911:
910:
906:
899:
884:
883:
879:
867:
866:
862:
850:
849:
845:
838:
823:
822:
818:
806:
805:
801:
789:
788:
784:
775:
774:
770:
761:
760:
756:
751:
746:
745:
732:what is called
725:
721:
711:
707:
702:
635:
599:
566:
451:
431:paid allegiance
374:
364:
245:
50:daerah istimewa
17:
12:
11:
5:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1225:
1196:
1192:The Australian
1176:
1157:(17): 1383–6.
1141:
1118:
1104:
1101:. 30 May 2021.
1090:
1076:
1069:
1049:
1032:
1025:
1005:
998:
978:
964:
951:
944:
921:
904:
897:
877:
860:
843:
836:
816:
799:
782:
768:
753:
752:
750:
747:
744:
743:
719:
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
656:
651:
646:
641:
634:
631:
598:
595:
565:
564:Recent history
562:
528:with the term
450:
447:
363:
360:
247:
246:
244:
243:
236:
229:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:Rukun tetangga
208:
198:
197:
193:
192:
182:
181:
173:
172:
168:
167:
149:
148:
140:
139:
135:
134:
112:
111:
101:
91:
78:
77:
73:
72:
61:GRP per capita
54:
53:
36:
35:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:subprefecture
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1070:9789799932402
1066:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1026:9786024751227
1022:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1001:
999:9789799437525
995:
991:
990:
982:
979:
974:
968:
965:
961:
955:
952:
947:
945:9786025775185
941:
937:
936:
928:
926:
922:
917:
916:
908:
905:
900:
898:9789799231338
894:
890:
889:
881:
878:
873:
872:
864:
861:
856:
855:
847:
844:
839:
837:9789798109010
833:
829:
828:
820:
817:
812:
811:
803:
800:
795:
794:
786:
783:
778:
772:
769:
764:
758:
755:
748:
741:
740:in Indonesian
739:
735:
729:
723:
720:
717:
714:
709:
706:
699:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Nusa Tenggara
608:
604:
596:
594:
590:
587:
582:
579:
575:
571:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
507:
501:
495:
491:
487:
482:
479:
473:
468:
460:
455:
448:
446:
442:
440:
437:('duke') and
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
368:
361:
359:
357:
352:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
213:
209:
207:
206:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
190:
186:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:cities by GDP
116:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
43:
40:
39:
38:
37:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1541:Turkmenistan
1491:Saudi Arabia
1405:South Korea
1319:municipality
1243:. Retrieved
1238:
1228:
1220:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1199:
1186:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:the original
1131:
1121:
1107:
1093:
1079:
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654:Regency seat
625:, and 40 in
621:, 17 are in
617:, 70 are in
613:, 47 are in
609:, 37 are in
605:, 85 are in
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1476:Philippines
1401:North Korea
1301:Afghanistan
511:karesidenan
467:residencies
375: 1900
335:regentschap
205:Rukun warga
1581:Categories
1546:Uzbekistan
1521:Tajikistan
1431:Kyrgyzstan
1396:Kazakhstan
1306:Bangladesh
1239:KOMPAS.com
749:References
716:keboepatén
615:Kalimantan
597:Statistics
570:Reform Era
405:bhumi-pati
393:bhumi-pati
257:Indonesian
1496:Sri Lanka
1356:Indonesia
1171:211438210
973:"Sejarah"
734:kecamatan
586:pemekaran
574:pemekaran
518:Palembang
506:kabupaten
461:1881–1905
423:Srivijaya
362:Etymology
345:kabupaten
309:Kemantren
305:Kapanewon
293:Kecamatan
289:districts
273:Indonesia
261:kabupaten
189:kelurahan
164:kemantren
160:kapanewon
152:kecamatan
146:Districts
115:full list
88:kabupaten
84:Regencies
42:Provinces
1526:Thailand
1471:Pakistan
1451:Mongolia
1446:Malaysia
1419:district
1384:district
1331:Cambodia
633:See also
619:Sulawesi
550:Thailand
439:senapati
415:Javanese
389:Sanskrit
277:province
267:, is an
265:district
46:provinsi
1551:Vietnam
1505:Taiwan
1456:Myanmar
1441:Lebanon
1346:Georgia
1310:Bhutan
1245:14 July
738:distrik
603:Sumatra
558:bhupati
538:bhupati
526:bhupati
522:bhupati
494:Batavia
435:adipati
427:bhupati
330:regents
311:in the
297:Distrik
253:regency
171:Level 4
156:distrik
138:Level 3
76:Level 2
34:Level 1
1536:Turkey
1509:county
1486:Russia
1426:Kuwait
1414:county
1391:Jordan
1375:Japan
1371:Israel
1326:Brunei
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623:Maluku
500:bupati
478:bupati
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459:Jepara
410:bupati
384:bupati
351:Bupati
325:bupati
196:Others
94:Cities
1556:Yemen
1501:Syria
1481:Qatar
1461:Nepal
1351:India
1341:Egypt
1336:China
1314:block
1215:4 May
1167:S2CID
700:Notes
627:Papua
554:Ligor
534:hoofd
486:power
397:bhumi
340:Dutch
303:, or
162:, or
1466:Oman
1436:Laos
1409:city
1366:Iraq
1361:Iran
1247:2021
1217:2018
1210:Time
1065:ISBN
1021:ISBN
994:ISBN
940:ISBN
893:ISBN
832:ISBN
607:Java
530:head
503:and
401:pati
356:Java
328:(or
307:and
285:kota
281:city
185:desa
98:kota
1159:doi
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338:in
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271:of
187:or
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57:GDP
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