2400:
killing the king or queen. According to Poole (2000), the actions and utterances of
English figures such as Nicholson, Firth, Sutherland, Hadfield, Collins, Oxford, Francis and Bean, all of whom tried to get the monarch's attention for some matter, "point more often to physical remonstance after experiences of extreme frustration with an ineffectual petitioning process." Others who did try to kill the ruler did so not in order to replace the monarchy with a republic, but because they hoped that their successor would be a better ruler, and able to address certain issues which, in the would-be assassins' views, the current sovereign failed to properly act on. According to British radical orator
2001:, regicide was far more common prior to 1200/1300. Sverre Bagge counts 20 cases of regicide between 1200 and 1800, which means that 6% of monarchs were killed by their subjects. He counts 94 cases of regicide between 600 and 1200, which means that 21.8% of monarchs were killed by their subjects. He argues that the most likely reasons for the decline in regicide is that clear rules of succession were established, which made it hard to remove rightful heirs to the throne, and only made it so that the nearest heir (and their backers) had a motive to kill the monarch.
631:
2221:
1941:
3349:
45:
2206:, Charles asked "I would know by what power I am called hither. I would know by what authority, I mean lawful". In view of the historic issues involved, both sides based themselves on surprisingly technical legal grounds. Charles did not dispute that Parliament as a whole did have some judicial powers, but he maintained that the House of Commons on its own could not try anybody, and so he refused to plead. At that time under
1865:
3337:
2609:
3325:
2337:, who signed the order to the executioner of the king and commanded the guard around the scaffold and at the trial, was hanged. Concern amongst the royal ministers over the negative impact on popular sentiment of these public tortures and executions led to jail sentences being substituted for the remaining regicides.
2146:
and attempted in secret to raise an army to fight against them. It became obvious to the leaders of the
Parliamentarians that they could not negotiate a settlement with him and they could not trust him to refrain from raising an army against them; they reluctantly came to the conclusion that he would
2479:
from the 16th to 18th centuryâ the
Republican forces of Benito Juarez, with aid from the U.S. and sabotage by Colonel Miguel LĂłpez, captured and executed him on 19 June 1867. Emperor Maximilian's last words were ââŠMay my blood which is about to be spilled end the bloodshed which has been experienced
2237:
to an outdoor scaffold where he would be beheaded. He forgave those who had passed sentence on him and gave instructions to his enemies that they should learn to "know their duty to God, the King â that is, my successors â and the people". He then gave a brief speech outlining his unchanged views of
2690:
He was first tortured with red-hot pincers; his hand, holding the knife used in the attempted murder, was burnt using sulphur; molten wax, lead, and boiling oil were poured into his wounds. Horses were then harnessed to his arms and legs for his dismemberment. Damiens' joints would not break; after
2639:
The biblical David refused to harm King Saul, because he was the Lord's anointed, even though Saul was seeking his life; and when Saul eventually was killed in battle and a person reported to David that he helped kill Saul, David put the man to death, even though Saul had been his enemy, because he
2451:
was first exiled and on 11 May 1823, the ex-emperor boarded the
British ship Rawlins en route to Livorno, Italy (then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany), accompanied by his wife, children, and some servants. After Conservative political factions in Mexico finally convinced Agustin I to return, and
2399:
Some people throughout in the 1760â1850 period in
England and Great Britain who have been suspected, arrested, and perhaps punished for trying to lethally harm the reigning monarch, which has sometimes been understood to be attempted "regicide", do not appear to have had the intention of actually
2228:
On the day of his execution, 30 January 1649, Charles dressed in two shirts so that he would not shiver from the cold, lest it be said that he was shivering from fear. His execution was delayed by several hours so that the House of
Commons could pass an emergency bill to make it an offence to
2241:
One week later, the Rump, sitting in the House of
Commons, passed a bill abolishing the monarchy. Ardent Royalists refused to accept it on the basis that there could never be a vacancy of the Crown. Others refused because, as the bill had not passed the
2452:
unaware of the consequences of a law aimed solely at him, he was taken prisoner by a general he had himself pardoned as emperor. He was executed by firing squad on 19 July 1824. The aftermath of his execution was met with indignation by
2691:
some hours, representatives of the
Parlement ordered the executioner and his aides to cut Damiens' joints. Damiens was then dismembered, to the applause of the crowd. His trunk, apparently still living, was then burnt at the stake.
2008:, and the killing of rulers also directly resulted in a more likely loss of territory. And secondly, state capacity, reflected by territorial state capacity, could be hypothesized to have had a restraining effect on interpersonal
3341:
2635:
to have a divinely anointed authority to rule. As such, an attack on a king by one of his own subjects was taken to amount to a direct challenge to the monarch, to his divine right to rule, and thus to God's will.
2456:. The sentiment of those horrified by the execution was compiled by novelist Enrique de OlavarrĂa y Ferrari in "El cadalso de Padilla:" "Done is the dark crime, for which we will doubtlessly be called
2652:'s Life of St Columba, Ăed Dub mac Suibni received God's punishment for this crime by being impaled by a treacherous spear many years later and then falling from his ship into a lake and drowning.
2004:
There is evidence that regicide and the ability of states to keep or even expand their territories are negative correlated: Firstly, elite violence hindered the development of territorial
1116:
2210:, if a prisoner refused to plead, they would be treated identically to one who had pleaded guilty. This has since changed; a refusal to plead is now interpreted as a not-guilty plea.
2269:, giving a general pardon to those who had committed crimes during the civil war and interregnum, but the regicides were among those excluded from it. A number fled. Some, such as
2670:, the judicial penalty for regicides (i.e. those who had murdered, or attempted to murder, the king) was especially hard, even in regard to the harsh judicial practices of pre-
2229:
proclaim a new King, and to declare the representatives of the people, the House of
Commons, as the source of all just power. Charles was then escorted through a window of the
3229:
2238:
the relationship between the monarchy and the monarch's subjects, ending with the words "I am the martyr of the people". His head was severed from his body with one blow.
55:
2125:
2428:), and stated: "Regicide is the right of all men who are debarred from any justice but that which they take into their own hands." He was executed by guillotine.
2640:
had raised his hands against the Lord's anointed. Christian concepts of the inviolability of the person of the monarch have great influence from this story.
2678:
so as to make him tell the names of his accomplices. However, the method of execution itself was a form of torture. Here is a description of the death of
2012:. This would be consistent with Pinker's (2011) view that modern state capacity leads to a reduction in violence, both interpersonal and in terms of
2513:
1757:
2148:
1723:
3251:
3011:
2560:
1350:
1324:
2380:, were also hanged, drawn and quartered. The officers of the court that tried Charles I, those who prosecuted him, and those who signed his
1893:
909:
2261:, thirty-one of the fifty-nine Commissioners who had signed the death warrant were living. Parliament, with the assent of the new king,
1309:
2772:
1032:
598:
3302:
3284:
2747:, rather than as regicide, which lets one deduce that, through divine right, the king was also regarded as "Father of the country".
2713:
asserts that the punishment "should fit the crime", and should thus be proportionate and not extreme. This approach was spoofed by
89:
3220:
3208:
2896:
Baten, Joerg; Keywood, Thomas; Wamser, Georg. "Territorial State
Capacity and Elite Violence from the 6th to the 19th century".
2088:, in 1587, although she had abdicated the Scottish crown some 20 years earlier. Elizabeth had originally been excommunicated by
1944:
1764:
1355:
1151:
2142:. The Parliamentarians attempted to negotiate a compromise with him, but he stuck steadfastly to his view that he was King by
3176:
2710:
2425:
2214:
2121:
1479:
1072:
630:
2916:
2289:. Those regicides who could be found and arrested were put on trial. Six were found guilty and suffered the fate of being
1191:
700:
278:
2555:
On 14 July 1958, at least four members of the ruling Hashemite family (including the King and the Crown Prince) of the
2420:
by shooting him. At trial, Alibaud held the king responsible for the economic ruin of his family, compared himself to
2290:
2176:
1541:
330:
2167:"in order to the bringing of him speedily to justice". In the middle of December, the King was moved from Windsor to
71:
2217:. To show their agreement with the sentence of death, all of the Commissioners who were present rose to their feet.
2679:
2266:
1713:
1536:
1345:
1225:
894:
3391:
2294:
1718:
1573:
1319:
979:
924:
399:
31:
3308:
2705:
cites this case of Damiens the Regicide as an example of disproportionate punishment in the era preceding the "
1886:
1062:
1012:
819:
1161:
2836:"The Decline of Regicide and the Rise of European Monarchy from the Carolingians to the Early Modern Period"
2656:
2525:
2298:
1435:
1042:
710:
2220:
2591:
2468:
2388:
2286:
2117:
2081:
2041:
1968:
1806:
1553:
1314:
1121:
777:
591:
335:
300:
3293:
3216:
2697:
2641:
2624:
2464:
2353:
2348:, were conditionally pardoned, while a further 19 served life imprisonment. The bodies of the regicides
2306:
2262:
2188:
2143:
2049:
2045:
1925:. A regicide can also be the person responsible for the killing. The word comes from the Latin roots of
1639:
1583:
658:
248:
164:
3329:
2740:
2645:
2612:
1146:
934:
2714:
2706:
2509:
2453:
2444:
2421:
2365:
2330:
2254:
2168:
2135:
2085:
2033:
1998:
1972:
1666:
1296:
1285:
1235:
1196:
1186:
1136:
1126:
944:
394:
213:
2835:
2501:
2448:
2258:
2234:
2172:
2152:
2095:
2053:
2037:
1982:
1879:
1811:
1269:
1256:
1243:
969:
919:
767:
362:
149:
127:
253:
3376:
2863:
2683:
2616:
2550:
2404:(1764â1834), regicide was simply a means of replacing an unacceptable monarch with a better one.
2164:
2029:
1964:
1956:
1831:
1708:
1649:
1578:
1376:
1363:
1337:
994:
839:
705:
379:
345:
340:
305:
243:
169:
3228:, Canberra: High Court of Australia (Anglo-Australian Lawyers' Association conference, London),
2524:, disenchanted politicians and anti-monarchists. The events occurred on 1 February 1908 at the
3371:
3298:
3280:
3247:
3007:
2855:
2766:
2761:
2671:
2472:
2437:
2381:
2361:
2341:
2131:
2105:
2013:
1836:
1821:
1740:
1430:
1301:
1248:
1230:
1176:
1156:
1141:
1131:
964:
949:
899:
879:
747:
695:
690:
668:
663:
615:
584:
208:
189:
184:
2257:
11 years later paved the way for the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. At the time of the
3386:
2847:
2564:
2417:
2230:
2203:
1940:
1848:
1747:
1696:
1181:
1096:
792:
762:
715:
562:
547:
374:
159:
154:
139:
2974:, pp. 10, 13 footnotes 12 and 17. "The record of the Trial also appears in Cobbett's
1975:. The concept of regicide has also been explored in media and the arts through pieces like
3381:
3202:
2702:
2649:
2556:
2497:
2490:
2349:
2314:
2270:
2213:
Charles was found guilty on Saturday 27 January 1649, and his death warrant was signed by
2180:
2077:
2065:
1869:
1440:
1368:
1332:
1264:
1171:
1166:
1111:
984:
959:
904:
310:
201:
196:
3289:
2199:. However, the Parliamentary leaders and the Army pressed on with the trial regardless.
2583:
2373:
2334:
2278:
2243:
2192:
2156:
2025:
2005:
1952:
1678:
1600:
1106:
864:
787:
742:
295:
290:
268:
3348:
2590:. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan in the course of the
2391:
in the Palace of Westminster, London, holds the original death warrant for Charles I.
2322:
1864:
3365:
3056:, p. 21 footnotes 12 and 35. "The record of the Trial also appears in Cobbett's
3031:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 88.
2867:
2777:
2756:
2521:
2517:
2413:
2401:
2318:
2302:
2282:
2160:
2101:
2069:
1796:
1691:
1671:
1661:
1474:
999:
989:
929:
889:
884:
725:
520:
273:
238:
233:
179:
134:
67:
2931:
2723:
My object all sublime, I shall achieve in time, to let the punishment fit the crime
2377:
2357:
2274:
2247:
2196:
2184:
1656:
1531:
1496:
1280:
1101:
974:
939:
797:
415:
321:
285:
263:
144:
3353:
3168:
2883:
The Better Angels of our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and its Causes
1590:
3241:
3001:
2806:
2655:
Even after the disappearance of the divine right of kings and the appearance of
2529:
2326:
2310:
2207:
2089:
1986:
1826:
1791:
1563:
1521:
1467:
1425:
1395:
1220:
954:
834:
735:
567:
505:
448:
443:
228:
218:
2183:
passed a Bill setting up a High Court of Justice in order to try Charles I for
3336:
3222:
The trial of King Charles I â defining moment for our constitutional liberties
2800:
2782:
2769:
saw the overthrow of Charles I as a divine sign of the second coming of Jesus.
2718:
2608:
2345:
2073:
1683:
1634:
1558:
1489:
1052:
874:
802:
653:
525:
465:
460:
425:
420:
384:
2859:
2325:
the King when he tried to speak in his own defence, an influential preacher,
2794:
2788:
2744:
2580:
2576:
2476:
2457:
2369:
2139:
1914:
1816:
1801:
1752:
1703:
1612:
1568:
1548:
1516:
1460:
1450:
1405:
1400:
1022:
829:
812:
782:
572:
535:
482:
477:
472:
455:
430:
389:
258:
174:
3324:
2851:
2412:
On 25 June 1836, a Frenchman named Alibaud attempted to assassinate the "
2202:
At his trial in the High Court of Justice on Saturday 20 January 1649 in
2009:
1730:
1595:
1455:
1215:
824:
757:
622:
542:
530:
515:
489:
438:
223:
110:
17:
3342:
Littell's Living Age/Volume 145/Issue 1872/The Regicides of this Century
2913:
The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi and a Sketch of the Franciscan Order
2064:
The word regicide seems to have come into popular use among continental
2675:
2628:
2603:
1977:
1922:
1910:
1843:
1735:
1644:
1526:
1484:
1445:
914:
772:
752:
720:
648:
557:
510:
2480:
in my new motherland. Long live Mexico! Long live its independence!".
2667:
2660:
2533:
1918:
1774:
807:
117:
3243:
The politics of regicide in England, 1760â1850: Troublesome subjects
3060:, Vol IV, covering 1640â1649 published in London in 1809. p. 1132."
2978:, Vol IV, covering 1640â1649 published in London in 1809. p. 995".
2607:
2587:
2219:
2044:); Scottish kings had also died in battle against rebels (such as
1960:
1939:
1779:
1769:
869:
730:
2187:"in the name of the people of England." From a Royalist and post-
2743:
and the Damiens cases, court papers refer to the offenders as a
2056:); but none of these deaths is usually referred to as regicide.
1607:
2659:, the term continued and continues to be used to describe the
2632:
369:
54:
deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a
38:
2623:
Regicide has particular resonance within the concept of the
2195:
refused to pass it and it predictably failed to receive the
3003:
Killers of the King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I
2384:, have been known ever since the restoration as regicides.
2151:
broke off negotiations with the King. Two days later, the
3158:
Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin books, 1995
3079:
3077:
3075:
3029:
The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640â1661
63:
2520:
interests and aided by elements within the Portuguese
2364:, were disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered in
2032:
kings had been murdered while imprisoned (for example
2040:) or killed in battle by their subjects (for example
2224:
A contemporary print depicting Charles I's beheading
1937:), meaning "of monarch" and "killer" respectively.
2147:have to be put to death. On 13 December 1648, the
3310:Act abolishing the Office of King, 17 March, 1649
3262:A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial of Charles I
3169:"The Mikado by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan"
2728:In common with earlier executions for regicides:
2674:France. As with many criminals, the regicide was
2644:, King of Tara (mentioned above), was killed by
2273:, fled to continental Europe, while others like
2126:High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I
2688:
2436:The separate 19th century executions of two of
2536:, commonly referred to by its antiquated name
2191:perspective, this Bill was not lawful, as the
3277:The Trial of Charles I: A Documentary History
2333:, were executed in a similar manner. Colonel
1963:, reflecting the historical precedent of the
1887:
592:
52:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3275:David Lagomarsino, Charles T. Wood (Editor)
3204:The opening speech of Charles I at his trial
2250:, it could not become an Act of Parliament.
3246:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
2732:the hand that attempted the murder is burnt
2329:, and the leading prosecutor at the trial,
2093:
2510:King Carlos I of Portugal and the Algarves
1894:
1880:
610:
599:
585:
101:
2959:
2317:. The captain of the guard at the trial,
90:Learn how and when to remove this message
2819:
2475:, which had previously ruled Mexico as
621:
497:
407:
353:
320:
116:
109:
3069:page 19 "History Today", February 2014
3000:Spencer, Charles (11 September 2014).
2619:, rue de la Ferronnerie in Paris, 1610
2559:were killed by revolutionaries of the
2159:voted that the King be moved from the
1325:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
3235:from the original on 12 February 2014
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3053:
3041:
2987:
2971:
2955:
2932:"Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542â1567)"
2898:European Journal of Political Economy
2579:was assassinated by Italian-American
2514:LuĂs Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal
2080:against the "crowned regicide" Queen
7:
3044:, p. 21 § "After the trial" ¶ 4
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
3179:from the original on 2 October 2017
3058:Complete Collection of State Trials
2976:Complete Collection of State Trials
2084:, forâamong other thingsâexecuting
1257:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
2773:Society of King Charles the Martyr
2586:on the evening of 29 July 1900 in
2561:Nationalist Officers' Organization
25:
2735:the regicide is dismembered alive
2463:Later, after the downfall of the
2440:were carried out by Republicans.
2368:. In 1662, three more regicides,
2112:Execution of Charles I of England
2060:Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
3347:
3335:
3323:
3279:Pub: Dartmouth College, (1989),
3211:from the original on 10 May 2012
2489:This section is an excerpt from
1863:
1226:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
629:
43:
27:Intentional killing of a monarch
3027:Pestana, Carla Gardina (2004).
2958:, p. 8 footnote 9, cites:
2930:Emma Goodey (3 February 2016).
2915:. New York: P. O'Shea. p.
2711:classical school of criminology
1945:The Execution of Lady Jane Grey
1909:is the purposeful killing of a
1356:Spanish transition to democracy
1033:Les Six livres de la RĂ©publique
2516:, by assassins sympathetic to
2122:List of regicides of Charles I
1073:Democracy: The God That Failed
1:
3352:The dictionary definition of
3297:, Pub: Random House, (2005),
3260:Wedgewood, C.V. (June 1964),
2911:da Magliano, Pamfilo (1867).
2631:were presumed by decision of
2443:After the abolishment of the
2424:(most well known amongst the
1921:and is often associated with
1351:Birth of the Italian Republic
3207:, The Constitution Society,
2840:FrĂŒhmittelalterliche Studien
2321:, who encouraged his men to
2163:, where he was prisoner, to
2100:, for converting England to
1955:tradition, it refers to the
2508:) was the assassination of
2360:, which had been buried in
2291:hanged, drawn and quartered
1310:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
1236:Birth of the Dutch Republic
66:, discuss the issue on the
3408:
2601:
2548:
2488:
2426:assassins of Julius Caesar
2267:Indemnity and Oblivion Act
2115:
1346:Siamese revolution of 1932
29:
3264:(First ed.), Penguin
3148:. Transaction Publishers.
2797:(killing of one's father)
2701:, the French philosopher
2657:constitutional monarchies
2467:, which saw the reign of
1320:5 October 1910 Revolution
1216:Birth of the Roman Empire
32:Regicide (disambiguation)
3144:Laqueur, Walter (1977).
2682:, who attempted to kill
2340:Some regicides, such as
2215:fifty-nine commissioners
2048:) or been assassinated (
1063:Considerations on France
2785:(killing one's brother)
2680:Robert-François Damiens
2528:along the banks of the
2512:and his heir-apparent,
2132:First English Civil War
1923:the usurpation of power
1679:Emperor system of Japan
416:Avunculicide/Nepoticide
3146:A History of Terrorism
2834:Bagge, Sverre (2019).
2803:(killing one's sister)
2791:(killing one's mother)
2693:
2620:
2592:Bava Beccaris massacre
2505:
2469:Maximilian I of Mexico
2389:Parliamentary Archives
2287:New Haven, Connecticut
2225:
2138:was a prisoner of the
2118:Execution of Charles I
2094:
1948:
1554:Enlightened absolutism
336:Voluntary manslaughter
301:Vehicle-ramming attack
3294:The Tyrannicide Brief
3240:Poole, Steve (2000),
2852:10.1515/fmst-2019-005
2809:(killing of a tyrant)
2698:Discipline and Punish
2648:in 565. According to
2642:Diarmait mac Cerbaill
2625:divine right of kings
2611:
2563:under the command of
2500:or Regicide of 1908 (
2465:Second Mexican Empire
2366:posthumous executions
2223:
1943:
659:Divine right of kings
354:Non-criminal homicide
249:Murder for body parts
165:Depraved-heart murder
3332:at Wikimedia Commons
2715:Gilbert and Sullivan
2445:First Mexican Empire
2422:Marcus Junius Brutus
2255:Declaration of Breda
2086:Mary, Queen of Scots
1999:Western Christianity
1973:Charles I of England
1297:Unification of Italy
1286:Second French Empire
395:Justifiable homicide
214:Lonely hearts killer
72:create a new article
64:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3219:(22 January 1999),
2881:Pinker, S. (2011).
2235:Palace of Whitehall
2153:Council of Officers
2104:after the reign of
2096:Regnans in Excelsis
1870:Politics portal
1270:First French Empire
1244:Glorious Revolution
150:Consensual homicide
105:Part of a series on
3290:Geoffrey Robertson
2741:François Ravaillac
2646:Ăed Dub mac Suibni
2621:
2551:14 July Revolution
2395:Britain, 1760â1850
2226:
1959:of a king after a
1957:judicial execution
1949:
1709:List of monarchies
1510:Related ideologies
1377:Nepalese Civil War
1364:Iranian Revolution
1338:Russian Revolution
1333:Chinese Revolution
1315:German unification
380:Capital punishment
346:Vehicular homicide
341:Negligent homicide
306:Wrongful execution
244:Misdemeanor murder
170:Felony murder rule
3340:Works related to
3328:Media related to
3253:978-0-7190-5035-0
3122:, pp. 15â16.
3013:978-1-4088-5171-5
3006:. A&C Black.
2767:Fifth Monarchists
2762:List of regicides
2526:Praça do Comércio
2506:RegicĂdio de 1908
2473:House of Habsburg
2471:âa member of the
2454:Mexican royalists
2438:Mexico's emperors
2362:Westminster Abbey
2342:Richard Ingoldsby
2246:and did not have
2169:St James's Palace
2106:Mary I of England
2014:military conflict
1904:
1903:
1302:Meiji Restoration
1249:French Revolution
1231:Tsarist autocracy
1192:Popescu-TÄriceanu
691:Abdication system
669:Royal prerogative
664:Mandate of Heaven
609:
608:
400:"License to kill"
209:Internet homicide
190:Child cannibalism
185:Human cannibalism
100:
99:
92:
74:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3399:
3392:Killings by type
3351:
3339:
3327:
3313:
3265:
3256:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3212:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2969:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2936:The Royal Family
2927:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2831:
2565:Abdul Salam Arif
2538:Terreiro do Paço
2418:Louis Philippe I
2231:Banqueting House
2204:Westminster Hall
2177:House of Commons
2149:House of Commons
2140:Parliamentarians
2099:
1947:Delaroche detail
1896:
1889:
1882:
1868:
1867:
1748:Philosopher king
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
980:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
716:Crowned republic
701:Chinese Legalist
640:Central concepts
633:
611:
601:
594:
587:
563:Suspicious death
375:Assisted suicide
361:Note: Varies by
160:Crime of passion
155:Contract killing
140:Attempted murder
126:Note: Varies by
102:
95:
88:
84:
81:
75:
47:
46:
39:
21:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3362:
3361:
3320:
3307:
3272:
3270:Further reading
3259:
3254:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3215:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2970:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2833:
2832:
2821:
2816:
2753:
2703:Michel Foucault
2650:Adomnan of Iona
2606:
2600:
2573:
2557:Kingdom of Iraq
2553:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2498:Lisbon Regicide
2494:
2491:Lisbon Regicide
2486:
2434:
2410:
2397:
2315:Gregory Clement
2295:Thomas Harrison
2271:Daniel Blagrave
2181:Rump Parliament
2128:
2114:
2078:excommunication
2062:
2022:
1995:
1900:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1369:Modern Cambodia
1342:
1306:
1290:
1274:
1265:Trienio Liberal
1253:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
854:
846:
845:
844:
820:Self-proclaimed
685:
677:
676:
673:
641:
616:Politics series
605:
311:Judicial murder
202:Child sacrifice
197:Human sacrifice
96:
85:
79:
76:
61:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3345:
3333:
3319:
3318:External links
3316:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3287:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3252:
3237:
3217:Kirby, Michael
3213:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3160:
3151:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3086:, p. 212.
3071:
3062:
3046:
3034:
3019:
3012:
2992:
2980:
2964:
2960:Wedgewood 1964
2948:
2922:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2846:(1): 151â189.
2818:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2599:
2596:
2584:Gaetano Bresci
2572:
2569:
2546:
2543:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2433:
2430:
2409:
2406:
2396:
2393:
2374:John Barkstead
2335:Francis Hacker
2279:Edward Whalley
2265:, enacted the
2244:House of Lords
2193:House of Lords
2157:New Model Army
2113:
2110:
2061:
2058:
2021:
2018:
2006:state capacity
1994:
1991:
1985:'s killing of
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1873:
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1858:
1854:
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1841:
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1834:
1829:
1824:
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1706:
1701:
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1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:Related topics
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:Traditionalist
1539:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1436:Great Officers
1433:
1422:
1421:
1419:Administration
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
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1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1317:
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1307:
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1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
925:Crétineau-Joly
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
816:
815:
805:
800:
795:
790:
788:Personal union
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:Dynastic union
740:
739:
738:
728:
723:
718:
713:
711:Constitutional
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
626:
625:
619:
618:
607:
606:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
539:
538:
533:
523:
518:
513:
508:
500:
499:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
486:
485:
480:
470:
469:
468:
463:
453:
452:
451:
446:
441:
433:
428:
423:
418:
410:
409:
405:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
331:In English law
325:
324:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
303:
298:
296:Torture murder
293:
291:Thrill killing
288:
283:
282:
281:
279:Angel of mercy
271:
269:Pseudocommando
266:
261:
256:
254:Murderâsuicide
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
205:
204:
194:
193:
192:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
121:
120:
114:
113:
107:
106:
98:
97:
58:of the subject
56:worldwide view
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3404:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3358:at Wiktionary
3357:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3344:at Wikisource
3343:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3303:0-7011-7602-4
3300:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:0-87451-499-1
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3178:
3174:
3173:gsarchive.net
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3134:, p. 16.
3133:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3110:, p. 15.
3109:
3104:
3101:
3098:, p. 14.
3097:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2990:, p. 14.
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2885:. Penguin UK.
2884:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:(in German).
2841:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Monarchomachs
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Assassination
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:Age of Reason
2704:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:revolutionary
2669:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2402:John Thelwall
2394:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2382:death warrant
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Daniel Axtell
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:Adrian Scrope
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:William Goffe
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Isle of Wight
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:Protestantism
2098:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Pope Sixtus V
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Regnal number
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:Non-sovereign
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Authoritarian
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Crown Council
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:Privy council
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1198:
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3181:. Retrieved
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2962:, p. 44
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:
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2876:
2843:
2839:
2739:In both the
2738:
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2414:July Monarch
2411:
2398:
2386:
2378:Miles Corbet
2339:
2275:John Dixwell
2252:
2248:Royal Assent
2240:
2227:
2212:
2201:
2197:Royal Assent
2185:high treason
2144:divine right
2129:
2072:renewed the
2063:
2023:
2003:
1996:
1976:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1906:
1905:
1786:
1672:Illegitimate
1667:Family trees
1532:Conservatism
1497:Royal assent
1281:Liberal Wars
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1005:
1004:
859:Philosophers
858:
857:
798:Principality
614:Part of the
552:
363:jurisdiction
360:
359:
322:Manslaughter
286:Spree killer
264:Proxy murder
145:Child murder
128:jurisdiction
125:
124:
86:
77:
53:
36:
2807:Tyrannicide
2663:of a king.
2530:Tagus River
2327:Hugh Peters
2311:Thomas Scot
2259:restoration
2208:English law
2189:restoration
2173:Westminster
2090:Pope Pius V
2082:Elizabeth I
2042:Richard III
2024:Before the
1987:King Duncan
1827:Interregnum
1792:Regnal list
1697:presumptive
1522:Bonapartism
1468:Royal guard
1431:Appointment
1396:Aristocracy
1221:Magna Carta
1187:Zhirinovsky
1090:Politicians
1017:(1265-1266)
945:Kierkegaard
568:Tyrannicide
506:Crucifixion
449:Neonaticide
444:Infanticide
229:Mass murder
219:Lust murder
3366:Categories
3196:References
3132:Poole 2000
3120:Poole 2000
3108:Poole 2000
3096:Poole 2000
3084:Poole 2000
3054:Kirby 1999
3042:Kirby 1999
2988:Kirby 1999
2972:Kirby 1999
2956:Kirby 1999
2801:Sororicide
2783:Fratricide
2719:The Mikado
2627:, whereby
2615:murdering
2602:See also:
2598:Usurpation
2549:See also:
2522:CarbonĂĄria
2518:Republican
2502:Portuguese
2458:Parricides
2346:Philip Nye
2307:John Carew
2299:John Jones
2263:Charles II
2130:After the
2116:See also:
2074:papal bull
1812:Succession
1684:Figurehead
1635:Coronation
1584:Luxembourg
1564:Legitimism
1559:Jacobitism
1122:Metternich
1053:Patriarcha
950:Dostoevsky
880:Bellarmine
853:Philosophy
803:Real union
768:Hereditary
654:Monarchism
526:Gendercide
466:Sororicide
461:Fratricide
435:Prolicide
426:Mariticide
421:Familicide
385:Euthanasia
3377:Regicides
3330:Regicides
2941:25 August
2868:203606658
2860:1613-0812
2795:Patricide
2789:Matricide
2745:patricide
2613:Ravaillac
2581:anarchist
2577:Umberto I
2477:New Spain
2449:Agustin I
2370:John Okey
2331:John Cook
2136:Charles I
2066:Catholics
2050:Duncan II
2046:James III
2034:Edward II
1969:execution
1915:sovereign
1832:Rebellion
1817:Anti-king
1802:Sovereign
1753:Pretender
1704:Kingmaker
1640:Criticism
1591:Orléanism
1569:Miguelism
1549:Despotism
1517:Alfonsism
1461:Favourite
1451:Camarilla
1441:Household
1406:Oligarchy
1401:Autocracy
1177:Churchill
1043:Leviathan
1023:Monarchia
965:Bainville
840:Universal
813:Coregency
783:Pentarchy
706:Composite
573:War crime
536:Androcide
483:Patricide
478:Matricide
473:Parricide
456:Siblicide
431:Uxoricide
390:Foeticide
259:Poisoning
175:Foeticide
80:July 2022
68:talk page
18:Regicidal
3372:Monarchy
3355:regicide
3230:archived
3209:archived
3183:29 April
3177:Archived
2751:See also
2709:". The
2684:Louis XV
2676:tortured
2629:monarchs
2617:Henry IV
2484:Portugal
2354:Bradshaw
2350:Cromwell
2285:fled to
2038:Edward V
2028:period,
2010:violence
1907:Regicide
1787:Regicide
1731:Nobility
1692:apparent
1596:Royalism
1574:Orangism
1456:Courtier
1182:Renouvin
1157:Bismarck
1152:Castillo
1142:Disraeli
1132:Polignac
1112:Consalvi
1013:De Regno
985:Bogdanor
835:Triarchy
830:Tetrarch
825:Signoria
758:Ethnarch
748:Elective
696:Absolute
623:Monarchy
553:Regicide
548:Omnicide
543:Genocide
531:Femicide
516:Democide
490:Senicide
439:Filicide
224:Lynching
111:Homicide
62:You may
3387:Treason
2721:sang, "
2717:, when
2604:Usurper
2323:barrack
2233:in the
2179:of the
2165:Windsor
2155:of the
2134:, King
2054:James I
2030:English
2020:Britain
1993:History
1983:Macbeth
1978:Macbeth
1953:British
1951:In the
1911:monarch
1844:Usurper
1736:Peerage
1714:Current
1662:Descent
1645:Dynasty
1608:Toryism
1579:Belgium
1527:Carlism
1490:RiksrÄd
1485:Makhzen
1446:Retinue
1210:History
1172:Metaxas
1167:Maurras
1137:Decazes
1127:VillĂšle
1117:Plessis
1102:Pius VI
1097:Mazarin
990:Scruton
960:Maurras
915:Novalis
900:Maistre
895:Bossuet
865:Aquinas
808:Regency
793:Popular
773:Khanate
763:Federal
753:Emirate
721:Diarchy
649:Monarch
558:Stoning
511:Deicide
3382:Murder
3301:
3283:
3250:
3010:
2866:
2858:
2668:France
2661:murder
2534:Lisbon
2432:Mexico
2408:France
2358:Ireton
2356:, and
2313:, and
2281:, and
2175:. The
2124:, and
1935:cidium
1919:polity
1822:Crisis
1775:Empire
1719:Former
1657:Family
1389:Polity
1147:Cortés
1077:(2001)
1067:(1796)
1057:(1680)
1047:(1651)
1037:(1576)
1027:(1313)
1000:Yarvin
955:Youwei
940:Balmes
935:Cortés
920:Balzac
905:Bonald
890:Hobbes
885:Filmer
408:Family
118:Murder
3233:(PDF)
3226:(PDF)
2864:S2CID
2814:Notes
2588:Monza
2575:King
2571:Italy
2092:, in
2068:when
2026:Tudor
1965:trial
1961:trial
1927:regis
1917:of a
1807:Style
1780:Reich
1770:Realm
1741:Realm
1688:Heir
1650:Lists
1601:Ultra
1426:Court
1162:Mella
1107:Ruffo
1006:Works
995:Hoppe
975:Evola
930:Gogol
875:Bodin
870:Dante
736:Grand
731:Duchy
684:Types
498:Other
70:, or
3299:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3185:2018
3008:ISBN
2943:2020
2856:ISSN
2545:Iraq
2496:The
2387:The
2376:and
2344:and
2253:The
2036:and
1967:and
1931:cida
1929:and
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1765:Rank
1758:List
1613:High
970:Seca
726:Dual
2917:631
2848:doi
2725:".
2695:In
2666:In
2633:God
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2460:."
2076:of
1997:In
1989:).
1971:of
1913:or
1837:War
370:War
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3074:^
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2822:^
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