125:
91:
22:
98:
304:
The French authorities claimed that the tests took place in an uninhabited area, but at least 27,000 people living in the vicinity were negatively impacted. The radioactive fallout caused elevated levels of skin cancer, birth defects, organ cancers and blindness among the local population.
802:
During the 1970s, babies in southern
Algeria began to be born with birth defects, including atrophied limbs, while those that had witnessed the tests were affected by organ cancers and blindness.
1287:
799:
The tests left "a legacy of uncontained radiation that is still crippling inhabitants", with the radioactive plutonium causing higher levels of skin cancer and other afflictions.
796:
The French authorities claimed that the tests took place in uninhabited areas, but thousands of people lived in the vicinity and were not properly warned of the tests.
512:
708:
610:
411:
805:
France’s
Ministry of Defence estimated that 27,000 Algerians were impacted by the test, although there were a total of 60,000 people living in the area at the time.
2055:
1280:
2050:
90:
1273:
857:
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293:, by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command. The series saw the explosion of the first
1347:
1030:
1003:
298:
244:
157:
1257:
818:
325:
found in the Sahara, with the adjunction of a colour. The first three colours adjuncted (blue, white and red) are said to come from the
31:
2100:
2095:
64:
1794:
1613:
1451:
1322:
492:
845:
840:
1314:
688:
590:
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2016:
150:
2022:
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1048:
Radiological
Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations
1101:
874:
862:
352:
294:
42:
2110:
2105:
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2028:
35:
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1971:
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1109:(Technical report). Science Applications International Corporation, Center for Monitoring Research. p. 20
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1136:(Technical report) (in French). Paris: National Assembly of the French Republic. 5 February 2001. p. 36
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1950:
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Report on health and environmental hazards of France's nuclear tests between 1960 and 1996 [...]
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1356:
378:
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1128:
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1163:(Technical report). New York: Natural Resources Defense Council. February 1989. p. 26
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1081:(Technical report) (in French). Government of the French Republic. p. 118
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1054:(Technical report). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 March 2005
357:
998:. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press. p. 31.
277:. The bombs were detonated at the Saharan Military Experiments Centre near
362:
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816:
Map all coordinates in "Reggane series, French nuclear tests" using
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129:
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61 years later, Algerians still suffer from France's atomic legacy
967:"French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara"
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346:
273:
between
February 1960 and April 1961, close to the end of the
15:
97:
105:
Location of the
Saharan Military Experiments Centre (CSEM)
1207:"L'opération GERBOISE BLANCHE (engin P1, 1er avril 1960)"
995:
Nuclear
Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?
1184:"L'Opération GERBOISE BLEUE (engin M1, 13 février 1960)"
1230:"L'opération GERBOISE VERTE (engin R1, 25 avril 1961)"
2009:
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965:Senate of the French Republic (15 December 1997).
1281:
1100:Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl.
8:
992:Sokolski, Henry D.; Tertrais, Bruno (2013).
1288:
1274:
1266:
1075:Report on French Nuclear Tests (1960-1996)
45:. Please do not remove this message until
1297:Nuclear weapons tests conducted by France
313:All four operations were named after the
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
758:Reportedly voluntary sabotage following
336:
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
957:
886:
858:List of nuclear weapons tests of France
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1251:
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76:
7:
914:Emergency device P1 (later used for
2017:Saharan Military Experiments Centre
14:
2056:Algeria–France military relations
2051:French nuclear testing in Algeria
2023:Oasis Military Experiments Centre
1157:French Nuclear Testing, 1960-1988
123:
96:
89:
20:
1019:Kutchesfahani, Sara Z. (2018).
660:Effect on materiel and animals
1:
893:Original 60's numbers are in
1103:Worldwide Nuclear Explosions
905:for ionizing radiation dose.
846:GPX (secondary coordinates)
47:conditions to do so are met
2127:
2029:Pacific Experiments Centre
875:History of nuclear weapons
863:Nuclear weapons and France
784:
897:/h and were converted to
841:GPX (primary coordinates)
241:
84:
2101:1961 in military history
2096:1960 in military history
1228:Billaud, Pierre (1989).
1205:Billaud, Pierre (1989).
1182:Billaud, Pierre (1989).
824:Download coordinates as:
694:1961-04-25 – 06:00:00.0
596:1960-12-27 – 07:30:00.0
498:1960-04-01 – 06:17:00.0
397:1960-02-13 – 07:04:00.0
297:and was followed by the
940:Followed by Operations
680:0.100 Gy/h (>6.0 km)
927:Followed by Operation
918:) ready had M1 failed.
237:Test series chronology
836:GPX (all coordinates)
484:0.030 Gy/h (570.0 km)
295:French nuclear weapon
1022:Global Nuclear Order
785:References :
775:After 1 hour :
725:26.32083°N 0.07333°W
674:After 1 hour :
627:26.35306°N 0.12333°W
582:0.003 Gy/h (45.0 km)
576:After 1 hour :
529:26.16611°N 0.10250°W
481:0.100 Gy/h (28.5 km)
475:After 1 hour :
461:First nuclear weapon
428:26.31167°N 0.05722°W
173:26.31167°N 0.05722°W
778:0.050 Gy/h (1.1 km)
720: /
677:0.010 Gy/h (0.8 km)
622: /
579:1.000 Gy/h (3.0 km)
524: /
478:0.100 Gy/h (0.8 km)
423: /
169: /
34:of this article is
730:26.32083; -0.07333
632:26.35306; -0.12333
565:Weapon development
534:26.16611; -0.10250
433:26.31167; -0.05722
333:Chart of the tests
178:26.31167; -0.05722
2038:
2037:
1032:978-1-3519-9962-5
1005:978-1-5848-7574-1
789:
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764:Military exercise
663:Military exercise
289:desert region of
259:was a group of 4
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2111:1961 in politics
2106:1960 in politics
1323:Gerboise Blanche
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2091:1961 in science
2086:1960 in science
2071:1961 in Algeria
2066:1960 in Algeria
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2005:
1789:
1608:
1446:
1348:In Ekker series
1342:
1299:
1294:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1245:
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1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
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903:SI derived unit
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869:Force de Frappe
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811:
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735:
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729:
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562:Miniaturization
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335:
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299:In Ekker series
249:
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245:In Ekker series
225:Max. yield
197:Number of tests
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160:
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122:
109:
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71:
60:
54:
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40:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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2113:
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2103:
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2081:1961 in France
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2076:1960 in France
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2061:Adrar Province
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2035:
2033:
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2020:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
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1933:
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1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
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1795:1975–78 series
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1790:
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1724:
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1614:1971–74 series
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1452:1966–70 series
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1388:
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1337:Gerboise Verte
1333:
1330:Gerboise Rouge
1326:
1319:
1315:Gerboise Bleue
1309:
1307:
1305:Reggane series
1301:
1300:
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1292:
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1220:
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1120:
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1038:
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703:French Algeria
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257:Reggane series
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80:Reggane series
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2010:Testing areas
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1025:. Routledge.
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55:February 2024
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1888:Clytemnestre
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1234:. Retrieved
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1165:. Retrieved
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321:), a desert
318:
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275:Algerian War
256:
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61:
52:
30:
1232:(in French)
1209:(in French)
1186:(in French)
973:(in French)
728: /
630: /
532: /
431: /
345:Date time (
327:French Flag
261:atmospheric
232:(292.88 TJ)
215:Device type
209:Atmospheric
176: /
151:Coordinates
114:Information
2045:Categories
1874:Andromaque
1728:Capricorne
1707:Parthenope
1482:BĂ©telgeuse
1434:Tourmaline
952:References
734: (
715:00°04′24″W
712:26°19′15″N
636: (
617:00°07′24″W
614:26°21′11″N
538: (
519:00°06′09″W
516:26°09′58″N
437: (
418:00°03′26″W
415:26°18′42″N
291:Tanezrouft
164:00°03′26″W
161:26°18′42″N
32:neutrality
1972:Aphrodite
1916:Polyphème
1693:Melpomene
1561:Cassiopée
1554:Andromède
1461:Aldébaran
1406:Turquoise
1378:Améthyste
1236:10 August
1213:10 August
1190:10 August
1167:11 August
1140:11 August
1113:11 August
1085:11 August
1058:11 August
367:Delivery
358:Elevation
309:Codenames
205:Test type
192:1960–1961
136:Test site
43:talk page
1965:Schédios
1958:Idoménée
1853:Ulysse B
1846:Astyanax
1839:Ulysse A
1818:Patrocle
1770:Scorpion
1749:Centaure
1630:Encelade
1510:Arcturus
1475:Ganymède
1427:Corindon
1371:Émeraude
977:8 August
971:senat.fr
929:Augias 1
901:/h, the
809:See also
472:70.0 kt
384:Fallouts
370:Purpose
363:Altitude
353:Location
341:Codename
319:Gerboise
36:disputed
1993:Étéocle
1944:Xanthos
1909:Laocoon
1832:Calypso
1825:Ménélas
1804:Achille
1784:Verseau
1777:Taureau
1742:GĂ©meaux
1686:Euterpe
1665:Titania
1658:Umbriel
1582:Licorne
1547:Procyon
1539:Canopus
1517:Capella
1468:Tamouré
772:0.7 kt
699:Reggane
671:2.0 kt
601:Reggane
573:3.0 kt
503:Reggane
453:+100 m
402:Reggane
285:in the
279:Reggane
219:A-bombs
140:Reggane
119:Country
2025:(CEMO)
2019:(CSEM)
1937:HĂ©cube
1930:Pylade
1923:Dindon
1895:Oreste
1860:Nestor
1811:Hector
1763:Persée
1756:Maquis
1735:BĂ©lier
1714:Tamara
1700:Pallas
1672:Oberon
1644:Phoebe
1603:Toucan
1589:PĂ©gaze
1575:Eridan
1568:Dragon
1531:Pollux
1524:Castor
1503:AltaĂŻr
1496:Sirius
1441:Grenat
1413:Saphir
1399:Topaze
1029:
1002:
753:Tower
750:+50 m
747:235 m
697:CESM,
655:Tower
652:+50 m
649:235 m
599:CESM,
551:235 m
501:CESM,
456:Tower
450:235 m
400:CESM,
374:Device
323:rodent
315:jerboa
287:Sahara
271:France
264:A-bomb
189:Period
130:France
2031:(CEP)
2000:Eumée
1986:Dolon
1979:Priam
1867:Ĺ’dipe
1721:Vesta
1679:Ariel
1637:Japet
1623:Dioné
1596:Orion
1489:Rigel
1392:Opale
1385:Rubis
1364:BĂ©ryl
1357:Agate
1161:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
1079:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
881:Notes
379:Yield
1951:Arès
1902:Énée
1881:Ajax
1651:Rhéa
1420:Jade
1238:2020
1215:2020
1192:2020
1169:2020
1142:2020
1115:2020
1087:2020
1060:2020
1027:ISBN
1000:ISBN
979:2020
554:0 m
255:The
29:The
895:rad
831:KML
769:R1
668:P2
570:P1
469:M1
347:UTC
228:70
2047::
1246:^
969:.
899:Gy
701:,
603:,
505:,
404:,
349:)
329:.
301:.
281:,
230:kt
142:,
1289:e
1282:t
1275:v
1240:.
1217:.
1194:.
1171:.
1144:.
1117:.
1089:.
1062:.
1035:.
1008:.
981:.
944:.
931:.
738:)
640:)
542:)
441:)
317:(
200:4
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
49:.
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
