352:, Crystal Palace-Croydon (1906), and many others. Slowing the speed of the cars or keeping it in control on descending gradients, the motors worked as generators and braked the vehicles. The tram cars also had wheel brakes and track slipper brakes which could stop the tram should the electric braking systems fail. In several cases the tram car motors were shunt wound instead of series wound, and the systems on the Crystal Palace line utilized series-parallel controllers. Following a serious accident at Rawtenstall, an embargo was placed on this form of traction in 1911; the regenerative braking system was reintroduced twenty years later.
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1409:. The flywheel stores the energy as rotational kinetic energy. Because the energy is kept as kinetic energy and not transformed into another type of energy this process is efficient. The flywheel can only store so much energy, however, and this is limited by its maximum amount of rotational kinetic energy. This is determined based upon the inertia of the flywheel and its
709:
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36:
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deceleration to resupply an energy storage solution such as a battery's capacitors; once stored, this power can then be later used to aid forward propulsion. Because of the electrified vehicle architecture required for such a braking system, automotive regenerative brakes are most commonly found on hybrid and electric vehicles.
391:
on the national border to the Port of Narvik, the trains use only a fifth of the power they regenerate. The regenerated energy is sufficient to power the empty trains back up to the national border. Any excess energy from the railway is pumped into the power grid to supply homes and businesses in the
268:
In the 2020s, most vehicles equipped with regenerative braking can completely halt reasonably quickly in One Pedal
Driving mode. Some car models do not illuminate the braking light when engaging in regenerative braking, leading to safety concerns. Most regulations do not mandate the illumination of a
1045:
Many hybrid electric and fully electric vehicles employ regenerative braking in conjunction with friction braking, Regenerative braking systems are not able to fully emulate conventional brake function for drivers, but there are continuing advancements. The calibrations used to determine when energy
432:
connections are altered to turn them into electrical generators. The motor fields are connected across the main traction generator (MG) and the motor armatures are connected across the load. The MG now excites the motor fields. The rolling locomotive or multiple unit wheels turn the motor armatures,
256:
Early applications commonly suffered from a serious safety hazard: in many early electric vehicles with regenerative braking, the same controller positions were used to apply power and to apply the regenerative brake, with the functions being swapped by a separate manual switch. This led to a number
144:
In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can significantly extend the life of the braking system. This is because the traditional mechanical parts like discs, calipers, and pads – included for when regenerative braking alone is not sufficient enough to safely stop
804:
Although KERS was still legal in
Formula 1 in the 2010 season, all the teams had agreed not to use it. New rules for the 2011 F1 season which raised the minimum weight limit of the car and driver by 20 kg to 640 kg, along with the FOTA teams agreeing to the use of KERS devices once more,
570:
The main disadvantage of regenerative brakes when compared with dynamic brakes is the need to closely match the generated current with the supply characteristics and increased maintenance cost of the lines. With DC supplies, this requires that the voltage be closely controlled. The AC power supply
238:
On real hills with real traffic speeds, the magnitude of potential energy recoverable during the descent of a vehicle at a slower speed than its terminal speed is substantially greater than that recoverable by bringing the vehicle from even the terminal speed to a complete stop. An example used by
411:
experimental electric car. Designed by Gulton
Industries the motor controller automatically began battery charging when the brake pedal was applied. Many modern hybrid and electric vehicles use this technique to extend the range of the battery pack, especially those using an AC drive train (most
1489:
Regenerative braking has a similar energy equation to the equation for the mechanical flywheel. Regenerative braking is a two-step process involving the motor/generator and the battery. The initial kinetic energy is transformed into electrical energy by the generator and is then converted into
699:
The first of these systems to be revealed was the
Flybrid. This system weighs 24 kg and has an energy capacity of 400 kJ after allowing for internal losses. A maximum power boost of 60 kW (82 PS; 80 hp) for 6.67 seconds is available. The 240 mm diameter flywheel weighs
125:
Typically, regenerative brakes work by driving an electric motor in reverse to recapture energy that would otherwise be lost as heat during braking, effectively turning the traction motor into a generator. Feeding power backwards through the system like this allows the energy harvested from
566:
featured true regeneration. These two locomotives ran the steam water over the resistor packs, as opposed to air cooling used in most dynamic brakes. This energy displaced the oil normally burned to keep the water hot, and thereby recovered energy that could be used to accelerate again.
679:(CVT). The CPC-KERS is similar as it also forms part of the driveline assembly. However, the whole mechanism including the flywheel sits entirely in the vehicle's hub (looking like a drum brake). In the CPC-KERS, a differential replaces the CVT and transfers torque between the
2514:
403:
were early examples, which used many switches and modes controlled by an expensive "black box" or "drum switch" as part of their electrical system. These, like the
Krieger design, could only practically be used on downhill portions of a trip, and had to be manually engaged.
1413:. As the car sits idle, little rotational kinetic energy is lost over time so the initial amount of energy in the flywheel can be assumed to equal the final amount of energy distributed by the flywheel. The amount of kinetic energy distributed by the flywheel is therefore:
1267:
of the flywheel, pressure or volume of the flywheel, so only kinetic energy will be considered. As the car is braking, no energy is dispersed by the flywheel, and the only energy into the flywheel is the initial kinetic energy of the car. The equation can be simplified to:
2048:
The DoE states that electric cars convert over 77% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels. The efficiency of an electric vehicle, taking into account losses due to the electric network, heating, and air conditioning is about 50% according to
478:) released into the atmosphere by around 90,000 tons by regenerating 112,500 megawatt hours of electricity through the use of regenerative braking systems between 2004 and 2007. It was expected that the Delhi Metro would reduce its emissions by over 100,000 tons of
903:
began testing of their KERS in
September 2008 at the Jerez test track in preparation for the 2009 F1 season, although at that time it was not yet known if they would be operating an electrical or mechanical system. In November 2008 it was announced that
2045:(DoE) shows cars with internal combustion engines as having efficiency of typically 13% in urban driving, 20% in highway conditions. Braking in proportion to the useful mechanic energy amounts to 6/13 i.e. 46% in towns, and 2/20 i.e. 10% on motorways.
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The only work into the generator is the initial kinetic energy of the car and the only work produced by the generator is the electrical energy. Rearranging this equation to solve for the power produced by the generator gives this equation:
296:
and will then convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Vehicles propelled by electric motors use them as generators when using regenerative braking, braking by transferring mechanical energy from the wheels to an electrical load.
571:
and frequency converter pioneer Miro ZoriÄŤ and his first AC power electronics have also enabled this to be possible with AC supplies. The supply frequency must also be matched (this mainly applies to locomotives where an AC supply is
2009:
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that will be equipped with a kinetic energy recovery system" in 2007. Peugeot was the first manufacturer to unveil a fully functioning LMP1 car in the form of the 908 HY at the 2008 Autosport 1000 km race at
Silverstone.
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to eliminate the use of dynamic brake resistor grids and also eliminates any need for any external power infrastructure to accommodate power recovery allowing self-powered vehicles to employ regenerative braking as well.
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869:(with a maximum power level of 60 kW or 80 hp), as well as the KERS controller for power and battery management. Bosch also offers a range of electric hybrid systems for commercial and light-duty applications.
1828:
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In
England, "automatic regenerative control" was introduced to tramway operators by John S. Raworth's Traction Patents 1903–1908, offering them economic and operational benefits as explained in some detail by his son
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to further develop its KERS for McLaren's
Formula One car from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system filter down to road car technology.
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Regenerative braking is not by itself sufficient as the sole means of safely bringing a vehicle to a standstill, or slowing it as required, so it must be used in conjunction with another braking system such as
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An AC/DC rectifier and a very large capacitor may be used to store the regenerated energy, rather than a battery. The use of a capacitor allows much more rapid peak storage of energy, and at higher voltages.
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BMW has used regenerative braking on their E90 3 Series as well as in current models like F25 5 Series under the
EfficientDynamics moniker. Volkswagen have regenerative braking technologies under the
656:
that is available to balance the car so that it is more predictable when turning. FIA rules also limit the exploitation of the system. The concept of transferring the vehicle's kinetic energy using
235:
The regenerative braking effect available is limited, and mechanical braking is still necessary for substantial speed reductions, to bring a vehicle to a stop, or to hold a vehicle at a standstill.
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team tested their KERS battery for the first time in July: it malfunctioned and caused a fire scare that led to the team's factory being evacuated. The second was less than a week later when a
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Electric cars used regenerative braking since the earliest experiments, but this initially required the driver to flip switches between various operational modes in order to use it. The
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437:) or back into the supply (regenerative braking). Compared to electro-pneumatic friction brakes, braking with the traction motors can be regulated faster improving the performance of
536:" in British English) on electric traction systems, unlike regenerative brakes, dissipate electric energy as heat rather than using it, by passing the current through large banks of
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528:
The box extending sideways from the roof directly over the word "operation" allows air to freely flow through the resistors of the dynamic brakes on this diesel-electric locomotive.
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Electricity generated by regenerative braking may be fed back into the traction power supply; either offset against other electrical demand on the network at that instant, used for
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on 26 July 2009. Their second KERS equipped car finished fifth. At the following race, Lewis Hamilton became the first driver to take pole position with a KERS car, his teammate,
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The regenerative braking effect drops off at lower speeds and cannot bring a vehicle to a complete halt reasonably quickly with current technology. However, some cars like the
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starting use for the 2013 season. One of the main reasons that not all cars used KERS immediately is because it raises the car's center of gravity, and reduces the amount of
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can bring the vehicle to a complete stop on even surfaces when the driver knows the vehicle's regenerative braking distance. This is referred to as One Pedal Driving (OPD).
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508:, achieved by having small slopes leading up and down from stations. The train is slowed by the climb, and then leaves down a slope, so kinetic energy is converted to
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On electric bicycles, regenerative braking can be used in principle. However, as of 2024 it is rarely used on bicycles, mainly because it requires a direct-drive
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on the way down to Narvik, and these trains generate large amounts of electricity by regenerative braking, with a maximum recuperative braking force of 750
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bicyclists is that during the descent of a hill, approximately three hair dryers' worth of power or some two horsepower is lost to Air drag at terminal speeds.
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For a given direction of travel, current flow through the motor armatures during braking will be opposite to that during motoring. Therefore, the motor exerts
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meant that KERS returned for the 2011 season. This is still optional as it was in the 2009 season; in the 2011 season 3 teams elected not to use it. For the
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won the Belgian Grand Prix with his KERS equipped Ferrari. It was the first time that KERS contributed directly to a race victory, with second placed
897:, although it was not capable of scoring championship points. Peugeot plans also a compressed air regenerative braking powertrain called Hybrid Air.
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This method contrasts with conventional braking systems, where excess kinetic energy is converted to unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the
57:
44:
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loads are typically in the area of 500 kW year round. Using HEP loads in this way has prompted recent electric locomotive designs such as the
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powered vehicle, the electrical energy generated by the motor is stored chemically in a battery, similar to battery and hybrid electric vehicles.
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Motorsport Service is developing a KERS for use in motor racing. These electricity storage systems for hybrid and engine functions include a
273:(SUA), as the driver could confuse the accelerator as the brake in stressful situations when the latter is seldomly used during OPD driving.
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258:
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Braking effort is proportional to the product of the magnetic strength of the field windings, multiplied by that of the armature windings.
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Xtrac and Flybrid are both licensees of Torotrak's technologies, which employ a small and sophisticated ancillary gearbox incorporating a
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chemical energy by the battery. This process is less efficient than the flywheel. The efficiency of the generator can be represented by:
359:
or Georgian railway) started utilizing regenerative braking in the early 1930s. This was especially effective on the steep and dangerous
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was the first commercial car to do this. In 1997 and 1998, engineers Abraham Farag and Loren Majersik were issued two patents for this
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614:. This results in a near constant speed for all trains, as the motors rotate with the supply frequency both when driving and braking.
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car); regenerative braking is normally only applicable to wheels with motors. For safety, the ability to brake all wheels is required.
96:
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braking light when the vehicle decelerates through regenerative braking. The One Pedal Driving (OPD) mode also lead to concerns over
243:
Regenerative and friction braking must both be used, creating the need to control them to produce the required total braking. The GM
3335:
2509:{\displaystyle E_{\text{braking}}={\frac {E\cdot \eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p}{1-\eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p\cdot \eta _{\text{recup}}}}}
1046:
will be regenerated and when friction braking is used to slow down the vehicle affects the way the driver feels the braking action.
700:
5.0 kg and revolves at up to 64,500 rpm. Maximum torque is 18 Nm (13.3 ftlbs). The system occupies a volume of 13 litres.
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285:
A Tesla Model S P85+ using regenerative braking power in excess of 60 kW. During regenerative braking the power indicator is green.
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per lap. This was to balance the sport's move from 2.4-litre V8 engines to 1.6-litre V6 engines. The fail-safe settings of the
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The work out of the battery represents the amount of energy produced by the regenerative brakes. This can be represented by:
623:
270:
162:
4317:"TIG/m Modern Street Railways delivering world's greenest streetcars to Aruba in island's transition to 100% sustainability"
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technology: they do not take their power from external sources such as overhead wires when running but are self-powered by
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in the station. This is normally found on the deep tunnel sections of the network and not generally above ground or on the
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309:, introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and regenerative braking.
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The flywheel collects a percentage of the initial kinetic energy of the car, and this percentage can be represented by
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based systems also exist such as the Cambridge Passenger/Commercial Vehicle Kinetic Energy Recovery System (CPC-KERS).
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In areas where there is a constant need for power unrelated to moving the vehicle, such as electric train heat or
49:
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The energy of a flywheel can be described by this general energy equation, assuming the flywheel is the system:
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Regenerative braking has been in extensive use on railways for many decades. The Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi railway (
1018:(while many bicycles use a mid-drive motor which drives the chain), and because it cannot be combined with a
820:, the power output of the MGU-K (The replacement of the KERS and part of the ERS system that also includes a
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the vehicle – will not wear out as quickly as they would in a vehicle relying solely on traditional brakes.
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raced without KERS, and by 2013, with the withdrawal of HRT, all 11 teams on the grid were running KERS.
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341:
321:
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system that now supplements KERS came under examination as a contributing factor in the fatal crash of
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137:, energy is recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in
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have stated that they support responsible solutions to the world's environmental challenges, and the
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Floating electromagnetic brake system- Erik Knuth, Abraham Farag, Loren Majersik, William Borchers
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The higher the efficiency between the electric motor and the wheels, the higher the recuperation.
969:
has revealed that the factory raced with a secret kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) fitted to
761:
With the introduction of KERS in the 2009 season, four teams used it at some point in the season:
433:
and the motors act as generators, either sending the generated current through onboard resistors (
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4023:"BlueMotion Technology – Technical glossary – Volkswagen Technology & Service | VW Australia"
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qualifying second. This was also the first instance of an all KERS front row. On 30 August 2009,
727:. Teams began testing systems in 2008: energy can either be stored as mechanical energy (as in a
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244:
100:
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801:
claiming "Actually, I was quicker than Kimi. He only took me because of KERS at the beginning".
257:
of serious accidents when drivers accidentally accelerated when intending to brake, such as the
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Improvements in electronics allowed this process to be fully automated, starting with 1967's
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Many road vehicles with regenerative braking do not have drive motors on all wheels (as in a
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2936:"Discussion on the 'Regenerative braking of electric vehicles' (Hellmund) Pittsburgh, PA"
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mechanism. Also, the amount of energy regenerated is typically too low to be worthwhile.
3008:
555:. This heat can be used to warm the vehicle interior, or dissipated externally by large
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3967:"Toyota Hybrid Race Car Wins Tokachi 24-Hour Race; In-Wheel Motors and Supercapacitors"
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2004:{\displaystyle W_{\text{out}}={\frac {\eta _{\text{batt}}\eta _{\text{gen}}mv^{2}}{2}}}
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allowed the use of 60 kW (82 PS; 80 hp) KERS in the regulations for the
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2359:{\displaystyle E_{\text{braking}}=(E+E_{\text{recup}})\cdot \eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p}
1263:
An assumption is made that during braking there is no change in the potential energy,
582:, this load requirement can be utilized as a sink for the recovered energy via modern
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system) was increased from 60 kW to 120 kW and it was allowed to recover 2
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A form of what can be described as regenerative braking is used on some parts of the
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Selected Papers of Richard Feynman: (With Commentary) edited by Laurie M Brown p952
2019:
924:
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329:
17:
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2864:"China To Ban One-Pedal Driving Mode That Was Widely Blamed for Tesla SUA Crashes"
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the recuperated energy flux, an equilibrium is reached according to the equations
2211:
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per year once its phase II was complete, through the use of regenerative braking.
2908:
Raworth, A. (1907). "Regenerative control of electric tramcars and locomotives".
893:
variant of the diesel 908, with KERS. Peugeot planned to campaign the car in the
371:
on the Norwegian, carries iron ore on the steeply-graded route from the mines in
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4079:"ACO Technical Regulations 2008 for Prototype "LM"P1 and "LM"P2 classes, page 3"
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Alternatives to the internal combustion engine: impacts on environmental quality
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586:. This method has become popular with North American passenger railroads where
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4053:"KTM beats F1 with secret KERS debut! | MotoGP News | February 2009"
2595:{\displaystyle E\cdot (1-\eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p\cdot \eta _{\text{recup}})}
2034:
Energy efficiency of electric cars in towns and on motorways according to the
1685:{\displaystyle P_{\text{gen}}={\frac {\eta _{\text{gen}}mv^{2}}{2\,\Delta t}}}
1034:
935:
766:
548:
454:
Savings of 17%, and less wear on friction braking components, are claimed for
328:
had a drive motor in each front wheel with a second set of parallel windings (
79:
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On motorways, this figure would be 3%, and in cities it would amount to 14%.
2412:{\displaystyle E_{\text{recup}}=\eta _{\text{recup}}\cdot E_{\text{braking}}}
5014:
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4670:
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Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy - US Department of Energy
3791:"Bosch Developing Modular KERS Systems for Range of Motorsport Applications"
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1019:
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977:. This was against the rules, so they were banned from doing it afterwards.
572:
364:
194:
178:
138:
1823:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{batt}}={\frac {P_{\text{out}}}{P_{\text{in}}}}}
708:
524:
336:
in England during WW1 used regenerative braking switched in by the driver.
35:
1540:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{gen}}={\frac {W_{\text{out}}}{W_{\text{in}}}}}
636:, and are under development for road vehicles. KERS was abandoned for the
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2845:"Brake Lights Can Fail to Provide Fair Warning on Some Electric Vehicles"
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into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
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mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its
379:
in Norway to this day. The rail cars are full of thousands of tons of
225:
is required, for example, to prevent vehicles from rolling down hills.
4721:
4535:
3438:
2652:
The higher the recuperation efficiency, the higher the recuperation.
2175:
which is the recuperated proportion of braking energy. Let us assume
2023:
Energy efficiency of cars in towns and on motorways according to the
1474:{\displaystyle KE_{\text{fly}}={\frac {\eta _{\text{fly}}mv^{2}}{2}}}
1154:{\displaystyle E_{\text{in}}-E_{\text{out}}=\Delta E_{\text{system}}}
1025:
Regenerative braking is also possible on a non-electric bicycle. The
916:
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628:
Kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) were used for the motor sport
595:
591:
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445:
376:
372:
305:
In 1886 the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company, founded by
4084:. Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). 20 December 2007. Archived from
781:
became the first team to win a F1 GP using a KERS equipped car when
738:
Two minor incidents were reported during testing of KERS systems in
363:. In Scandinavia the Kiruna to Narvik electrified railway, known as
332:) for regenerative braking. The Orwell Electric Truck introduced by
221:
Current regenerative brakes do not immobilize a stationary vehicle;
2988:. Vol. XX. Carriers Publishing. July–December 1906. p. 20
2643:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{eng}}\cdot p\cdot \eta _{\text{recup}}}
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4706:
4610:
3164:
Ayres, Robert U.; McKenna, Richard P. (1972). "The Electric Car".
2215:
Description of the energy flux in the case of regenerative braking
2210:
2029:
878:
828:
707:
690:
665:
523:
417:
280:
130:
90:
78:
4840:
1924:{\displaystyle P_{\text{out}}={\frac {W_{\text{out}}}{\Delta t}}}
420:
used this system in some 2018 cars, where it is branded i-ELOOP.
4728:
4369:"Is the electric car an ideal solution for tomorrow's mobility?"
3147:"Electric-Car Trivia: When Was Regenerative Braking First Used?"
2658:
The higher the braking proportion, the higher the recuperation.
951:
943:
552:
4844:
4411:
4257:"Benchmarking of Regenerative Braking for a Fully Electric Car"
942:
and Mk7 Golf Estate / Wagon models, other VW group brands like
777:. During the season, Renault and BMW stopped using the system.
4449:
2940:
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
962:
103:
can return around 20% of its energy usage to the power supply.
29:
4407:
3769:"Formula 1 delays introduction of 'green' engines until 2014"
189:
vehicles use hydraulic motors to store energy in the form of
448:
in a direction that is opposite from the rolling direction.
392:
region, and the railway is a net generator of electricity.
4262:. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e). Archived from
2784:"How Do Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Work Using Hydrogen?"
1319:{\displaystyle {\frac {mv^{2}}{2}}=\Delta E_{\text{fly}}}
5035:
Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains
3993:"BMW EfficientDynamics : Brake Energy Regeneration"
3845:. Racecar Engineering. 13 September 2008. Archived from
2831:
Compliant master cylinder- Loren Majersik, Abraham Farag
1070:. Designed and built by TIG/m Modern Street Railways in
312:
Early examples of this system in road vehicles were the
4231:"Best And Worst Electric Cars For Regenerative Braking"
3869:"Hybrid Air, an innovative full hybrid gasoline system"
3356:"Team Lotus, Virgin, HRT F1 to Start 2011 Without KERS"
3056:
Railvolution magazine, 2/11, Kiruna Locomotives, Part 1
2239:
being the energy flux arriving at the electric engine,
1767:
is the initial velocity of the car just before braking.
1376:
is the initial velocity of the car just before braking.
664:
in the 1950s and is exemplified in such systems as the
277:
Conversion to electric energy: the motor as a generator
153:
The most common form of regenerative brake involves an
3299:"Milestones Reached on the Jubilee and Victoria Lines"
344:. These included tramway systems at Devonport (1903),
3817:"Sixt Car Sales | Gebrauchtwagen gĂĽnstig kaufen"
2968:
Jno, Struan; Robertson, T.; Markham, John D. (2007).
2610:
2544:
2524:
2427:
2372:
2301:
2272:
2245:
2225:
2181:
2154:
2125:
2099:
2066:
1945:
1885:
1844:
1782:
1753:
1731:
1706:
1627:
1590:
1561:
1499:
1422:
1388:
1362:
1340:
1277:
1233:
1204:
1175:
1111:
750:
mechanic was given an electric shock when he touched
4397:[Brake energy recovery and its efficiency].
5058:
5007:
4971:
4878:
4779:
4694:
4511:
4458:
3922:"F1 KERS; McLaren on track with KERS | People"
2055:
Embodied energy#Embodied energy in the energy field
1773:The efficiency of the battery can be described as:
3165:
2910:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
2642:
2594:
2530:
2508:
2411:
2358:
2285:
2258:
2231:
2200:
2167:
2137:
2111:
2085:
2003:
1923:
1870:
1822:
1759:
1737:
1715:
1684:
1603:
1574:
1539:
1473:
1401:
1368:
1346:
1318:
1249:
1217:
1188:
1153:
973:'s motorcycle during the 2008 season-ending 125cc
157:functioning as an electric generator. In electric
83:Mechanism for regenerative brake on the roof of a
2757:. Transport for London. July 2008. Archived from
516:sections of the Metropolitan and District Lines.
161:, the electricity generated is fed back into the
4395:"BremsenergierĂĽckgewinnung und ihr Wirkungsgrad"
4138:"Why Don't More Bikes Use Regenerative Braking?"
695:A Flybrid Systems kinetic energy recovery system
3205:"Regenerative braking boosts green credentials"
3074:Næss, Per (3 August 2007). "Evighetsmaskiner".
173:vehicles, the energy is stored chemically in a
3018:(288). Tramway & Light Railway Society: 5.
731:) or as electrical energy (as in a battery or
375:, in the north of Sweden, down to the port of
4856:
4423:
2985:Transport World The Tramway and Railway World
1027:United States Environmental Protection Agency
520:Comparison of dynamic and regenerative brakes
8:
3520:"Teams Comment on F1's Environmental Future"
1871:{\displaystyle P_{\text{in}}=P_{\text{gen}}}
1063:
324:in Paris in the 1890s. The Krieger electric
3384:BBC TV commentary on German Grand Prix 2009
2972:. Scottish Tramway & Transport Society.
540:. Vehicles that use dynamic brakes include
5030:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
5025:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
4863:
4849:
4841:
4430:
4416:
4408:
4290:"Chatsworth trolley maker is going places"
3172:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
754:'s KERS-equipped car during a test at the
668:, Flybrid, Torotrak and Xtrac used in F1.
4393:Schwarzer, Christoph M. (21 March 2019).
3611:"KERS failure caused Red Bull fire scare"
3403:Flybrid Systems LLP (10 September 2010).
3349:
3347:
3031:"Susrami Type Locomotoive at Surami Pass"
2634:
2615:
2609:
2583:
2564:
2543:
2523:
2497:
2478:
2454:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2371:
2344:
2328:
2306:
2300:
2277:
2271:
2250:
2244:
2224:
2186:
2180:
2159:
2153:
2124:
2098:
2071:
2065:
1989:
1976:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1862:
1849:
1843:
1812:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1752:
1730:
1705:
1672:
1661:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1595:
1589:
1566:
1560:
1529:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1459:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1393:
1387:
1361:
1339:
1310:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1241:
1232:
1209:
1203:
1180:
1174:
1145:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1037:Regenerative Brake Launch Assist (RBLA).
559:-like cowls to house the resistor banks.
265:in 1948, which killed twenty-one people.
4185:Lampton, Christopher (23 January 2009).
3793:. Green Car Congress. 18 November 2008.
3690:"Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS)"
3579:"2009 FORMULA ONE TECHNICAL REGULATIONS"
3546:"2009 Formula One Technical Regulations"
3007:John, Prentice (January–February 2016).
2201:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{recup}}=0.6}
2053:(however for the overall conversion see
2018:
1257:is the change in energy of the flywheel.
1250:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{system}}}
1059:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
4212:"Where are regenerative brakes headed?"
3551:. FIA. 22 December 2006. Archived from
3301:. London Reconnections. 2 August 2011.
3235:"Delhi Metro prevents 90,000 tons of CO
2743:
2266:the energy flux lost while braking and
2060:Consider the electric motor efficiency
881:have been testing KERS systems. At the
532:What are described as dynamic brakes ("
4367:Jean-Marc Jancovici (1 October 2017).
3947:McLaren to work with Freescale on KERS
3920:Lawrence Butcher (18 September 2008).
3823:from the original on 29 September 2009
2963:
2961:
2086:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{eng}}=0.5}
1611:is the work produced by the generator.
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
4999:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company
4174:from the original on 17 October 2013.
4114:. Racecar Engineering. Archived from
3924:. Racecar Engineering. Archived from
3897:. Popular Science. 25 February 2014.
3871:. PSA-Peugeot-Citroen. Archived from
3797:from the original on 5 September 2010
3722:from the original on 16 December 2010
3522:. FIA. 8 October 2008. Archived from
3037:from the original on 23 November 2011
1723:is the amount of time the car brakes.
562:General Electric's experimental 1936
7:
4112:"Peugeot Sport Hybrid | People"
3969:. Green Car Congress. 17 July 2007.
3496:. Bhr-technology.com. Archived from
3366:from the original on 4 February 2011
3354:Panzariu, Ovidiu (28 January 2011).
2518:It is as though the old energy flux
2168:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{recup}}}
2093:and the braking proportion in towns
292:, when used in reverse, function as
4229:Berman, Bradley (15 January 2019).
4164:"Hydraulic Hybrid Bicycle Research"
4003:from the original on 6 January 2016
3577:FIA management (22 December 2006).
996:, was "studying specific rules for
4546:Continuously variable transmission
3664:"Raikkonen wins exciting Spa duel"
3330:. Voyageur Press. pp. 59–61.
3305:from the original on 11 March 2014
3245:. 23 February 2009. Archived from
3215:from the original on 11 March 2014
3145:Voelcker, John (10 January 2014).
2259:{\displaystyle E_{\text{braking}}}
2043:United States Department of Energy
2036:United States Department of Energy
1912:
1707:
1673:
1402:{\displaystyle \eta _{\text{fly}}}
1303:
1234:
1225:is the energy out of the flywheel.
1138:
988:, the organizer behind the annual
927:HV-R hybrid race car that won the
677:continuously variable transmission
25:
4110:Sam Collins (13 September 2008).
4033:from the original on 4 March 2016
3901:from the original on 2 March 2014
3749:from the original on 23 June 2010
3643:from the original on 24 July 2008
3637:"BMW mechanic escapes KERS scare"
3617:from the original on 22 July 2008
3407:. Flybrid Systems. Archived from
3279:from the original on 18 June 2012
3091:Hart, Lee A. (28 December 2013).
2889:from the original on 25 July 2011
2843:Monticello, Mike (26 June 2023).
1029:, working with students from the
883:2008 1,000 km of Silverstone
648:, all teams were using KERS with
4825:
4824:
4814:
4288:White, Ronald D. (27 May 2015).
4187:"How Regenerative Braking Works"
4059:from the original on 23 May 2011
3973:from the original on 17 May 2011
3670:from the original on 17 May 2014
3662:Whyatt, Chris (30 August 2009).
2862:Agatie, Cristian (31 May 2024).
2286:{\displaystyle E_{\text{recup}}}
1196:is the energy into the flywheel.
1054:Power consumption is reduced by
412:earlier designs used DC power).
181:, or mechanically in a rotating
34:
3741:Benson, Andrew (23 June 2010).
3639:. autosport.com. 22 July 2008.
3613:. autosport.com. 17 July 2008.
3461:"Torotrak, Xtrac & CVT pdf"
3126:from the original on 4 May 2014
3120:"The 100-Year-Old Electric Car"
1582:is the work into the generator.
618:Kinetic energy recovery systems
48:may be too short to adequately
5111:Railroad Safety Appliance Act
4994:Westinghouse Air Brake Company
4255:Varocky, B.J. (January 2011).
4055:. Crash.Net. 4 February 2009.
3692:. Formula1.com. Archived from
2970:The Regenerative Braking Story
2672:Kinetic energy recovery system
2589:
2551:
2334:
2315:
1604:{\displaystyle W_{\text{out}}}
1218:{\displaystyle E_{\text{out}}}
742:. The first occurred when the
683:, drive wheel and road wheel.
624:Kinetic energy recovery system
510:gravitational potential energy
334:Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies
271:sudden unintended acceleration
201:Practical regenerative braking
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
5140:Electric vehicle technologies
4581:Automated manual transmission
3209:Railway Gazette International
2604:The expected gain amounts to
1575:{\displaystyle W_{\text{in}}}
1189:{\displaystyle E_{\text{in}}}
885:, Peugeot Sport unveiled the
3431:"Overview of the IVT system"
2788:Alternative Fuels Datacenter
938:brand in such models as the
861:with scalable capacity or a
660:was postulated by physicist
640:, but re-introduced for the
177:, electrically in a bank of
4656:Semi-automatic transmission
3080:(in Norwegian). p. 28.
3029:Bigpanzer (30 April 2006).
2790:. U.S. Department of Energy
2692:Regenerative shock absorber
2219:Under these circumstances,
865:, a four to eight kilogram
316:conversions of horse-drawn
5166:
4493:Internal combustion engine
4399:heise online - heise Autos
3895:"The Car That Runs on Air"
2883:"Horseless Carriage: 1906"
2538:was replaced by a new one
986:Automobile Club de l'Ouest
910:McLaren Electronic Systems
895:2009 Le Mans Series season
621:
4810:
4792:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
4681:Transmission control unit
4621:Limited-slip differential
4586:Electrorheological clutch
4445:
3771:. bbc.co.uk. 29 June 2011
787:2009 Hungarian Grand Prix
564:steam turbine locomotives
27:Energy recovery mechanism
4571:Dual-clutch transmission
3269:"Flywheel firm launches"
3118:Leno, Jay (1 May 2007).
2922:10.1049/jiee-1.1907.0020
1716:{\displaystyle \Delta t}
1074:, USA, the vehicles use
844:2014 Japanese Grand Prix
499:lineside storage systems
367:on the Swedish side and
5040:Emergency brake (train)
4541:Constant-velocity joint
4343:"All-Electric Vehicles"
3324:Solomon, Brian (2014).
3061:29 January 2016 at the
2752:"Transforming the Tube"
1745:is the mass of the car.
1354:is the mass of the car.
908:would collaborate with
906:Freescale Semiconductor
725:2009 Formula One season
658:flywheel energy storage
638:2010 Formula One season
456:British Rail Class 390s
397:Baker Electric Runabout
4886:Counter-pressure brake
4521:Automatic transmission
3843:"Peugeot Sport Hybrid"
3327:GE and EMD Locomotives
3093:"EV Motor Controllers"
3009:"The Raworth Demi-car"
2881:Dave (16 March 2009).
2727:Electromagnetic clutch
2644:
2596:
2532:
2510:
2413:
2360:
2287:
2260:
2233:
2216:
2202:
2169:
2139:
2113:
2112:{\displaystyle p=0.46}
2087:
2038:
2027:
2005:
1925:
1872:
1824:
1761:
1739:
1717:
1686:
1605:
1576:
1541:
1475:
1403:
1370:
1348:
1320:
1251:
1219:
1190:
1155:
1031:University of Michigan
923:for regeneration on a
713:
696:
529:
462:reduced the amount of
439:wheel slide protection
286:
263:Wädenswil, Switzerland
259:runaway train accident
104:
88:
4906:Electromagnetic brake
4027:www.volkswagen.com.au
3743:"Changes made to F1l"
3584:. FIA. Archived from
3122:. Popular Mechanics.
2687:Regenerative (design)
2682:Electromagnetic brake
2645:
2597:
2533:
2511:
2414:
2361:
2288:
2261:
2234:
2214:
2203:
2170:
2140:
2138:{\displaystyle p=0.1}
2114:
2088:
2033:
2022:
2006:
1926:
1873:
1825:
1762:
1740:
1718:
1687:
1606:
1577:
1542:
1476:
1404:
1371:
1349:
1321:
1252:
1220:
1191:
1156:
877:Automakers including
711:
694:
527:
357:Transcaucasus Railway
322:Louis Antoine Krieger
284:
163:traction power supply
94:
82:
4626:Locking differential
4561:Direct-shift gearbox
3928:on 22 September 2008
2697:Hybrid Synergy Drive
2608:
2542:
2522:
2425:
2370:
2299:
2270:
2243:
2223:
2179:
2152:
2123:
2097:
2064:
1943:
1883:
1842:
1780:
1751:
1729:
1704:
1625:
1588:
1559:
1497:
1420:
1386:
1360:
1338:
1275:
1231:
1202:
1173:
1109:
1056:regenerative braking
975:Valencian Grand Prix
809:, only Marussia and
799:Giancarlo Fisichella
604:steep grade railways
497:loads, or stored in
428:During braking, the
108:Regenerative braking
5020:Diesel brake tender
4651:Preselector gearbox
4631:Manual transmission
4269:on 26 November 2019
4218:. 27 December 2018.
3952:8 June 2011 at the
3526:on 28 December 2008
3275:. 20 January 2011.
3249:on 26 February 2009
2051:Jean-Marc Jancovici
1485:Regenerative brakes
990:24 Hours of Le Mans
940:Volkswagen Golf Mk7
931:race in July 2007.
859:lithium-ion battery
825:waste heat recovery
610:power supplies and
584:AC traction systems
18:Regenerative brakes
5101:Pearson's Coupling
4988:New York Air Brake
4979:Faiveley Transport
4948:Regenerative brake
4941:Railway disc brake
4901:Eddy current brake
4891:Countersteam brake
4797:Electric generator
4702:Wheel hub assembly
4144:. 8 September 2020
4118:on 13 January 2009
3849:on 13 January 2009
3441:on 14 October 2008
2732:Eddy current brake
2717:Self-winding watch
2640:
2592:
2528:
2506:
2409:
2356:
2283:
2256:
2229:
2217:
2198:
2165:
2135:
2109:
2083:
2039:
2028:
2001:
1921:
1868:
1820:
1757:
1735:
1713:
1682:
1601:
1572:
1537:
1471:
1399:
1366:
1344:
1316:
1247:
1215:
1186:
1151:
1005:Civilian transport
714:
697:
602:A small number of
530:
506:London Underground
287:
133:. Similarly, with
105:
101:London Underground
89:
5122:
5121:
5081:Dead man's switch
4931:Railway air brake
4926:Kunze-Knorr brake
4838:
4837:
4591:Epicyclic gearing
4460:Automotive engine
4295:Los Angeles Times
4191:HowStuffWorks.com
3405:"Flybrid Systems"
3183:978-0-8018-1369-6
3151:Green Car Reports
2637:
2618:
2586:
2567:
2531:{\displaystyle E}
2504:
2500:
2481:
2457:
2435:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2347:
2331:
2309:
2280:
2253:
2232:{\displaystyle E}
2189:
2162:
2148:Let us introduce
2119:and on motorways
2074:
2041:A diagram by the
1999:
1979:
1969:
1953:
1919:
1908:
1893:
1865:
1852:
1818:
1815:
1805:
1790:
1760:{\displaystyle v}
1738:{\displaystyle m}
1680:
1651:
1635:
1598:
1569:
1535:
1532:
1522:
1507:
1469:
1449:
1433:
1396:
1369:{\displaystyle v}
1347:{\displaystyle m}
1313:
1298:
1244:
1212:
1183:
1148:
1132:
1119:
1080:lithium batteries
1068:Oranjestad, Aruba
791:Heikki Kovalainen
534:rheostatic brakes
424:Electric railways
314:front-wheel drive
149:General principle
135:rheostatic brakes
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
5157:
5114:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4842:
4828:
4827:
4818:
4695:Wheels and tires
4666:Torque converter
4432:
4425:
4418:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4321:altenergymag.com
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4261:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3957:
3956:12 November 2008
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3718:. formula1.com.
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3492:BHR Technology.
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3466:. Archived from
3465:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3437:. Archived from
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:. Archived from
3088:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3065:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2916:(182): 374–386.
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2849:Consumer Reports
2840:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1691:
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1688:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
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1530:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1411:angular velocity
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1279:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1065:
1061:
1050:Streetcars/trams
1033:, developed the
929:Tokachi 24 Hours
779:McLaren Mercedes
612:induction motors
580:air conditioning
575:for DC motors).
489:
488:
487:
477:
476:
475:
307:Frank J. Sprague
223:physical locking
210:-based braking.
193:. In a hydrogen
187:Hydraulic hybrid
167:battery electric
120:potential energy
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5145:Energy recovery
5135:Dynamic braking
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:(United States)
5112:
5096:Hydraulic brake
5054:
5050:Dowty retarders
5003:
4967:
4916:Heberlein brake
4874:
4869:
4839:
4834:
4806:
4775:
4690:
4686:Universal joint
4616:Hotchkiss drive
4507:
4454:
4441:
4436:
4406:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4323:. 27 March 2013
4315:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4216:greeninginc.com
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4091:on 25 June 2008
4088:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3954:Wayback Machine
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3716:"formula1.com/"
3714:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3591:on 25 June 2008
3588:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3558:on 25 June 2008
3555:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3411:on 13 July 2010
3402:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3273:Railway Gazette
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3211:. 2 July 2007.
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3063:Wayback Machine
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2707:Dynamic braking
2702:Ram air turbine
2677:Brake (railway)
2667:
2630:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2579:
2560:
2540:
2539:
2520:
2519:
2493:
2474:
2467:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2340:
2324:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2221:
2220:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2121:
2120:
2095:
2094:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2017:
1985:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1911:
1901:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1858:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1808:
1798:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1749:
1748:
1727:
1726:
1702:
1701:
1668:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1525:
1515:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1358:
1357:
1336:
1335:
1306:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1141:
1125:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1076:hybrid/electric
1058:on streetcars (
1052:
1043:
1012:
1007:
983:
960:
891:hybrid electric
875:
852:
850:Autopart makers
752:Christian Klien
744:Red Bull Racing
712:A KERS flywheel
706:
689:
662:Richard Feynman
626:
620:
546:diesel-electric
542:forklift trucks
522:
501:for later use.
486:
483:
482:
481:
479:
474:
471:
470:
469:
467:
435:dynamic braking
426:
303:
290:Electric motors
279:
230:two-wheel drive
203:
171:hybrid electric
151:
112:energy recovery
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5150:Railway brakes
5147:
5142:
5137:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5091:Engine braking
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5059:Related topics
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4872:Railway brakes
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4822:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4787:Electric motor
4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Friction drive
4598:
4596:Fluid coupling
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4487:Plug-in hybrid
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4405:
4404:
4385:
4359:
4334:
4308:
4280:
4247:
4221:
4203:
4177:
4155:
4129:
4102:
4070:
4044:
4014:
3984:
3958:
3939:
3912:
3886:
3860:
3834:
3808:
3782:
3760:
3733:
3707:
3696:on 6 July 2010
3681:
3654:
3628:
3602:
3569:
3537:
3511:
3500:on 7 July 2011
3484:
3473:on 16 May 2011
3452:
3422:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3343:
3336:
3316:
3290:
3260:
3236:
3226:
3196:
3182:
3156:
3137:
3110:
3083:
3066:
3048:
3021:
2999:
2975:
2957:
2927:
2900:
2873:
2868:Auto Evolution
2854:
2835:
2818:
2801:
2775:
2764:on 5 June 2011
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Electric motor
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2614:
2591:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2527:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2355:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2305:
2276:
2249:
2228:
2197:
2194:
2185:
2158:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2082:
2079:
2070:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1917:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1878:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1831:
1830:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1746:
1734:
1724:
1712:
1709:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1583:
1565:
1548:
1547:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1355:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1208:
1197:
1179:
1162:
1161:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Thermodynamics
1091:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
994:Le Mans Series
992:event and the
982:
979:
959:
956:
921:supercapacitor
887:Peugeot 908 HY
874:
871:
867:electric motor
851:
848:
795:Kimi Räikkönen
783:Lewis Hamilton
733:supercapacitor
705:
702:
688:
685:
622:Main article:
619:
616:
588:head end power
521:
518:
495:head end power
484:
472:
464:carbon dioxide
430:traction motor
425:
422:
342:Alfred Raworth
302:
299:
278:
275:
241:
240:
236:
233:
226:
219:
216:Chevrolet Bolt
202:
199:
191:compressed air
155:electric motor
150:
147:
116:kinetic energy
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5162:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Bicycle brake
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:Other aspects
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:Manufacturers
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Exhaust brake
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Dynamic brake
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4831:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Shift-by-wire
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
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4609:
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4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Petrol engine
4496:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Diesel engine
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4374:
4373:jancovici.com
4370:
4363:
4360:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
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4265:
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4236:
4232:
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4213:
4207:
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4117:
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4103:
4087:
4080:
4074:
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4058:
4054:
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4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3988:
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3951:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3913:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3875:on 4 May 2014
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3822:
3819:(in German).
3818:
3812:
3809:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
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3711:
3708:
3695:
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3612:
3606:
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3587:
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3426:
3423:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3360:Autoevolution
3357:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3337:9781627883979
3333:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
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3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3099:on 4 May 2014
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3052:
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3017:
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3000:
2987:
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2789:
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2580:
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2573:
2570:
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2516:
2494:
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2400:
2396:
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2321:
2318:
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2303:
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2274:
2247:
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2213:
2209:
2195:
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2183:
2156:
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2132:
2129:
2126:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2080:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1915:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1879:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1838:
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1836:
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1809:
1799:
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1563:
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1553:
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1551:
1526:
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1510:
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1493:
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1484:
1466:
1460:
1456:
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1436:
1427:
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1416:
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1414:
1412:
1390:
1363:
1356:
1341:
1334:
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1330:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1238:
1227:
1206:
1198:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:KERS flywheel
1097:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:augmented by
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
978:
976:
972:
968:
967:Harald Bartol
964:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:
907:
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
841:
840:Jules Bianchi
837:
836:brake-by-wire
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
756:Jerez circuit
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
703:
701:
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
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647:
643:
639:
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631:
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617:
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597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
568:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
526:
519:
517:
515:
514:cut and cover
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
491:
465:
461:
457:
452:
449:
447:
442:
440:
436:
431:
423:
421:
419:
413:
410:
405:
402:
401:Owen Magnetic
398:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
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310:
308:
300:
298:
295:
291:
283:
276:
274:
272:
266:
264:
260:
254:
252:
251:
250:brake-by-wire
246:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
212:
211:
209:
200:
198:
196:
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136:
132:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
98:
93:
86:
81:
77:
69:
66:December 2023
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4984:Knorr-Bremse
4963:Vacuum brake
4947:
4739:Racing slick
4676:Transfer box
4646:Park-by-wire
4641:Parking pawl
4556:Differential
4531:Direct-drive
4513:Transmission
4503:Steam engine
4448:Part of the
4447:
4401:(in German).
4398:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4372:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4320:
4311:
4299:. Retrieved
4293:
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4264:the original
4250:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4190:
4180:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4141:
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4116:the original
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4086:the original
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4026:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
3996:
3987:
3977:17 September
3975:. Retrieved
3961:
3942:
3930:. Retrieved
3926:the original
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3863:
3853:13 September
3851:. Retrieved
3847:the original
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3785:
3773:. Retrieved
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3694:the original
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3631:
3619:. Retrieved
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3586:the original
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3553:the original
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:the original
3514:
3504:17 September
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3487:
3477:17 September
3475:. Retrieved
3468:the original
3455:
3443:. Retrieved
3439:the original
3434:
3425:
3415:17 September
3413:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3398:
3389:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3359:
3326:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3272:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:the original
3242:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3167:
3159:
3150:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3086:
3075:
3069:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3024:
3015:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2984:
2978:
2969:
2948:. Retrieved
2943:
2939:
2930:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2876:
2867:
2857:
2848:
2838:
2830:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2787:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2759:the original
2746:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2603:
2517:
2420:
2295:
2218:
2147:
2059:
2047:
2040:
1935:
1832:
1772:
1694:
1616:
1549:
1488:
1381:
1328:
1262:
1163:
1101:
1062:) or trams (
1055:
1053:
1044:
1024:
1013:
984:
971:Tommy Koyama
965:racing boss
961:
933:
915:
899:
876:
853:
822:turbocharger
815:
803:
760:
737:
715:
698:
687:Motor sports
674:
670:Differential
627:
601:
577:
569:
561:
531:
503:
492:
453:
450:
443:
427:
414:
406:
394:
354:
338:
330:bifilar coil
311:
304:
288:
267:
255:
253:technology.
248:
242:
204:
152:
143:
128:
124:
107:
106:
76:
63:
47:
45:lead section
4958:Track brake
4953:Steam brake
4717:Alloy wheel
4576:Drive wheel
4566:Drive shaft
4526:Chain drive
3997:www.bmw.com
3827:15 December
3562:22 December
3243:India Times
958:Motorcycles
919:has used a
818:2014 season
807:2012 season
717:Formula One
704:Formula One
650:Marussia F1
642:2011 season
634:2009 season
630:Formula One
549:locomotives
460:Delhi Metro
409:AMC Amitron
389:Riksgränsen
369:Ofoten Line
361:Surami Pass
346:Rawtenstall
85:Ĺ koda Astra
5129:Categories
5106:Pneumatics
5086:Drum brake
4936:Disc brake
4921:Hand brake
4802:Alternator
4450:Automobile
4439:Powertrain
4378:29 January
4352:29 January
4273:10 October
4095:20 January
3726:4 December
3530:14 January
3494:"Cpc-Kers"
3041:31 January
3033:. Shorpy.
2946:: 68. 1917
2885:. Shorpy.
2825:GM patent
2808:GM patent
2739:References
1087:fuel cells
1072:Chatsworth
936:BlueMotion
873:Car makers
748:BMW Sauber
606:have used
350:Birmingham
294:generators
179:capacitors
97:S7/8 Stock
5066:Air brake
5015:Brake van
4671:Transaxle
4636:Manumatic
4606:Gearshift
4478:Fuel cell
4240:4 October
4235:InsideEVs
4196:4 October
4122:14 August
4063:14 August
4037:3 January
4007:3 January
3932:14 August
3700:14 August
3674:30 August
3445:4 October
3253:14 August
2893:14 August
2722:Brake run
2632:η
2628:⋅
2622:⋅
2613:η
2581:η
2577:⋅
2571:⋅
2562:η
2558:−
2549:⋅
2495:η
2491:⋅
2485:⋅
2476:η
2472:−
2461:⋅
2452:η
2448:⋅
2397:⋅
2388:η
2351:⋅
2342:η
2338:⋅
2184:η
2157:η
2069:η
1974:η
1964:η
1913:Δ
1785:η
1708:Δ
1674:Δ
1646:η
1502:η
1444:η
1391:η
1304:Δ
1235:Δ
1139:Δ
1123:−
1035:hydraulic
1020:freewheel
1016:hub motor
573:rectified
538:resistors
365:Malmbanan
326:landaulet
195:fuel cell
139:resistors
50:summarize
5045:Retarder
4830:Category
4769:Tubeless
4754:Run-flat
4734:Off-road
4551:Coupling
4473:Electric
4172:Archived
4057:Archived
4031:Archived
4001:Archived
3971:Archived
3950:Archived
3899:Archived
3821:Archived
3801:27 April
3795:Archived
3747:Archived
3720:Archived
3668:Archived
3641:Archived
3615:Archived
3435:Torotrak
3364:Archived
3309:11 March
3303:Archived
3283:11 March
3277:Archived
3219:11 March
3213:Archived
3124:Archived
3077:Fremover
3059:Archived
3035:Archived
3016:Tramfare
2992:11 March
2950:11 March
2887:Archived
2794:22 March
2665:See also
1265:enthalpy
1084:hydrogen
1010:Bicycles
863:flywheel
785:won the
729:flywheel
681:flywheel
557:radiator
399:and the
381:iron ore
208:friction
183:flywheel
159:railways
3775:27 June
3753:23 June
3745:. BBC.
3666:. BBC.
3647:22 July
3621:22 July
2827:5603217
2810:5775467
2434:braking
2405:braking
2308:braking
2252:braking
2015:In cars
901:McLaren
842:at the
816:In the
775:McLaren
767:Renault
763:Ferrari
654:ballast
608:3-phase
387:. From
301:History
175:battery
99:on the
4820:Portal
4780:Hybrid
4744:Radial
4722:Hubcap
4536:Clutch
4483:Hybrid
4452:series
4327:29 May
4301:28 May
4148:15 May
3595:8 July
3370:1 June
3334:
3180:
2768:28 May
1833:where
1695:where
1550:where
1329:where
1243:system
1164:where
1147:system
917:Toyota
832:joules
773:, and
596:ACS-64
592:ALP-46
551:, and
458:. The
446:torque
377:Narvik
373:Kiruna
131:brakes
110:is an
5076:Brake
4879:Types
4764:Spare
4707:Wheel
4611:Giubo
4267:(PDF)
4260:(PDF)
4142:EVELO
4089:(PDF)
4082:(PDF)
3905:4 May
3879:4 May
3589:(PDF)
3582:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3471:(PDF)
3464:(PDF)
3189:4 May
3130:4 May
3103:4 May
3012:(PDF)
2762:(PDF)
2755:(PDF)
2636:recup
2585:recup
2499:recup
2421:thus
2392:recup
2379:recup
2330:recup
2279:recup
2188:recup
2161:recup
1066:) in
981:Races
948:Skoda
925:Supra
879:Honda
855:Bosch
829:mega-
666:Zytek
644:. By
553:trams
418:Mazda
165:. In
4759:Snow
4749:Rain
4729:Tire
4380:2021
4354:2021
4329:2024
4303:2016
4275:2019
4242:2019
4198:2019
4150:2023
4124:2010
4097:2008
4065:2010
4039:2016
4009:2016
3979:2010
3934:2010
3907:2014
3881:2014
3855:2008
3829:2010
3803:2010
3777:2011
3755:2010
3728:2010
3702:2010
3676:2009
3649:2008
3623:2008
3597:2008
3564:2006
3532:2009
3506:2010
3479:2010
3447:2019
3417:2010
3372:2011
3332:ISBN
3311:2014
3285:2014
3255:2010
3221:2014
3191:2014
3178:ISBN
3132:2014
3105:2014
3043:2011
2994:2014
2952:2014
2895:2010
2796:2021
2770:2009
2366:and
2107:0.46
1968:batt
1789:batt
1041:Cars
998:LMP1
952:Audi
950:and
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